proposed riverfront development, petaluma,...

3820 Bodega Avenue Petaluma, CA 94952

(707) 762-2573 FAX (707) 762-1791

A CULTURAL RESOURCES EVALUATION OF THE PROPOSED RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT, PETALUMA, SONOMA COUNTY, CALIFORNIA SUBMITTED BY William Roop, ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE SERVICE SUBMITTED FOR Vin Smith, Basin Street Properties Apr i l 23 , 2013 A.R .S . Pro ject 13-011

INTRODUCTION As requested and authorized, Archaeological Resource Service has conducted an archaeological evaluation of the parcel described below. The evaluation consisted of three separate aspects:

1. A check of the information on file with our office and the Regional Office of the California Historical Resources Information System, to determine the presence or absence of previously recorded historic or prehistoric cultural resources,

2. A check of appropriate historic references to determine the potential for historic era archaeological deposits, and;

3. Preparation of a written report detailing any cultural resources that are discovered and procedures to be implemented to prevent or avoid adverse impacts to any significant resources.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Riverfront Community Development project is described in the submittal to the City of Petaluma:

Riverfront is a mixed use project divided into four development areas with several open/space/community areas. The site encompasses 35.71 gross acres. The maximum full build-out of the project would include up to 273 residential units, up to 90,000 square feet of commercial space, a select hotel with up to 120 units, and approximately 7.5 acres of open space. Detached single-family residential uses would be developed on the southern portion of the site closest

FIGURE 1 -- RIVERFRONT COMMUNITY This illustrates the conceptual plan at build out.

A cultural resources evaluation of proposed Riverfront Development, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California

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to the Petaluma River. Unit sizes would range from 1,200 to 2,300 square feet, with an estimated average unit size of 1,790 square feet. A approximately 10,000 square foot two story community boat house facility is proposed for small-craft access to the Petaluma River and would be operated by the Petaluma Small Craft Center Coalition (PSC3) in the southeastern corner of the site. An active park and sports field would be located at the northeastern edge of the single-family residential development. A medium density townhome development consisting of up to 35 residential units and four live/work units would be located in the northwestern corner of the project site. A hotel and office complex consisting of a hotel with up to 120 rooms and a three-story office building (approximately 60,000 square feet) would be located in the northeastern corner of the site. These buildings would be separated from the single-family residential portion by the active park and sport field. In the central portion of the site a Central Green passive park would be encircled by three story, mixed-use buildings containing up to 30,000 square feet of commercial space with approximately 100 apartment units located above. The commercial component would be comprised of small tenant spaces ranging between 2,000 and 5,000 square feet. It is anticipated that approximately 10,000 would be comprised of restaurant uses, 16,500 for service commercial uses and 3,500 for retail uses.

The purpose of the cultural resources investigation is to determine the sensitivity of the subject parcel to the presence of prehistoric or historic era cultural resources. PROJECT LOCATION The project area is located at 500 Hopper Street, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. The parcel consists of about 35.71 acres of open land bounded by Highway 101, Petaluma River, Industrial uses and the Petaluma Treatment Plant. The project area lies in the Mexican era land grant of Petaluma within unsectioned land of Township 5 North, Range 7 West, Mt. Diablo Base and Meridian. The Universal Transverse Mercator Grid coordinates to the approximate center of the project area, as determined by measurement from

FIGURE 3 -- PROJECT LOCATION ON THE USGS PETALUMA RIVER QUADRANGLE MAP

FIGURE 2 -- RIVERSIDE COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AS SHOWN ON THE PETALUMA PLANNING MAP


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the USGS 7.5' Petaluma River, California Quadrangle Map (1953, photorevised in 1968) are:

4231480 Meters North, 533370 Meters East, Zone 10

RESULTS OF AN EXAMINATION OF HISTORIC MAPS A check of maps on file with Archaeological Resource Service indicates that the project area consisted of marshland associated with the Petaluma River prior to the 20th Century. Early map coverage can be less precise than desirable, but the general condition of the area makes the observations fairly simple and direct. The earliest available map to show the project area is the 1850 plat map for the Petaluma Rancho. The curves of the river are generalized on this map, but the condition of the project vicinity is clear. A detail from the map illustrates this point. An examination of the section between the Town of Petaluma (modern downtown) and Newtown (east of the freeway near Schollenberger Park) lacks detail. The river is shown with dashed lines indicative of averaging the twists and turns of the river. A substantial marsh is shown on the northerly side of the river from Newtown to downtown. Highway 101 today crosses the river west of the sharp bend just west of Newtown on the plat map. Our project lies in the marshland adjacent to the river on this map.

FIGURE 4 -- PLAT MAP FOR THE PETALUMA RANCHO, 1850.


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The 1861 Coast Survey Map of the Petaluma River offers the first detailed view of the project area. A section of this map is shown here as Figure 6. The project area lies at the southeast corner of the illustration. It is noticeable that Petaluma expanded greatly between 1850 and 1860, but the area of the present project was still in its natural state as marshland adjacent to the slough. Main Street, now Petaluma Boulevard, can be seen running next to the river on the south side, but the present Lakeville as well as Hopper and other streets on the north side of the river were not yet built. Two farmsteads are mapped on the south side of the river, where the hillside occupied by the blue stone quarry was located. A close view of the project area in 1861 shows that the edge of

Figure 5 -- Details from the Petaluma Rancho Plat Map, 1850. The red arrow indicates the approximate project location

FIGURE 6 -- PETALUMA IN 1861 The 1861 Coast Survey Map of the Petaluma River offers the first detailed view of the project area.


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the marshland, shown by the dotted line (Figure 7) lies upslope (northeast) of the present project area. This is noted on current maps as the boundary of the Petaluma land grant, shown by a red dashed line on USGS quadrangle maps. Because the project area lay entirely within the marshes associated with the Petaluma River, the potential for prehistoric cultural deposits within the project area is extremely low. After 1861 the river was systematically straightened, dredged, and maintained as a highway for boats into Petaluma. Throughout the Nineteenth Century, the project area remained essentially unchanged from its previous condition. Based on the foregoing, it is clear that there is no sensitivity to the presence of prehistoric cultural resources within the present project area. Prior to 1861 the area remained essentially unchanged from the prehistoric situation. In 1861 the first cuts were made to straighten the river. One of these cuts is visible in Figure 7 at the base of the loop that now forms the Petaluma Marina. The other cut lay at the base of the loop that accessed Newtown. Neither of these features is within the present project area. The 1867 map of overflowed lands clearly shows the project area within the marshes. The loops of the river appear essentially as they do in the 1861 map. Main Street, now Petaluma Boulevard South can be seen on the south side of the river, and the Petaluma and Haystack Railroad line parallels the road, both on the south side of the river.

FIGURE 7 -- DETAILS FROM THE 1861 COAST SURVEY MAP The green square marks the approximate project location. The red arrow marks

the present location of the Petaluma Marina. The blue arrows bring attention to the upper limit of the marshes.

FIGURE 8 -- THE MARSHES IN 1867 The project area lay in about the center of the map


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On the 1900 Official Sonoma County Map, the next map of the area that is available, it appears the marshes may have been filled in, probably primarily with dredge spoils. The San Francisco and North Pacific Railroad line is shown where the tracks are today, north of the project site. It also appears that Lakeville Street had been extended by 1900, running parallel to the track on its northern side. The McNear Canal can be seen on this map, although not accurately portrayed. The canal cuts across at least two loops of the river, but does not encroach into the project area. No improvements of any kind can be seen in the project area. The 1942 quadrangle map of Petaluma (Fig 10-11) shows the river straightened through the project area, with all of the previous loops removed. The only “improvement” of any kind shown near the project area is the branch line of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad running into Petaluma. This is the same rail line shown on the previous map, and it continues to be shown on all subsequent maps. This rail line still runs between the project area and

FIGURE 9 -- PETALUMA IN 1900, FROM THE OFFICIAL COUNTY MAP

FIGURE 10 -- PETALUMA IN 1942. THIS IS THE US ARMY MAP SERVICE QUADRANGLE MAP OF 1942. THE US ARMY MAP SERVICE REPLACED THE USGS DURING WW-2.


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Lakeville Street. Also notable is the heavier line that marks Main Street (Petaluma Boulevard). The road rounds the hill where the Quarry Heights community is currently developing, continues south past the Petaluma Golf Club, and on to the south. Prior to the development of the freeway system, this was the main highway through town. An examination of the current USGS Quadrangle Maps (Petaluma 1953, photorevised to 1968 and Petaluma River 1954, photorevised to 1968)

FIGURE 12 -- A DETAILED VIEW FROM THE PREVIOUS MAP.

FIGURE 11 -- RIVERFRONT ON THE CURRENT QUADRANGLE MAP A single railroad spur, shown in purple enters the parcel. The purple tint indicates construction between 1954 and 1968. The spur is now gone and no trace could be detected in a Google Earth image check.


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shows a single railroad spur coming into the project area. The spur is shown in purple, indicating that it was constructed between 1954 and 1968. The railroad spur is not present today. The current Highway 101 Bridge is also shown on this map, again in purple. The expansion of Petaluma is apparent by the large amount of cultural data shown in purple, indicating the explosive growth of the east side of Petaluma after the freeway was constructed. The map study indicates that no significant or potentially significant historic era buildings, structures, or objects are present in the project area. One potential cultural resource, a railroad spur over fifty years old, formerly entered the site, but it is no longer extant. The map study also indicates that the entire project area was a marsh in the late prehistoric period. The salt and brackish marshes surrounding San Francisco and San Pablo Bays are estimated to be about 5 to 9 thousand years old, reaching the presently known extent (including historically filled lands) about 3500 to 4000 years ago. Any prehistoric archaeological sites in the area would be older than the marshes and underlying the marsh soils. The potential for such deposits is extremely low. ETHNOGRAPHY The project is located in a region that was historically occupied by a Native American people known as the Coast Miwok. The Coast Miwok are speakers of a Penutian language. The Penutian people appear to have utilized wetland areas in particular, gathering shellfish and plants from the tidal estuaries and tributaries to San Pablo Bay, and the costal region. In the historic period the Coast Miwok occupied an area that includes modern day Marin County and southern Sonoma County north to around Duncan’s Point and Glen Ellen (Barrett 1908; Kroeber 1925; Kelly 1978). Native American habitation sites throughout most of Sonoma and Marin Counties are marked by the presence of midden soil deposits, a result of the build up of organic debris. Marine shells and animal bones are often observed within the middens, representing remains of animals consumed at the habitation sites. Shell, stone and bone jewelry and implements are also found. Camp sites have been marked by debitage from the manufacture of chipped stone tools, but tend to lack the build up of cultural soils. Additionally, several rock outcrops in the region with Native American modification have been recorded by archaeologists (King 1965; Miller and Haslam 1974; Miller 1977). Other types of prehistoric activity areas include bedrock milling features (mortar depressions) or boulders containing petroglyphs (rock art). Isolate artifacts are found along trails or from hunting losses. The Coast Miwok are believed to have moved into the area 3000-3500 years ago displacing the earlier inhabitants. Dates yielded from radiocarbon tests show settlement in the San Francisco Bay region greater than 9000 years ago (Hildebrant 1983).

In the early years of the twentieth century an ethnographer named S.A. Barrett traveled around the greater Sonoma County region to record the linguistic boundaries of native groups and the locations of both active and old village sites (Barrett 1908). In Petaluma, Barrett recorded a Coast Miwok place named wotoki. The site was described as an old village site “on the west bank of Petaluma Creek probably near what is known as Donahue’s landing at a point about three miles and a half southeast of Petaluma” (Barrett 1908:310). It appears to be located at a significant distance to the southeast of the current project area.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The earliest written accounts for Petaluma include the expedition led by Fernando Quiros that ascended the Petaluma River from San Pablo Bay in 1776, and Father Altimira and his party passing through the valley in 1823 while searching for a site for a new mission that was eventually founded in Sonoma. In 1833, Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo was sent by the Mexican Government to Sonoma to oversee the settlement of the area. The following year he applied for


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ten square leagues, the Petaluma Rancho, for his personal property. In 1836 Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo began the construction on his Petaluma Adobe, today known as the Casa Grande. The Petaluma Rancho was finally granted to Vallejo by the Mexican government in 1843. This was in addition to approximately 3 acres in the City of Sonoma that were granted to him in 1835. The Petaluma land grant stretched from San Pablo Bay on the South, Petaluma Creek on the West, and Sonoma Creek on the East. At the close of the Mexican American War, the United States took possession of the territories of California and New Mexico in the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). Those individuals who had been granted land by the Mexican or Spanish governments within territory now belonging to the United States, had to file claims to their land through the US district court. Vallejo filed his claim for the Petaluma Rancho in 1852, and his claim was confirmed by the US district court in 1857 (Tuomey 1926; Munro-Fraser 1880). John Lockwood, considered the first European resident of Petaluma, came to San Francisco from New York in 1849. In 1850 Lockwood, along with two companions, went on a hunting expedition and ventured up Petaluma Creek. They set up a hunting camp along the banks of Petaluma Creek where they built a hut of oak, tule and mud (Heig 1982; Munro-Fraser 1880). The hunters were joined in January of 1851 by several other men, and as a group they operated a trading post on a boat in the Petaluma Creek. The trading post was visited by the few other settlers who were living in the Petaluma region, including the people living at Vallejo’s Petaluma adobe. The boat also transported game acquired by the hunters to San Francisco and brought up supplies to Petaluma (Munro-Fraser 1880). A short time later a permanent trading post was built on land downstream from the hunting camp. The hunting camp was the first point of regular trade in Petaluma, and while this is significant, nothing remains of the original hut nor is the exact location known. Several individuals have speculated that Lockwood’s camp was on the site of what became Cedar Grove Park. In 1852 a street pattern plan was developed, lots were designated and a wharf was built at the end of present day Western Avenue. At the time the creek was shallow and more of a slough, and most boats would not proceed upstream beyond the landing at Lakeville. But some steamers did continue up to the town center, and growth was steady. In 1857 a drawbridge was erected across the river at Washington Street and a local census showed 1,338 people within the square mile known as Petaluma. The following year the town became incorporated. The business district developed around the river at the highest navigational point (Roop 1999; Peterson 1976). In 1870 a railroad was built from Donahue’s Landing reaching across the river just east of where Highway 101 passes over the river, and along the east side north to the Petaluma depot and heading on to Santa Rosa. These tracks passed approximately 10 meters to the south of the current project area. In 1879 Lyman Byce invented the incubator and changed the nature of Petaluma as the town industry became dominated by hatcheries and the greater area occupied by chicken farms. The following year the Army Corps of Engineers widened, dredged and straightened the river channel, allowing better ship passage. In the early 1890s the McNear Canal was constructed on the east side of the river, linking the ships directly to the railroad. Railroad spurs connected to the wharfs at this point allowing more direct loading of the cars and boats. Transportation and commerce were aided by the competition between two separate railroads traveling between Petaluma and Santa Rosa, driving down shipping prices and the allowing for cheaper personal travel. While the early European structures built in Petaluma were constructed of wood, by the mid 1800s American companies were producing corrugated metal roofing. By the 1880s to 1910 the


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production of milled steel was improved and became affordable, thus it became commonly used to construct cheap industrial buildings across America. In Petaluma in the 1910s and 1920s the river industry continued to thrive and warehouses clad with milled steel were constructed along the Petaluma River on the west side. In the mid 1950s the freeway was constructed on the eastern side of the town of Petaluma. At this time an on and off ramp for Highway 101 was constructed just north of the subject parcel. In the 1960s Petaluma saw vast changes to the cultural landscape. After this the “new east side” (that is on the east side of the new freeway, verses the old east side which was east of the river) began to grow. Previously an area of scattered farms, the 1970s began an era of rapid subdivision growth. In the areas bordering the current parcel, structures for businesses and service industries were constructed. PREVIOUS STUDIES IN THE VICINITY It was determined that while the current property has not been previously evaluated, several archaeological and historical studies have been conducted within a half of a mile from current project area. The majority of studies, reflected in the References Cited, are negative, indicating that nothing of significance was found when the parcels were evaluated. The following discussion focuses on projects near the current project or with positive results. In 1992, Angela Banet evaluated the Caltrans Petaluma Maintenance Station prior to the removal of underground fuel tanks. This study was located a few hundred feet to the north of the current project. No cultural resources were identified during her evaluation. In 1999 Michael Newland of the Anthropological Studies Center performed a literature review to evaluate the locations of 21 proposed stations, 8 previous station locations, and 3 existing bridges along the route of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad tracks from Cloverdale to Larkspur. Previously recorded archaeological sites and historic structures within 1000 feet of the NWPRR tracks were identified, and the areas of the proposed Stations were assessed for their potential to contain cultural resources. One specific location addressed by the report is located adjacent to the current property to the southeast. This area was noted as “Proposed Project Location-Lakeville Highway Station”. It was noted that there were no known archaeological resources, no ethnographic villages, and no historic structures within or adjacent to the Lakeville Highway Station study area. The presence of Petaluma Bridge as an informally recorded historic site (located at adjacent to the current project) was discussed (Newland 1999). While no Native American habitation sites are located within a mile distance of the current project, there are known prehistoric sites at a distance of approximately a mile and a half. These are discussed here only as an example of the types of prehistoric sites that can be encountered in the region. A significant prehistoric site in the north of Petaluma is a midden deposit called the Cedar Grove site, also mentioned in the historic literature as the ethnographic village of Likatiut, and known to archaeologists as CA-Son-399 (King 1965). The site consists of a dark gray colored midden soils with fragments of shell, stone artifacts, and human internments have been encountered. The site is situated near the banks of the Petaluma River and also includes historic structures such as the Wagner House and the Bloom-Tunstall House. The Bloom-Tunstall House was in excellent condition and appeared eligible for the National Register as a separate property (Davis 1958; King 1966; Thompson 1977; Origer 1980; Jordan 1988:1; Chattan 2001, 2002a, 2003). In the steeper areas of Petaluma there are often natural stone outcrops. These were occasionally used by Native American groups for processing of food or as a canvas for rock art. A prehistoric site known as Son-844, located well over a mile to the southeast of the current


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project area, was recorded as a group of six chlorite schist boulders over a 100-yard area, with pecked circles and ovals (Miller and Haslam 1974). Another prehistoric archaeological site in the vicinity of Son-844, known as Son-392, was described as a midden deposit with several associated basalt outcrops that exhibit ground and pecked depressions including bedrock mortars, metate surfaces and cupule petroglyphs (King 1958). The archaeological site represents the remains of a prehistoric village. The site was revisited and tested in 1968. At that time the deposit was described as clustered around an unnamed tributary to Petaluma River; the modified rock outcrops are on one side of the stream and the midden deposit representing the remains of a village are on the other side. Three excavation units were excavated into the midden deposit, and such exploration yielded artifacts such as chert flakes, obsidian flakes, bone awls, obsidian points and scrapers, shell beads, mammal bones, a steatite cylinder, and human remains. The site was considered to be a significant deposit, with unique characteristics, that warranted more investigation (King 1968). Several chlorite schist outcrops among the hills to the far east, in the vicinity of Tolay Lake, contain cupules and PCN petroglyphs. As for historic structures most of the significant buildings in the City limits are well over 100 years old. Similar structures to the metal clad old foundry building to the west of the project area include buildings along Lakeville Street and the warehouses along the eastern side of First Street near to downtown. These structures were evaluated in 2003 by Carey and Company. The warehouses constructed between 1918 and 1935 were deemed to be ineligible for the National Register, but of local interest as part of a district (Butt and Turnbull 2003). The warehouses were therefore not of individual importance, but the concentration of the warehouses in one area held importance as an example of an industrial district. CONCLUSIONS The map study and the literature search both indicate that the project area has a low potential for the discovery of potentially significant historic or prehistoric cultural resources. The entire project area was a brackish marsh until at least the second quarter of the 20th century. This precludes the presence of Native American cultural resources in the area. The project area has been filled with generated soils from various construction projects, dredge spoils, and other materials from unknown sources. There is some potential that these fill soils contain remnants of cultural materials from their sources. These transported and badly disturbed soils do not constitute potentially significant cultural resources since they have lost all association with their original location and structure. RECOMMENDATIONS The proposed project does not appear to pose a threat to local cultural resources. No further archaeological investigation or mitigation is necessary at this time. While unlikely, there is a slim chance that subsurface deposits could exist. If during the course of ground disturbing activities, a concentration of prehistoric or historic artifacts or cultural soils are encountered, all work in the immediate vicinity should be halted and a qualified archaeologist contacted to evaluate the findings. Further archaeological recommendations would be made at that juncture. If artifacts are found in the project area it is highly likely that they would be in fill soils from other locations. Such disturbed prehistoric sites are not generally considered scientifically significant. Disturbed human remains that might be in such disturbed deposits would be considered significant to the Native American community and would require notification of the county coroner.


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Artifacts that are typically found associated with prehistoric sites include humanly modified stone, shell, bone or other cultural materials such as charcoal, ash and burned rock indicative of food procurement or processing activities. Prehistoric domestic features include hearths, firepits, or house floor depressions whereas typical mortuary features are represented by human skeletal remains. Historic artifacts potentially include all by-products of human land use greater than 50 years of age, including trash pits or privy shafts backfilled with household debris. Although very unlikely, if human remains are encountered, all work must stop in the immediate vicinity of the discovered remains and the County Coroner and a qualified archaeologist must be notified immediately so that an evaluation can be performed. If the remains are deemed Native American and prehistoric, the Native American Heritage Commission should be contacted by the Coroner so that a “Most Likely Descendant” can be designated. REFERENCES CONSULTED Banet, Angela M.,

1992 Archaeological Survey Report, removal of underground fuel tanks at the Caltrans Petaluma Maintenance Station, 04-SON-101 P.M. 4.0 134520 (Caltrans). On file at CHRIS as S-14385.

Barrett, S.A. 1908 The Ethno-Geography of the Pomo and Neighboring Indians. University of California

Publications, American Archaeology and Ethnography Volume 6, Number 1. Beard, Vicki (Tom Origer and Associates)

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Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. Report prepared for Pulte Homes Corporation. ARS Project #04-094. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS.

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Butt, Kimberly and Connor Turnbull (Carey and Company) 2003 Basin Street Properties Petaluma California Historic Resource Evaluation. Includes site

records for structures along First Street in Petaluma. On file with the City of Petaluma. Carey and Company Inc.

2001 Historic Presrvation (element) of the Central Petaluma Specific Plan. Study document includes tables in 2002, pp. 117-121. Document on file with the City of Petaluma.

Chattan, Cassandra (Archaeological Resource Service) 2001a A Cultural Resources Evaluation of the Holmberg Property at 16 Cedar Grove Park,

Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. ARS Project #01-079. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS.

2001b Cultural Resources Along the Petaluma Trolley Master Plan Project, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. ARS Project #01-64A. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-26995.

2002a Preliminary Evaluation of the Buildings within the Cedar Grove Park, Petaluma. ARS Project #02-011a. Report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-25063.

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2004a A Cultural resources Evaluation of the McPhail’s Inc. Property located at 1006 and 1010 Lakeville Highway, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. ARS Project #04-012. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-28152 with attached site record form on P-49-003136.

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G. Street. Prepared for Cobblestone Homes, Inc. by Clark Historic resource Consultants, Inc., Santa Rosa.

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regarding Archaeological sensitivity study for the City of Petaluma Master Environmental Impact Report. With Attached color-coded map, Unpublished letter on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-02589.

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Manor Lane, Zone IV Water System Improvements (letter report). On file at the CHRIS as S-12870.

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1983 Archaeological Study for the Relocation of Homes to a Vacan Lot on Madison Avenue, Petaluma, Sonoma County. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-06023.

Greene, Richard (Archaeological Resource Service) 2005 Results of an Archaeological Monitoring Program for the Basin Street Landing Project,

the Waterfront Offices, and Apartments, Petaluma, Sonoma County, California. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-31612.

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Third Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. Hansen, Harvey J. and Jeanne Thurlow Miller

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Hoover, M. B., H. E. Rensch, and Ethel Rensch. 1990 Historic Spots in California. Fourth Edition revised by Douglas E. Kyle in 1990. Stanford

University Press, Stanford. Hope, Andrew (Caltrans Chief Architectural Historian)

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8, California, Robert F. Heizer (ed.), pp. 414-425. Smithsonian Institution. Washington D. C. King, Tom

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2003 Historic Context Report, M. Vonsen Company & the First Street Warehouses, 209, 219, and 301 First Street, Petaluma, Sonoma County. Unpublished report on file at the NWIC, CHRIS under S-29654.

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