Pros and cons of child labor

by Erik Van Tongerloo

Child labor is a controversial topic and started as a consequence of poverty in many countries of the world. It is nowadays prohibited in many countries of the world but unfortunately child labor still exists, even in developed countries. A lack of money is likely the main factor why child labor started but there are several other reasons which can declare this world problem.

Here are some causes which may help you to understand why child labor exists:

*Poverty

People in developing countries, for example India, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Argentina and many others are so poor that everyone in their family needs to work to survive. Children often work on the fields, work in the fishing industry and even produce products.

*Lack of education

There are even many countries where you don’t find enough schools to educate children. If there were schools enough, parents could be obligated to send children to school and child labor would certainly be lower.

*Parents debt

This kind of child labor and also called “bonded labor” is forbidden but still exists in some countries of the world, especially in the Southern part of Asia. Families don’t have the money to pay their expenses and take a loan. They don’t have any assets to pay off their loan and they offer the labor of their children as pledge until debt is paid off. It is not unusual they have to work their entire life to pay off these debt and even their children inherited these debts.

*Low cost

Companies in developing countries have to produce with low expenses to get more orders from Europe and America. Labor expenses are the main factor to keep production expenses low and child labor is the cheapest way to produce.

Child labor has advantages and disadvantages. There is either no reason to approve child labor; it is unhealthy for the child and don’t get the necessary education. They have no valuable future and it is also a matter of respecting the rights of children. More laws are necessary and certainly more inspection if laws are followed. There are no advantages for the child; only companies have advantages.

Here are some pros and cons of child labor:

1. Pros

* Child labour expenses are low and articles can be produced for a lower price. Articles made in Africa, Asia and East Europe are cheaper than these in Europe and America. Child labour

is even cheaper than work of their parents because they don’t have experience and work slower. Payment is very low and can keep the prices of products lower.

*Children earn money for the delivered work and can survive. If they shouldn’t work in developing countries, they maybe die because parents can’t afford to buy food for everyone.

*If children live with their parents, they can easier get an income which satisfies for paying the bills of their entire family. Most families in developing countries have many children and need more money to care for their living expenses.

2. Cons

*Child labour is unhealthy and can lead to diseases. They often have to work hard in severe work circumstances. There are also countries that use children in the prostitution, for example Thailand, the Philippines and many others. These children can’t live in valuable life circumstances and are at risk for diseases as HIV, Aids. These countries don’t have medicines to treat these problems and are often not informed about actions you can take to prevent these diseases.

*Children don’t get education and have no future. They have to execute easy work and can’t get jobs which satisfy to live comfortable.

*Children are often abused and treated wrongly. Children are often hit when they come too late, complain or don’t work hard enough. Child labour is also dangerous and children are easier victim of accidents.

Child labour is a big problem and hopefully may disappear in the future. It is often understandable for people in developed countries but the lack of money is the main reason why child labour still exists today.

Causes of Child Labour

Poverty is the main cause of child labour. Poor parents send their children to work, not out of choice, but for reasons of economic expediency. The hunting grounds for child traffickers are invariably areas of the most extreme poverty where families have exhausted all other strategies for survival.

Poverty is also a symptom of child labour. Denial of education blocks the escape route from poverty for the next generation of the household.

Other factors may provoke this cycle; for example, schools in poor countries are often inaccessible or prohibitively expensive, with inadequate teaching and classroom resources.

Many agricultural economies involve seasonal migration for whole families, to the detriment of schooling and inevitable employment of children. Cultural pressures too can undermine perception of the long term value of education, especially for girl children.

Economic setbacks arising from high inflation, climate disaster, conflict or family bereavement will therefore regenerate the supply side of the child labour equation.

This supply of child labour is matched by the demand of unscrupulous employers for a cheap and flexible workforce. This attribute appeals especially to small-scale enterprises, including those whose owners exploit their own family members.

There is perceived value in the particular skills that children’s dexterity can offer; for example in carpet weaving or in tasks involving crop seeds. Girl children are in demand for domestic service, the invisible nature of which adds to their vulnerability.

CHILD LABOURAlthough children had been servants and apprentices throughout most of human history, child labor reached new extremes during the Industrial Revolution. Children often worked long hours in dangerous factory conditions for very little money. Children were useful as laborers because their size allowed them to move in small spaces in factories or mines where adults couldn't fit, children were easier to manage and control and perhaps most importantly, children could be paid less than adults. Child laborers often worked to help support their families, but were forced to forgo an education. Nineteenth century reformers and labor organizers sought to restrict child labor and improve working conditions, but it took a market crash to finally sway public opinion. During the Great Depression, Americans wanted all available jobs to go to adults rather than children.

In 1900, 18 percent of all American workers were under the age of 16.The minimal role of child labor in the United States today is one of the more remarkable changes in the social and economic life of the nation over the last two centuries. In colonial America, child labor was not a subject of controversy. It was an integral part of the agricultural and handicraft economy. Children not only worked on the family farm but were often hired out to other farmers. Boys customarily began their apprenticeship in a trade between ages ten and fourteen. Both types of child labor declined in the early nineteenth century, but factory employment provided a new opportunity for children. Ultimately, young women and adult immigrants replaced these children in the textile industry, but child labor continued in other businesses. They could be paid lower wages, were more tractable and easily managed than adults, and were very difficult for unions to organize.

The educational reformers of the mid-nineteenth century convinced many among the native-born population that primary school education was a necessity for both personal fulfillment and the advancement of the nation. This led several states to establish a minimum wage for labor and minimal requirements for school attendance. These laws had many loopholes, however, and were in place in only some states where they were laxly enforced. In addition, the influx of immigrants, beginning with the Irish in the 1840s and continuing after 1880 with groups from southern and eastern Europe, provided a new pool of child workers. Many of these immigrants came from a rural background, and they had much the same attitude toward child labor as Americans had in the eighteenth century.

The new supply of child workers was matched by a tremendous expansion of American industry in the last quarter of the nineteenth century that increased the jobs suitable for children. The two factors led to a rise in the percentage of children ten to fifteen years of age who were gainfully employed. Although the official figure of 1.75 million significantly understates the true number, it indicates that at least 18 percent of these children were employed in 1900. In southern cotton mills, 25 percent of the employees were below the age

of fifteen, with half of these children below age twelve. In addition, the horrendous conditions of work for many child laborers brought the issue to public attention.

Determined efforts to regulate or eliminate child labor have been a feature of social reform in the United States since 1900. The leaders in this effort were the National Child Labor Committee, organized in 1904, and the many state child labor committees. These organizations, gradualist in philosophy and thus prepared to accept what was achievable even if not theoretically sufficient, employed flexible tactics and were able to withstand the frustration of defeats and slow progress. The committees pioneered the techniques of mass political action, including investigations by experts, the widespread use of photography to dramatize the poor conditions of children at work, pamphlets, leaflets, and mass mailings to reach the public, and sophisticated lobbying. Despite these activities, success depended heavily on the political climate in the nation as well as developments that reduced the need or desirability of child labor.

During the period from 1902 to 1915, child labor committees emphasized reform through state legislatures. Many laws restricting child labor were passed as part of the progressive reform movement of this period. But the gaps that remained, particularly in the southern states, led to a decision to work for a federal child labor law. Congress passed such laws in 1916 and 1918, but the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional.

The opponents of child labor then sought a constitutional amendment authorizing federal child labor legislation. Congress passed such an amendment in 1924, but the conservative political climate of the 1920s, together with opposition from some church groups and farm organizations that feared a possible increase of federal power in areas related to children, prevented many states from ratifying it.

The Great Depression changed political attitudes in the United States significantly, and child labor reform benefited. Almost all of the codes developed under the National Industrial Recovery Act served to reduce child labor. The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, which for the first time set national minimum wage and maximum hour standards for workers in interstate commerce, also placed limitations on child labor. In effect, the employment of children under sixteen years of age was prohibited in manufacturing and mining.

This success arose not only from popular hostility to child labor, generated in no small measure by the long-term work of the child labor committees and the climate of reform in the New Deal period, but also from the desire of Americans in a period of high unemployment to open jobs held by children to adults.

Other factors also contributed in a major way to the decline of child labor. New types of machinery cut into the use of children in two ways. Many simple tasks done by children were mechanized, and semiskilled adults became necessary for the most efficient use of the equipment. In addition, jobs of all sorts increasingly required higher educational levels. The states responded by increasing the number of years of schooling required, lengthening the school year, and enforcing truancy laws more effectively. The need for education was so clear that Congress in 1949 amended the child labor law to include businesses not covered in 1938, principally commercial agriculture, transportation, communications, and public utilities.

Although child labor has been substantially eliminated, it still poses a problem in a few areas of the economy. Violations of the child labor laws continue among economically impoverished migrant agricultural workers. Employers in the garment industry in New York City have turned to the children of illegal immigrants in an effort to compete with imports from low-wage nations. The recent liberalization of the federal government's rules concerning work done at home also increases the likelihood of illegal child labor. Finally, despite the existing laws limiting the number of hours of work for those still attending school, some children continue to labor an excessive number of hours or hold prohibited jobs. Effectiveness in enforcement varies from state to state. Clearly, the United States has not yet eliminated all the abuses and violations, but it has met the objective of the child labor reformers and determined by law and general practice that children shall not be full-time workers.

Walter Trattner, Crusade for the Children: A History of the National Child Labor Committee and Child Labor Reform in America (1970).

IRWIN YELLOWITZ