prospects for ultrafast (
TRANSCRIPT
Prospects for Ultrafast (<10 psec) MRAM
5 TH E3S SYMPOSIUM 2017BERKELEY, CA
PROF. JEFFREY BOKOREECS DEPARTMENT
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEYLAWRENCE BERKELEY NATIONAL LABORATORY
“For Internal E3S Use Only. These Slides May Contain Prepublication Data and/or Confidential Information.”
STT-MRAM is “slow”
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Fastest Precessional Switching
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120 psec switching of STT device ~ ½ precessional period
Rowlands, et al. APL (2012) [Irvine, UCLA, Minnesota, Hitachi]
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Ultrafast Demagnetization Discovered in 1996
• Beaurepaire, et al., PRL (1996)
620 nm laser, 60 fs, 7 mJ/cm2
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Ultrafast All-Optical Switching (AOS) in GdFeCo
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Shot 1 Shot 2 Shot 3 Shot 4 Shot 5 …
20 mm
Ostler, et al., Nat. Comm. 3, 666 (2012)
Radu, et al., Nature 472, 205 (2011)
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Ultrafast, all-optical magnetic recording (Radboud Univ. group)
ps e-pulse magnetic device
Ultrafast, all-electrical switching?
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SpeedNon-volatility, functionality,
low energy
femto-magnetism
Scalable, integrable
spin-electronics
Disadvantages: scalabilty, need for femtosecond lasers…
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What pulsewidth is needed for ultrafast magnetic switching of
GdFeCo?
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GdFeCo switching dynamics up to 10 ps
J. Gorchon, et al., Phys. Rev. B94, 184496 (2016)
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HI-AOS weakly dependent on pulsewidth
J. Gorchon, et al., Phys. Rev. B94, 184496 (2016)
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Is electronic heat current effective for ultrafast magnetic switching?
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“Remote Heating”
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Remote heating switches GdFeCo
57 nm Au / 11.5 nm GdFeCo bilayer
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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How to generate ps electrical pulses?
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Ultrafast photoconducting switch
Ketchen, et al., APL (1986)
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Oxygen-implantedSOS
Deconvoluted pw = 0.6 ps
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CMOS can produce sub-5 ps pulses
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OFF CURRENT (na/mm) [VARIES WITH THRESHOLD VOLTAGE]
Mistry, et al. IEDM 2007 (Intel)
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Can ps electrical pulses induce ultrafast demagnetization?
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Magnet resistive load
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Magnet load(4 mm X 4 mm)
Ta(1)/Pt(1)/[Pt(0.7)/Co(0.86)]x8/Pt(1.7)
~14 pJ energy absorbed
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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Current Induced Ultrafast Demagnetization of Pt/Co
2 ps laser excitation 3.6 ps electrical excitation
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Sample structure:Ta(1)/Pt(1)/[Pt(0.7)/Co(0.86)]x8/Pt(1.7)
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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Can ultrafast electrical pulses induce single-shot switching in GdFeCo?
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Electrically excite, optical probe
20
20 mm
20 mm
4 X 5 mmTa(5)/Gd30Fe63Co7(20)/Pt(5)
Y. Yang, et al., Sci. Advances (in press)
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Current pulse waveform
heating pulse ∝ I2
heating pulse width ~ 6 ps
~9 ps
GdFeCo electrically induced switching
Ultrafast electric current induced magnetic switching
Completely new magnetic switching mechanism21
Y. Yang, et al., Sci. Advances (in press)
5 mm
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Electrical switching dynamics
• Current density ~ 7 X 108 A/cm2
(peak)
• Over 1010 switching cycles!
• For (20nm)3 cell estimate:Scaled switching energy ~3.5fJ, switching current ~10s of mA
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Y. Yang, et al., Sci. Advances (in press)
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Can we read out electrically?
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GdFeCo MTJ from U. Minnesota
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Chen, et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. (2017)
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Can we switch a ferromagnet in an MTJ with high TMR?
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Single-shot all-optical switching of a ferromagnet
Single-Shot switching of Co/Pt! J. Gorchon, et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 111,042401 (2017)
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Exchange coupling to GdFeCo
Conclusions
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• Ultrafast (<10 ps) all-electronic switching of
magnets demonstrated
• Many building blocks investigated
• Opens up completely new regime of
ultrafast spintronics
• Possibilities for many new very practical
applications
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Next Steps
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• More complex magnetic heterostructures to reduce switching current even further
→ Deterministic switching?
• Integrate electrical readout
• Integrate magnetic structures on high-performance CMOS to “get rid of the laser”
• Further theory and simulation to better understand ultrafast switching physics
Acknowledgements
Yang Yang1, Jon Gorchon1,2, Akshay Pattabi1, Charles-Henri Lambert1, Richard Wilson1,2, Prof. Sayeef Salahuddin1,2
1EECS Dept., UC Berkeley; 2Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
This work supported by:
US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-05-CH11231.
Center for Energy Efficient Electronics Science (E3S), National Science Foundation
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Te depends strongly on pulsewidth
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J. Gorchon, et al., Phys. Rev. B94, 184496 (2016)
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GdFeCo switches with full optical absorption in Au layer
3 10 30 100 3000.1
0.3
1
3
10
30
Au
GdFeCo
Total
Abs
orbe
d F
lue
nce
(J m
-2)
Au Thickness (nm)
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R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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Calculated heat currents
0.01 0.03 0.1 0.3 1 3 100.1
0.3
1
3
10
30
100
91 nm Au
From Au Electrons
Optical Heating
He
at
Cu
rre
nt
(TW
m-2)
Time (ps)
38 nm Au
32
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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TR-MOKE indicates electron thermal diffusion mechanism
-2.0 -1.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
Au(75 nm)
Au (30 nm)
No
rma
lize
d P
ola
r K
err
Ro
tatio
n
Delay (ps)
Au (0 nm)
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Pt(5)/Au(h)/GdFeCo(10)/Ta(2)/MgO(170)/Au(10)
Pt(5)/Au(75)/MgO(3)/Au(10)/GdFeCo(10)/Ta(2)/MgO(170)/Au(10)→ no switching
[50 fs ballistic]
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B95, 180409 (2017)
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Electrically induced ultrafast magnetism
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Electrical pulse measurement
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~5 ps
heating pulse ∝ I2
heating pulse width ~ 3.6 psElectrical pulse energy ~200 pJ
R. Wilson, et al., Phys. Rev. B96 (2017)
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Coupled GdFeCo/FM MTJ
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55% TMR
Nishimura, et al., JAP (2002)
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“For Internal E3S Use Only. These Slides May Contain Prepublication Data and/or Confidential Information.”