prosodically condi.oned allomorphy in a kashaya cligene/papers/buckley2019_clitic_allomo… ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Prosodically Condi.onedAllomorphy in a Kashaya Cli.c
EUGENE BUCKLEYUNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA
SocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas
NewYork
3 January2019
Outline of talk
• Formsofthe/yac/clitic– marksAgentiveandrelatedmeanings
• Iambicstresspattern– withinwordsandphrases,includingclitics– lengtheningintheworddomain
• Distributionoflengthin/yaco/~/ya:co/– nearlycapturedbylocationoffoothead– butactuallydependsonprecedingsyllable
• Speculation– historicalshiftfromsufAixtoclitic
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Pomoan languages
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Kashaya
THE AGENTIVE CLITIC
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Agentive clitic /yac/
• Realizedas/yaʔ/bydebuccalization– unlessfollowedbyavoweloraglottalizingclitic
• Coremeaningofagency– Oswalt(1961),Hall(1990)
• Butvarioususes– tobeillustratedshortly
• SometimesthecliticseemstobeincludedspeciGicallyinordertomarkpluralityorcase
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~ ya:col~ ya:coʔkʰe~ ya:coʔna~ ya:co
• MarksvariouscaseformsandpluralitySUBJECT yac(yaʔ)OBJECT yacolBENEFACTIVE yacoʔkʰeLOCATIVE yacoʔnaVOCATIVE yacoPLURAL yacʰma
• Inanopensyllable,/ya/issometimeslong
Forms of the clitic
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/yac/ for Agents
• Emphasizesintentionalityofapersona. naṭaqawi=yaʔ maʔelkihlaʔbaṭó:l
childsmall=AGT father.3P.OBJ stillkeep.asking‘theyoungchildstillkeepsaskinghisfather’
b. naṭaqawi=yaʔ hiʔbaya=ʔelmayic’-biwchildsmall=AGT man=OBJ resemble-EVID‘thebabyactslike theman’
• Comparenon-agentivereadingc. naṭaqawihiʔbaya=ʔelmayic’-biw
childsmallman=OBJ resemble-EVID‘thebabyresembles theman’
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/yac/ for A*ributes
• Professionorattributeofaperson– “onewhoisordoes”,“thosewho”a. dic’má:=yaʔ
translate=AGT‘atranslator’
b. hiyémʔ=yaʔhold.authority=AGT‘thePresident’
c. ʔahqʰa=yów=ʔbakʰe=yacʰmawater=under=from=AGT.PL‘theUnderseapeople’(i.e.,Russiansarrivingbyship)
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/yac/ for Non-Humans
• Showing(apparent)agency– ineverydaysettingsortraditionalstoriesa. s’ihta=yaʔ ya:pálkababolʔ
bird=AGT applemake.hole.with.mouth
‘thebirdpeckedaholeintheapple’
b. qama:l-abuṭaqá=ya:co =ʔstart.play-IMP bear=AGT.VOC=IMP
‘starttoplay,Bear!’
c. ʔahqʰa=yaʔ miṭaʔsihcʰúhcʰuwwater=AGT sandwash.away
‘thewateriswashingawaythesand’
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Honorific /yac/
• Honori&icorrespectful– foranin-law,oradeceasedpersona. hiʔbayá=yaʔ
man=AGT‘son-in-law’
b. ʔa:Tim=yacol da:qaʔITim=AGT.OBJ like‘IlikeTim’(ofanin-lawordeceasedperson)
c. ʔa:Tim=to da:qaʔITim=OBJ like‘IlikeTim’(inordinaryuse)
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Plural
• Pluralcanbefollowedbycase-markedclitica. duwení=bakʰe=yacʰma =ya:col
long.ago=from=AGT.PL =AGT.OBJ‘(to)theancientones’
b. ʔacaʔhiyémʔ=yacʰma =ya:coʔnapersonhold.authority=AGT.PL =AGT.LOC‘attheplaceofthepeopleinauthority’
• Lessoften,thepluralisdirectlyinHlected– essentiallyomitting/yaco/– thus=yacʰma-l or=yacʰma-ʔna
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KASHAYA STRESS
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Kashaya footing
• Crucialtoevaluatethelengthalternations– commonsourceoflongvowelsinthelanguage
• Iambsfromlefttoright– iterative,asevidencedbyiambiclengthening– Oswalt(1961,1988),Buckley(1994,1997)
• Firstsyllableisextrametricalbydefault– blockediftherootismonosyllabicandunpreGixed– essentially,arootvowelmustbefooted
• Includesencliticsinthedomainoffooting– optionally,groupstogetherseparatewordsaswell
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Stress assignment
• Secondorthirdsyllable– dependingonweightofsecondsyllablea. cu-ʔdan-tʰu-meʔ ‘don’tshoot!PL’
<cuʔ>(dán)(tʰumeʔ)b. cu-ʔdan-ad-u ‘keepshooting’
<cuʔ>(daná:)du
c. cahci-hqa-w ‘placeinseatedposition’<cah>(cíh)(qaw)
d. cahci-meʔ ‘sitdown!IN -LAW ’<cah>(ciméʔ)
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Iambic lengthening
• Longvowelinstressedopensyllables– butnotword-finallya. qa-sit-ala-med-u ‘bepeelingdownwithteeth’
<qa>(sitá:)(lamè:)dub. mu-ʔc’aba-med-u ‘becrackingfromheat’
<muʔ>(c’abá:)(medù)
c. mo-ʔsʼon-aduc-i ‘dentitwithforce!’<moʔ>(s’oná:)(ducì)
d. mo-ʔsʼohn-aduc-i ‘dentthemwithforce!’<moʔ>(s’óh)(nadù:)ci
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Non-lengthening suffixes
• Suf$ixeslateintheverballresistchangesinlength– “word-level”vs.“stem-level”suf$ixationa. du-ʔkʼu-mela ‘I’m$inished’
<duʔ>(k’umé)lab. pʰi-libit-ci-mela ‘Icaughtaglimpseofhim’
<pʰi>(libítʰ)(cimè)la
c. da-ʔt’a-tʰi-ba ‘nothavingfoundit’<daʔ>(t’atʰí)ba
d. ba-hnat-qa-tʰi-qa-em ‘didn’tseemtoaskhim’<bah>(nátʰ)(qatʰì)(qam)
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Non-lengthening cli-cs
• Mostcliticsalsodonotalternateinlength– sameasword-levelsuffixationa. kulu=bakʰe ‘fromthewoods;wild’
<ku>(lubá)kʰeb. šahyamo:du=bakʰe ‘inordertorunfast’
<šah>(yamó:)(dubà)kʰe
c. bihše=ʔemu ‘thedeerSUBJ’<bih>(šeʔé)mu
d. naṭaqawi=ʔemu ‘theyoungchildSUBJ’<na>(ṭaqá)(wiʔè)mu
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DISTRIBUTION OF LENGTH IN /yac/
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Short a(er closed syllable
• Vowelin/ya/isshortfollowingheavy/CVC/– neverstressedinthatposition,giveniambicfeeta. kilákʰ=yacol <ki>(lakʰ)(yacol)
eagle=AGT.OBJ‘(to)Eagle’
b. qʰaʔbeqʰáʔ=yacoʔkʰe <qʰaʔ>(beqʰaʔ)(yacoʔ)kʰehawk=AGT.BEN‘forHawk’
c. pʰaláʔcay’=yacoʔna <pʰa>(laʔ)(cay’)(yacoʔ)nawhite.person=AGT.LOC‘tothewhitepeople’splace’
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Short a(er long vowel
• Alsoshort/ya/followingheavy/CV:/– accompaniedbyregularACCENTSHIFTtothenextfoota. hadu:=yacól <ha>(du:)(yacól)
other=AGT.OBJ‘(to)another’
b. nupʰe:=yacó <nu>(pʰe:)(yacó)skunk=AGT.VOC‘heySkunk!’
c. ʔacaʔmatʰí:=yacoʔkʰe <ʔa>(caʔ)(matʰí:)(yacòʔ)kʰemanblind=AGT.BEN‘fortheblindman’
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awordthatshowsidiosyncraticaccentshift
Long in stressed syllable
• Long/ya:/whereitwouldbeafoothead– lookslikeiambiclengtheninga. duwi=yá:coʔna <du>(wiya:)(coʔ)na
coyote=AGT.LOC‘atCoyote’splace’
b. qʰawáʔla=ya:col <qʰa>(waʔ)(laya:)(col)heron=AGT.OBJ‘(to)Heron’
c. maki=yácʰma=ya:col <ma>(kiyacʰ)(maya:)(col)older.brother.3P =AGT.PL=AGT.OBJ‘(to)herolderbrothers’
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alwayslongafter=yacʰma
Long a'er light syllable
• Infact,/ya:/afterany /CV/,whateverprecedesit– evenifnotapredictedfootheada. buṭaqá=ya:coʔkʰe <bu>(ṭaqá)(yà:)(còʔ)kʰe
coyote=AGT.BEN *<bu>(ṭaqá)(yacòʔ)kʰe‘forthebear’
b. biʔdas’áwala=ya:co <biʔ>(das’á)(walà)(yà:)cokingfisher=AGT.VOC *<biʔ>(das’á)(walà)(yacò)‘heyKingfisher!’
c. mámkolo=ya:col (mám)(kolò)(yà:)(còl)ground.squirrel=AGT.OBJ *(mám)(kolò)(yacòl)‘tothegroundsquirrels’
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exceptiontoextrametricality
ALLOMORPHY
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Why allomorphy?
• Manysuffixesshowlengtheningwithintheword– amajorsourceofderivedlongvowelsinKashaya– soonemightexpectthatexplanationhere
• Butothercliticsdonotalternateinlength– doesnotevenapplyto(verb)suffixeslateintheword– sonotageneralaspectofthelanguage
• Distributionof/ya:co/doesnotmatchfooting– sensitivetoimmediatelypreceding/CV/
• Hence,allomorphyofthisspecificclitic– longvowelislisted,notgenerated
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Speculation
• /ya:co/originallyarosefromiambiclengthening– wouldbelongonlyiftheheadofafoot
• Stillfoundwithkinshipandpersonalsuf:ixesa. t’ile-me-toʔna ‘attheoldwoman’splace’
<t’i>(lemé:)(tòʔ)nab. ṭʰoʔo:koy’-me-to ‘(to)MissCricket’
<ṭʰo>(ʔó:)(kòy’)(metò)
• Thesenounsuf:ixestakefurthercasemarking– asdoes/yac/– buttheydonotpatternasclitics
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Relic of earlier status?
• /yac/isusedforcertainkinshipterms– hiʔbaya=yac ‘mydaughter’shusband’– t’ile=yac ‘mymother/father-in-law’
• Inparallelpositiontosuf<ixfornaming– t’ile-ki-n’ ‘oldman’– t’ile-me-n’ ‘oldwoman’
• Cognatesof/yac/inotherPomoanlanguages– clearinallWesternlanguages;tenuousinE,SE– moresuf<ix-like– usedonly,ormainly,withnouns
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Diachrony
• Limitednounsuf-ixgeneralizedtomorecontexts?– beyondspecialcategoryofcase-markednouns
• Shiftedfromsuf-ixtocliticstatus– oratleast,frommore- toless-tightlybound– oppositeofstandardgrammaticalization
• normallywords>clitics>af.ixes
• CompareEnglishpossessiveclitic– DEFLEXION (Allen1997,2003)– DEGRAMMATICALIZATION (Norde2009,2010)
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Reanalysis
• Lengthalternationswerealreadyinplace– frompriorstatusasnounsuffixes
• Butcliticsdon’tshowiambiclengthening– shifttocliticstatusrequirednewanalysis
• Referencetoimmediateenvironment– moretypicaltypeofphonologicalconditioning– commoninallomorphselection(Paster2006)
• althoughfootstructurecanalsodetermineallomorphy
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Limited changes
• Preceding/CV/nearlythesamepredictionsasametricaltrigger“stressed”– precedingCVC andCV: predictshort
...(CVC)(ya.co)
...(CV:)(ya.co)
– precedingCVC.CV andCV:.CV predictlong...(CVC)(CV.ya:)co...(CV:)(CV.ya:)co
– someprecedingCV.CV predictlong...(CV.CV)(CV.ya:)cobutdifferentpredictionfor...(CV.CV)(ya.co)
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Minimal effect
• Smallresiduewithdifferentresult– justwordslike<bu>ṭaqá andmámkolò aredifferent
• Necessarypatternisnotcommon– twoCVsyllablesfootedtogether– i.e.initial,orprecededbyaheavysyllable
• Andapparentlyabsentfromkinshipvocabulary– simplerlocalCVgeneralizationmayhavebeencompletelyaccurateinthekinshipsystem
– thisanalysismighthaveprecededorfollowedthebroadeningofthecontextofusefor/yac/
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Kashaya-internal motivation
• Compareallomorphyindurative suffix(Buckley2017)• Followingavowel,twomainoptions:– /cid/ifjustCVprecedes(moduloextrametricality)
(ca-cí:)d-u ‘besittingontheground’<da>(ma-cí:)d-u ‘keeppickingup’
– /med/ifmorematerialprecedes(mítʰ)(ma-me:d)-u ‘keepbreakingthem’<ma>(lasʼá:)-(med-u) ‘keepbreakingthem’
• Butcouldalsobeattributedto“firstfoot”– herenotjustanyCV;mustbemaximallyCV
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Summary
• Vowellengthalternationin/yaco/notthesameasiambiclengthening– longafterCVregardlessoffootstructure
• Butthatisstillthelikelyoriginofthealternation– atanearliertimewhenitwasmoretightlybound– andoccurredjustafternouns
• perhapsspecificallyinthekinshipsystem• Wouldmeanthesuffixwasdegrammaticalized– fitswithcomparativeevidence– butremainsspeculative
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References 1Allen,CynthiaL.1997.Theoriginsofthe‘groupgenitive’inEnglish.TransactionsofthePhilologicalSociety95,111-31.
Allen,CynthiaL.2003.DeDlexionandthedevelopmentofthegenitiveinEnglish.EnglishLanguageandLinguistics7,1-28.
Buckley,Eugene.1994.TheoreticalaspectsofKashayaphonologyandmorphology.CenterfortheStudyofLanguageandInformation,Stanford,California.
Buckley,Eugene.1997.OptimaliambsinKashaya. RivistadiLinguistica 9,9-52.Buckley,Eugene.2017.ConditioningofallomorphyintheKashayadurative.MeetingoftheSocietyfortheStudyoftheIndigenousLanguagesoftheAmericas,Austin,January5-8.
Hall,Kira.1990.AgentivityandtheanimacyhierarchyinKashaya.OccasionalPapersonLinguistics15:Proceedingsofthe1990Hokan-PenutianLanguagesWorkshop,118-135.SouthernIllinoisUniversity.
Norde,Muriel.2009.Degrammaticalization.OxfordUniversityPress.
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References 2Norde,Muriel.2010.Degrammaticalization:Threecommoncontroversies.Grammaticalization:Currentviewsandissues,ed.KaterinaStathi,ElkeGehweiler&EkkehardKonig,pp.123-150.Benjamins.
Oswalt,Robert.1961.AKashayagrammar(SouthwesternPomo).Dissertation,UCBerkeley.
Oswalt,Robert.1964.Kashayatexts.UCPL36.UniversityofCaliforniaPress.Oswalt,Robert.1988.TheFloatingAccentofKashaya.InHonorofMaryHaas,ed.WilliamShipley,pp.611-621.MoutondeGruyter,Berlin.
Oswalt,Robert.2005.Kashayadictionary.Ms.,CaliforniaLanguageArchive,UCBerkeley.
Paster,Mary.2006.PhonologicalconditionsonafCixation.Dissertation,UCBerkeley.
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SUPPLEMENTAL:POMOAN COGNATES
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Southern Pomo
• Clearcognatesinclitics– Agent/yey/::/yac/– Patient/ycon/::/yacol/– Vocative/yco/::/yaco/
• Attachedtocommonnouns– onepossibleexampleof=yconasrelativizer– Walker(2013:110)classiHiesthemasspecialclitics
• themostafHix-likecategoryofclitics• Inkinshipsystem,-yey istreatedasasufHix– Agent+Plural,integratedintothecase-markingsystem– insameslotascognatesofKashayakinshipsufHixes
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Central Pomo
• Someelementsareclearcognates– Patient/yacol/,Oblique/yaco:kʰe/– usedgenerallywithnounsreferringtohumans
• Possiblecognatetosimple/yac/– Topicalizer/ya/ratherthanAgent– stillmainlywithnounsreferringtohumans
• Botharerestrictedinwhattheyfollow– comparesuggestedearlieruseinKashaya– closertostatusofnounsufEix
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Northern Pomo
• Manysimilarusesofcognateclitic/yaʔ/– distinctfromin5lectionalcasemarking– encodessentience,self-motivation,consciousness
• includinganimalsdescribedasshowingintention
• Alsoinrelatedcaseforms– Patient/yacul/,Oblique/yacuʔ/
• Seemstooccurjustafternouns– apparentlynotafterverbsinnominalizingfunction– thus,alsomorerestrictedthaninKashayatoday
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Eastern Pomo
• MoredistantlyrelatedtoKashaya• Butapossiblecognatesuf7ix– IndividuatingAgentiveAnimate/-yeʔekʰ/– shareslinktoagencyandanimacyinotherlanguages
• attachestosubstantives(personalandcommonnouns,adjectives,demonstratives,numerals),aninde7initeanaphor,andastativeverb
• Correspondencesofy:y andc:k areregularKashaya=yya /=ʼay Eastern-(a)ya PLURAL
Kashayacahno Easternka:nu ‘word’
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Southeastern Pomo
• Mostdivergentlanguageofthefamily• Onetantalizingsuf6ix(regularc:k herealso)– /-myak/– notde6inedbyMoshinsky
• Occurswithjusttworoots– butresultingnounisapersonoragent
knıl-myak ‘sprinter’bʔa-myak ‘rich;richman’bʔa-mʔed ‘richwoman’
cf.SE-med inpronouns,Kashaya-me-nʔ forfemaleterms
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SUPPLEMENTAL:ACCENT SHIFT
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Accent shi*
• Ifleftmostfootis(CV:),pitchaccentwillfallonthefollowingfootinstead– thusoccursonthirdorfourthsyllable– dependingonweightofthirdsyllable
• Skipped(CV:)isanonbranchingfoot– parallelto(CVC)thattakestheaccent
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Accent shi* within a word
• Tothirdorfourthsyllablea. dase:-wa-em ‘Isee(you’re)washingit’
<da>(se:)(wám)b. dase:-weti ‘althoughIwashedit’
<da>(se:)(wetí)
c. maṭʼa:-qacʼ-tʰuʔ ‘don’tletithexyou!’<ma>(ṭʼa:)(qáʔ)(tʰuʔ)
d. maṭʼa:-wi-y-e:to ‘ithexedme’<ma>(ṭʼa:)(wiyé:)to
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Phrasal groupings
• Stressisoftenassignedacrosstwoormorewords– ortoawordandfollowingclitic(s)
• Distinctfromlexicalfooting– forwordsbeyondthefirstinthephrase– iambiclengtheningdependsonword-internalfeet
• Assumebasicstratalarchitecture– Wordvs.Phrase
• Examplespresentedhereshowphrasalfooting– thisisthesourceofsurfaceaccent– eveninone-wordutterances
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Stress within a phrase
• Secondorthirdsyllable,onceagain– butnolengtheningofstressedsyllablea. bihšehcʰoyicʼ-ʔ ‘thedeerdied’
<bih>(šéh)(cʰoyiʔ)b. bihšeboʔo-ʔkʰe ‘willhuntdeer’
<bih>(šebó)(ʔoʔ)kʰe
c. sima=ltow ‘duringsleep’<si>(mál)(tow)
d. simamiṭi-ad-u ‘lyingasleepontheground’<si>(mamí)(ṭi:)du
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Accent shi* within a phrase
• Quiteacommonoccurrence– providesfrequentevidenceforphrasalstressa. ʔima:ta=ʔyow-a-em ‘formerwomanNOM’
<ʔi>(ma:)(táʔ)(yowam)b. ʔima:tanašoya ‘youngwoman’
<ʔi>(ma:)(taná)(šoya)c. qahwe:wahqa-qa=ʔ ‘musthaveswallowedgum’
<qah>(we:)(wáh)(qaqaʔ)d. qahwe:qac-id-u ‘askforgum’
<qah>(we:)(qací:)du
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