GroupA group is a number of things or persons being in some relation to one another. Group formation Group formation starts with a psychological bond between individuals. The social cohesion approach suggests that group formation comes out of bonds of interpersonal attraction. The Need for Groups:There are several reasons why people want to come together: A group reduces default through collective risk taking; and Groups provide a channel for information. A group has more impact that an individual. A group has many people bouncing ideas off of each other.

Ideas can grow, and expand.

There is group pressure to fix something.

A group can get big tasks done a lot quicker than an individual.

There is a like-minded direction.

There is more input and new ideas.

It is therefore important that people in low-income communities be motivated and educated to recognize the significance of collective efforts in solving problems that seem impossible with individual efforts, by voluntarily deciding to put their efforts together to help increase their access to training in business management skills, credit facilities, marketing facilities and appropriate technology.Our job as mobilize is to promote that motivation and action. Managing a Group:How is a group managed? Forming a group is usually not difficult; the problem is how to manage the group to survive and grow to be strong, self-sustaining and permanent, leading to obtaining legal status. Leadership:Leading means guiding and influencing people so that they can contribute to the organization and group goals. The task of leading is undertaken by a leader. Our job as mobilizer is to identify and encourage group members and task collectively from the start.A good leader has roles. Group leaders should be able to: provide guidance for group activities; obtain information from group members; communicate information to the group; define problems and identify solutions; appraise group performance; offer ideas and opinions; encourage others to offer ideas and opinions; arbitrate disputes between group members; and represent the group's interests to outside bodies.

Characteristics of a good leader: A good leader should be: trusted, reliable; respected able to show initiative and drive; and willing to listen and make decisions based on what members say.

Practical implication of Group Formation in QAU, Islamabad

Introduction:This group formation is presented here in the context of our class projects mutual interests and socialization from very beginning of first day of class in QASMS and upto now. It also covers all ups and downs that came into being due to different conflicting demands, difference of personality, ideas, interests, and attitude. How they eliminate and which member come into group how? And when?. And which member went out/rejected from this group ?.

PROXMITY:1. Propinquity Theory: This interesting word simply means that individuals affiliate with one another because of spatial or geographical proximity. The drawback of this theory is that it is not analytical and does not begin to explain some of the complexities of group formation.

Geographic area:As far as concerned, I, Safdar leader and Ishtiaq ahmed belong to same area and cultural background. Having a same language and traditions. Previous University student:As we were studying in same university and living in same hostel in last attending university. We were a friend over there. So we had propinquity. In Quaid i Azam University:When we got an admission in this university. And it was the first day of our university classes here on 13th Feb. 2012 we sit together in seminar hall for an orientation session. It was the first day of our group formation in this university when we decided to make a group of both of us in any given project, assignment or any social activity in coming future.

Introduction of Faisal in group:In the second day of first semester, we sit together with Faisal in first class. He was Christian, as our society is not up to date that level. They isolate minorities. So we were also from far away and unknown to others .We talked with each other and we think that we can make a group with the person because he was good in math.I was good in theory, as most of the subjects were in theory, so we used to study together in group firstly. This was also a reason to form a group.. I often studied the theoretical subjects to Ishtiaq and Faisal and I made a leader of my group on the basis of this quality. Informal group structure:when we were new in this university ME-Safdr and Ishtiaq exist in small nucleus and Faisal was in fringe shell he was new member of this group, he mostly didnt share most of his secrets with us.

Safdar leadIshtiaqFaisal group nucleusfringe shellout shell

Leadership role:I Safdar have more influence in my group due to my interpersonal skills, socialization, and in physical appearance thats why I usually being considered as opinion leader among group and our group formed in this way. I always tried to motivate our group members, maintain a good relations, funny but in ethical context. I always emphasize being a leader on below given points to make a group sustainable and successful in maintaining good relationship and achieving any given task. Be inclusive and empowering. Make sure that everyone connected to the group is involved. Seek out diverse members and talents and model inclusive leadership. Identify common purposes and targets of change. Create an environment that fosters trust and builds commitment to the group. Be ethical and open to other peoples ideas. Allow differences of opinion to be discussed. Handle conflict directly and civilly. Keep everyone focused on the purpose of the group and the topic of conflict. Avoid personal attacks. Examine biases that may be blocking progress or preventing another member to be treated fairly. Celebrate accomplishments and find renewal in relationships. Encourage and empower members to learn new skills and to share roles that keep things fresh and exciting. Revisit purpose and rebuild commitment.

GEORGE HUMAN THEORY ABOUT INTERACTION:2. Homans Theory: According to George C. Homans, The more activities persons share, the more numerous will be there interactions and the stronger will be their shared activities and sentiments, and the more sentiments people have for one another, the more will be their shared activities and interactions. The members of a group share activities and interact with one another not just because of physical proximity but also to accomplish group goals. The key element is interaction because of which they develop common sentiments for one another.

Introduction of NIZAM in groupWhen formal groups started to form in class for combine projects and assignment like Explore. We form a group of 3 and the new member Nizam who was CR of our class in starting of session. We did project together due to more activities and interaction. We shared more sentiments and he became the member of our group.We did visited most of the sponsors, places for promotional activities etc, as he was funny person in our group, so our group enjoyed a lot with him.In work we take care of our all group members as I was leader so it was my job to make work equal for all without any extra burden on any member. So I share work equally according to skills of my group members and keeping a mind of their interest.Our goal was to present a fabulous participitation in project and make our group more prominent in the eyes of teacher. A s much as I could facilitate, I could do that in form of easiness of work, proper planning and maintaining a good coordination among group members for reducing tension as it was a part of our work to get sponsorship from sponsors. It was difficult and hectic situation for our group members, So being a group leader I tried to motivate them as could as I do myself being a leader to reduce tension and frustration which arise initially because we were failed to get a sponsor and many days passed .But due to motivation, coordination and determination of each of our group member towards work .We succeeded to get sponsorship of 15000 from MEHER group and also its promotional material.This was a situation when our group turns out to be successful. We did it successfully. We were very happy due to our performance and admiration by teacher as well .Still now we used to sit together in class and participate.

BALANCE THEORY:3. Balance Theory: Another very comprehensive theory is a Balance Theory of group formation. This theory as proposed by Theodore Newcomb states that Persons are attracted to one another on the basis of similar attitudes towards commonly relevant objects and goals. Once a relationship is formed, it strives to maintain a symmetrical balance between the attraction and the common attitudes. If an imbalance occurs, attempts are made to restore the balance. If the balance cannot be restored, the relationship dissolves.

Safdar (L) and Ishtiaq:Me and Ishtiaq have similar attitudes ,a way of thinking and behaving as we have both belong to same area .Ishtiaq is social minded person .He is interested to help those persons which are deprived, under deserved and mentally disordered due to our societal ,economical and political problems .And I also want to do that when I see children as beggar ,George worker ,waiter, women in hardship how they survive in this men dominated society and exploitation in terms of the basic rights .A people dying because of hunger and thirst ,minority rights, social evils in society and ethical problems .So we always used to discuss these issues and think solution of these problems .We used to study together and also we have a same room in hostel. This was also a reason of our group making . Safdar (L) and Faisal:I am very liberal person from very beginning personally. I dont like to take things into my account on the basis of religion ,sects ,creed or any other difference in my mind for making any difference on that basis and form or dont form any relation to keep in mind on that minor things.The entry of Faisal in our group is also on that basis that I dont take into account that from which religion, sects or creed, he belongs. Being a good person he came into our group of two people mesafdar and Ishtiaq.Whenever I think about Faisal ,I think that he never try to made feel us that either he is Muslim or not .He also shared same values, we used to Wish each other greetings of our holy days, and collectively without any discrimination. He also possess liberal and positive thinking for those who are deprived from their rights either they live in any nook and cranny place of the world without any discrimination. So in this case three of us (Safdarleader, ishtiaq and faisal) have similar attitude, way of thinking and behaviour within each other towards related objects and goals to make everybody self-sufficient, provide freedom of expression and basic right of human without any mere discrimination.Being a student and family member of our families, we also share same values. We want to to do something for our families, wht expectations we have with each of us.(Ishtiaq and Me/Safdarleader ) belong to remote areas of Sindh. Where we need to make a future bright for self and our families, to provide them a support and get them out of troubles and worries of nowadays.Faisa Nawaz being a being a Christian he belongs to middle class family he also want to make his family self-sufficient and provide them what they had not seen in their life. So these similar attitudes towards common goal and objective our group came into being.From very beginning first semester we used to study together, go to cafe, eating together and working together on assignments and projects. Being a leader i tried my best to maintain a balance between attraction and common objectives in a group.Faisal interacted and make group with Ishtiaq because of common attitudes and values towards (ME-Safdarleader) Introduction of Nizam in group:Nizam was our group member in first semester when he was a CR of class in initial days. We did most of the projects, assignments together. Nizam became our group member on the basis of his CRship . and in this way four numbers of our group came into being in early days of university. But one thing which is important to share here that Nizams personality and behaviour differs as compare to other group members in the froup. Which can easily be understand from given below diagram and arrow-positions.

SafdarFaisalIshtiaq

NizamShared Values ObjectivesCommon Goals

Imbalance in Group:In a group imbalance is common to come in front of, due to lack of interaction, personality differences, conflicting demands, interests, different motives difference of thinking or any other reason. But when you will not balance them through coordination through coordination and tasks, it cannot be restored, the relationship dissolve. So propinquity and interaction play a role in balance theory. Imbalance between ME-SafdarL and ishtiaq:Few weeks ago some sort of conflict aroused between us due to some misconception. And in result we didnt talk for two weeks. But as we belong to same geographic area a d we live in same hostel and room. We also belong to same community we didnt live without interaction for too long .As we know that propinquity and interaction play a very important role in balance theory. So we sit together and talked about issue which aroused due to wrong perception about external hearing. We finish our conflict. And ultimately we solved the problem and balance the attraction and common objective. Imbalance` between Nizam and group members:As for as nizams personality he is nice and very straightforward but so much sentimental and religious person. But as far as concerned with three of us, (faisal Nawaz christian ,ishtiaq and ME-Safdar leader). we are liberal minded in this prospect. Once a time in last semester conflict aroused with Nizam due to religious point of view and difference of personality like non bearing attitude sometime. We often dont want to discuss religious matters. But Nizam often share his point of view. Not once a time. But most of time he became emotional. So as long as we could I could maintain a balance within a group being a leader. But sometime it became more difficult for us. So for that reason our group dissolved. And we rejected Nizam as a group member in second semester and placed him in an outer shell of group.

NizamSafdar leaIshtiaqFaisal Nawaz

Group NucleusFringe ShellOuter

But with passage of time, time changes. And now in third semester Nizam is in our group as it was in first semester. Due to interaction with group members. But now he placed in fringe shell due to coming in group after long time.being a leader it will be my responsibility and duty to make promote trust and harmony in the group for each group member. Being a leader I will try my best to maintain a balance in group attraction and common objectives in future without any problem in our group.

Nizam NizamSafdar leaIshtiaqFaisal Nawaz

Group nucleusFringe ShellOut Shell

Social need:as far as concerned, human are social nature. They cant live without each other. Social needs have a very strong desire for affiliation. So in this context i will try as a group leader to maintain this group for a long time. and will remain a very good in interaction, coordination, loving and caring to each other.

Ishtiaq Ahmed My Role in the group I am working as a member in our group. For the satisfaction of my group It is my priority to spend my all energy to support our group activities. I am always in interaction and coordination with my group members. I always try to do my work and fulfill my all responsibilities on time I usually make fun with my group member and try to entertain them. I offer a novel point of view concerning problems, procedures, goals, or solutions. I always clarify the relationships among various ideas and suggestions, and try to pull ideas and suggestions together or try to coordinate the activities of various members of group. I am friendly, warm, and responsive to others and I respect idea values and feelings of my fellows.If I would be the leader of groupIf I will be the leader of my group I will allow group members to decide how they wish to work in order to best complete the aims and objectives of the group. I will purpose the group new ideas and offer a different point of view concerning problems, procedures, and goals. And ask primarily for a clarification of values pertinent to what the group is undertaking or values involved in various suggestions that have been made. I will never try to implement my new ideas without considering the ideas and values of my group members. I will take on roles of my members by clarifying goals and objectives, allocating roles, responsibilities and duties within the group members by considering abilities of members. I will help group members by giving support and encouragement. I always try to mediate the differences between other members, attempt to reconcile disagreements, relieve tension in conflict situations through good hearted jokes, a soothing attitude, etc. I will handle a conflict in which my wrong ideas are involved; I will offer compromise by admitting my error to maintain group harmony. Ikeep records of various aspects of group process and feed such data with proposed interpretations into the groups evaluation of its my own procedures.

Representative of the organization-Integrates and reconciles the personal goals with organizational goals- A leader through leadership traits helps in reconciling/ integrating the personal goals of the employees with the organizational goals. He is trying to co-ordinate the efforts of people towards a common purpose and thereby achieves objectives. This can be done only if he can influence and get willing co-operation and urge to accomplish the objectives.He solicits support- A leader is a manager and besides that he is a person who entertains and invites support and co- operation of subordinates. This he can do by his personality, intelligence, maturity and experience which can provide him positive result. In this regard, a leader has to invite suggestions and if possible implement them into plans and programmes of enterprise. This way, he can solicit full support of employees which results in willingness to work and thereby effectiveness in running of a concern.As a friend, philosopher and guide- A leader must possess the three dimensional traits in him. He can be a friend by sharing the feelings, opinions and desires with the employees. He can be a philosopher by utilizing his intelligence and experience and thereby guiding the employees as and when time requires. He can be a guide by supervising and communicating the employees the plans and policies of top management and secure their co-operation to achieve the goals of a concern. At times he can also play the role of a counselor by counseling and a problem-solving approach. He can listen to the problems of the employees and try to solve them.

Communicator: The most effective leaders use all levels of communication to reach out to staff, They proactively encourage the exchange of information within the organization.Decision-maker: Developing a consistent approach to the analysis of information is imperative to effective decision-making. In making important decisions and prior to implementation, the leader must consider the impact of such choices on all stakeholders.Team-builder: Effective team-building rests upon ensuring that individuals and teams are kept informed of plans, developments and issues that will affect them and the way they do their job. Team-building helps its members to understand and meaningfully contribute to the organizations strategic goals.Integrity. Team members are motivated by a leader who has clear, rigid values and principles about their work and people, which they stick to during their day-to-day activity.

Effective communications. Good leaders put thought into how, with whom, and when information is discussed.