“protozoa, algae, -...
TRANSCRIPT
Mochamad Nurcholis
Food Science DepartmentAgricultural Technology Faculty Brawijaya University 2013
“Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma,
Rickettsia, and Virus”
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
OVERVIEW
Protozoa Algae Mycoplasma
Rickettsia Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
PROTOZOA
Protozoa
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Unicellular
• Most of them are motile
• Protist family
• Like animal behavior (ex : movement)
• 10-52 micrometers (can grow as large as 1 mm)
• Exist throughout aqueous and soil environment
PROTOZOACHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Motility :• Flagella : whip-like tails
• Cilia : hair-like structures
• Pseudopodia : foot-like structures
• Other do not move at all
Digestion :• Absorb food by their cell membranes
• Digest food by stomach-like compartments (vacuoles)
PROTOZOACHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Life Cycle• Proliferative stages (ex : trophozoites)
• Dormant cysts : can survive harsh conditions (extreme temperature, harmful chemicals, limit of nutrients and oxygen for a period time)
• Some reproduce sexually
• Some reproduce asexually
PROTOZOACHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Classification :• Ciliates
• Mastigophorans
• Apicomplexans
PROTOZOA CLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
PROTOZOA CLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
PROTOZOA CLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Sub Groups :• Flagellates (e.g., Giardia lamblia)
• Amoeboids (e.g., Entamoeba histolytica)
• Sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium knowlesi) – Apicomplexa
– Myxozoa
– Microsporidia
• Ciliates (e.g., Balantidium coli)
PROTOZOA CLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Euglena
Amoeba
PROTOZOA(Euglena & Amoeba)
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
PROTOZOA(Paramecium)
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Human Diseases :• Malaria
• Amoebiasis
• Giardiasis
• Toxoplasmosis
• Cryptosporidiosis
• Trichomoniasis
• Chagas disease
• Leishmaniasis
• Sleeping Sickness
• Dysentery
PROTOZOA& HUMAN DISEASES
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
ALGAE
Algae
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Autotrophic organisms
• Photosynthetic
• Eukaryotic organisms
• Unicellular to Multicellular
• Giant kelps grow to 65 meters in length
• The largest and most complex marine forms are called seaweeds.
ALGAECHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Lack of various structures that characterize land plants.
• Leaf-like phyllids of bryophyta
• Rhizoid in non vascular plants and roots
ALGAECHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Life Cycle :• Asexual phase : seaweeds cells are diploid
• Sexual phase : the cells are haploid
• Fusion of the male and female gametes
• Asexual reproduction : permits efficient population increases, but less variation
• Sexual reproduction always more variation
ALGAECHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
ALGAECHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Archaeplastida :
• Chlorophyta (green-algae)
• Rhodophyta (red-algae)
• Glaucophyta
Rhizaria, Excavata :
• Chlororachinophytes
• Euglenids
ALGAECLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Chromista, Alveolata :• Heterokonts : Bacillariophyceae, Axodine,
Bolidomonas, Eustigmatophyceae, Phaeophyceae(brown algae), Chrysophyceae (golden algae), Rapidophyceae, Synurophyceae, Xanthophyceae(yellow-green algae)
• Cryptophyta
• Dinoflagellates
• Haptophyta
ALGAECLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
ALGAECLASSIFICATION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Uses :• Agar (red algae group)
• Alginates (Macrocystis group)
• Stabilizing substance/Carrageenan (Chondrus crispus)• Energy sources : biohydrogen, biodiesel, ethanol,
vegetable fats and oils (DHA, EPA)
• Fertilizer
• Nutrition (Chlorella & Spirullina : rich of vitamin & minerals)
• Pollution control
• Pigments : bioactive compound
THE ROLE OF ALGAE
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Pigment Cosmetics Bioenergy Omega System
THE ROLE OF ALGAE
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
MYCOPLASMA
Mycoplasma
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Genus : bacteria (0,1 micrometer)
• Lack of cell wall
• Unaffected by antibiotic such as penicillin or other beta lactam
• Parasitic or saprotophic
• Pathogenic in human
• Caused atypical pneumonia
• Caused respiratory disorders
• Caused pelviv inflammatory diseases (M. Genitalium)
MYCOPLASMA CHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
MYCOPLASMA TYPE
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
MYCOPLASMA CHARACTERISTICS
Respiratory disorders
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
MYCOPLASMA DISEASES
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
RICKETTSIA
Rickettsia
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Non motile
• Gram negative
• Non spore forming
• Pleomorphic bacteria
• Cocci (0,1 micrometer), rods (1-4 micrometer in length)
• Obligate intracelluler parasites
• Replication within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic
RICKETTSIA CHARACTERISTICS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Rickettsia aeschlimannii • Rickettsia africae• Rickettsia akari• Rickettsia asiatica• Rickettsia australis• Rickettsia canadensis• Rickettsia conorii• Rickettsia cooleyi• Rickettsia felis• Rickettsia heilongjiangensis• Rickettsia helvetica• Rickettsia honei• Rickettsia hulinii
RICKETTSIA TYPE
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
RICKETTSIA CASE
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
RICKETTSIA INFECTION
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
VIRUS
Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Adolf Meyer (1883) : bintik2 kuning pd daun tembakau• Loffler & Frosch (1887) : Foot Mouth Disease Virus• Dimitry Ivanovsky (1892) : penyebab mozaik tembakau
< bakteri• Beijerinck (1897) : partikel patogen < bakteri, hidup pd m.
hidup & reproduksi• Twort & d’Herelle (1915) : bakteriofage pd E.coli• Stanley (1935) : - kristal Tobbaco Mozaic Virus
- protein dan asam nukleat pada virus
Sejarah Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Virus virion (racun) penyebab penyakit
• Hanya dapat hidup dan berkembangbiak dalamjaringan hidup lain (intraseluler parasit obligat)
• Tidak dapat melakukan metabolisme• Aseluler (tidak memiliki protoplasma dan
membran inti)• Dapat dikristalkan• Ukuran 20-300 mµ• Tubuh Virus : Protein, Lipid, KH & Asam Nukleat
VIRUS
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Komponen Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Bentuk Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Adsorbsi dan Infeksiujung ekor virus menempel pada dd sel inang
• Penetrasi Sel InangVirus mengeluarkan enzim lysozim, menghancurkan dd sel inang
• EklifaseDNA Virus mengambil alih fungsi as. nukleat dan fungsi metabolisme sel inang, terjadi replikasi as.nukleat
• Pembentukan Virus BaruSetiap DNA hasil replikasi menyusun materi virus baru
• Lisis Sel InangSel inang pecah, virus baru siap menginfeksi sel lainnya
Daur Litik
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Adsorbsi, Infeksi & penetrasi (= daur litik)• Penggabungan
as.nukleat virus bergabung dng as.nukleat sel inang(profage), penyusunan materi virus baru
• Pembelahansel inang membelah, profage ikut membelah, menghasilkansel inang yg mengandung profage
• Sintesisas.nukleat virus memisahkan diri, membentuk dan merakitpartikel virus baru
• Lisis Sel Inangsetelah virus baru terbentuk, sel inang akan lisis
Daur Lisogenik
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
1. Berdasarkan Simtomatology- Penyakit Merata
Rubela, Smallpox, yellow fever, DHF,enterovirus,dll.
2. Penyakit Organ Khusus• Susunan Saraf : poliomielitis, meningitis,
rabies, ensefalitis, herpes, gondong• Saluran nafas : influenza, pneumonia virus,
selesma• Kulit : herpes simpleks, kutil dll.
Klasifikasi Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Penyakit Organ Khusus
• Mata : konjunctivus adenovirus, enterovirus• Hati : hepatitis, yellow fever, enterovirus, herpes
virus, rubela• Kelenjar liur : itomegalovirus, gondong• Saluran pencernaan : rotavirus, norwalk,
adenovirus enterik• Alat seksual :AIDS, herpes, hepatitis B, retrovirus
Klasifikasi Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
Berdasarkan Materi Genetik1. Virus DNA
parvovirus, papovavirus, adenovirus, herpesvirus, poxvirus, hepadnavirus, dll
2. Virus RNApikornavirus, kalsivirus, togavirus, koronavirus, retrovirus, arenavirus, arbovirus, reovirus, flavivirus, bunyavirus, paramiksovirus, ortomiksovirus, rabdovirus
Klasifikasi Virus
Protozoa, Algae, Mycoplasma, Rickettsia, Virus
• Interferonprotein yg dihasilkan sel normal sbg respon thdinfeksi virus mencegah replikasi virus
• Profageutk mengubah fenotip sel inang shg lebihmenguntungkan
• Vaksinvirus yg telah dilemahkan, patogenitas turun ttpiantigenitas tetap.
Peranan Virus
Food Science DepartmentAgricultural Technology Faculty Brawijaya University 2013
TERIMA KASIH