pros and cons of current diet fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ dr. sherri thomas (as repeated...

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1 Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads Sherri Thomas, DO Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine I have no financial disclosures or conflicts of interest to report. Sherri Thomas, DO Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine

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Page 1: Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ Dr. Sherri Thomas (as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic) 6 Principles of Healthy Nutrition • Limit/Eliminate:

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ProsandConsofCurrentDietFads

Sherri Thomas, DO 

Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine

Ihavenofinancialdisclosuresorconflictsofinteresttoreport.

Sherri Thomas, DO 

Diplomate, American Board of Obesity Medicine

Page 2: Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ Dr. Sherri Thomas (as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic) 6 Principles of Healthy Nutrition • Limit/Eliminate:

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Objectives• Review Nutrition Recommendations as outlined in TheObesity Algorithm published by the OMA

• Review Mediterranean Diet (Gold Standard)

• Understand basic tenets of the following diets:• Lectin Free

• Paleo

• Intermittent Fasting

• Review evidence available for each diet

• Understand potential benefits/downfalls of each diet

ObesityisaChronicDisease

Obesity is defined as a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial, neurobehavioral disease, wherein 

an increase in body fat promotes adipose dysfunction and abnormal fat mass physical 

forces, resulting in adverse metabolic, biomechanical, and psychosocial health 

consequences. 

~ Obesity Algorithm by the 

Obesity Medicine Association

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OMAStanceonNutrition• The best nutritional intervention is a plan that is evidence‐based, quantitatively sound, qualitatively appropriate, andone the patient prefers and is therefore most likely to adhereto over a lifetime

• Among the more common dietary patterns are restricted‐carbohydrate diets, restricted‐fat diets, very low‐calorie diets,Mediterranean diets, and the therapeutic lifestyle change diet.Adkins diet, Ornish diet, DASH diet, paleolithic diet andvegetarian diet.

• Weight loss and metabolic effects vary with differentnutritional interventions.

ItDidn’tWork…

I did the ____ diet and I lost 25lbs but as soon as I stopped it, I gained all the weight 

back. It didn’t work!

Page 4: Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ Dr. Sherri Thomas (as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic) 6 Principles of Healthy Nutrition • Limit/Eliminate:

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Page 5: Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ Dr. Sherri Thomas (as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic) 6 Principles of Healthy Nutrition • Limit/Eliminate:

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ObesityISaChronicDisease,soyouMUSTtreatitthatway

Whatever you do to get the weight off, you must continue to do to keep the 

weight off.

~ Dr. Sherri Thomas

(as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic)

Page 6: Pros and Cons of Current Diet Fads - bryanhealth.com€¦ · ~ Dr. Sherri Thomas (as repeated 10‐15 times/day in clinic) 6 Principles of Healthy Nutrition • Limit/Eliminate:

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PrinciplesofHealthyNutrition• Limit/Eliminate:

• Highly processed foods of minimal nutritional value: sweets, “junkfood”, cakes, cookies, candies, pies, chips, crackers

• Energy dense beverages: sugar‐sweetened beverages, juice, cream

• Encourage:

• Consumption of healthy proteins and fats, vegetables, leafy greens,fruit, berries, nuts, legumes, whole grains

• Complex carbohydrates over simple sugars: Low GI over High GI

• High‐fiber foods over low‐fiber foods

• Reading labels rather than marketing claims

Managing the quality of calories is important when reducing the quantity of calories, such as during weight loss

OMA Obesity Algorithm

MediterraneanDiet• Plant foods (vegetables, whole grain, nuts, seeds, beans)

• Fresh fruit as the typical daily dessert

• Olive oil as the principal source of fat

• Dairy products in moderation (principally cheese and yogurt)

• Cold water fish

• Poultry in low to moderate amounts

• Eggs (0 – 4) consumed weekly

• Red meat consumed in low amounts

• Wine consumed with meals in low to moderate amounts

• Low in saturated fat (<7% of energy), with total fat rangingfrom 25% ‐ 35% of energy

Willet WC et al. AM J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jun;61:1402s‐1406s

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Case1• 24 y/o F presents for her annual exam

• PMHx: None

• Meds: Prenatal (for hair and nails)

• ROS: Positive only for weight gain and fatigue

• Ht: 5’4”   Wt: 155lbs  BMI: 26.6   BP: 116/72    HR: 76     T: 98.3

• PE: Unremarkable

• Patient weighed 130lbs all through high school. Gained 10lbsher freshman year (attributes to less activity and more fastfood). Since then has gained 3‐5lbs per year. Started a bootcamp 6 weeks ago, but hasn’t lost any weight. Her sisterrecently lost 10lbs following a lectin‐free diet and asks if youthink it would be a good option for her.

Lectin FreeDiet• Endorsed by Steven Gundry, MD (cardiovascular surgeon) –The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in “Healthy” Foodsthat Cause Disease and Weight Gain. Published in 2017.

• Sells “Lectin Shield” on his website for $80/bottle

• His website also sells other supplements claiming to improve gutflora

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Lectin FreeDiet• What are lectins?

• Sugar binding glycoproteins

• Some “activate” the sugars in cells, reportedly leading toinflammation

• Found in certain plants

• Biological activity in humans ranges from inert to deadly (ie.Ricin)

• 99.9% of lectins found in red beans are rendered inactive withsoaking and cooking

Looselybasedonscience• Some lectins can cause increased inflammation in test tubesand animals (no human studies)

• We know that inflammation is associated with many chronicdiseases

• Conclusion: eliminate lectins and you will decreaseinflammation

• And, oh by the way, you may get some weight loss

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Watson J. Medscape.com. 17 August 2018.

Basedonthiscursorylook,whatwouldyousaytothepatient?A. That’s exciting for your sister! Good for her! What about

that particular diet appeals to you?

B. The doctor who wrote that book just wants people to buyhis book and his supplements. Don’t waste your time.

C. You don’t need a book to tell you what to do. Studies showthat it doesn’t matter what style of eating you choose aslong as you keep following it the rest of your life.

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Lectin Free–WorthTrying?• Maybe…

Pros:

Eliminating wheat, corn, soy, sugarand artificial sweeteners willeliminate processed foods andsweetened beverages

It is likely healthier than what mostAmericans are eating

MIGHT result in improvedsymptoms of patients with achronic inflammatory disease

Cons: 

I find it difficult to make officialrecommendations that aren’tscientifically based

Eliminates several foods withknown benefits (ie. Lycopine intomatoes, high protein/high fiberlegumes)

When you give people the greenlight on red meat and dairy, theytend to go overboard

Case2• 28 y/o male presents to “see about getting a medication.”

• PMHx: None

• PSHx: None

• Medications: None

• Family Hx: Dad – HLP, HTN.  PGF – CVD.  Mom – prediabetes

• Ht: 5’10”  Wt: 235lbs   BMI: 33.7   BP: 125/75   HR: 78

• Patient tells you that he has always been “bigger boned” buthe was active with sports all through high school and college.However, since getting married and starting a desk job he hasslowly started to gain weight. A few months ago he and hiswife started going to the gym and he has lost about 10lbs, buthis wife saw some commercials and encouraged him to comein and ask about taking medication to make him lose moreweight.

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Whatwouldyoudonext?A. Give him a handout on The Mediterranean Diet and encourage

him to follow it for the next few months. If he doesn’t lose weight,then he can come back and start medication.

B. Explain to him that he doesn’t qualify for medication.Furthermore, diet is most important for weight loss so he shouldfocus on that.

C. Write him a prescription for Belviq since it has the fewestpotential side effects and tell him to follow up in 3 months tomake sure he has lost at least 4% of his TBW

D. Ask him about his dietary habits and go through a 24 hour foodrecall.

Case2Cont’• This discussion reveals that:

• Breakfast is usually cold cereal

• Lunch is usually a drive‐thru

• Dinner is usually some form of meat, potatoes and corn

• Snacks: he usually chooses salty or savory foods like chips,crackers, jerky, cheese

• Food aversions: fish, beans (they give him gas/bloating)

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Paleo• Started by Loren Cordain (exercise physiologist) in 2002

• Premise that our bodies evolved based on what our ancestorsate before agriculture and food processing

• “Health is optimized when we eat lean meats, seafood and freshfruits and veggies at the expense of grains, dairy, refined sugars,refined oils, and processed foods”

The Paleo Diet. Cordain L. 2011

Paleo –Whatisit?• If done correctly, results in a high protein/low glycemic diet(not low carb)

Protein      Carbohydrate   Fat

Paleo 19‐35% 22‐40% 28‐47%

Typical US Diet 10‐15% 50‐70%  15‐35%

Keto/Very low carb       15‐20% <4% >75%

• Olive oil, flaxseed oil, walnut oil and avocado oil

The Paleo Diet. Cordain L. 2011

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EvidenceforPaleo• No direct evidence for Paleo

• There are studies in favor of high protein/low GI diets forweight loss and maintenance of weight loss

HighProtein/LowGIforWeightMaintenance

• 773 patient, 26 weeks

• Prevent weight regain >8% loss

• 25% protein, low‐GI best formaintaining 10kg weight loss

Larsen TM et al. N Eng J Med. 2010;363:2012‐13

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Paleo –WorthTrying?• Maybe (I lost 70lbs…)

Pros:

Eliminates most processedfoods (kind of)

Several resources for patients

Good potential for maintenanceof weight loss

Cons:

Expensive (grass fed meats, nutflours, avocado/nut oils)

Can result in a high intake ofsaturated fat (palmitic acid)

Can be time consuming

Elimination of legumes/wholegrains (present inMediterranean diet)

Case3• 65 y/o male presents for routine follow up of his DM2

• PMHx: DM2 for 15 years, on insulin for last 3 years

• HTN, HLP, OSA, Bilateral Knee OA

• Meds: 100 units of long acting insulin qhs, 25 units TIDAC

• Metformin, GLP‐1, ARB, B‐blocker, Ca Blocker, Statin, Mobic,Lyrica

• Social Hx: life‐long bachelor, lives in Assisted Living, noexercise

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Case3Cont’• Ht: 6’2”  Wt: 408lbs   BMI: 52.4    BP: 145/90

• Labs: A1c – 7.5, Cr – 1.3,  TG – 250, LDL – 100, HDL – 35

• Only checks his morning sugars (100 – 140) or if he feelshypoglycemia (2‐3 times per week at night)

• Electrolytes, LFTs, CBC, TSH normal

Case3Cont’• Dietary review and 24 hour recall demonstrates that in spite ofyour recommendations in the past he continues to “eat like ababy”. (His words, not mine)• Breakfast – cereal or oatmeal

• Lunch – a sleeve of Ritz crackers, a couple slices of cheese and aglass of milk

• Dinner – bag of potato chips

• Snacks – peanuts or pretzels during the day, keeps cookies at thebedside for nighttime hypoglycemia

• Patient tells you “Look doc, I’ve been eating this way for 65years. That’s just how I eat. When I was 30 a doctor told methat if I kept eating this way I’d die before I was 50, but I’m 65so he was obviously wrong and it can’t be that bad.”

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Whatwouldyoudowiththispatient?

A. Refer him to a dietician

B. Increase his insulin doses to get his A1c closer to goal

C. Using motivational interviewing techniques, explore whatchanges he would be willing to make, including fasting

D. Encourage him to decrease his carbohydrate intake and startwalking for 5 minutes 3 times per day

Fasting

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Fasting• Intermittent Fasting – going 16 – 48 hours with little to noenergy intake• Time Restricted Feeding – limiting energy consumption to 4‐8hours of the day

• 5:2 – ad lib eating for 5 days of the week, less than 500 cal for 2days

• Persistent Fasting – more than 48 hours with little to noenergy intake

• Contraindications: children, pregnancy, breast feeding,underweight or malnourished

• Caution: medication use, h/o anorexia nervosa

ChangingtoKetonesforFuel

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CounterRegulatoryHormones• Sympathetic Nervous System

• Adrenaline and Noradrenaline

• Growth Hormone

• Cortisol

Non‐weightlossbenefits• 100 people for 3 months to test Fasting‐mimicking diet (FMD)

• 2 arms

• Control – ad lib diet

• FMD – consumed 800‐1100 cal for only 5 days of the month

• After 3 months, control diet subjects crossed over – 71completed 3 FMD cycles

• Results of completers

• Decreased BMI, fasting glucose, blood pressure, IGF‐1, TG, LDL,CRP

• Improvements were more marked in those at risk for disease

• FMD arm preserved their lean body mass

Wei Min, et al. Science Translational Medicine. 2017.

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Monitoring• Blood work prior to initiating

• Electrolytes, Ca, Mg

• CBC

• BUN/Creatinine

• ALT

• HgbA1c

• Ferritin, Vitamin B12

• (Fasting Insulin)

• More frequent blood sugar checks in diabetics on fasting days

Fasting‐WorthTrying• Maybe…

Pros:

• Free

• Doesn’t requiretime/planning

• Improves metabolicparameters

• Great for patients not willingto change WHAT they areeating

Cons:

• Hunger

• Diabetics should have closesupervision

• Doesn’t necessarily addressquality of calories on non‐fasting days

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Case4• 45 y/o healthy female presents for her annual.

• PMHx: None

• PSHx: Cholecystectomy at age 21, C‐sections ages 24, 27

• Medications: Mirena, Prenatal Vitamin

• Ht: 5’7”  Wt: 170lbs   BMI: 26.6    HR: 82

• She tells you that she knows she is overweight and has beengoing to the gym everyday for the last 6 months and statesshe hasn’t lost any weight. Her goal is to lose 20lbs becauseshe knows women tend to struggle with weight gain atmenopause.

• After the birth of her 2nd child she used HCG “to get the babyweight off”. She tells you she is thinking of trying it again.

Howdoyourespond?A. Congratulate her on her interest in her health and

encourage to go ahead since it worked for her in the past.

B. Tell her that you would like to check her blood work prior toinitiating the HCG diet so she doesn’t have anycomplications.

C. Strongly discourage her from following through with thisdecision and suggest other dietary options

D. Get her started that day. You have HCG in your office forexactly this kind of patient.

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HCGDiet• 1976 FDA Disclaimer for HCG: “There is no substantialevidence that HCG increases weight loss beyond that resultingfrom calorie restriction, that it causes a more attractive ornormal distribution of fat, or that it decreases the hunger anddiscomfort associated with calorie restricted diets.”

• 2016 the American Medical Association passed policy that:“The use of HCG for weight loss is inappropriate.”

PartingThoughts• For weight loss, being low in energy is more important thatlow‐fat, low‐carb, high protein, etc

• Eliminating processed foods is where most people need tostart

• Mediterranean diet can be recommended with confidence –DrGourmet.com is a good patient resource

• Food is FUEL. If you put crap in, you’ll get crap out

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EndingThoughts• If it’s better than what they are doing right now, then whynot? But don’t forget:

“Whatever you do to get the weight off, you haveto continue doing to keep the weight off.”

MeetPeopleWhereTheyAre…• Having overweight and obesity is HARD

• Losing weight is REALLY HARD

• Maintaining weight loss CAN BE EVEN HARDER

• If all you have to say is “Eat less, move more” then don’t sayanything at all!

• No one with overweight or obesity needs to feel dismissed orjudged ‐ shaming does NOT lead to weight loss or“motivation”

Wadden TA. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):218‐227

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Secrettoalonglife…

I walk every day, work in my garden, 

eat fresh food from the earth and the sea and 

I enjoy my midday meal with a glass of wine surrounded by my family and friends. 

Dimitrios

Celebrating his 100th Birthday

Resources• Gundrymd.com

• Do Dietary Lectins Cause Disease? David L J Freed. BMJ 1999 April 17; 318(7190): 1023‐1024

• The Plant Paradox: The Hidden Dangers in “Healthy” Foods that Cause Disease and Weight Gain.Steven R. Gundry. Harper Wave, 2017. 

• Eating behavior traits of successful weight losers during 12 months of alternate‐day fasting: An exploratory analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Health. 2018 Mar:24(1)5‐10. Kroger CM, et al.

• Effect of Alternate‐Day Fasting on Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and CardioprotectionAmong Metabolically Healthy Obese Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Repanowskin JF, et al.JAMA Intern Med. 2017 Jul 1; 177(7):930‐938.

• The Paleo Diet. Loren Cordain. 2011. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.

• DietDoctor.org

• Fasting‐mimicking diet and markers/risk factors for aging, diabetes, cancer and cardiovasculardisease. Wei Min, et al. Science Translational Medicine. 15 Feb 2017. Vol 9, Issue 377.

• Larsen TM et al. N Eng J Med. 2010;363:2012‐13

• Wadden TA. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(2):218‐227

• Watson J. Lectins: Are These Food‐Based Proteins Friend or Foe? Medscape.com. 17 August 2018.

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