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PROSPECTS FOR CO2 CAPTURE,
SEQUESTRATION, UTILIZATION,
AND NEGATIVE EMISSIONSProfessor Sally M. Benson
Department of Energy Resources Engineering
School of Earth, Energy, and Environmental Sciences
Stanford University
Topics
1. Landscape for CO2 capture, utilization, negative emissions,
and sequestration
2. Status of CO2 sequestration in deep geological formations
3. Conditions for Successful Scale-Up of CCS & Negative
Emissions Using BECCS (Bioenergy + CCS)
Landscape for CO2 capture, utilization, sequestration,
and negative emissions
Pathways and End States
Biological
Cryogenic
Sorbent
Solvent
CO2
Emissions
(~36 GT)
Capture and
Conversion Processes
Capture
Sources
Concentrate
d
Sources(e.g., power
plants, gas
cleanup, biomass
combustion, or
fermentation)
Capture Products
Gaseous or
Supercritical
Carbon
Organic
Carbon
Electrochemical
Mineralization
Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial
and marine
ecosystems, and
direct air-capture
with chemicals or
weathering)
Membrane
Advanced
Combustion
Minerals• Ex situ carbonate
formation
Chemicals and Materials• Plastic
• Cement
• Construction materials
Fuel• CH4
• Liquid fuels
• Biomass
Thermo-
chemical
Photo-
electrochemical
Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices
• Crop selection
• Biochar
• Enhanced species
• Microbial enhancement
Forests • Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Land management
• Enhanced species
Wetland creation and
restorationOcean
• Direct CO2 injection
• Ocean fertilization
• Alkalinity augmentation
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Saline formations
• Basalt formations
• Shale and coal
Geological Formations
CO
2S
eq
ue
str
atio
n
Inorganic
Carbon
CO
2R
eu
se
Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions
Biological
Cryogenic
Sorbent
Solvent
CO2
Emissions
Concentrate
d
Sources(e.g., power
plants, gas
cleanup, biomass
combustion, or
fermentation)
Electrochemical
Mineralization
Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial
and marine
ecosystems, and
direct air-capture
with chemicals or
weathering)
Membrane
Advanced
Combustion
Minerals• Ex situ carbonate
formation
Chemicals and Materials• Plastic
• Cement
• Construction materials
Fuel• CH4
• Liquid fuels
• Biomass
Thermo-
chemical
Photo-
electrochemical
Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices
• Crop selection
• Biochar
• Enhanced species
• Microbial enhancement
Forests • Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Land management
• Enhanced species
Wetland creation and
restorationOcean
• Direct CO2 injection
• Ocean fertilization
• Alkalinity augmentation
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Saline formations
• Basalt formations
• Shale and coal
Geological Formations
CO
2S
eq
ue
str
atio
n
Inorganic
Carbon
CO
2R
eu
se
Carbon Capture and Storage Today
Gaseous or
Supercritical
Carbon
Organic
Carbon
Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions
Biological
Cryogenic
Sorbent
Solvent
CO2
Emissions
Concentrate
d
Sources(e.g., power
plants, gas
cleanup, biomass
combustion, or
fermentation)
Gaseous or
Supercritical
Carbon
Organic
Carbon
Electrochemical
Mineralization
Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial
and marine
ecosystems, and
direct air-capture
with chemicals or
weathering)
Membrane
Advanced
Combustion
Minerals• Ex situ carbonate
formation
Chemicals and Materials• Plastic
• Cement
• Construction materials
Fuel• CH4
• Liquid fuels
• Biomass
Thermo-
chemical
Photo-
electrochemical
Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices
• Crop selection
• Biochar
• Enhanced species
• Microbial enhancement
Forests • Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Land management
• Enhanced species
Wetland creation and
restorationOcean
• Direct CO2 injection
• Ocean fertilization
• Alkalinity augmentation
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Saline formations
• Basalt formations
• Shale and coal
Geological Formations
CO
2S
eq
ue
str
atio
n
Inorganic
Carbon
CO
2R
eu
se
Example of Possible CO2 Utilization in the Future
Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions
Biological
Cryogenic
Sorbent
Solvent
CO2
Emissions
Concentrate
d
Sources(e.g., power
plants, gas
cleanup, biomass
combustion, or
fermentation)
Gaseous or
Supercritical
Carbon
Organic
Carbon
Electrochemical
Mineralization
Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial
and marine
ecosystems, and
direct air-capture
with chemicals or
weathering)
Membrane
Advanced
Combustion
Minerals• Ex situ carbonate
formation
Chemicals and Materials• Plastic
• Cement
• Construction materials
Fuel• CH4
• Liquid fuels
• Biomass
Thermo-
chemical
Photo-
electrochemical
Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices
• Crop selection
• Biochar
• Enhanced species
• Microbial enhancement
Forests • Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Land management
• Enhanced species
Wetland creation and
restorationOcean
• Direct CO2 injection
• Ocean fertilization
• Alkalinity augmentation
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Saline formations
• Basalt formations
• Shale and coal
Geological Formations
CO
2S
eq
ue
str
atio
n
Inorganic
Carbon
CO
2R
eu
se
Example of Possible CO2 Negative Emissions in the Future
Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions
Biological
Cryogenic
Sorbent
Solvent
CO2
Emissions
Concentrate
d
Sources(e.g., power
plants, gas
cleanup, biomass
combustion, or
fermentation)
Gaseous or
Supercritical
Carbon
Organic
Carbon
Electrochemical
Mineralization
Air Capture(e.g., in terrestrial
and marine
ecosystems, and
direct air-capture
with chemicals or
weathering)
Membrane
Advanced
Combustion
Minerals• Ex situ carbonate
formation
Chemicals and Materials• Plastic
• Cement
• Construction materials
Fuel• CH4
• Liquid fuels
• Biomass
Thermo-
chemical
Photo-
electrochemical
Grasslands and agriculture • Management practices
• Crop selection
• Biochar
• Enhanced species
• Microbial enhancement
Forests • Reforestation
• Afforestation
• Land management
• Enhanced species
Wetland creation and
restorationOcean
• Direct CO2 injection
• Ocean fertilization
• Alkalinity augmentation
• Oil and gas reservoirs
• Saline formations
• Basalt formations
• Shale and coal
Geological Formations
CO
2S
eq
ue
str
atio
n
Inorganic
Carbon
CO
2R
eu
se
Example of Possible CO2 Negative Emissions in the Future
Modified from SEAB Report, 2016. CO2 Utilization and Negative Emissions
A Rich Landscape of Options, But…
Key issues affecting feasibility of CCUS and negative emissions
Need gigatonne scale solutions (36 GT emissions today from fossil fuels)
Energy inputs for capture and conversion are large (~20% to >>100% primary energy content of fuels)• Consequently, carbon-free energy is needed for these processes
Systems accounting for environmental and societal impacts and life-cycle emissions of CO2 management options
Permanence of sequestration options
Cost
Time and resources to scale-up of new solutions
Readiness for CCUS and Negative
Emissions at Scale
Here Today Coming Soon On the Horizon
• CO2 capture from high
purity sources
• CO2 capture from natural
gas cleanup
• CO2-enhanced oil recovery
• CO2 storage in saline
aquifers in sedimentary
formations
• Others (e.g. reforestation)?
• CO2 capture from coal and
natural gas power plants
• Co-optimized CO2 +
storage
• Bioenergy + CCS for
negative emissions
• Direct air capture
• Electrocatalysis of CO2 for
CO production
• Advanced energy
conversions for CO2
capture
• Sequestration as minerals
in basalt
• Soil carbon enhancement
• Many others
About 4% per Year Reductions in Emissions Will
be Needed to Limit Warming to 2o C
The red shaded areas are the chance of exceeding different temperatures above
pre-industrial levels using the cumulative emissions concept
Source: Jackson et al 2015b; Global Carbon Budget 2015
Don’t have time to wait
Scale-up needs to begin
happening now
Carbon capture from
concentrated emission
sources with geological
sequestration is the only
option available at scale
today
Status of CO2 sequestration in deep geological
formations
Options for Geological Storage
13
Basic Concept of Geological Storage of CO2
Injected at depths of 1 km or deeper into rocks with tiny
pore spaces
Primary trapping Beneath seals of low permeability rocks
Image courtesy of ISGS and MGSC
Courtesy of John Bradshaw
Secondary Trapping Mechanisms Increase
Storage Security Over Time
15
Solubility trapping
CO2 dissolves in water
Residual gas trapping
CO2 is trapped by capillary
forces
Mineral trapping
CO2 is converted to minerals
Adsorption trapping
CO2 adsorbs insoluble
organic mater in shale and
coal
Prospectivity for Storage Around the World
Image from Bradshaw and Dance 2005
~5,000 to 25,000 GT of sequestration capacity: DeConnick and Benson, 2014.
CO2 Storage Safety and Security Pyramid
Regulatory Oversight
Contingency Planning and Remediation
Monitoring
Risk Assessment and Safe Operations
Storage Engineering
Capacity Assessment, Site Characterization, and Selection
Fundamental Sequestration and Leakage Mechanisms
Financial
Responsibility
Environmental Risks of CCS Appear
Manageable, but Regulations are Needed.
CCS Continues to Expand Worldwide
Val Verde
Gas Plant
(1.3 Mt/yr)
19901980 2000 2010 20201970
Enid
Fertilizer Plant
(0.7 Mt/yr) Shute Creek
Gas
Processing
(7 Mt/yr)
Sleipner Vest
Gas
Processing
(1 Mt/yr)
Great Plains
Synfuel and
Weyburn
(3 Mt/yr)
In Salah Gas
Project
(1.1 Mt/yr)
Snohvit
Gas Project
(0.7 Mt/yrPort Arthur
SMR Project
(1Mt/yr)
Operating Industrial Scale Projects (~ 19 Mt/year)
+
65 Mt/year of CO2-EOR)
Under Construction Industrial Scale Projects (9 Mt/year)
Agrium Fertilizer Project (0.6 Mt/yr)
Sturgeon Refinery Project (1.2 Mt/yr)
Kemper County IGCC (3.5 Mt/yr)
Lost Cabin Gas Plant (1 Mt/yr)
ADM Ethanol Plant (1 Mt/yr)
Gorgon Gas LNG Plant Project (3-4 Mt/yr)
Quest Upgrader Project (1.2Mt/yr)
Boundary Dam Power Post-Combustion (1 Mt/yr)
Updated from DeConninck and Benson, 2014. Annual Reviews in Energy and Environment.
Twenty Years of Progress
Regulatory Oversight
Contingency Planning
and Remediation
Monitoring
Risk Assessment and
Safe Operations
Storage Engineering
Site Characterization
and Assessment
Fundamental Storage
and Leakage Mechanisms
Financial
Responsibility
Understanding, quantification and time-scales for secondary trapping processes
show these can play an important role in mitigating risks.
Globally harmonized capacity assessment showing 5,000 to 25,000 GT
sequestration capacity .
Identification of the need for and strategies for to manage pressure buildup to
mitigate risks of induced seismicity and leakage.
Experience from 13 industrial scale and over 20 pilot scale projects show risks are
well understood and manageable.
Development and demonstration of many methods for monitoring CO2 leakage and
tracking plume migration.
Developed methods for contingency planning and remediation of leakage from
wells and fault zones.
Government regulations for CO2 storage have been developed in the U.S., Europe,
Canada, and Australia.
Insurance policies are available for CO2 storage projects. Long term liability
approaches have been developed in some countries.
Conditions for Successful Scale-Up of CCS
& Negative Emissions Using BECCS
Cost reductions for CO2 capture
Strong support for climate action
Confidence about secure carbon sequestration
A price on carbon > $30/tonne CO2
Prioritization of emissions reductions using an economy-wide strategy
Constructive engagement of communities at sequestration sites
DeConninck and Benson, 2014. Annual Reviews in Energy and Environment.