prospects of mitigation in rice fields and possible policy support: examples from asia
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Presentation by R Wassmann, International Rice Research Institute, at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013, in Colombo, Sri LankaTRANSCRIPT
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Reiner Wassmann Climate Change Coordinator
International Rice Research Institute
Prospects of Mitigation in Rice Fields
and Possible Policy Support:
Examples from Asia
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Significance of Rice Fields for GHG budgets
(IPCC 4th AR, 2007)
Forestry,
17.4%
Rice, 1.5%
Agriculture
(w/o rice),
12.0%
All others ,
69.1%
Country
National Scale in Asia:
Emissions from rice
production (selected)
(Mt CO2eq) Perc. of total
Viet Nam 38.199 24.8 %
India 74.360 5.7 %
Indonesia 33.600 2.5 %
Data from the most recent
National Communication submitted to UNFCCC
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GHG Measurements:
Automated and Manual
Measurement Approaches
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Alternate-Wetting- and-Drying (AWD)
Synonyms:
• Intermittent Flooding/ Drainage
• Single or Multiple Flooding/ Drainage
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Adopted from: Wiangsamut (2010)
a
a a
a a
a b
a a
a 33%
12% 22%
0.9% 21%
• Irrigation water savings of up to 33%
• No yield difference
Benefits of AWD
Yield Water use
Contin. Flooding
AWD
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Global Warming Potential under Continuous Flooding (CF) and AWD
0
2
4
6
8
CF AWD CF AWD
ton
s C
O2eq
/ h
a*s
easo
n
N2O
CH4
Pump Irrigation
(Tarlac)
Canal Irrigation
(N. Ecija)
“ “
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Introducing AWD
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1. Prototyping ‘Clean Development
Mechanism’ projects
2. Country-specific/ Voluntary
emission reductions
3. Funding National Action Plans
of developing countries
Technical Support for Mitigation Policy
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CDM Pipeline
Project
Developer Project
Proposal
Project
Developer
Designated
Nat. Auth.
Project
Design
Docum.
Letter of
‘no objection’
Designated
Operating
Entity #1
Validation
Report Designated
Nat. Auth. Letter of
approval
CDM
Executive
Board
Approved
Methodology
Project
Regis-
tration
Certified
Emission
Reduction
Project
Developer Monitoring
Report
Designated
Operating
Entity #2
Verification
Report
CDM
Executive
Board
Project
Implementation
and
Monitoring
Project
Design
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SSM – Small Scale Methodology
Approved by UNFCCC (May 2011)
http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/D6MRRHNNU5RUHJXWKHN87IUXW5F5N0/view.html
“Methane emission reduction by adjusted water
management in rice”
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Methodology AMS-III.AU. Version 3.0 (since 03 Aug. 2012)
Example:
• AWD in dry season
• Multiple aeration (1.8 kg ha/d)
• 100 d period
180 kg CH4/ ha season
= 3.78 t CO2 eq/ ha season
@ 0.50 $/ t CO2 eq.
= < 2 $/ ha season
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Technical Support for Mitigation Policy
1. Prototyping ‘Clean Development
Mechanism’ Projects
2. Mapping suitability for mitigation
3. National Action Plans of
developing countries
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Rainfall <
Evapotranspiration +
Seepage&Percolation
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Dekad #1
Bio-physical Assessment of AWD
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Dekad #5
Bio-physical Assessment of AWD
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Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Dekad #9
Bio-physical Assessment of AWD
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Technical Support for Mitigation Policy
1. Prototyping ‘Clean Development
Mechanism’ Projects
2. Mapping suitability for mitigation
3. Assisting in ‘road maps’ at
different scales
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New Policy in Vietnam (20-20-20)
Prime
Minister
Objective:
“Up to 2020, to reduce by 20% the total
GHG emissions in agriculture and rural
development sector (18.87 million ton
CO2e)”
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New Policy in Vietnam (20-20-20)
Ministry of
Agriculture
Prime
Minister
• Apply improved cultivation techniques such as
water irrigation and inputs saving …
• Scale 3.2 M ha of rice cultivation
• Priority areas: Mekong and Red River Deltas,
Central Coastline
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Farmers should use/apply AWD irrigation tech-
nology to not only greatly save water con-sumption
and reduce GHGs emissions in irrigated rice fields,
but also increase rice productivity.
New Mitigation Policy 20-20-20
Provincial
Governments
Ministry of
Agriculture
Prime
Minister
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Seasonal Emission at yr 0:
1000 ha x 100 kg/ha +
= 100 t CO2eq
AWD Adoption Scenarios
YEAR
0
Province “Châm” (= slow) Province “Nhanh” (= fast)
Seasonal Emission at yr 0:
1000 ha x 100 kg/ha +
= 100 t CO2eq
10 ha conv.
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AWD Adoption Scenarios
YEAR
1
Adoption Rate: 1%/ yr Adoption Rate: 10%/ yr
Seasonal Emission at yr 1:
990 ha x 100 kg/ha +
10 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 99.6 t CO2eq
Seasonal Emission at yr 1:
900 ha x 100 kg/ha +
100 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 96.3 CO2eq
10 ha conv.
10 ha AWD
Province “Châm” (= slow) Province “Nhanh” (= fast)
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AWD Adoption Scenarios
Adoption Rate: 1%/ yr Adoption Rate: 10%/ yr
Seasonal Emission at yr 2:
980 ha x 100 kg/ha +
20 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 99.2 t CO2eq
Seasonal Emission at yr 2:
800 ha x 100 kg/ha +
200 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 92.4 CO2eq
Province “Châm” (= slow) Province “Nhanh” (= fast)
YEAR
2
10 ha conv.
10 ha AWD
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AWD Adoption Scenarios
Adoption Rate: 1%/ yr Adoption Rate: 10%/ yr
Seasonal Emission at yr 7:
930 ha x 100 kg/ha +
70 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 97.4 t CO2eq
Seasonal Emission at yr 7:
300 ha x 100 kg/ha +
700 ha x 63 kg/ha
= 74.1 CO2eq
Province “Châm” (= slow) Province “Nhanh” (= fast)
YEAR
7
10 ha conv.
10 ha AWD
25.9% 2.6%
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Technical Support for Mitigation Policy
1. Prototyping ‘Clean Development
Mechanism’ Projects
2. Mapping suitability for mitigation
3. Assisting in ‘road maps’ at
different scales
4. Developing guidelines
- Measuring, Reporting, Verific.
- Good Agricultural Practice
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Measuring Mitigation Potential in
Smallholder Systems at Whole-farm and
Landscape Scales (SAMPLE)
• Initiative of
CCAFS/ Theme 3
• Collaboration with ICRAF, ILRI, IRRI,
KIT (Germany) and NARES partners
• Parallel assessment of mixed landscapes
(Kenya) and crop land (Philippines)
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Determining
Emission Factor
for Straw Burning
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Good Agricultural Practice
(GAP) Guidelines
Vietnam
Mot Phai/ Nam Giam
(1 Must Do/ 5 Reductions)
Philippines
Palay Check
Examples:
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Sustainable Rice Platform
http://www.unep.org/newscentre/default.aspx?DocumentID=2661&ArticleID=8967
An initiative of the
• United Nations Environment Programme
• International Rice Research Institute
• National institutions from several Asian countries
• and several private sector companies
Aim:
Higher rice production in a healthier environment
for higher incomes
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Conclusion on impacts of
mitigation policies
Wishful
thinking
Significant impact on farmers’
income and poverty alleviation
Realistic
outlook
More emphasis and – hopefully
– funds for rural development
(irrigation facilities, improved
technol.)
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Conclusion on CCAFS role
in supporting mitigation
Wishful
thinking
Generic recommendations
automatically result in efficient
mitigation policy
Realistic
outlook
Increasing demand for country-
specific information at different
scales