protecting, coloring and testing textile sports surfaces€¦ · protecting, coloring and testing...

Industry Platform Plastics, Technical Center Polyolefines, Oct 2008 / DM

Protecting, Coloring and TestingTextile Sports Surfaces

Two presentations to the

International Association for Sports Surface Sciences

(ISSS)

in Rome,

16th October 2008


Part 1

Factors affecting choice ofAdditives & Pigments

forTextile Sports Surfaces

Presentation to ISSS in Rome, October 2008Presentation to ISSS in Rome, October 2008Daniel Mueller, Head Technical Center Daniel Mueller, Head Technical Center PolyolefinesPolyolefines, Ciba Inc, Basel , Ciba Inc, Basel

Industry Platform Plastics, Technical Center Polyolefines, Oct 2008 / DM 3

Scope of presentation1. Overview of Ciba, Industry Platform Plastics and core

offerings

2. SynTurf applicationsThe 3 P’s – a wider view of the needs of textile sports surfaces1. P1 – Need Performance during manufacture2. P2 – Need Performance in use3. P3 – Need Peace of mind in use and at End-of-life

3. Why are additives needed?

4. What are colorants?

5. Summing up


1) Ciba and Industry Platform Plastics• Industries served by Ciba

• Presenting the Industry Platform Plastics (IPP)

• Overview of IPP product portfolio


Ciba Inc – brief overview

Over 13 000 people committed to serving customersin 120 countries with leading edge innovation developed in6 major R&D centers and made in 61 production sites

Global Presence


Coating EffectsIndustries:• Coatings• Printing• Imaging• Plastics• Synthetic Fibers• Electronics• Information Technology

Plastic AdditivesIndustries:• Plastics (IPP)• Lubricants (PLA)• Home & Personal Care (H&PC)

Water & PaperTreatmentIndustries:• Paper and Board• Oil and Mining• Water Treatment• Detergents and Hygiene• Agriculture

3 Segments focused on customer industries



IPP offers solutions for the plastics industry, including chemical fibers

Building &Construction

Agriculture

Fibers Packaging &Consumer Goods

Automotive

Electrical & Electronics



Industry Platform Plastics – for fiber too!• Global

– Manufacturing operations– Product development– Global product offering for fibers§ Colorants§ Process, heat and light stabilizers§ Effect Additives

• Regional– Technical Service labs§ Fiber and tape lines§ Advanced accelerated testing of weatherability

• National– Sales offices


IPP offer for textile sports surfaces• Stabilization – retention of mechanical properties after

processing and in-use.

• Coloration – color retention or fading lifetime under various conditions

• Technical Centers - customer focused assistance, backed up laboratory work

• Application Centers - industry focused, development mandate

• IPP industry commitment – know-how, sustainable practices, products


P1 – Need Performance in processing• Heat stability

• Ease of dispersion / long filter pack life

• No / low abrasion

• Throughput

• End product quality


P2 – Need Performance in use• Mechanical wear by:

– Players– Maintenance– Thermal shock (day / night; winter / summer for 10 years or

more)– Moisture gain and loss

• “Chemical” wear from:– Sun (Heat, UV)– Water (often involved in reactions started by UV)– Material interactions§ Sulphur, oils, zinc, from infill§ Plasticizers§ Other chemical additives; incl. Cleaning solutions


P3 – Need Peace of mind in use• User exposure to dust or particulate matter from textile surface:

– Extraction of chemical identities by saliva etc

• Transfer to the environment– Extraction of chemical identities by rainwater / cooling water and drainage to

collection system or earth

• Both extraction mechanisms have been studied– Studies have shown practically zero extraction (water)

– Negative perceptions in the general public exhibit extreme study resistanceà Care needed at formulation stage§ Consider in particular issues from using heavy metal pigments and metal complexes

– Comments§ Additives: with the right choice of the additive, difficult to extract after incorporation into

the polymer, especially by water

§ Pigments by definition insoluble and non-available but cannot be ruled out completely


P3 (cont’d) – Need Peace of mind after use• Must have peace of mind for subsequent

– Recycling

– Incineration

– Landfill

• Nice NOT to have– Negative value at end of life

– Disposal as “dangerous” waste

• Total formulation has to be safe for chosen disposal method.

• Do we know what “safe” is in 10 years?– REACH is a starting point for Europe

– Will echo round the world


3) Why are stabilizers needed?

Mechanical property retention


Why do we have to stabilize polymers?

Stabilizers are used to maintain the polymer's original strength, flexibility and toughness as well as the visual aspects like color or gloss.

These properties need to be maintained in order to meet end use applications that have performance targets or customer specifications

Low end performance: non-durable goods e.g. food wrapping

Mid-range performance: use it for a while e.g. heavy duty bags

High end performance: durable goods e.g. synthetic turf; water tanks

General considerations


The Degradation of Polymers

• Inert polymer = technically impossible• Impurities, catalyst residues, structural defects... cannot be

avoided• Oxidation is favored by:

• Energy (e.g. mechanical stress, heat, light)• Metals / metal ions (catalyst residue, impurities, co-additives)

• Several oxidation products and chemicals (acids)• Peroxides, peracids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, acids, ...

• Oxidation is an autocatalytic process.

!! AUTOXIDATION !!!! AUTOXIDATION !!


The Degradation of Polymers

·O-O·

R· + ROH + H2O

ROOH RO · + · OH

R-H(Polymer)

RH

RH

UV/VISlight

ROO·

R·

HALS

Catalyst residues,oxygen, shear....

1 no damage

2

2 pre-damage

1Different options to counteract dependingon substrates needs and application(e.g. processing, thermal and/or light stabilizer)


Degradation of polymers by sunlight*

PHOTO-OXIDATION

* and artificial light

OxygenUV light

Polymer


Principles of Light Stabilization

(HAS ≡ HALS ≡ Hindered Amine (Light) Stabilizers)

- UV UV absorbersabsorbersüabsorb UV lightütransform UV radiation into thermal energyüdependent on thickness of sampleà Law of Lambert-Beerüprotects bulk

- HinderedHindered aminesaminesüscavenge radicalsüactivated during light exposureüindependent on thickness of the articleüprotects bulk and surface


UV light management

UV LightUV LightManagementManagement

·O-O·

R· + ROH + H2O

ROOH RO · + · OH

R-H(Polymer)

RH

RH

UV/VISlight

ROO·

R·

HALSHALS

HA

LS

Catalyst residues,oxygen, shear....

UV absorbers,UV screeners& pigments


NASA Global Irradiation (Kilolangleys)


Retention of mechanical properties w & w/o infill

• Choice of correct stabilizer system can minimize effects of rSBR (or other infill)


4) What are colorants?• Organic and inorganic

– Organic – based on carbon chemistry, without metal atoms as part of the molecular structure

– Inorganic – based on metal chemistry, often mixed metals, usually oxides or insoluble salts

– Metal complex – carbon chemistry with a metal atom in the structure

• Pigments and dyestuffs OR insoluble and soluble– Pigments are colorants that are insoluble in the medium of use– Dyestuffs are soluble in the medium of use, traditionally water– Polymer soluble dyestuffs (polysols) are soluble in the polymer

of use


Colorant performance overview• Inorganic (pigments only)

– Excellent processing stability, end use fastnesses– Low color strength, high opacity– High loading needed– Depending on type, issues with abrasion

• Organic (pigments and polysols)– High color strength– Processing stability, end-use fastnesses wide ranging§ dependant on chemistry and polymer of use§ In polyolefines normally non-reactive§ Limited selection can withstand processing in nylons

• Metal complex (pigments and polysols)– Combine the high color strength of organics– With the high stability of inorganics– But sometimes have issues with regard to the metal atom used


Important colorant properties• Color Space

– Hue, lightness, and chroma

• Migration– Gray scale (5 = good, 1 = poor)

• Heat Stability– Generally tested for a 5 min. dwell up to 300°C

• Lightfastness– Blue wool scale (8 is best, 1 is poor)

• Weatherability– Rated on gray scale


Environmental considerations• Any examination of the lead and chrome issue should take

into account the entire value chain for the colorants– Chemicals (RM’s) containing Pb (Lead), Cr (Chromium), Ni (Nickel)§ Transportation and losses due to normal use & processes§ Worker exposure

– Pigments based on these RM’s§ Transportation and losses due to normal use & processes§ Small particles: OSHA standards for hexavalent chromium moved from PEL

of 50 ug/m3 down to ~1 ug/m3 in 2004.– Incorporation into plastics § Losses due to normal processing§ Disposal of wastes

– Recycling – cradle to cradle– Upcoming Regulations§ USw SARAw Synthetic Turf Council - Lead (Pb)§ EMEA – REACH


Color retention of green formulations w & w/o infill

• Correct choice of yellow can minimize effects of rSBR (or other infill) on color retention


5) – Summing up• Stabilization can be adjusted for

– Exposure profile (sunlight, chemical influences)

– Lifetime needs

• Coloration can be adjusted for– Exposure profile (sunlight, chemical influences)

– Lifetime needs

– Environmental sustainability issues

– Complete manufacturing and use cycle

• Sensitive issues can be managed by– Correct choice of main colorants & co-colorants


PART 2

Thoughts on theaccelerated artificial UV Testing

ofTextile Sports Surfaces

Presentation to ISSS in Rome, October 2008Presentation to ISSS in Rome, October 2008Daniel Mueller, Head Technical Center Daniel Mueller, Head Technical Center PolyolefinesPolyolefines, Ciba Inc, Basel, Ciba Inc, Basel


Review of weathering testing• Testing = source of “weathering” + standardized methods

for sample preparation, use of source and determination of the effect.

• Weathering – long term effects of light plus water (vapor) plus heat– Textiles can be weathered§ Naturally – e.g. Florida, South France…w Light intensity, water vapor, rain, temperature etc are typical but not constant§ Artificially – xenon arc, fluorescence lamp, …w Depending on the apparatus used, parameters can be controlled. Light intensity is

often raised above natural levels to accelerate effect– Weathered textiles can be measured§ Mechanical properties are tested and compared to bench mark§ Appearance is measured, visually or electronically, and compared to bench

mark


Methods• Basic parameters

– Light source and filters– Black panel temperature– Continuous or intermittent exposure§ Turn off light§ Turn samples

– With or without moisture– With or without direct irrigation (rain: wet/dry cycle )– Special treatments (e.g. contact with infill)

• Standards to be fulfilled§ Examples for artificial turf:

ISO 4892-2/3; EN 14836; FIFA Method, DIN V 18035-7


Light sourcesSource: Atlas MaterialTesting Technology LLC

1 2

1: critical UV light:activity of UVA andscreenersmechanical effects

2: visible light:activity of pigmentsvisual effects

http://www.atlas-mts.com/download/what_light_is_right.pdf


Testing for Formulation development

• Natural weathering to keep contact with reality

• Accelerated weathering to keep time-lines short

• Accelerated vs. Natural needs to be predictable

• Ciba uses: – Measurement with Xenon arc:

Closest to real sunlight in the UV/VIS partBest fit with outdoor weatheringLong term experience

– Pretreatment before weathering:contact with potential environment, e.g. infill

34

Ciba uses: WOM wet, cycle 7 (DIN-53387)

Light0.35 W/m2

340 - 420 nmXe 6500W

Boro/Boro-S

102 minutes18

BP: 18-24°C95% r.h.

BP: 58 - 62°C28 - 32% r.h.


Reasons for using Xenon ArcSource: Atlas MaterialTesting Technology LLC

http://www.atlas-mts.com/download/what_light_is_right.pdf

UVB – 313even below290nm


Testing for Quality control• Active substance extraction is not always possible (e.g.

pigments insoluble)

• Multi-component formulations have complex interactions

• Must have reproducible results from one test to another

• No need for link to natural

• Ciba uses: – analytical methods via wet chemistry: time consuming, expensive

– FTIR: needs for calibration curves, limited accuracy, easy and quick

– AAS for element analysis: Easy, quick, but only qualitative

– (fluorescence to check according to standards, calibration preferred)


Examples


Influence of the UV system

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Time to 50% retained tensile strength

Ho

urs

in W

OM

no LSLS1LS2LS3

PE-LLD tapes: green pigmented; 150 micron (1:3); 1% of HALS based LS systems WOM weathering, no pretreatment

Stabilizers clearly increase the light stability of PE-LLD products


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


Ho

urs

in W

OM

no LSLS1LS2LS3

Influence of the UV system

PE-LLD tapes: green pigmented; 150 micron (1:3); 1% of HALS based LS systems Treatment with recycled SBR; WOM weathering

The contact to rubber is reducing the light stability of PE-LLD. The choice of the LS system defines the mechanical performance


Influence of the Pigment

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000


Ho

urs

in W

OM

Green 1Green 2Green 3

>11000 h

PE-LLD tapes: green pigmented; 150 micron (1:3); 1% of a HALS based LS systems WOM weathering, no pretreatment

Pigments influence the light stability of PE-LLD even in terms of mechanical properties


Influence of the Pigment

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


Ho

urs

in W

OM

Green 1Green 2Green 3

PE-LLD tapes: green pigmented; 150 micron (1:3); 1% of a HALS based LS systems Treatment with recycled SBR; WOM weathering

The contact to rubber is reducing the light stability of PE-LLD.The performance with different pigments can change compared to non treated samples, see slide before.


Effect of Pigment and SBR on UV Stability

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000Hours in WOM wet

% r

etai

ned

ten

sile

str

eng

th

Green R1 Green R2

Green R1, Rubber Green R2, Rubber

PP tapes: pigmented; 50 micron; 0.8% of a HALS based LS system Treatment with recycled SBR; WOM weathering

The contact to rubber is reducing the light stability of PP. The choice of the pigment is important even for the mechanical performance


Effect of Pigment and SBR on UV Stability

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 2000 4000 6000 8000Hours in WOM wet

Del

ta E

Green R1 Green R2

Green R1, Rubber Green R2, Rubber

PP tapes: pigmented; 50 micron; 0.8% of a HALS based LS system Treatment with recycled SBR; WOM weathering

The contact to rubber is reducing the light stability of PP. The choice of the pigment is important for the visual performance


Development versus quality check

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000


Hou

rs in

WO

M

WOMWOM/ rubber

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

% r

etai

ned

tens

ile s

tren

gth

QUVA

Results after 3000h>11000 h

PE-LLD tapes: green pigmented; 150 micron (1:3); 1% of HALS based LS systems Treatment with recycled SBR; WOM weathering

An Index test (standard) alone is not giving an indication for life time.It should only be used as a quality control.


Correlation Florida versus Xenon

ArtificialWeathering

Comparison of Florida exposure and xenon arcWeather-Ometer exposure

LDPE blown films 200 µm;T50 = time to 50% retained elongationE50 = energy to 50% retained elongation


Correlation Florida versus QUV-B

ArtificialWeathering

Comparison of Florida exposure and QUV exposure

LDPE blown films 200 µm;T0.1 = time to 0.1 carbonyl absorbanceE50 = energy to 50% retained elongation


Summing up• Weathering

– Outdoorw Product developmentØ Time, reality

– Artificial exposure§ The choice of the right equipment according to the purposew Product developmentØ Time consuming, but accelerated; close to reality

w Quality checkØ Quick test; away from reality

§ Side factors like Infill has to be taken into consideration

• Failure criteria– Mechanical properties

– Visual properties§ Polymer degradation§ Color fading


Copyright © 2006 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Inc.

All rights reserved. All trademarks mentioned are either property of or licensed to Ciba Specialty Chemicals and registered in relevant countries.

IMPORTANT: The following supersedes Buyer’s documents. SELLER MAKES NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. No statements herein are to be construed as inducements to infringe any relevant patent. Under no circumstances shall Seller be liable for incidental, consequential or indirect damages for alleged negligence, breach of warranty, strict liability, tort or contract arising in connection with the product(s). Buyer’s sole remedy and Seller’s sole liability for any claims shall be Buyer’s purchase price. Data and results are based on controlled or lab work and must be confirmed by Buyer by testing for the intended conditions of use. The product(s) has (have) not been tested for, and is (are) therefore not recommended for, uses for which prolonged contact with mucous membranes, abraded skin, or blood is intended; or for uses for which implantation within the human body is intended.

Please note that products may differ from country to country. If you have any queries, kindly contact your local Ciba Specialty Chemicals representative.

Further information at website: http://www.cibasc.com

Disclaimer

For further information on any aspect of this presentation or formore details of the Ciba offer for Synthetic Turf please contact:

[email protected]

protecting, coloring and testing textile sports surfaces€¦ · protecting, coloring and testing...

Documents