prosperity index eight sub indexes

8/6/2019 Prosperity Index Eight Sub Indexes

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THE EIGHTSUB-INDEXES

The 2010 Prosperity Index consists of eight sub-indexes:

Economy

Entrepreneurship & Opportunity

Governance

Education

Health

Safety & Security

Personal Freedom

Social Capital

In the following pages, for each sub-index, we have providedrankings of the top and bottom 10 countries, descriptions of thesub-index, and a table listing the variables used in the creation of that sub-index.

42

44

46

48

50

52

54

56



THE EIGHT SUB-INDEXES

ECONOMY

42

Stable and growing economies increase per capita incomeand promote the overall wellbeing of its citizens. TheEconomy sub-index measures countries’ performances infour areas that are essential to promoting prosperity:macroeconomic policies, economic satisfaction andexpectations, foundation for growth, and financial sectorefficiency. As illustrated in the chart below, the variablesin the sub-index are categorised into these areas.

The sub-index demonstrates that outcomes of soundmacroeconomic policies, such as robust domestic savingsrates, low rates of inflation and unemployment, and anefficient financial sector have a positive impact on bothaverage levels of income and wellbeing.It also shows that investing in physical capital per worker,innovative high-tech exports, and a competitive economythat facilitates domestic demand and attracts foreign

investment are essential to boosting per capital income.Positive expectations about the future of the economyand satisfaction with living standards also make animportant contribution to the overall wellbeing of acountry’s citizens. While our research shows thatincreased economic strength over time is generally goodfor everyone, it also finds that rapid increases in GDP arerelated to lower levels of happiness in a society as peoplegrapple with the dislocations that often accompany suchgrowth.

Senegal

Nicaragua

Zambia

Moldova

Central African Republic

Ethiopia

Kenya

Uzbekistan

Ghana

Zimbabwe

Norway

Switzerland

Netherlands

Denmark

Canada

Singapore

Sweden

Australia

Finland

Hong Kong

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries

Strong ranking countries (Top 30) Average ranking countries (Middle 50) Low ranking countries (Bottom 30) Insufficient data

Macroeconomic Policies

InflationGross Domestic SavingsEmployment Status

Gross Domestic SavingsUnemployment RateInflation

Economic Satisfaction and ExpectationsFoundation for Growth

Satisfaction with Standard of LivingAdequate Food and ShelterPerceived Job AvailabilityExpectations of the Economy5-year Rate of Growth

Capital Per WorkerMarket SizeHigh-Tech ExportsFDI Size and Volatility

Confidence in Financial InstitutionsNon-performing Loans

Indicates a variable that is included in both income and wellbeing regressions. Indicates a variable that is included in only one regression.

Variables have been divided into different categories within each sub-index. Variables are ordered from largest to smallest within each category. Income and wellbeing bar sizes arenot comparable due to differences in scale

INCOME WELLBEING

Financial Sector Efficiency

Ranking Distribution for Economy


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Norway

Switzerland

NetherlandsDenmark

Canada

Singapore

Sweden

Australia

Finland

Hong Kong

Japan

Austria

Germany

United States

South KoreaBelgium

New Zealand

United Kingdom

France

Kuwait

Malaysia

Ireland

Thailand

China

Taiwan

Czech Republic

IsraelSaudi Arabia

Italy

United Arab Emirates

Mexico

Brazil

Spain

Slovenia

Morocco

Costa Rica

Poland

Iceland

Chile

Portugal

Greece

Argentina

Indonesia

India

Algeria

Uruguay

Slovakia

Hungary

Tunisia

Panama

Kazakhstan

Philippines

Croatia

Paraguay

Colombia

Venezuela

Peru

Trinidad and TobagoEstonia

Ecuador

Belize

Vietnam

Bolivia

Russia

Guatemala

Bangladesh

Romania

Namibia

Turkey

LebanonSyria

Egypt

Botswana

Belarus

Bulgaria

Lithuania

South Africa

Iran

Jamaica

Dominican Republic

Latvia

MozambiqueSudan

Sri Lanka

Mali

Pakistan

Cameroon

Mongolia

El Salvador

Nigeria

Uganda

Cambodia

Jordan

Rwanda

Tanzania

Ukraine

Honduras

Macedonia

Yemen

Nepal

Senegal

Nicaragua

Zambia

Moldova


Ethiopia

Kenya

Uzbekistan

Ghana

Zimbabwe

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.091

2.986

2.9232.873

2.651

2.605

2.538

2.524

2.457

2.333

2.301

2.281

2.228

2.012

1.9701.950

1.942

1.842

1.829

1.812

1.779

1.710

1.687

1.655

1.574

1.563

1.5151.454

1.374

1.324

1.249

1.194

1.190

1.117

0.986

0.889

0.868

0.797

0.745

0.727

0.725

0.627

0.601

0.552

0.496

0.495

0.411

0.351

0.331

0.268

0.254

0.231

0.220

0.161

0.154

0.083

0.077

0.049-0.077

-0.110

-0.167

-0.188

-0.188

-0.241

-0.316

-0.341

-0.358

-0.389

-0.509

-0.519-0.539

-0.617

-0.664

-0.667

-0.696

-0.753

-0.755

-0.784

-0.802

-0.857

-1.021

-1.071-1.072

-1.114

-1.167

-1.254

-1.311

-1.334

-1.466

-1.563

-1.627

-1.725

-1.743

-1.748

-1.945

-1.974

-2.122

-2.146

-2.360

-2.364

-2.474

-2.489

-2.767

-2.856

-2.878

-2.986

-3.494

-3.775

-3.788

-8.458

Ranking Country CountryScore


-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Norway

(1), 3.091

Colombia

(55), 0.154

Zimbabwe

(110), -8.458

Numbers in brackets indicateProsperity Index ranking

E c o n o m y S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s

Distribution of Country Scores




44

ENTREPRENEURSHIP & OPPORTUNITY

development across socioeconomic groups and whetheror not citizens believe hard work pays off in the future.

The E&O sub-index builds upon scholarship that showshow entrepreneurship drives innovation and leads toeconomic growth. It also uses research demonstrating thepositive impact of an individual realising his or herentrepreneurial potential. When a country increases thelikelihood that entrepreneurial activity will pay off, and when individuals experience the satisfaction that comesfrom earning their success, a society’s prosperity increasesoverall.

Mozambique

Zambia

Nigeria

Tanzania


Yemen

Cameroon

Mali

Ethiopia

Zimbabwe

Denmark

Sweden

United States

Finland

United Kingdom

Norway

Ireland

Singapore

Iceland

Canada

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Entrepreneurial Environment

Secure Internet ServersMobile Phones per HouseholdGood Environment for EntrepreneursBusiness Start-up Costs

Business Start-up CostsSecure Internet ServersInternet BandwidthMobile Phones

Perception that Working HardGets You Ahead

Uneven EconomicDevelopment

Innovative Activity

R&D ExpenditureRoyalty ReceiptsICT Exports



INCOME WELLBEING

Access to Opportunity

Ranking Distribution for Entrepreneurship & Opportunity

A strong entrepreneurial climate in which citizens can pursuenew ideas and opportunities for improving their lives leadsto higher levels of income and wellbeing. Specifically, theEntrepreneurship & Opportunity (E&O) sub-index measurescountries’ performance in three areas: entrepreneurialenvironment, innovative activity, and access to opportunity.As illustrated in the chart below, the variables in the sub-index are categorised into these areas.

Such factors as low costs to starting a business and publicperception of a good entrepreneurial environment areimportant to improving citizens’ economic prospects andtheir overall wellbeing. The sub-index also assesses acountry’s ability to commercialise innovation, as well asthe Information and Communication Technology (ICT)infrastructure that exists to enable productive commercialendeavours. Lastly, it captures elements of access toopportunity by tracking the unevenness of economic



Denmark

Sweden

United StatesFinland

United Kingdom

Norway

Ireland

Singapore

Iceland

Canada

Switzerland

Netherlands

Australia

New Zealand

GermanyAustria

Hong Kong

South Korea

Japan

France

Belgium

Taiwan

Estonia


Israel

Slovenia

SpainPortugal

Czech Republic

Italy

Kuwait

Latvia

Chile

Malaysia

Greece

Slovakia

Croatia

Poland

Lithuania

Trinidad and Tobago

Panama

Hungary

South Africa

Costa Rica

Tunisia

Argentina

Jamaica

Saudi Arabia

Brazil

Romania

Belize

Uruguay

Turkey

Thailand

Bulgaria

Russia

Colombia

MongoliaMexico

China

Macedonia

Dominican Republic

Moldova

Botswana

Venezuela

Peru

Belarus

Morocco

Philippines

JordanGuatemala

Kazakhstan

Ukraine

Paraguay

Ecuador

Sri Lanka

Vietnam

Namibia

Algeria

Honduras

El Salvador

IndonesiaLebanon

Egypt

Uzbekistan

Iran

Bolivia

Pakistan

Ghana

Kenya

Sudan

Syria

India

Nicaragua

Bangladesh

Nepal

Rwanda

Uganda

Senegal

Cambodia

Mozambique

Zambia

Nigeria

Tanzania


Yemen

Cameroon

Mali

Ethiopia

Zimbabwe

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.700

3.601

3.4483.411

3.309

3.235

3.203

3.185

3.181

3.157

3.144

3.078

3.051

2.920

2.8032.525

2.375

2.322

2.204

2.136

2.055

2.014

1.907

1.866

1.814

1.671

1.4871.317

1.242

1.006

0.933

0.862

0.786

0.780

0.761

0.733

0.707

0.698

0.677

0.614

0.598

0.597

0.507

0.497

0.367

0.284

0.200

0.117

0.113

0.108

0.042

-0.021

-0.051

-0.070

-0.071

-0.101

-0.166

-0.250-0.301

-0.408

-0.607

-0.649

-0.709

-0.724

-0.755

-0.794

-0.842

-0.857

-0.859

-0.868-0.950

-0.959

-0.978

-0.996

-1.047

-1.098

-1.147

-1.252

-1.317

-1.329

-1.329

-1.432-1.497

-1.512

-1.563

-1.715

-1.784

-1.856

-1.916

-1.917

-2.009

-2.079

-2.087

-2.094

-2.143

-2.220

-2.291

-2.301

-2.357

-2.436

-2.463

-2.499

-2.562

-2.729

-2.826

-2.827

-2.854

-2.977

-3.089

-3.810



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Denmark

(1), 3.700

Bulgaria

(55), -0.071

Zimbabwe

(110), -3.810


E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p & O p p o r t u n i t y S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





46

GOVERNANCE

Well-governed societies enjoy national economic growthand citizen wellbeing. The Governance sub-indexmeasures countries’ performance in three areas: effectiveand accountable government, fair elections and politicalparticipation, and rule of law. As illustrated in the chartbelow, the variables in the sub-index are categorised intothese areas.

Stable and democratic governing institutions protect politicaland economic liberty and create an environmentof civic participation, leading to higher levels of income and wellbeing. The Governance sub-index measures levels of competition and corruption in the government, and citizens’confidence in elections, the judicial system, and the military.The sub-index shows that citizens prefer governments thatare stable and accountable. Public wellbeing is also relatedto people’s perceptions of how well the government

addresses societal struggles with the environment andpoverty.

Academic research has found that in general, politicalfreedom, strength of institutions, and regulatory qualityare significant contributors to economic growth. Effective,fair, and accountable governments also increase publicconfidence, leading to higher levels of life satisfactionamong citizens. Likewise, the opportunity to have a voicein their government is correlated with happier citizens.

Russia

Pakistan

Yemen

Belarus

Iran


Cameroon

Nigeria

Sudan

Zimbabwe

Switzerland

Denmark

United States

New Zealand

Canada

Sweden

Finland

Australia

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Effective and Accountable Government

Government EffectivenessRegime StabilitySeparation of PowersPolitical ConstraintsGovernment Type

Efforts to Address PovertyBusiness and Government CorruptionGovernment EffectivenessEnvironmental PreservationSeparation of PowersGovernment Approval

Voiced ConcernConfidence in the Honesty of Elections

Political Rights



INCOME WELLBEING

Fair Election and Political Participation

Rule of LawRegulation

Rule of Law

Confidence in the Judicial SystemRegulationRule of LawConfidence in Military

Ranking Distribution for Governance



Switzerland

Denmark

United StatesNew Zealand

Canada

Sweden

Finland

Australia

United Kingdom

Netherlands

Singapore

Norway

Austria

Ireland

GermanyBelgium

Iceland

Hong Kong

France

Japan

Chile

Spain

Estonia

Portugal

Botswana

Costa Rica

SloveniaIsrael

Uruguay

Czech Republic

South Korea

Italy

Hungary

Malaysia

Poland

Kuwait

Taiwan


Slovakia

South Africa

India

Jordan

Sri Lanka

Namibia

Lithuania

Greece

Latvia

Croatia

Saudi Arabia

Tunisia

Turkey

Panama

Thailand

Trinidad and Tobago

Philippines

Ghana

Bulgaria

RwandaColombia

Brazil

El Salvador

Vietnam

Morocco

China

Romania

Mexico

Jamaica

Zambia

Peru

IndonesiaMacedonia

Cambodia

Senegal

Tanzania

Dominican Republic

Mali

Belize

Egypt

Syria

Uganda

Mongolia

MozambiqueHonduras

Uzbekistan

Nicaragua

Argentina

Kazakhstan

Guatemala

Moldova

Algeria

Paraguay

Lebanon

Bolivia

Nepal

Bangladesh

Venezuela

Ecuador

Ukraine

Ethiopia

Kenya

Russia

Pakistan

Yemen

Belarus

Iran


Cameroon

Nigeria

Sudan

Zimbabwe

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

4.302

3.849

3.7903.721

3.699

3.610

3.586

3.576

3.534

3.359

3.269

3.208

3.205

3.147

2.6852.669

2.527

2.344

2.203

2.186

1.931

1.677

1.665

1.447

1.398

1.392

1.2771.262

1.172

1.166

1.101

0.931

0.921

0.882

0.790

0.759

0.686

0.650

0.468

0.351

0.284

0.213

0.197

0.139

0.128

0.108

0.048

0.036

0.023

-0.025

-0.025

-0.037

-0.224

-0.272

-0.348

-0.387

-0.397

-0.522-0.528

-0.555

-0.578

-0.600

-0.604

-0.695

-0.719

-0.727

-0.886

-0.988

-1.122

-1.155-1.184

-1.224

-1.228

-1.264

-1.266

-1.310

-1.318

-1.337

-1.391

-1.548

-1.558

-1.560-1.629

-1.669

-1.686

-1.698

-1.718

-1.748

-1.809

-1.811

-1.863

-1.887

-1.892

-1.901

-1.908

-2.034

-2.035

-2.130

-2.135

-2.151

-2.216

-2.236

-2.271

-2.307

-2.505

-2.554

-2.573

-2.578

-2.813

-4.233



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Switzerland(1), 4.302

Philippines

(55), -0.348

Zimbabwe

(110), -4.233


G o v e r n a n c e S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





48

EDUCATION

Education is a building block for prosperous societies. TheEducation sub-index measures countries’ performance inthree areas: access to education, quality of education, andhuman capital. As illustrated in the chart below, the variables in the sub-index are categorised into these areas.

The Education sub-index demonstrates how access toeducation, as measured by levels of educational enrolmentrates that are equal for both girls and boys, allows citizensto develop their potential and contribute productively totheir society. In addition, it shows that human capitalstock, which is measured by the average levels of education in the workforce, is essential for promotingprivate sector research and development as well asproducing useful knowledge for a society. Because of theimportance of citizen’s own perceptions of the educationalopportunity available to them, the sub-index uses bothobjective and subjective variables to assess the quality of

education in a given country. Global data on education islimited and, therefore, the Education sub-index uses pupilto teacher ratio, as well as measures of citizens’perception of education, to assess quality.

This sub-index is built on research on economic growththat has found human capital to be an engine for growth,making a case for the non-diminishing effect of educationon rising GDP levels. While the relationship betweenhigher levels of education and wellbeing is less clear-cut,research shows that basic education enhances people’schances in increasing their satisfaction with life.

Zimbabwe

Yemen

Pakistan

Senegal

Mozambique

Nigeria

Sudan

Ethiopia

Mali


New Zealand

Australia

Finland

Norway

Denmark

Iceland

Taiwan

South Korea

United States

Sweden

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Access to Education

Gross Secondary EnrolmentGross Tertiary EnrolmentNet Primary EnrolmentGirls to Boys Enrolment Ratio

Gross Secondary EnrolmentNet Primary EnrolmentGirls to Boys Enrolment RatioGross Tertiary Enrolment

Quality of Education

Satisfaction with Educational QualityPerception that Children areLearning in Society

Pupil to Teacher Ratio

Secondary Education per WorkerTertiary Education per Worker Tertiary Education per WorkerSecondary Education per Worker



INCOME WELLBEING

Human Capital

Ranking Distribution for Education



New Zealand

Australia

FinlandNorway

Denmark

Iceland

Taiwan

South Korea

United States

Sweden

Spain

Canada

Netherlands

France

IrelandSlovenia

Austria

Belgium

Italy

Portugal

Greece

United Kingdom

Belarus

Japan

Germany

Poland

Czech RepublicIsrael

Switzerland

Singapore

Hungary

Slovakia

Latvia


Lithuania

Estonia

Uruguay

Russia

Argentina

Ukraine

Tunisia

Jordan

Romania

Croatia

Malaysia

Kazakhstan

Thailand

Bulgaria

Mongolia

Panama

Lebanon

Chile

Hong Kong

Venezuela

Kuwait

Sri Lanka

Iran

Costa RicaChina

Philippines

Bolivia

Peru

Egypt

Uzbekistan

Saudi Arabia

Moldova

Trinidad and Tobago

Colombia

Mexico

IndonesiaMacedonia

Algeria

Ecuador

Syria

Brazil

Jamaica

Dominican Republic

South Africa

Honduras

Belize

Vietnam

TurkeyNicaragua

El Salvador

Botswana

Paraguay

Namibia

Guatemala

India

Cambodia

Bangladesh

Nepal

Morocco

Zambia

Ghana

Rwanda

Cameroon

Kenya

Tanzania

Uganda

Zimbabwe

Yemen

Pakistan

Senegal

Mozambique

Nigeria

Sudan

Ethiopia

Mali


1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.105

3.043

3.0362.771

2.748

2.535

2.414

2.397

2.395

2.389

2.332

2.323

2.076

2.060

2.0541.984

1.898

1.870

1.849

1.815

1.809

1.805

1.661

1.618

1.589

1.546

1.5221.519

1.479

1.433

1.355

1.354

1.313

1.279

1.213

1.192

1.125

1.061

0.909

0.872

0.871

0.866

0.848

0.784

0.782

0.705

0.698

0.665

0.660

0.612

0.579

0.485

0.439

0.375

0.295

0.218

0.184

0.1780.130

0.090

0.074

0.031

-0.012

-0.027

-0.048

-0.050

-0.083

-0.136

-0.137

-0.197-0.205

-0.280

-0.315

-0.373

-0.388

-0.458

-0.491

-0.561

-0.640

-0.706

-0.744

-0.744-1.007

-1.008

-1.100

-1.115

-1.132

-1.693

-1.855

-2.054

-2.332

-2.336

-2.407

-2.594

-2.595

-2.639

-2.732

-2.837

-2.987

-3.034

-3.136

-3.705

-3.723

-3.755

-4.090

-4.183

-4.199

-4.200

-4.486

-5.783



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

New Zealand

(1), 3.105

Kuwait

(55), 0.295

Central African

Republic

(110), -5.783


E d u c a t i o n S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





50

HEALTH

A strong healthcare infrastructure in which citizens are ableto enjoy good physical and mental health leads to higherlevels of income and wellbeing. The Health sub-indexmeasures countries’ performance in three areas: basichealth outcomes, health infrastructure and preventativecare, and physical and mental health satisfaction. Asillustrated in the chart below, the variables in the sub-indexare categorised into these areas.

The Health sub-index assesses countries by outcomes thatare made possible by a strong health infrastructure, suchas rates of immunisation against diseases and public healthexpenditure. Countries are also assessed on outcomessuch as life expectancy, rates of infant mortality andundernourishment. The sub-index also includes measures

of satisfaction with personal health and the health effectsof environmental factors such as water and air quality, andeven environmental beauty.

Self-reported wellbeing and self-reported health arecommonly found by researchers to be strongly andsignificantly correlated to a overall society’s health, as thisfosters strong human capital that leads to productiveaggregate economic output. Mentally and physicallyhealthy citizens are the bedrock of a productive workforce, which in turn leads to higher levels of income per capita.

Tanzania

Uganda

Mali

Nigeria

Rwanda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Ethiopia

Mozambique


United States

Iceland

Switzerland

Norway

Japan

Germany

France

Austria

Sweden

Finland

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Basic Health Outcomes

Infant MortalityHealth-Adjusted Life ExpectancyUndernourishment

Hospital BedsHealth Expenditure per PersonWater QualitySanitationDeath from Respiratory Diseases

Infant MortalityLife ExpectancyUndernourishment

Health Infrastructure and Preventative Care

Immunisation Against Infectious DiseasesIncidence of TuberculosisImmunisation Against MeaslesHealth Expenditure per Person



INCOME WELLBEING

Physical and Mental Health Satisfaction

Satisfaction with HealthLevel of WorryingSatisfaction with Environmental Beauty

Well-RestedHealth Problems

Ranking Distribution for Health



United States

Iceland

SwitzerlandNorway

Japan

Germany

France

Austria

Sweden

Finland

Canada

Belgium

Netherlands

Ireland

AustraliaSlovenia

Denmark

Italy

New Zealand

United Kingdom

Czech Republic

Greece

Israel

Singapore

Spain

Taiwan

PortugalHungary

Slovakia

South Korea

Argentina

Poland

Croatia

Hong Kong


Kuwait

Belarus

Lithuania

Estonia

Uruguay

Costa Rica

Latvia

Macedonia

Malaysia

Bulgaria

Chile

Russia

Ukraine

Saudi Arabia

Tunisia

Jordan

Syria

Romania

Mexico

Brazil

Kazakhstan

Turkey

BelizeUzbekistan

Iran

Trinidad and Tobago

Colombia

Panama

Thailand

El Salvador

China

Algeria

Jamaica

Egypt

MoroccoMoldova

Sri Lanka

Ecuador

Vietnam

Paraguay

Honduras

Guatemala

Venezuela

Lebanon

Dominican Republic

Philippines

PeruNicaragua

Indonesia

Mongolia

Bolivia

Nepal

South Africa

Ghana

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Sudan

Namibia

Yemen

India

Botswana

Senegal

Cambodia

Kenya

Cameroon

Tanzania

Uganda

Mali

Nigeria

Rwanda

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Ethiopia

Mozambique


1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.103

2.750

2.7302.720

2.674

2.601

2.484

2.418

2.359

2.299

2.295

2.253

2.229

2.217

2.1572.020

1.905

1.892

1.844

1.783

1.772

1.748

1.747

1.745

1.729

1.591

1.5421.344

1.332

1.328

1.226

1.127

1.104

1.099

1.041

1.000

0.990

0.956

0.941

0.938

0.934

0.888

0.778

0.777

0.745

0.679

0.666

0.549

0.535

0.504

0.502

0.499

0.484

0.477

0.407

0.403

0.326

0.3120.258

0.255

0.216

0.200

0.134

0.094

0.087

0.081

0.064

0.036

0.020

-0.004-0.030

-0.039

-0.119

-0.365

-0.415

-0.451

-0.511

-0.579

-0.589

-0.665

-0.689

-0.708-0.842

-1.056

-1.458

-1.705

-1.769

-1.824

-1.908

-1.909

-2.262

-2.352

-2.389

-2.411

-2.437

-2.452

-2.944

-2.949

-3.086

-3.215

-3.285

-3.435

-3.494

-3.756

-3.863

-4.268

-4.455

-4.459

-4.725

-5.073



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

United States

(1), 3.103

Brazil

(55), 0.407

Central African

Republic(110), -5.073


H e a l t h S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





52

SAFETY & SECURITY

Societies plagued by threats to national security andpersonal safety cannot foster growth in average levels of income or wellbeing. The Safety and Security sub-indexmeasures countries’ performance in two areas: nationalsecurity and personal safety. As illustrated in the chartbelow, the variables in the sub-index are categorised intothese areas.

Stable economic environments are necessary for attractinginvestment and sustaining economic growth. In addition, when citizens worry about their personal safety or whetherthey will suffer for freely expressing their opinions, theiroverall wellbeing is diminished. The Safety and Securitysub-index combines objective measures of security withsubjective survey responses about personal safety. Stabilityresulting from national security, for example, is a keyelement in increasing per capita GDP in a country. Similarly,the ability to express political opinions without fear of

persecution, and feeling safe walking alone at night, arepositively correlated with higher levels of wellbeing.

When people and basic institutions are unsafe andunstable, then capital, investment, and people begin toflee. Scholars have shown that organised political violencesuch as riots, coups, and civil war, as well as general crimeand mistrust stemming from a lack of social cohesion,impede economic growth. In addition, conditions thatproduce fear and uncertainty negatively affect lifesatisfaction.

Sri Lanka


Ethiopia

Nigeria

Pakistan

Uganda

Colombia

Sudan

Kenya

Zimbabwe

Iceland

Norway

Finland

Ireland

Singapore

Denmark

New Zealand

Sweden

Slovenia

Taiwan

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries




National Security

Group GrievancesDemographic InstabilityState-Sponsored Political ViolenceHuman FlightRefugees and IDPsCivil War

Group GrievancesRefugees and IDPsState-Sponsored Political Violence

Personal Safety

Safe Walking Alone at NightExpress Political Opinion w/o FearAssault

AssaultProperty StolenSafe Walking Alone at Night

INCOME WELLBEING

Ranking Distribution for Safety & Security



Iceland

Norway

FinlandIreland

Singapore

Denmark

New Zealand

Sweden

Slovenia

Taiwan

Japan

Switzerland

Australia

Hong Kong

AustriaCanada

Portugal

Netherlands

Belgium

Germany

Poland

Uruguay

United Kingdom


United States

Hungary

FranceCzech Republic

Kuwait

Italy

Greece

Slovakia

South Korea

Croatia

Lithuania

Estonia

Chile

Spain

Mongolia

Bulgaria

Panama

Argentina

Romania

Tunisia

Latvia

Vietnam

Kazakhstan

Costa Rica

Trinidad and Tobago

Macedonia

Ghana

Malaysia

Jamaica

Mali

Paraguay

Indonesia

Belize

UkraineBotswana

Belarus

Uzbekistan

Honduras

Senegal

Rwanda

Jordan

Cambodia

Namibia

Nicaragua

Morocco

El SalvadorSaudi Arabia

Peru

Mozambique

Moldova

Thailand

Brazil

Egypt

India

Mexico

Dominican Republic

Zambia

RussiaTurkey

Guatemala

Philippines

Syria

Nepal

Ecuador

Lebanon

Israel

Bolivia

China

Algeria

Bangladesh

Venezuela

Yemen

South Africa

Tanzania

Iran

Cameroon

Sri Lanka


Ethiopia

Nigeria

Pakistan

Uganda

Colombia

Sudan

Kenya

Zimbabwe

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.940

3.843

3.6443.598

3.439

3.202

3.046

3.036

2.944

2.930

2.926

2.826

2.792

2.696

2.6342.634

2.569

2.343

2.208

2.149

2.101

2.057

1.894

1.766

1.739

1.720

1.6751.646

1.464

1.402

1.374

1.326

1.232

1.134

1.056

1.015

0.999

0.982

0.718

0.640

0.535

0.523

0.515

0.499

0.416

0.333

0.278

0.219

0.106

0.096

0.058

0.044

0.021

0.012

-0.164

-0.187

-0.295

-0.346-0.350

-0.409

-0.467

-0.604

-0.633

-0.662

-0.672

-0.702

-0.731

-0.775

-0.865

-0.906-1.040

-1.040

-1.054

-1.056

-1.064

-1.272

-1.353

-1.438

-1.469

-1.523

-1.577

-1.588-1.604

-1.650

-1.694

-1.709

-1.729

-1.789

-1.824

-1.831

-1.847

-1.878

-1.883

-1.946

-1.950

-1.950

-1.953

-1.984

-2.111

-2.337

-2.669

-2.771

-2.830

-3.071

-3.178

-3.311

-3.481

-3.761

-3.776

-4.233



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Iceland

(1), 3.940

Paraguay

(55), -0.164

Zimbabwe

(110), -4.233


S

a f e t y & S e c u r i t y S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





54

PERSONAL FREEDOM

When citizens enjoy their rights to expression, belief,organisation, and personal autonomy in a society welcoming of diversity, their country enjoys higher levelsof income and social wellbeing. The Personal Freedomsub-index measures countries’ performance in two areas:individual freedom and social tolerance. As illustrated inthe chart below, the variables in the sub-index arecategorised into these areas.

The Personal Freedom sub-index assesses the effects of freedom of choice, expression, belief, and movement on acountry’s per capital GDP and the subjective wellbeing of its citizens. It also assesses how the levels of tolerance forboth minorities and immigrants affect countries’ economicgrowth and citizen satisfaction. A strong empirical linkexists between individuals’ freedom to choose what to do, where to go, what to believe, and overall life satisfaction.

There is also a strong link between the levels of tolerance within a society for ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity,and the overall satisfaction people enjoy within thatsociety.

Societies that strengthen civil rights and freedoms throughdemocratisation, have been shown to experience increasesin levels of satisfaction among their citizens. Whencitizens’ personal liberties are protected, a nation alsoenjoys higher levels of economic growth.

Algeria

China

Saudi Arabia

Zimbabwe

Jordan

Thailand

Yemen

Iran

Egypt

Pakistan

Canada

Norway

New Zealand

Australia

Sweden

Denmark

Ireland

Iceland

United States

Belgium

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Individual Freedom

Satisfaction with Freedom of ChoiceCivil Liberties

Civil Liberty andFree Choice

Perceived Social Tolerance

Tolerance for ImmigrantsTolerance for Minorities

Tolerance for ImmigrantsTolerance for Minorities



INCOME WELLBEING

Ranking Distribution for Personal Freedom



Canada

Norway

New ZealandAustralia

Sweden

Denmark

Ireland

Iceland

United States

Belgium

Uruguay

Finland

Netherlands

Germany

United KingdomHong Kong

France

Spain

Switzerland

Costa Rica

Botswana

Slovenia

Austria

Portugal

Brazil

Chile

ItalyTaiwan

Trinidad and Tobago

Czech Republic

Ghana

Poland

Dominican Republic

Kuwait

Namibia

Singapore

Argentina

Croatia

Panama

Bulgaria

Nicaragua

Japan

Senegal

Nepal

Jamaica

Bangladesh

Belize

Mali

Romania

Hungary

South Africa

Sri Lanka

Kazakhstan


Bolivia

Philippines

Colombia

El SalvadorParaguay

Ecuador

Uzbekistan

Peru

Slovakia

South Korea

Cameroon

Vietnam

Latvia

Estonia


LithuaniaUkraine

Mexico

Zambia

India

Uganda

Belarus

Kenya

Tanzania

Honduras

Venezuela

Macedonia

LebanonGuatemala

Rwanda

Mozambique

Greece

Mongolia

Russia

Israel

Malaysia

Tunisia

Sudan

Ethiopia

Nigeria

Turkey

Indonesia

Moldova

Cambodia

Syria

Morocco

Algeria

China

Saudi Arabia

Zimbabwe

Jordan

Thailand

Yemen

Iran

Egypt

Pakistan

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

3.789

3.656

3.6073.601

3.580

3.443

3.047

3.033

2.965

2.931

2.866

2.837

2.834

2.633

2.5742.426

2.387

2.361

2.355

2.197

1.867

1.786

1.507

1.323

1.295

1.228

1.2271.134

1.113

1.111

0.992

0.949

0.852

0.848

0.816

0.756

0.702

0.687

0.617

0.551

0.370

0.332

0.327

0.270

0.246

0.243

0.233

0.194

0.173

0.101

0.063

0.043

0.023

0.019

-0.022

-0.046

-0.145

-0.167-0.196

-0.206

-0.250

-0.275

-0.432

-0.439

-0.517

-0.517

-0.562

-0.633

-0.656

-0.659-0.671

-0.698

-0.751

-0.876

-0.957

-0.965

-0.978

-1.091

-1.125

-1.136

-1.184

-1.198-1.201

-1.306

-1.311

-1.405

-1.456

-1.652

-1.675

-1.714

-1.739

-1.796

-1.935

-1.979

-2.003

-2.007

-2.142

-2.162

-2.242

-2.535

-2.658

-2.723

-2.769

-2.906

-3.072

-3.248

-3.332

-3.689

-3.852

-5.255



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Canada

(1), 3.789

Bolivia

(55), -0.022

Pakistan(110), -5.255


P

e r s o n a l F r e e d o m S

u b - i n d e x S c o r e s





56

SOCIAL CAPITAL

Social networks and the cohesion that a societyexperiences when people trust one another have a directeffect on the prosperity of a country. The Social Capitalsub-index measures countries’ performances in two areas:social cohesion and engagement, as well as communityand family networks. As illustrated in the chart below, the variables in the sub-index are categorised into these areas.

This sub-index assesses how factors like volunteering,helping strangers, and donating to charitable organisationsimpacts the economic and life satisfaction of the populaceas a whole. The sub-index also evaluates the levels of trustin a society and the manner in which citizens believe theycan rely on others, and it assesses how marriage andreligiosity provide support networks that improve wellbeing.

Empirical studies on the impact of social capital haveshown that citizen wellbeing is improved through socialtrust, family and community ties, and membership withincivic groups. Religious communities are also an importantelement in the creation of social capital. And societies with lower levels of social capital have been shown toexperience lower levels of economic growth. The use of the term “capital” in “social capital” reflects an importantreality: social networks are an asset that produceseconomic and wellbeing returns.

Ghana

Cameroon


El Salvador

India

Iran

Rwanda

Turkey

Bangladesh

Pakistan

Norway

Denmark

New Zealand

Australia

Netherlands

Switzerland

Finland

Canada

United Kingdom

Ireland

Bottom 10 countries

110

109

108

107

106

105

104

103

102

1011

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Top 10 countries


Societal Cohesion and Engagement

Trust in OthersDonationsFormal VolunteeringHelping Strangers

Formal VolunteeringHelping StrangersDonations

Community and Family Networks

Perceptions of Social SupportMarriage

Religious Attendance

Perceptions of Social Support



INCOME WELLBEING

Ranking Distribution for Social Capital



Norway

Denmark

New ZealandAustralia

Netherlands

Switzerland

Finland

Canada

United Kingdom

Ireland

Sweden

United States

Morocco

Iceland

AustriaGermany

Israel

Saudi Arabia

Belgium

Thailand

Sudan

Uzbekistan

Belarus

Hong Kong

Poland

Mongolia

ChinaKuwait

Sri Lanka

Italy

Japan

Czech Republic

Kazakhstan

Uruguay

Spain


Panama

Slovenia

Mexico

Slovakia

Croatia

France

Estonia

Indonesia

Costa Rica

Venezuela

Argentina

Guatemala

Lithuania

Belize

Jamaica

Taiwan

Russia

Singapore

Hungary

Brazil

Mali

TanzaniaSouth Korea

Botswana

Paraguay

Colombia

Portugal

Chile

Uganda

Dominican Republic

Senegal

Vietnam

Tunisia

NamibiaSouth Africa

Trinidad and Tobago

Ukraine

Algeria

Syria

Moldova

Kenya

Bolivia

Yemen

Bulgaria

Honduras

PhilippinesJordan

Nepal

Ethiopia

Macedonia

Nicaragua

Zimbabwe

Nigeria

Malaysia

Zambia

Latvia

Mozambique

Romania

Egypt

Ecuador

Cambodia

Peru

Lebanon

Greece

Ghana

Cameroon


El Salvador

India

Iran

Rwanda

Turkey

Bangladesh

Pakistan

1

2

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

1516

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

2728

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

5859

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

7071

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

8283

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

4.473

4.162

4.0303.729

3.642

3.604

3.419

3.285

3.043

2.860

2.844

2.757

2.526

2.495

2.4461.966

1.775

1.530

1.515

1.442

1.302

1.072

1.051

1.050

1.011

0.991

0.8480.792

0.778

0.774

0.684

0.636

0.599

0.559

0.487

0.485

0.294

0.289

0.288

0.183

0.152

0.137

0.132

0.083

0.065

0.037

0.006

-0.019

-0.051

-0.062

-0.065

-0.066

-0.100

-0.110

-0.179

-0.181

-0.201

-0.209-0.246

-0.325

-0.366

-0.380

-0.385

-0.396

-0.464

-0.465

-0.466

-0.467

-0.475

-0.484-0.532

-0.570

-0.582

-0.605

-0.787

-0.793

-0.882

-0.924

-0.957

-0.959

-0.974

-1.021-1.031

-1.062

-1.096

-1.152

-1.170

-1.309

-1.325

-1.363

-1.494

-1.574

-1.574

-1.579

-1.633

-1.655

-1.739

-1.830

-1.836

-1.905

-2.042

-2.054

-2.195

-2.216

-2.297

-3.004

-3.351

-3.444

-4.670

-4.977



-9

-7

-5

-3

-1

1

3

5

0

Norway(1), 4.473

Hungary

(55), -0.179

Pakistan

(110), -4.977


S

o c i a l C a p i t a l S u b - i n d e x S c o r e s


prosperity index eight sub indexes

Documents