protein syntehsis 2014.ppt
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GeneticsEckert
Minerva DeLand
Flip part 1
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Genetics The study of ways hereditary
information is passed from parents to
ospring
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The mportance of D!"
#hromosomes carryhereditaryinformation in
distinct units$ calledgenes %like &eads ona necklace'( gene
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The mportance of D!"
D!" makes up genes$ which make upchromosomes
DNA
nucleus
chromosome
gene
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mportance of D!"Genes are the functional sections of
D!"
D!" determines the se)uence of aminoacids that make a protein
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Gene E*pression and +roteins
Proteins , synthesi-ed &y the code found in thegene se)uence ncluding en-ymes and hormones
One gene-one polypeptide hypothesis
. Each gene directs the synthesis of a speci/cprotein to serve a function in the human &ody
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n the &o* on the right draw3
P
D(S) NB
phosphate
Deoxyribose
(Sugar) Nitrogenous
base
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The #hemical !ature of D!"
D!" is the a&&reviation ofDeo*yri&onucleic "cid
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D!" , the Genetic #hemical
There are 4 dierent D!" nucleotides3
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D!" , the Genetic #hemical" weak hydrogen &ond %5 &ond' holds
each pair together
mage from3http366en(wiki&ooks(org6wiki62tructural70iochemistry6!ucleic7"cid6D!"6D!"7structure
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8atson and #rick , the Model
of D!"Developed hypothesis for DNA structureMade of two complementary nucleotide
chains
5eld together &y weak hydrogen &onds
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8atson and #rick , the Model ofD!"
Used x-ray evidence
Chains twist aroundeach other
Discovered &yosalind Franklin
Shape of a twistedladder
Double helix
Pictures from: http://profiles.nlm.nih.go/!"/B/B/#/N/ an$ http://genome.%gi&psf.org/'hr/'hr.home.html
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eplication$ Transcription$9 TranslationEckert
Minerva DeLand 2cience
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eplication of D!"Occurs durin interphase of meiosis and mitosis
Ma!es exact copy of DNA " bonds brea!
The two strands come apart
#xtra nucleotides in nucleus $oin the exposed strands
Each dou&le stranded molecule contains one oldstrand and one new strand of D!"( This is referred toas semiconservative replication
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The D!" #ode:rder of &ases code for amino acid
; &ases < 1 amino acid
D!" speci/es the order of the aminoacids
=> dierent amino acids
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DNA RNA
'onfine$ to the
nucleus'an leae the nucleus
*hymine (*) +racil (+)
Double stran$e$ Single stran$e$
Sugar,$eoxyribose Sugar,ribose
Deoxyribonucleic aci$"ibonucleic aci$
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Messenger !" %m!"'D!" is too large to leave the nucleus
Get meout ofhere???
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Messenger !" %m!"' Therefore a smaller version of the
genetic information must &e copied andsent to a ri&osome in the cytoplasm to
make a polypeptide( Messener %NA &m%NA'
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Messenger !" %m!"'D!" strands temporarily separate :ne strand serves as a pattern %template'
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Messenger !" %m!"' !" nucleotides match complementary
&ases at the e*posed D!" strand
0rand new!" strand%m!"'
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Messenger !" %m!"'#odon. each group of ; &ases on the
m!" strand that codes for a speci/cprotein(
" G @ G " # # " @ G " G #
#:D:!
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Transcription
The copying of a genetic message into amolecule of !"
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Transfer !" %t!"'
#arries an aminoacid that will &uildthe polypeptidechain
Loop of e*posednucleotides "nticodon
Must complementcodon
+icture from3 http366www(regentsprep(org6egents6&iology6=>11A=>8e&
A=>+ages6Genetics.A=>D!".!"A=>page(htm
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i&osome
Made of ribosomal%NA &r%NA'
Made of protein
Made in nucleus andtravels to cytoplasm
Location ofpolypeptide
assem&ly duringprotein synthesis
+icture from3 http366www(regentsprep(org6egents6&iology6=>11A=>8e&
A=>+ages6Genetics.A=>D!".!"A=>page(htm
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Translation3information coded in the !" is used to
assem&le a protein
1( "ll ; !"s made in nucleus
=( !" and ri&osome leave nucleus;( "mino acid molecules attach to t!" molecules
4( i&osome attach to m!" strands
B( t!" anticodon attaches temporarily to m!"
codonC( "mino acid is released
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Translation3( i&osome moves to ne*t codon
( t!" &rings amino acid to oin the last
amino acid in the protein chain
( "mino acids are added until a HstopIcodon is reached
1>( +olypeptide is released
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#entral Dogma of 2cienceDNADNA Transcription RNARNA
ProteiProtei
nn
T r a n s l a t i o
n
TraitTrait
E x p r e s s i o n
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