prostate cancer · how common is prostate cancer? •most common cancer in male in uk. •40,000...
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PROSTATE CANCER
Mr. Jawad Islam MBBS, MSc, FRCS(Ed), FEBU, FRCS(Urology)
Consultant Urologist
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• Where is prostate located and what is its function?
• What is prostate cancer?
• How common is prostate cancer?
• What causes it?
• What are the risk factors?
• Can it be prevented?
• Tests to find early prostate cancer?
• How you stage prostate cancer?
• What treatments are available?
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Prostatecanceruk.org
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Function & problems of prostate
• It produces fluid which forms the part of
semen.
• THREE main problems
Benign prostate hyperplasia
Prostatitis
Prostate cancer
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What is prostate cancer?
• Every cell is dividing in an orderly fashion
and in a controlled manner.
• When cell division becomes uncontrolled
abnormal cells are produced - cancer cells
“GROWTH OF ABNORMAL CELLS”
Prostate cancer
• Cancer cells invade & damage normal
tissue
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How common is prostate cancer?
• Most common cancer in male in UK.
• 40,000 new cases diagnosed every year
(110 cases/day)
• 250,000 men living with prostate cancer.
• Worldwide, 1.11 million cases diagnosed in 2012.
• Lifetime risk: 1 in 8
Prostatecanceruk.org, cancerresearchuk.org
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How many die from Prostate
cancer?
• Second most common cause of death after lung cancer.
• 10,800 men died in 2012 (30 every day)
• 1970 ---- 4 in 10 survived beyond 5 years
• 2012 ---- 8 in 10 Survived beyond 5 years
cancerresearchuk.org
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What causes prostate cancer?
AGE
RISK FACTORS
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cancerresearchuk.org
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RISK FACTORS
• Family History
Father, brother ---- 2 to 3 times
Diagnosed <60 years --- 3 to 4 times
Mother with Breast cancer
BRCA2 gene ---- 5 to 7 times
Inheritance of Faulty gene
cancerresearchuk.org
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RISK FACTORS
• Black African ----- 2 to 3 times
• Obesity
• High calcium diet
• vasectomy
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SCREENING OF PROSTATE
CANCER “Finding the disease when there are no s/s”.
• Screening finds the cancers in early stage
• Prostate cancer screening
PSA (prostate specific antigen)
DRE (digital rectal examination)
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PSA • Made in prostate cells
• Measured with Blood test
• Normal Value <4ng/ml (Age dependent)
• PSA can be increased in:
Prostate cancer
Prostatitis / UTI
Benign Enlargement of prostate
• Prostate specific but not cancer specific
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DIGITAL RECTAL EXAMINATION
• Lubricated gloved finger
• Hardness, lump or bumps of prostate
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PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING
• PSA is prostate specific, not cancer
specific.
• PSA senstivity 80%, Specificity 40%
• DRE ---- not very accurate
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PROSTATE CANCER SCREENING
• Many big trials (European, PLCO)
• Tests are not accurate
• Does not reduce mortality
Hence not recommended in UK
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PROSTATE BIOPSY
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DIAGNOSIS
Prostate Biopsy
ADENOCARCINOMA PROSTATE
GLEASON SCORE
Low Grade 2 to 6
Moderate Grade 7
Severe Grade 8 to 10
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STAGING OF PROSTATE CANCER
• Localized
• Locally Advance
• Metastatic
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MRI PROSTATE
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BONE SCAN
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TREATMENT OPTIONS
1. ACTIVE SURVILLANCE
2. SURGERY
3. RADIOTHERAPY
4. HORMONAL TREATMENT
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ACTIVE SURVILLANCE
• Localised cancer
• Low grade
• Small volume
• Monitor PSA
• Repeat prostate biopsy in 1 year
• Treatment if disease gets worse
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SURGERY
RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
• Localised prostate
cancer
• Low or moderate
grade
• Any volume
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ROBOTIC RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
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LAPROSCOPIC RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY
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RADIOTHERAPY
• Locally advance
cancer
• Moderate to high
grade
• Any volume
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BRACHYTHERAPY
• Localised cancer
• Low to moderate
grade
• Low Volume
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HORMONE TREATMENT
INJECTIONS
• Metastatic cancer
• Cuts of Testosterone
• Usually given 3 monthly
• Not curative
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CHEMOTHERAPY
• Metastatic disease not controlled with
hormonal treatment.
• Fit patients
• Palliative care
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PROSTATE CANCER
Blackpool Victoria Hospital
2014
• Newly Diagnosed cases 173
• Ref. Routes (Fast track, consults, A&E)
• TREATMENT
26 Patients Active Monitoring (BVH)
122 Hormone Therapy (BVH)
20 Radical Prostatectomy (Lanc Teaching Hospital)
2 Radiotherapy (Lancashire Teaching Hospitals)
3 Surgery (The Christie)
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THANK YOU
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Next Members Seminar
Depression Awareness Week
Wednesday, 15th April 2015
10 – 11 am
Lecture Theatre, Education Centre,
BVH.