STUDY ON VERTEBRATE FAUNA, STATUS

AND IMPACTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL

POLLUTION ON WETLAND CHOTIARI

RESERVOIR (SINDH)

MUHAMMAD RAIS M. Sc.

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Zoology.

University of Karachi Karachi-75270, Pakistan

2011

To

My Beloved Parents and Loving

Soul Mate

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this research work was done by Mr. Muhammad Rais

under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge and believe, no part of the

work presented has been plagiarized from anywhere. Proper references are cited

wherever necessary. I consider that this thesis is suitable for the award of PhD

in Zoology.

Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan Research Supervisor, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page No.

Acknowledgements iii

Abstract v

Abstract (Urdu Translation)

Introduction 1

Review of Literature 11

Materials and Methods 44

Results 67

Discussion 353

Conclusion 402

References 404

Appendices ix

List of Publications xxxii

Copy of Publications

ii

List of Appendices Appendix. No. Title Page No.

Appendix 7.1

Ramsar Sites of Pakistan

Appendix 7.2 Comparison of bird species richness of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Sindh

Appendix 7.3 Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sanghar (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir)

Appendix 7.4 Cumulative Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sanghar (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir)

Appendix 7.5 Asian Waterfowl Count of Sanghriaro Lake and Rarr Lake

Appendix 7.6 Asian Waterfowl Count of Bakar Lake and Noonghno Lake

Appendix 7.7 Cumulative Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sanghar

Appendix 7.8 Total number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird species recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at some wetlands (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir) of District Sanghar during different years between 1990 and 2004

Appendix 7.9 Total number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird species recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at Sanghriaro Lake, Rarr Lake, Bakar Lake and Noonghno Lake during different years between 1988 and 2004 (and present study 2006-2008)

Appendix 7.10 Summary of basic information on some notable wetlands of Sanghar District, Sindh

Appendix 7.11 WHO Water Quality Standards

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

At the very outset the author thanks and bows his head before the

ALMIGHTY ALLAH for bestowing the strength, courage and constancy, and

the HOLY PROPHET HAZRAT MUHAMMAD (S.A. W. W) , the most perfect and

exalted amongst every born on the surface of earth, to accomplish this gigantic

task of research in this area.

The author wishes to express his cordially thanks and gratitude to his

Research Supervisor, Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan, Associate Professor,

Department of Zoology, University of Karachi for his intellectual qualities and

sincere guidance helped me a lot in the smooth progress of the present research

work.

The author certainly appreciates and acknowledges Prof Dr. Arshad

Azmi, Chairman, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi and Prof Dr.

Farida Begum, Ex-Chairperson, Department of Zoology, University of Karachi,

for not only providing the best facilities for the research work but also for their

exchange of ideas and opinions.

iv

Then, the author thanks to his Parents, specially his late mother (may

Allah rest her in peace); loving wife; Elder brothers Mr. Muhammad Shafique,

Mr. Hafiz Akhtar Mr. Muhammad Jhangir and Mr. Muhammad Atique Akhter

whose support, encouragement and motivation at every difficult step, without

which the author could not be able to complete this colossal work. The author

thanks specially to all his friends, colleagues and students for their ceaseless

help at every step during this work.

The author wishes to acknowledge and appreciate Dr. Syeda Maria Ali,

Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences, Islamic

International University, Islamabad for extending her help in the preparation of

maps, revision of some parts of the thesis and particularly for her everlasting

moral support.

v

ABSTRACT

The present study was undertaken to document vertebrate fauna (richness

and abundance of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) at Chotiari

Reservoir, to determine their status and to assess the impacts of

anthropogenic factors, if any, on the reservoir and its vertebrate biodiversity.

Chotiari Reservoir complex includes wetlands, which altogether, have been

identified by Bird Life International as an Important Bird Area. Further, the

complex fulfills certain criteria of Wetland of International Importance-Ramsar

Site.

A total of 203 vertebrate species belonging to 29 orders and 78 families

were recorded from Chotiari Reservoir during 2006- 2010. These included 32

species mammals (14 medium and large sized mammals and 18 small

mammals); 136 bird species (53 water birds, 48 passerine birds, 13 birds of

prey and 22 miscellaneous birds); 32 species of reptiles (a single species of

crocodile, 3 species of turtles, 15 species of snakes and 13 species of lizards)

and 3 species of amphibians (1 toad and 2 frog species).

As many as 136 bird species belonging to 19 orders and 48 families

were recorded. Out of 136 birds, summer fauna and winter fauna constituted

69.11 % and 34.55 % respectively. It was found that alteration in the

ecological conditions of the area after the construction of the Chotiari

Reservoir had changed the avifauna species composition of the area.

A total of 32 reptile species belonging to three orders and 14 families

were recorded. These included three species of turtles (9.37%), 15 species of

snakes (46.87%), 13 species of lizards (40.62 %) and one crocodilian species

of (3.12 %).

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Means of total number of individuals recorded during 2006-2009 at 0.05

level were not significantly different indicating no change in the abundance of

selected wildlife species during study period. It was, inferred, therefore that the

wildlife diversity must have not been affected. However, distribution of

threatned species of the area, such as Smooth-coated otter and Marsh

Crocodile, might have been impacted.

Based on present study data, the reservoir water was unpolluted, and

reservoir is not connected with any source of industrial or municipal effluent.

The concentration of heavy metals recorded during the study period as well as

selected physico-chemical parameters were within safe limits and were below

water quality standards of WHO (World Health Organization). Further, no

evidence of the reservoir’s water contamination by industrial and agriculture

runoff was recorded, for the reservoir did not have any industry in its

surroundings nor could the water from the surrounding croplands enter in to

the reservoir mainly because of two reasons. First, the land within the

reservoir is not used for agriculture, and secondly drainage from the croplands

is not carried in to the reservoir.

However, changes in land use practices, habitat modification, hunting,

unregulated fishing, overexploitation, community-wildlife conflict and trapping

of wildlife species were identified as major issues affecting wildlife species

composition and abundance.

1

INTRODUCTION

Wetland ecosystems account for 6% of the total land area of the world.

These are ranked amongst earth’s most threatened ecosystems (Turner, 1991).

Wetlands are important components of watersheds and provide many valuable

functions to the environment and to society (Richardson, 1994; NRC, 1995 and

Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000). Threats from industrial, agricultural, residential

development, hydrological perturbation and pollution have severely impacted

temperate wetlands in developed countries. Likewise, over-exploitation of

tropical wetlands’ resources owing to rapidly increasing population and

increased accessibility to wetlands has resulted in the degradation of these

wetlands (Turner, 1991).

Wetlands have not always been appreciated for their many benefits.

Historically, wetlands have benn perceived as potentially valuable agricultural

land, impediments to development and progress, and harbors of vermin and

disease (Fischer, 1989; NRC, 1995; Dahl and Alford, 1996; Mitsch and

Gosselink, 2000). Furthermore, wetlands not being cleaner, livelier and greener,

as other comparable ecosystems such as tropical rain forest and coral reefs

have failed to draw media’s attention. However soon after an international

convention on wetlands -Ramsar Convention- came into existence, these

diversified habitats gained the attention that they really deserve. Moreover,

researchers, scientists, environmentalists have not only started to explore

myriad of wetland biodiversity, but more efforts have begun to pour to conserve,

preserve and restore wetlands and their associated wildlife.

2

Lack of research on economic valuation of wetlands is the major hurdle

while taking policy decisions on the use, conservation and restoration of

wetlands. The best available estimates regarding economic valuation of

wetlands have derived from studies on not more than a fraction (i.e. 63 million

hectares) of the world’s area under wetlands (i.e. 12.8 billion hectares).

Moreover, many of the wetlands’ functions have not been valued in different

wetland economic valuation studies (Schuyt and Brander, 2004).

Meta analysis of 89 wetland economic valuation studies conducted in

different continents revealed that an estimated value of global wetlands is about

3.4 billion US dollars per year with Asian wetlands having the highest economic

value of about 1.8 billion US dollars per year. The synthesis categorized world’s

wetlands into unvegetated sediment, freshwater wood, salt/brackish marsh,

freshwater marsh and mangroves. Unvegetated sediments had highest value of

about 374 US dollars per hectare per year while freshwater wood, salt/brackish

marsh, freshwater marsh and mangroves had a value of about 206, 165, 145,

120 US dollars per hectare per year respectively (Schuyt and Brander, 2004).

An estimated area of the world under wetlands is about 63 million

hectare while of Asia is about 10 million hectare of which mangroves constitute

1.5 million hectare, unvegetated sediments constitute 8 million hectare,

salt/brackish marshes constitute 1 million hectare, freshwater marshes

constitute 0.002 million hectare and freshwater woods constitute 0.65 million

hectare (Schuyt and Brander, 2004).

Owing to their extensive and rich food webs, biological, ecological and

cultural diversity, wetlands are sometimes referred to as ‘super-markets’ (Mitsch

and Gosselink, 2000). Wetlands are second to tropical rain forest and coral reef

habitats in terms of supporting vast species diversity, offering diversified

habitats and, thus, serving as a repository of genetic diversity on this very

planet. Unfortunately wetlands also are ranked next to aforementioned habitats

in terms of an alarming rate of losses.

3

Wetlands functions can be grouped into four categories viz. regulatory

functions such as storage and recycling of nutrient/human waste/agriculture

waste, ground water recharge, ground water discharge, flood/erosion/salinity

control, climatic stabilization, carbon sequestration, maintenance of genetic

diversity; carrier functions such as agriculture, irrigation, grazing, wildlife

resource, tourism and recreation, human habituations and settlement;

production such as provision of water, food, fuel wood, medicinal resource,

material for building, construction and individual use and information

functions which include research, education and monitoring (EPA, 2001;

Kusler, 2004 ; Schuyt and Brander, 2004).

Opheim (1997) reported that around half of the America’s pristine

wetland habitats have been lost. About 46 % of endangered species in USA are

dependent on wetlands. This alarming degradation rate and projected future

trends present a bleak picture regarding not only to the continued maintenance

and functioning of wetland ecosystems and their associated biodiversity, but

more importantly, to the human well-being. Ignorance of the importance of

healthy wetlands, mismanagement and unrestrained human interference has

been implicated as major concerns. Variety of wetlands like swamps and

marshes are being drained to account for agriculture, housing, and industrial

schemes that has contributed to dramatic alterations of landscape and

ecosystem functioning (WWF, 2000 and Rais, 2007). There are plausible

evidences suggesting that the created or restored wetlands differ from natural

wetlands (Whigam, 1991). Other threats to wetland ecosystems include

sedimentation and siltation, eutrophication, deforestation and land use changes

in the catchment areas, introduced species, pollution and natural calamities

(WWF, 2000; Rais, 2007).

4

The immense diversity of ecological systems in Pakistan reflects its

varied topography and different levels of elevation. Pakistan covers an area of

803, 940 square kilometer. Pakistan can be pictured as a country roughly

rhomboidal in shape. It is located at 24º 37’ north latitude and 61 º 75’ east

longitude. Pakistan is located at the junction of three major regions of Asia viz.

Central Asia to its north, the Middle east to the West and Indian Subcontinent to

the east and southeast. It is bounded by China in the north, India in the east,

Iran and Afghanistan in the west and Arabian Sea in the south (GoP, 1992;

GoP, 2000a; GoP, 2009).

Roughly two-third of Pakistan’s land is mountainous. In the north are

high peaks and plateaus with permanent snow and glaciers notable amongst

them are ranges like Hindukush, Himalaya and Karakoram with some peaks

reaching a height of upto 8000 meters above sea level (masl.) such as K-2

(8,611 masl.) and Nanaga Purbat (8, 126 masl.). While arid and jagged rocky

mountain ranges characterize western parts of the country such as Kirthir

range, Sulaiman range and Safed Koh etc. (GoP, 1992; GoP, 2000a; GoP,

2009).

Physiographically, Pakistan can be divided into four divisions i.e. the

northern highlands, the Indus River plain, the mountain ranges along the

western borders with Afghanistan and the desert south of the Sutluj River along

eastern borders with India (GoP, 1992; GoP, 2000a; GoP, 2009).

Pakistan lies at the junction of three zoogeographic regions viz. Oriental,

Palaearctic and Ethopian region. Wildlife species belonging to the Palaearctic

region occur in the Himalayan and Baluchistan uplands, those belonging to

Oriental occur in the Indus Plain including Thar desert and Himalayan foot hills

while dry southwestern region along with Mekran coast has species of Ethopian

origin (GoP, 1992; GoP, 2000a; GoP, 2009).

5

There are three river systems in Pakistan viz. the Indus River drainage

system, The Baluchistan drainage system and the land-locked drainage

system. The Indus basin, for it can hardly be called a valley, covers an area of

about 25.9 million hectares or 100,000 square miles extending from Lahore in

the North-east down to the Indus delta south of Karachi City. It is in this region

that the bulk of human population is settled, and well over 80 percent of the

nation’s agricultural wealth and food production is derived (GoP, 1992; GoP,

2000a; GoP, 2009).

International community was presented with the significance of

Pakistan’s wetlands at the technical meeting on Wetland Conservation, Ankara,

Turkey, in October 1967 (Savage, 1968). Waterfowl census undertaken during

early 1970s helped in the identification of 40 sites of importance for waterfowl in

Pakistan (Koning and Koning-Raat, 1975). The directory of wetlands of

international importance in western Palaearctic was prepared by Carp (1980)

while the inventory of wetlands in East Asia was compiled by Karpowicz (1985).

Scott (1989) prepared a directory of Asian wetlands wherein detailed

information of the wetlands of Pakistan was given. Later, important wetlands in

Pakistan were revised (Scott and Poole, 1989). Ramsar Convention came into

force for Pakistan on November 23, 1976 and designated nine sites. Four new

Ramsar Sites were recognized in 2001 and further six were recognized in 2002-

2004. At present Pakistan has19 Ramsar Sites 19 covering an area of 1, 343,

624 ha. (see Appendix 7.1). Pakistan has a myriad of different wetlands despite

having arid and semi arid climate. Estimated area of inland waters in Pakistan is

7,603,590 ha of which water-storage reservoirs comprise 195, 670 ha (2.53%)

(Naik, 1986).

Broadly wetlands of Pakistan can be grouped into five categories.

1. Water storage reservoirs such as Chashma and Taunsa Barrage, Marala,

Rasol, Qadirabad Headworks (Punjab); Mangla Dam (Azad Jammu and

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Kashmir); Tarbela, Baran and Tanda Dam (Khyber Pakhtun Khwa); Chotiari

Reservoir, Kotri and Sukkur Barrage (Sindh).

2. Areas of rice paddies, flooded agricultural lands, seasonally flooded

grasslands, shrimp ponds and fish ponds found throughout the Indus Flood

Plains and coastal areas of Sindh and Baluchistan

3. Rivers, streams and Irrigation canals such as Kurram River Valley

(Khyber Pakhtun Khwa); Dasht, Kaur, Shadi Khor (Baluchistan); Nara canal

(Sindh); Deosai Plateau (Gilgit-Baltistan) and River Swat (Khyber Pakhtun

Khwa)

4. Lakes and marshes (maintained by seepage from irrigation canals,

reservoirs, streams and rivers which may be brackish as Hadero Lake (Sindh);

Zangi Nawar Lake, Sirandha Lake (Baluchistan); Namal Lake, Khabbaki Lake,

Ucchali Lake, Jhalar Lake and Kalar Kahar Lake (Punjab); freshwater such as

Keenjhir, Haleji, Lungh lakes; numerous lakes in District Sanghar (Sindh) and

high altitude alpine lakes (Gilgit-Baltistan).

5. Coastal wetlands along the coast of Sindh and Baluchistan.

These include:

a) Deltas and estuaries with extensive inter-tidal mudflats in Pasni Bay

(Baluchistan), outer Indus Delta and Tidal link off Indus delta (Sindh).

b) Estuarine mangrove forest and mangrove swamps in Indus Delta,

Korangi and Gharo Creeks and adjacent creeks, Miani Hor, Kalmat Khor,

Gawatar Bay (Baluchistan).

c) Small offshore islands for example Astola Island (Baluchistan) Bandal and

Budo Islands (Sindh).

7

d) Rocky sea coasts and sea cliffs such as Cape Monze, Paradise point,

Hawks Bay/ Sandspit beaches, Clifton beach (Sindh) and Gwader coast and

Jiwani coast (Baluchistan).

Utilization of wetlands resources in Pakistan on unsustainable basis

stem from ignorance, lack of resources for management and high population

growth rate. To address the issues related to the conservation and wise-use of

wetlands and their resources, government of Pakistan prepared a

comprehensive Wetlands Action Plan. Recommendations for the conservation

and management of country’s wetlands made under Pakistan Wetlands Action

Plan included legislation and proper implementation of laws, management of

watershed and catchment areas of wetlands, conservation of species,

education and awareness, training and capacity building, development of data

base system and monitoring on regular basis (WWF, 2000).

188 mammalian species distributed over nine orders clearly spells out

the diversity of mammals in Pakistan. Order Carnivora has three important

wetland mammal species viz. Fishing Cat, Common Otter and Smooth-coated

Otter. It is a sobbing thought that two species of deer i.e. Swamp Deer (Cervus

duvauceli) and Red Deer (Cervus elephus) have been exterminated from

Pakistan. Great Indian one-horned Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) is

another regionally extinct artiodactyle of Pakistan. It was presumably found in

the Himalyan foothills that had an enormous riverine grass thickets and swamps

in fiftenth centaury. Engraved paintings on the seals discovered from the

excavations of centuries old Indus valley civilization also suggests its

occurrence in Indus Valley (Roberts, 1997). Mammals belonging to order

Cetacea are found exclusively in aquatic environment. Sub-order Mysticeti in

Pakistan is represented by a single family Balaenopteridae which includes four

species of whales. Fin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) is distributed along

Mekran coast particularly Gwadar and Astola Island. Great Blue Whale

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(Balaenoptera musculus) frequents Mekran and Karachi coast. Bryde’s Whale

(Balaenoptera edeni) is reported from Somiani, Baluchistan and Karachi coast.

Hump-back Whale (Megaptera novaengliac) is found along Mekran coast and

also reported from Port Qasim, Karachi. Sub-order Odontoceti include five

families and ten species. Family Platanistidae includes freshwater dolphins.

They lack a dominant dorsal fin and functioning eyes for example Blind Indus

River Dolphin (Platanista minor). Family Physeteridae include sperm and

pygmy whales. These are smaller than balaenopterids and have teeth for

example Dwarf Sperm Whale (Kogia simus). Family Phocaenidae include

porpoises. They lack a distinct beak. Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena

phocaenoidesi) is found in the creek system, esturies (Hingol River and Indus

River), Somiani Hor. Family Delphinidae includes marine dolphins. It includes

six species. Rare sightings of Long Beaked Dolphin (Delphius tropicolisi) and

Rough-toothed Dolphin (Steno bredansisi) are reported from Karachi coast.

Indian Hump-back Dolphin (Sousa plumbea), Bottle-nosed Dolphin (Tursiops

truncates) which frequents Mekran and Karchi coats and Indus Delta while

Electra Dolphin (Peponocephala electra) is reported from Mekran coast. False

Killer (Pseudorca crassideus) whale inhabits Indus Delta and its creeks. Family

Ziphiidae includes beaked whales for example Cuvier’s Beaked Whale found in

Somiani, Baluchistan (Roberts, 1997).

Roberts (1991 and 1992) reported that 30 % of the bird species visit

Pakistan as long-distance migrants to exploit the improved food availability after

the monsoon season and 43 % come for breeding and 28 percent are regular

winter visitors.

Birds from as many as nine orders are found to be dependent on wetland

habitats in Pakistan. These are Gaviiformes, Podicepidiformes,

Procellariformes, Pelecaniformes, Ciconiformes, Phoenocopteriformes,

Anseriformes, Gruiformes and Charadriformes. They consume fish, mollusks,

crustaceans and aquatic insects. Besides these orders of the birds few birds

9

such as kingfishers and some passerine birds such as Sindh Babbler and

Rufous-vented Prinia, and numerous birds of prey also prefer wetlands

(Roberts, 1991 and 1992; Mirza, 2007).

Four categories of reptiles are found in Pakistan viz. lizards, snakes,

turtle and crocodiles. Although none of the lizard found in Pakistan is

exclusively water dependent. However, catchment areas of various wetlands

such as deserts, sand dunes, rangelands and mountains provide habitat to

numerous lizard species. Nonetheless, a skink Novoeumeces indothalensis is

found to be associated with the Roots of Saccahrum munja. Snakes belonging

to some families such as Leptotyphlopidae, Typhlopidae, Boidae, Colubridae

and Hydrophiidae are either found in water or prefer to live near it in a moist

environment. Thread Snakes live in a loose sandy soil with considerable

moisture along the water course. The most notable snake associated with

wetlands in Pakistan is Rock Python (Python molurus). There are five species

of marine turtles and eight species of freshwater turtles reported so far (Khan,

2006). Amphibian fauna of the country is poor and is represented only by 26

species, of which, 12 are toads and 14 are frogs (Khan, 2006).

The Sindh Province is located between 65.5 to 71.5 North latitude and

22.5 and 27.5 East longitude. It spreads over an area of 140, 903, 59 km2.

Sindh collects 70 % of income tax and 62 % of sales tax. A major share of

country’s fisheries, oil and gas fields, industry and live stock are located in

Sindh. Sindh is home of pre-historic Indus Valley Civilization and is rich in

natural and cultural resources. Physiographically, Sindh comprises of the Lower

Indus Basin. It can be divided in to four distinct parts with Kirthir Mountain

Range in the west, a central alluvial plain bisected by the Indus River in the

middle, Desert of Tharparkar in the east, and the Indus Delta in the south.

Sindh’s natural endowments consist mainly of fisheries, livestock, industry,

poultry, agriculture, arid zones, coastal and marine ecosystems, wetlands and

water resources. Sindh shares 350 km of coastline of the country’s total 1050

10

km. Ten (including Hub Dam) of the nineteen Ramsar sites of the country with

an area of 1, 230, 257 ha. are located in Sindh. As many as 108 waterbird

species visit wetlands of Sindh during the migration season each year (Khan,

2005). Sindh possesses many natural lakes such as Manchar, Keenjhir, Haleji,

Hadero, Drigh, Makhi and Bakar lakes many more spread all over Sindh

(Memon, 2002).

District Sanghar of Province Sindh has many important wetlands of

different types such as freshwater lakes, temporary ponds, water storage

reservoirs and irrigation canals. However, only few of which such as Nara

Canal, Soonehri Lake, Sanghriaro Lake, Sadhori Lake and Bakar Lake have

been studied to some extent (Leghari et al., 1999; Leghari et al., 2004; Mahar et

al., 2007).

Objectives of the Present Study:

The present study was undertaken to document diversity (richness and

abundance) of vertebrate fauna (four wildlife groups such as mammals, birds,

reptiles and amphibians) of Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh), to determine

their status and to assess the impacts of anthropogenic factors, if any, on the

reservoir and its vertebrates (wildlife).

11

Review of Literature

Prior to 1947, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh were under British rule.

Naturalists began to document the fauna of British India (including Ceylon and

Burma) and published the findings in the form of a series of publications in early

1860s. Blanford (1888 and 1891) had given a detailed account of mammalian

fauna of British India that was later improved by Pocock (1939 and 1941).

Baker (1922-1926) updated avifaunal catalogong of British India. Boulenger

(1890) had described herpetofauna which were revised by Smith (1931-1943).

Murray (1884) reported 73 mammals, 399 birds, 11 chelonians, 40 lizards, 39

snakes and 7 amphibians from the region now called as Sindh.

A considerably long time period had been elapsed after the creation of

Pakistan (14/08/1947) when the need for the revision of status, management

and conservation of wildlife of the country was appreciated in late 1960s after

two expeditions of World Wildlife Fund (now World Wide Fund for nature), first

in 1966 and second in 1967, had revealed deplorable state of wildlife. Out of 96

documented mammals 34 were found endangered; of 419 birds 20 were

endangered and of 46 amphibians and reptiles five were endangered (Shafique,

2005). Wildlife laws, ordinances and acts were formulated and enacted during

1970s’ decade at federal, provincial and territorial levels. Soon after the

ratification of international treaties, such as Ramsar Convention (23/11/1976),

Convention on Biodiversity (26/07/1994) and Convention on Migratory Species

research on wildlife attained more importance.

Mammals of Pakistan

Mammals have always been a focal point in wildlife research in Pakistan.

Checklists and distributions of mammals of Pakistan have been given by some

workers (Ellerman and Morroson-Scot, 1951; Ellerman, 1961; Siddiqui, 1961;

Prater, 1965; Siddiqui, 1969; Ahmad and Ghalib, 1975; Ahmad and Ghalib,

1979; Ahmad et al., 1986). Murray (1884) recorded 73 mammals from Sindh

12

including 20 chirpoterans, four insectivores, 20 carnivores, four cetaceans, 15

rodents, nine ungulates and a single edent.

Roberts (1997) gave a detailed account of the taxonomy, habitat,

distribution, biology and status of around 177 mammals of Pakistan. Sheikh and

Molur (2005) updated the status of 195 mammals, and reported that as many

as seven species had become extinct, 12 Critically Endangered, 11

Endangered, 20 Vulnerable and 31 Near Threatened.

Taber et al. (1967) reported 42 mammal species from Indus valley

around Lyallpur region (now called as Faisalabad), and concluded that Caracal,

Tiger, Lion, Cheetah, Hog Deer and Gangetic Dolphin had gone extinct while

number of few other species such as Wolf, Bengal Fox, Striped Hyaena,

Desert Cat, Fishing Cat, Nilgai, Black Buck, Chinkara and Desert Gerbil had

been reduced.

Mammals of Province Sindh

Ghalib et al. (2004) identified four habitat types for mammals in Sindh.

1. Arid and sub-tropical habitat: It is typified by rocks and hills. It includes

Karachi, Sindh Kohistan, Kirthir National Park, and hills in Lakki areas.

2. Tropical thorn forest: Included in this are Indus Plain on the banks of River

Indus and sand dunes in deserts of Khairpur, Tharparker, Sanghar districts.

3. Indus Basin: Inundation zones, seepage zones and swamps typify this

habitat type. It includes Sukkur, Khairpur, Sanghar, Jacobabad and Manchar

areas in Dadu.

4. Indus delta: It includes creeks and mangroves in Indus delta.

13

Ghalib et al. (2004) reported 80 species of mammals from Sindh

belonging to nine orders and 26 families which included 12 species of Special

Concern such as Indus Dolphin, Sindh Wild Goat, Striped Hyaena, Fishing Cat,

Hog Deer, Chinkara, Wolf, Caracal, Indian Civet and Honey Badger. Habitat

degradation, hunting, pollution and weak law enforcement were major threats to

mammals of Sindh. Out of ten protected areas of Sindh established for

mammals, four were meant for Hog Deer viz. Nara Desert (Wildlife Sanctuary),

Dosu Forest (Game Reserve), Hala Forest (Game Reserve) and Nara Canal

(Game Reserve).

Mammals of District Sanghar, Province Sindh

Mammals of District Sangahr, particularly distribution and population

estimation of Hog Deer and Smooth-coated Otter, have been studied to some

extent.

Roberts (1997) reported few significant mammals such as Striped

Hyaena, Fishing Cat, Smooth-coated Otter and Hog Deer from District Sangahr.

One individual of Striped Hyaena was killed in 1965 near Sanghriaro Lake,

Sanghar. Fishing Cat was reported from reed beds and marshy areas and

swamps in the east Nara Canal. Chinkara was known to exist in Thar desert.

Roberts (1997) reported Smooth-coated Otter from East Nara and Sandhori

Lake while Indian Wolf was reported from adjacent District Nawabshah.

Mammals of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Province Sindh

WWF (2008) recorded 33 mammals form Chotiari Reservoir including

Hog Deer from Awadkhi Forest and two private game reserves, Chinkara from

an island inside the reservoir and Feral Donkey from Thar Desert.

14

Rais et al. (2010) investigated some medium-sized and large mammals

of Chotiari Reservoir and its environs belonging to two orders viz. Carnivora

and Artiodactyla and reported thirteen species. Indian Wolf and Striped Hyena

were not recorded from the area whereas no more wild population of Hog Deer

was found. They reported Smooth-coated Otter, Indian Desert Cat, Caracal and

Fishing Cat as rare species of the area.

Hog Deer (Axis porcinus)

Roberts (1997) concluded that population of Hog Deer in Nara had been

reduced due to control of flooding and reduction of suitable habitat and only 20

to 30 individuals were survived in the swamps around Sandori Lake. However,

study conducted by Azam et al. (2002) revealed that population is not on

Sandhori Lake but in other areas. Furthermore, they found out that population

of Hog Deer in the east Nara was dispersed in adjoining areas. As many as 20

Hog Deer had been hunted annually (Azam et al., 2002). Besides hunting,

some other factors such as construction of the reservoir, use of pesticides,

vehicular noise during the construction of the reservoir also had significant role

in declining the wild populations of Hog Deer (Azam et al., 2002).

Azam et al. (2002) surveyed District Sanghar from April, 1997 to

December 1997 to study distribution and population of Hog Deer in the district.

They gave an estimated population of Hog Deer of 140-150 individuals. They

concluded that population of Hog Deer occurred in three fragments viz. Chotiari

Reservoir (80-95 individuals), Pir Pagara Reserve (50-55 individuals) and

Awadhhki forest (6-7 individuals). Further, they reported that the population in

Chotiari Reservoir was mainly concentrated in reed vegetation and scrub forest

on both sides of Ajo Canal. In the south animals were found upto Goth Hassan

Hingaro. In the east, species was mainly restricted in the west of Suiri Bhit.

15

Indian Gazelle (Gazella bennettii)

Indian gazelle (Gazella bennettii) is an adaptable species and is capable

of existing in stony plateaus, low hilly regions and sandy deserts down to sea

level. Its number has been severely reduced in the desert regions along

Pakistan’s eastern borders with India. Scattered population is still surviving in

Kalabagh and Kala Chitta hills. Cross-border movements from India used to

replenish the populations in Cholistan and Thar Deserts, but these have been

curtailed after the erection of barbed-wire. Pakistan has 3.5 % of the global

population of the chinkara (Mallon and Kingswood, 2001).

Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

As many as 13 otter species occur worldwide. Asia has five otter

species. Three species are found in Indian sub-continent, of which two occur in

Pakistan viz. Smooth-Coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata ) and Common Otter

(Lutra lutra) (Pocock, 1941; Hussain and Chaudhury, 1997). Pocock (1939)

identified two sub species of Lutrogale perspicillata. These included Lutrogale

perspicillata perspicillata in Peninsula India, Assam, Burma, India, China, Malay

Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo and Lutrogale perspicillata sindica frequents

along Indus River from Bahawalpur southwards to Sindh (Mason and

MacDonald, 1986).

Wayre (1972) gave distribution range of Smooth-coated Otter along

Indus River from Bahawalpur, East Nara Canal, Hala Forest Reserves on the

Indus such as Maduasri and Mehrabpur in Sindh. Wayre (1972) concluded that

the animal was facing danger of extinction in immediate future.

Murray (1884) reported Smooth-coated Otter in affair number in the

villages around Indus River. Feacal markings had been found in Sukkur upto

Guddu area and were reportedly were frequent around Taunsa (Gachal and

Slater, 2004). Gachal et al. (2007) recorded the species from two viz Haleji

16

Lake and Sajawal of the 15 sites of the province Sindh, but did not find any sign

of the animal in Chtoyaron and Nara Canal, District Sanghar.

Rais et al. (2009 a) confirmed presence of smooth-coated otter at Nara

Canal and Chotiari Reservoir, District Sangahr through direct sightings of six

pups of Smooth-coated Otter.

Numerous factors such as habitat loss are threatening the survival of

Smooth-coated Otter. The extent of riverine forests along Indus River has

shrunken due to construction of dams for mega hydro-electric projects in the

upstream. Furthermore, poaching is one of the major threats face by the otter

species. Cushions made of otter skin are considered as a remedy to piles while

cap made of otter’s skin as a cure for migrain. By creating awareness among

the local community, implementation of laws, strict ban on hunting and trade,

declaring areas where otters are confined as protected areas could save the

species from endagerement (Jeffries et al., 1974; Coulter et al., 1984; Roberts,

1997; Rais et al., 2009a). Worldwide decline in otter population is due to

persecution by fish farmers and loss of habitat. Further obnoxious chemicals

from croplands affected otters directly as well as by consuming fish having such

toxic chemicals incorporated in their tissues (Wayre, 1972).

Few aspects of taxonomy, feeding habits and distribution of Smooth-

coated Otter in Asia have been well documented. Anoop and Hussain (2004 &

2005) studied the factors affecting habitat selection by Smooth-coated Otter

along the Periyar Lake, Periyar Tiger Reserve, Keral, India. They concluded

that narrow, slanted and less rocky areas are preferred for foraging. Smooth-

coated Otter avoid the deeper and wider areas of the lake. Areas with high sand

contents and proximity to water are selected as grooming sites.

Shenoy et al. (2006) studied the factors determining the habitat choice of

the Smooth-coated Otter in a South Indian River System, and found out otter

17

grooming sites comprised of loosely packed sand and rock while lacked hard,

packed sand and stony gravel.

Foster-Turley (1989) concluded that smooth-coated Otter are found in

places with ample food supply, water source, and unpolluted water, protection

from man, cover and accessible dry substrate. Group size usually consisted of

two parents with upto six cubs (Wayer, 1974). Main prey items in scats were

fish (Nor, 1989).

Hussain and Chaudhury (1997) conducted a study on the distribution

and relative density of Smooth coated Otter in National Chambal Sanctaury,

India. They found 12 % reduction in the otter signs at study sites within a four

year study period. Furthermore, most of the sites (66 %) with otter signs were

found on rocky banks. Greater preference for rocky banks was also reflected as

78 % sites were located on rock banks following the activity pattern of four

radio-implanted otters.

Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) has come into the focus of

public interest in recent years; however, the knowledge about its basic

population biology is very poor. Population size, one of the basic biological

parameters is particularly difficult to estimate for nocturnal animals with cryptic

life style and little individual distinctiveness like common otters. Poor

documentation of the status and distribution of common otter is a major

obstacle in designing effective conservation strategies for common otter in

Pakistan.

Birds of Pakistan

A great deal of research has been done on the bird fauna of Pakistan. Ali

and Ripley (1964-1974) documented avifauna of India and Pakistan. Roberts

(1991 and 1992) updated previous attempt, and described in detail as many as

18

650 bird species. Mirza (2007) prepared a field guide to the birds of Pakistan.

However, data on biology, ecology and population are sparse, and the focus of

most studies is enlisting of bird species of a particular area. Important early

contributions in documenting the Indian bird fauna were by Jerdon (1862-1864),

Humes (1873 a & b) and Butler (1877).

Later accounts were provided by Cock and Marshell (1873), Doig (1879

&1880), Humes and Oates (1889- 1890a, b & c), Osmaston (1901, 1925

&1926), Fulton (1904), Rattray (1905), Perreau (1910), Whitehead (1910),

Jones (1912), Minertzhagen (1914 & 1920), Baker (1922, 1924, 1926, 1927,

1928, 1929 &1932-1935), Williams and Williams (1929), Whistler and Kinnear

(1933-1937), Waite (1934, 1938 & 1948), Ali et al., (1983), Christison (1941),

Ripley (1961), Khanum et al. (1980) and Hussain (1988).

Field guides, handbooks and checklists of the birds of Indo-Pakistan

have been published by Ripley, (1961); Ali and Ripley (1964-1974); Roberts

(1991) and Mirza (2007). A checklist of the birds of Pakistan with illustrated

keys was published by Khanum et al. (1980). Significant contributions regarding

the birds of Province Sindh particularly were made by some workers (Khanum

and Qadri, 1972, Khanum et al. 1980; Baqai and Siddiqui, 1979; Siddiqui, 1983;

Ahmad and Ghalib, 1986; Ghalib and Hasnain, 1994, 1997a & b; Ghalib et al.,

1999 and 2000; Hasnain and Parveen, 1988; Hasnain and Ghalib, 1997).

In a series of unpublished report of International Waterfowl Research

Bureau mission to Pakistan, Koning and co-workers presented useful data

about the birds of the Indus region (Koning and Dijksen, 1971,1972 &1974;

Koning and Walmsley, 1973; Koning and Koning- Raat, 1975 and 1976).

Working on the fauna of mangroves swamps of Sindh coast, Ahmad et al.

(1985, 1986, 1987 &1988) recorded waterfowl species of the mangrove areas.

19

Wetlands International sponsored mid-winter waterfowl counts have

been regularly conducting at different wetlands of the country (Perennou et al.

1993; Li and Mundkur, 2004). Nevertheless, such counts do not produce a

reliable population size and trend. In fact, these are helpful in documenting

species richness of waterfowls, especially of migratory birds.

Amphibians and Reptiles of Pakistan

Although information about amphibian and reptilian species inventory

and distribution in Pakistan is documented to a great extent, but more

exploratory work is required. Several bio-ecological aspects of the herpetofauna

of the country are still obscure. Two classical and authentic records on the

herpetofauna of Pakistan are by Minton (1966) and Mertens (1969). Khan

(2006) has compiled all up-to-date available information on the amphibians and

reptiles of Pakistan. After reviewing some of the available published literature

on the herpetofauna of the country, it is revealed that most of the research so

far has been focused on the enlisting and reviewing the taxonomic status of

these taxonomic groups (Auffenberg and Rehamn, 1991, 1993 & 1997; Baig,

1988, 1989, 1990, 1997, 1998 & 1999; Khan, 2003 & 2004 and Javed and

Rehamn, 2004). Some laboratory oriented work on amphibians and reptiles

regarding the pesticides-induced effects in decreasing some enzymes has also

been done (Khan, 2003 and 2004; Khan et al., 2007).

Quantitative data regarding amphibian population are lacking in

Pakistan. Molur (2008) reviewed conservation status of the amphibians of

South Asia. As many as 348 amphibian species have so far been reported

from eight countries viz. Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives,

Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka of South Asia. Of the assessed amphibians, 20

have become extinct, 26 Critically Endangered, 66 Endangered, 26 Vulnerable,

11 Near Threatened, 77 Data Deficient and 30 Least Concern.

20

Khan (2006) gave a detailed account of 235 amphibians and reptiles

(209 reptiles and 26 amphibians) of Pakistan. Here again, several aspects of

biology, ecology and population of several species have not been described.

Amphibians and Reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir, Distrcit Sanghar, Province

Sindh

WWF (2008) reported 28 reptiles from Chotiari Reservoir. The study only

gives indices of abundance not population estimates of even notable species of

the area such as Marsh Crocodile.

Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) is undoubtedly is the most

studied reptilian species of the province Sindh. Ahmed (1954) reported

crocodile from Makhi dhundh, Nara Canal. Ahmed (1985) concluded that

wetlands of Sindh were home to some 120 crocodiles; however, only 17 were

directly sighted in Nara Canal and 19 were observed in other lakes of Sindh.

Sindh Wildlife Management Board recorded 750 Crocodiles from Deh Akro II

(Nawabshah), Haleji Lake (Thatta) and Nara Canal (Sangahr) in 1999.

Javed and Rehman (2004) reported a population of 480 Marsh Crocodile

(Crocodylus palustris) from Sindh, however, only 164 were seen, majority of

which -50 individuals- were kept at Manghopir Shrine. They termed Chotiari

Reservoir and Nara Canal (Sanghar), Deh Akro II (Nawabshah), Haleji Lake

(Thatta) Khar Centre (Kirthir National Park, Dadu) and Mangoopir Shrine

(Karachi) as major wetlands for the crocodiles. They described districts

Sanghar, Khairpur and Nawabshah as core areas for crocodiles. Inside the

reservoir, crocodile was seen at ten sites viz. Cut Dhundh, Kharor and Jadpur,

near Abdul Karim Goth, Sueri Bhit, Akanwari, Meena Dhundh, Wagu Wala,

Chandanwala, Namwali Dhundh and Surri. They estimated a population of 101

crocodiles from the reservoir; however, only eight were sighted directly whereas

12 sightings were reported by fishermen. Fragmentation of habitat, accidental

21

catch in fishing nets and illegal hunting were reported as major threats to

crocodiles of the Chotiari Reservoir.

Wetlands and Wetland Ecology

Wetlands, particularly freshwater ecosystem, have gained an enormous

attention scientific community. Wetland ecology and aquatic biodiversity have

been subjected to extensive studies throughout the world.

Freshwater ecosystems only constitute 0.008% of the world’s water

resources but around 12% of known animal species are dependent on these

ecosystems. Freshwater ecosystems are amongst world’s most endangered

ecosystems as well. Declines in biodiversity are far greater in fresh waters than

in the most affected terrestrial ecosystems (Sala et al., 2000).

Water bodies are shaped by the landscape and climate in which they

exist, and interactions of biological communities with their physical and

chemical environment (Brinson, 1993). Basic characterstics of wetlands and

key environmental factors that produce wetland community types are central

themes of wetland ecology (Keddy, 2000).

Medley and Havel (2007) studied the impact of hydrology on wetland

communities. They examined associations between crustacean zooplankton

community structure and hydrologic and local environmental characteristics in

29 ponds surrounding a flood-control reservoir. Fifty-eight species of

zooplankton were detected among all ponds, and local species richness ranged

from 3–16. Depth and distance from the lake were the most important

predictors of species richness and provided 31% of the explanation for variation

among ponds. Analysis of similarities revealed hydroperiod and flood frequency

were significant factors structuring communities. The results suggested that

hydrology has a significant effect on both species richness and community

structure of zooplankton communities.

22

Benthic macro-invertebrates exposed to disturbances of natural and

anthropogenic origin often respond predictably to anthropogenic disturbance.

Thus, they are valuable indicators of ecosystem health (Flint, 1979; Reynoldson

and Zarull, 1989; Burton et al., 1999; Uzarski et al., 2004). Macroinvertebrate

community structure can be used to integrate time and space to detect both

episodic and cumulative impacts to water quality (Plafkin et al., 1989).

Contribution from Asian countries in general and from Pakistan in

particular has not been very impressive during recent past regarding diversity of

wildlife inhabiting wetlands. Dudgeon (2003) reviewed contribution of scientific

information to the conservation and management of freshwater biodiversity in

tropical Asia, and found that the representation of scientists based in tropical

Asia had been extremely low until recently (1992–2001) in international journals

dealing with freshwater ecology and limnology. Scientists from tropical Asia had

authored fewer than 2% of more than 4500 papers dealing with freshwater

biology; 57% of them had been published in Hydrobiologia. Less than 0.1% of

freshwater biology papers dealt with the conservation of biodiversity in tropical

Asian fresh waters. Likewise, only 7 % of the papers published in Conservation

Biology form 1997 to 2001 had some relation to freshwater species and habitats

with the main focus on amphibian decline and impacts of exotics on amphibians

(Abell, 2002).

Dudgeon (2000a) suggested that Asia is the most populous region of the

planet, both in terms of absolute abundance (over 50% of the global total) and

densities (in 13% of the world’s land area). Asia is drained by several great

rivers, and some (e.g. the Ganges, Indus and Chang Jiang) have been the

cradles of ancient civilizations. Pollution from agricultural areas and non-point

sources is largely uncontrolled, and domestic wastewater treatment is limited.

Some rivers, such as the Huang He (Yellow River) in China, have been

degraded irreversibly, and numerous rivers in Java and Peninsular Malaysia are

23

in such poor condition that fisheries have collapsed. One habitat that is of

particular importance to some elements of the Asian megafauna is the

seasonally inundated, grassy floodplains of large rivers. The Indian Rhinoceros

(Rhinoceros unicornis) is confined to such habitats. Other wetland deer include

subspecies of Asian Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis) that graze vegetation on

frequently flooded alluvial soils; Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) that occur on

floodplains and marshy areas with tall grass; and, Sambar Deer (Cervus

unicolor) that make opportunistic use of floodplains and riparian forest and often

feed while wading. Marshland deer have splayed or unusually large hooves

(e.g. Cervus eldi eldi and Elaphurus davidianus) that are sensitive to hard

ground but which are adaptive in marshy riverine grasslands. In terms of

charismatic megafauna, crocodilians (crocodiles, gharials and one alligator) are

an important part of riverine biodiversity in tropical Asia, and eight of the global

total of 23 species occurs in the region.

Dudgeon (2000a, b & 2006) summarized threats to the biodiversity of

Asian rivers and their associated wetlands. These included water pollution,

salinization, and overharvesting. Flow regulation, including dam-building for

hydroelectricity and impoundment of rivers to control floods, had profound

effects ranging from alterations in the natural flow regime (changes in current

speed, flow volume, water temperature and oxygen concentration) to

obstruction of fish breeding migrations. Deforestation within drainage basins

had caused sedimentation and degradation of lakes and rivers, and conversion

of floodplains and riparian zones to agriculture had detrimental effects on the

biota of riverine wetlands. Translocation of native species and exotic or alien

introductions might have presented a further threat to indigenous biodiversity. In

the longer-term, global climate change will have major effects on flow

seasonality and discharge volume of Asian rivers. Jhonson (1994) described

dredging, drainage and filling associated human activities the most powerful

forces currently shaping the metrics of wetland mosaic.

24

Gibbs (1993) simulated loss of small, legally unprotected freshwater

wetlands, Maine, USA to examine how loss of small wetlands could alter the

geometry of the wetland mosaic and thereby might affect the dynamics of meta-

populations of wetland-associated organisms. He concluded that small

wetlands play a greater role in the meta-population dynamics of certain taxa of

wetland animals than the modest area comprised by small wetlands.

Gibbs (2000) suggested that the high biological productivity of wetlands

and strong selection pressure of an aquatic existence have produced a rich

biota associated only with wetland.

Harris (1988) studies the nature of cumulative impacts on biotic diversity

of wetland vertebrates and concluded that that a system of replicate wetland

reserves that are allowed to interact naturally with the surrounding landscape

will be more effective in preserving biotic diversity than isolated sanctuaries.

Crocodilians

Living crocodilians include four groups viz. Alligators, Caimans,

Crocodiles and Gharials. Over hunting and habitat loss are believed to be the

main factors threatening the survival of these animals. They are unequivocally

the largest fresh water inhabitants and can be found in various aquatic habitats

such as swamps, rivers, marshes and forest streams (Martin, 2008). Even they

can occasionally adapt to saline waters such as mangroves or estuaries

(Dunson, 1982; Mazzotti and Dunson, 1984). Waterholes maintained by

crocodiles are served as reservoirs, especially during dry season, or

arthropods, crustaceans, fish and amphibians (Gans, 1989; Kushlan, 1974).

The genus Crocodylus (with 13 species) has the highest level of species

diversity. Crocodylus palustris digs burrows during the dry season to protect

themselves from the sun and wait in the shade the next raining season (Rao,

1994). Crocodilian populations are declining due to competition with humans for

25

habitat and food, the drainage of swamps for agriculture purpose, habitat

fragmentation and pollution. Restriction and blockage in the seasonal migration

of prey species which move down-stream during the rainy season and up-

stream during the period of low water level have been implicated as major

detrimental stressors on crocodilian population (Martin, 2008).

Destruction of habitat, collection for stocking in the crocodile farms and

poaching have contributed to the decline in the number of Crocodylus

siamensis throughout southeast Asia (Ross, 1998; Thorbjarnarson, 1992).

Crocodylus acutus and Crocodylus moreletii had been pushed to the brink of

extinction by skin hunters (Charnock-Wilson, 1970).

Testudines and their Trade

Around 289 species of turtles and tortoises occur in the world (Ernst et

al., 2005). Eight species of freshwater turtles distributed over two families viz.

Emydidae and Trionychidae are found in the wetlands of Punjab Province,

Pakistan (Khan, 2006).

Akbar et al. (2006) recorded 3528 individuals of eight freshwater turtle

species from Punjab. Brown River Turtle (Kachuga smithii) (43.62%) was found

to be most abundant followed by Saw Back Turtle (Kachuga tecta) (42.06%);

Indian Soft-shell Turtle (Aspideretes gangeticus) (1.76%) and Peacock Soft-

shell (Aspideretes hurum) (3.09%) were frequent while Common River Turtle

(Hardella thurjii) (0.88%) and Narrow-headed Soft-shell (Chitra indica) (0.54%)

were rare.

Testudines from the wetlands of southeast Asia are harvested for food

and traditional Chinese medicines. Further, they are also kept as pets (Suwelo,

2001). Past decade has witnessed an overwhelming increase in the trade in

southeast Asia freshwater turtles accounting greater proportion of trade of any

26

regional wildlife resources. Dried plastral skin, presumably exported for

medicines and soup, is relatively a new phenomenon (Sundar, 2004).

An estimated 13, 000 metric tones of live turtles or 13 million individuals

were traded in 1999 from different southeast Asia countries such as

Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and India. Soft-shell turtles were traded more.

Around 15 of 18 Asian turtle species were listed as Critically Endangered in

IUCN Red List, 2000. Targeted exploitation for various purposes was major

cause of the endangerment (Anonymous, 2001).

Turtle species such as Indian Soft-shell Turtle, Peacock Soft-shell, Indian

Flapshell, Saw Back Turtle and Common River Turtle have been recorded from

the markets of Guanghou and Shenzhen, South China (Salzberg, 1998 and Lau

& Shi, 2000) while Brown River Turtle shells were also traded as curio masks

from Nepal (Mitchell and Rhodin, 1996).

Das and Gupta (2004) concluded that turtles were traded in relatively low

numbers in the markets of south Assam than that of China markets. However

two species viz. Indian Soft-shell Turtle and Peacock Soft-shell listed on

Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade of Endangered

Species of Fauna and Flora) were found in the markets.

Turtles are often sold by weight urging poachers to look for larger

animals. These way females are caught, as they are larger which produces a

bias in the sex ratio of wild populations (Das, 1990).

Whitaker (2006) reported that the clutch size of Indian Soft-shell Turtle

averages 17.9 eggs and ranges between 6 to 35 eggs; egg length averges 30.6

mm; width 30.22 mm and weight 16.85 g.

27

Dryden et al. (1992) concluded that Benagl Monitor (Varanus

bengalensis) maintains high diurnal body temperature but it lowers body

temperature overnight by retreating to cool refugia.

Phillips (1995) examined movement pattern of Savana Monitor Lizard

(Varanus albigularis). He found that the home ranges of the species during

hot/wet season were larger than those of cool/dry season. However, during

breeding season males showed more movements. Further, he observed that by

providing supplemental food during the cool/dry season daily movements of

males increased many folds showing that food limits the movement not the

season.

Large Lizards

Large lizards account for over 50% of all lizards considered threatened

(IUCN, 1990). Many populations of monitor lizards are threatened due to habitat

destruction and fragementation. Population estimates for varanids are difficult

to obtain due to active predation, large home range sizes and seasonal

variations in the activity pattern (Pianka, 1969; Auffenberg, 1988; Branch,

1991).

Millennium Ecosystem Assessment

Undoubtedly, wetlands role in provisioning water, fuel wood and food

(such as fish and shell fish) has been highly appreciated. Globally, around 1.5

to 3 billion people are dependent on groundwater charged through wetlands.

Few wetlands services such as regulation of climate change at a local scale by

wetlands is not yet acknowledged despite the fact that intense climatic

conditions do not prevail or are less pronounced in areas with wetlands.

Wetlands are generally, converted into agriculture lands or developed for

28

tourism. However, converted wetlands have far less economic value than of

unconverted and unaltered ones (MEA, 2005 a).

Well-being people living near wetlands and health of wetlands are inter-

connected, thereby, may suffer due to wetland degradation. Loss and

degradation of wetlands are due to some indirect factors such as human

population growth and increasing economic developments and direct factors

such as overharvesting and overexploitation, water withdrawal, pollution, land

conversion, and introduction of alien species (MEA, 2005 a).

Habitat Destruction

Presence of variety of species enables ecosystem to become resilient in

the face of a changing environment. Likewise, an individual component of that

diversity may be valuable as a biological resource. Any change in the diversity

and in a component of biodiversity can affect people in one way or another.

Ecosystems around the world are also becoming homogenous in species

composition.

Around 27% of the wetlands in Asia had been drained by 1985. Increase

in the use of water for irrigation and excessive nutrient loading have severely

affected fresh water supply and provisioning of some fish species from

wetlands. Nutrient loading alone, for instance, has caused creation of hypoxiac

zones, acidification, formation of algal blooms and eutrophication. Adverse

affects of eutrophication such as deterioration n in water quality, enormous

growth of hydrophytes and hindrance in fish mobility etc. have been well

documented (MEA, 2005 a).

Habitat destruction is manifested in three different forms viz.

degradation, fragmentation and outright loss (Hunter and Gibbs, 2007). In

recent years habitat loss has attained a paramount importance for being the

29

most severe threat to wildlife across the globe (Brooks et al., 2002; Smith and

Smith, 2003). Human activities such as over-grazing, deforestation, bush fires,

mining, and urbanization are among the principle causes of habitat destruction

(Kideghesho, 2005 and Mwalyosi, 1992).

Habitat destruction and conversion for agriculture and forestry activities

and the associated degradation and fragmentation are the major problems

faced by wildlife. Over 90 % of globally threatened birds are affected by the

habitat destruction. Over 86 % of the bird species are threatened mainly due to

degradation and destruction of their habitat. This loss is attributed to the

destruction of huge areas of natural habitats such as forests, grasslands and

wetlands. Birds that have adapted to rural, semi-natural habitats are being

affected due to intensification of agricultural declines in temperate and tropical

regions alike (BirdLife International).

In comparison to terrestrial habitats, freshwater habitats and their

associated species are more threatened (McAllister et al. 1997; Ricciardi and

Rasmussen, 1999). However, not much focus has been given on the research

regarding these habitats and their conservation which is reflected in a review of

papers published in conservation biology form 1997 to 2001 (Abell, 2002). He

found that 7 % of the papers published had some relation to freshwater species

and habitats. Nonetheless, a greater fraction of this research was related to

amphibian decline and impacts of exotics on amphibians.

Habitat transformation, invasive alien species and pollution (nitrogen and

phosphorous etc.) very rapidly had very high impact on wetlands over the last

centaury while overexploitation had a moderate continuing impact (MEA, 2005

a).

Examination of ecosystem services revealed that four services viz.

crops, livestock, aquaculture and carbon sequestration have been enhanced at

30

a cost of reduction in other ecosystem services such as water supply, natural

hazard protection, regulation of air quality, regulation of regional and local

climate etc (MEA, 2005 b).

Brooks et al. (2002) concluded that none of the world’s 25 biodiversity

hotspots have one third of their pristine habitat remaining, therefore, many of

the hotspots’ endemics are believed to have been driven to the verge of

extinction if not already extinct. Even though wildlife protected areas are being

established worldwide, wildlife habitat destruction has remained the major

problem.

To increase agriculture production, the land area under irrigated

agriculture has been expanded that in turn result in the creation of more water

storage reservoirs. Such reservoirs may loose their water storage capacity in a

relatively shorter time due to the amount of sediment that come from the

catchment areas if other natural resources such as forests and rangelands are

not managed properly (Mc Neely, 1987).

There are plausible evidences suggesting that the created or restored

wetlands differ from natural wetlands and that few ecological processes such as

nutrient recycling loose their efficiency in created or restored wetlands

(Whigam, 1991).

Opheim (1997) reported that around half of the America’s pristine

wetland habitats has been lost. About 46 % of endangered species in USA are

dependent on wetlands.

Varied topography and different levels of elevations in Pakistan have

resulted into a vast array of numerous wetland habitats from marine, estuarine

and mangroves in the south up to world’s highest alpine peat lands in the north.

31

It is estimated that wetlands constitute around 9.7 % of Pakistan’s land mass.

As many as 225 wetlands have been explored so far. The most comprehensive

work on the wetlands of Pakistan is by Scott (1989). He categorized wetlands of

Pakistan into 11 types, and gave a detailed account of 52 wetlands of the

country.

Wetlands International has been sponsoring Asian Waterfowl Count in

Pakistan since 1967. The counts are undertaken during the months of January.

Data on water birds are collected by personnel from relevant government

departments such as Zoological Survey Department, Provincial Wildlife and

Forest departments. Maximum number (2017805) of individuals of water-birds

was counted in 1993 and by 2001 the number had reduced to 508988.

Anthropogenic activities such as pollution, over-grazing, unregulated tourism

and natural calamities such as droughts were major threats to water-birds

(Ghalib et al., 2009).

Wetlands and their associated Wildlife in Pakistan

Sheikh and Kashif (2006) discussed the strategic role of Pakistan

Wetland resources. They concluded some migratory bird species such as

Palla’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus leucorypus), Siberian Crane (Grus

leucogeranus), Sarus Crane (Grus antigone), Dalmation Pelican (Pelicanus

crispus), Sociable Plover (Vanellus gregarious) and Lesser White-fronted

Goose (Anser erytherops) need urgent attention. Convergence of three high

mountain ranges have lead eventually into the formation of great variety of

wetland habitats in Pakistan such as glacial lakes, running streams and nullahs

etc. Ucchali Wetland Complex, Khushab, is important for white- headed duck

while Zangi Nawar Lake, Baluchistan is important for marbled teal and

mountain wetlands are important for ferruginous duck. Lack of consistency in

the data, regular monitoring of migratory species and lack of an effective

network of specialist for generating accurate data for developing conservation

32

policies for flyways are major constraints regarding assessment of strategic role

of wetlands with respect to migratory birds. The Indus river system and its flood

plains form the main inland wetland areas. Pakistan has more than 670 species

of birds, of which one third are water birds.

Tens of thousands migratory birds reach different wetlands such as

region of Indus delta, Haleji Lake, Keenjhir Lake, Drigh Lake, Lungh Lake and

wetlands in the Nara area of district Sanghar in Sindh; lakes of salt range such

as Ucchali wetlands complex, Kalar Kahar Lake and Nummal Lake; Thanedar

Wala Game Reserve in Khyber PakhtunKhua; Zangi Nawar Lake in Baluchistan

and several other high-altitude alpine wetlands in Pakistan through International

Migratory Birds Route Number 4 or Green Route or commonly known as Indus

Flyway.. About half of the duck species of Pakistan have become rare such as

white-headed duck, falcated teal, white-eyed pochard and marbled teal. Baer’s

pochard was seen only once in early fifties. Flamingoes, pelicans, carnes,

shorebirds and falcons are other important migratory birds (Rais, 2009b).

Barriers in the migratory route include communication towers and masts,

windows and tall buildings, wind turbines , power lines and light pollution. A

multitude of threats such as hunting, reduction in the areas of wetlands and

pollution have seriously impacted migratory pattern and the populations of birds

in Pakistan (Rais, 2009b).

Changes in the global climate have been reported as a major threat to

wetlands and their dependent wildlife. Increase in the concentration of green

house gasses, high temperature, prolonged heat spell, fewer cold days, melting

of ice, rise in sea level etc. all are severely affecting wetland ecosystems and

their biological resources (Rais, 2008b).

Ali and Akhter (2006) studied decrease in the size of lakes and number

of birds in some wetlands of Pakistan. They pointed out anthropogenic threats,

33

most as a consequence of poverty, but many are exacerbated by human

ignorance and mismanagement is destroying wetlands. The Indus flyway is one

of the world’s major migration routes. Some of the world globally threatened

birds such as white-headed duck, houbara bustard and Siberian crane use this

route. It is estimated that between 700, 000 to 1200, 000 birds arrive in the

Pakistan via Indus Flyway every year. They carried out detailed survey on the

reduction in the surface area and number of birds at nine major wetlands, and

concluded 46% reduction in the size of lakes between 1993 and 2003.

Likewise, total number of birds in 1993 was 177, 671 but by 2003 that number

was reduced to 89, 010.

Amjad and Kidwai (2003) summarized some of the major threats to

wetlands of Sindh. These included hunting and allied activities, human

settlement, drainage for agriculture, disturbances from recreation, reclamation

for urban and industrial development, pollution, catchment degradation, and

diversion of water, soil erosion and silting. As for wetlands of Sindh, lack of

proper management and ignorance of the importance of healthy wetlands are

among major threats beside afore mentioned threats.

Ghalib et al. (2009) concluded that lack of scientific research regarding

the shorebirds is a major constraint in the international cooperation for the

conservation of shorebirds in Pakistan. They reported a total of 57 species of

shorebirds from Pakistan, belonging to one order and 10 families. Among them

12 were resident, 2 breeding visitors, 12 winter visitor/ passage migrants, 04

vagrants, and 26 were winter visitors. Besides 13 already identified key

wetlands important for shorebirds, three more were identified, as shorebirds

were found to concentrate at those sites. Major threats to shorebirds were

habitat degradation, land reclamation, hunting and drought. Development of

shorebird network, appropriate management of network sites, monitoring of

shorebird population and initiation of projects on shorebird migration are

34

suggested for the better understanding of shorebirds and international

cooperation for their conservation.

Indus Ecoregion

The global 200 Analysis by WWF identified five ecoregions in Pakistan.

The Indus Ecoregion is the only ecoregion that lies fully within Pakistan. The

Indus Ecoregion is identified amongst world’s 40 most biologically rich

ecoregions. It covers approximately 65 % of the province of Sindh. It has

riverine forests along the Indus River, mangrove forests in the coastal areas

and the periphery is typified by desert (WWF, 2008).

The Indus ecoregion is a unique example of natural wetland type

consisting of the main rivers, irrigation canals, reservoirs, ponds, lakes,

marshes, creeks, sand flats, mudflats and mangrove swamps. It is the end point

of Central Asian Flyway in Pakistan, providing wintering grounds for about 250,

000 waterbirds during migratory season. The Indus Delta is also an important

nesting and breeding grounds for a number of fish and shell fish species. Water

from the River Indus and from other fresh water bodies is used mainly for

agriculture and drinking purpose. Further, a number of endemic and threatened

animal taxa e.g. Blind Indus River Dolphin, Hog Deer, Green Turtle, Indian

Python, Marsh Crocodile, Marbled Teal, Ruddy Shell Duck etc are found in

Indus Ecoregion. The ecoregion’s coastline of about 350 km is very productive

which contributes around 48 % of fish export of Pakistan. Moreover, around 70

% of marine fish resource, 65 % of freshwater and 100 % of brackish water fish

resource is from Indus Ecoregion (WWF, 2008).

Aquatic Contamination in Pakistan

Studies related to wetlands’ contamination due to chemical pollution from

toxic substances from the industrial effluents, pesticides, nitrogenous fertilizers,

35

arsenic and other noxious chemicals have been conducted to a level of

satisfaction in Pakistan. (Abid and Jamil, 2005; Kahlown et al., 2004; Jehangir,

2002; Din et al., 1997; Tahir et al.,1998; Sajjad and Rahim,1998; Hussain and

Mateen, 1998; Sial and Mehmood,1999, Chandio,1999; Tahir, 2000).

Wetlands of District Sanghar, Province Sindh

A number of important wetlands of different types such as freshwater

lakes, temporary ponds, water storage reservoirs, irrigation canals etc. lie within

the District Sanghar of Province Sindh. Most of these wetlands are without any

baseline studies; however, Asian Waterfowl Count has been regularly held at

Nara Canal, Soonehri Lake, Sanghriaro Lake and Sadhori Lake by Sindh

Wildlife Management Board.

The wetlands of district Sanghar occur in Thar Desert of Indomalayan

Realm (Code No.1.4.15) (Udvardy, 1975). Significant wetlands of the district

include Nara Canal, Chotiari Resevoir, Sanghriaro lake and Sadhori lake.. Most

of these lakes are brackish with muddy bottom, as these are formed from the

seepage from Nara Canal and Chotiari Resrevoir. These are infested with

abundant Typha, Tamarix, Phragmites and Saccharum species. All the

wetlands are playing a common function of ground water recharge and flood

water storage. Water from the reservoir and Nara canal is also being used as a

source of water for human consumption, livestock and agriculture. These

wetlands, altogether, offer excellent wintering grounds for migratory birds,

ducks and shorebirds specially (Rais et al., 2008).

Nara Canal area consists of chain of small, permanent and seasonal,

freshwater, brackish and saline lakes and marshes. Seepage from this canal

has resulted into the formation of hundreds of lakes of less than 200 ha in area.

Most of these are fresh water supporting extensive growths of aquatic

36

vegetation, while others are saline and almost devoid of vegetation. Many dry

out completely during winter and early spring (Scott, 1989).

Sanghriaro Lake is a shallow water saline lake with muddy bottom. It is

an important wintering area for coots, ducks and shorebirds. Between 15,000

and 27,000 Anatids and coots were present in mid-winter in the mid 1970s. The

1988 count included: 300 Little Grebe (Tachybatus ruficollis) ; 1,765 Wigeon

(Anas penelope); 1,680 Common Teal; 1,210, Common Pochard; 1,460 Tufted

Duck (Aythya fuligula) and 4,300 Common Coot (Scott, 1989).

Sadhori Lake is a freshwater lake with numerous associated marshes

and extensive reed-beds. It has relatively little open water. It is an area of

outstanding scenic beauty. Scott (1989) reported several uncommon species

such as Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) and White-eyed Pochard (Aythya nyroca).

Around 10,000 waterfowls were counted during 1970s. Prominent species were

Common Teal, Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhynca) and Northern Pintail

(Anas acuta).

Rais et al. (2008) identified nine more wetlands in District Sangahr

beside aforementioned wetlands. Tul Lake is located in a desert, and is

important for migratory birds, particularly for coots and ducks. Dogrion Lake is

located on Chotiari and Bakar road that bifurcates it into two. This lake is of

paramount importance to shorebirds. Nooghno Lake is located in desert area.

Kharor Lake is also situated in desert on the north eastern side of Chotiari

Reservoir. It is bordered, at most of its edges with, date palms trees. Panihal

Dhand and Rarr Lake have muddy bottoms. These all wetlands receive rain

water and seepage water from the reservoir and irrigation canals. Sareji dhand

is heavily infested with Typha and Phragmites with abundant resident rallid

species such as White-breasted Water Hen (Amauronis phoenicurus), Common

Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Purple Moorhen (Porphyrio purphyrio).

Ithpar Dhand is located on the south -western direction of Tando Mitha Khan

37

road. Bakar Lake is a highly eutrophic and productive lake. It supports fisheries

activities for the local community. This is also a main threat to this lake as

people are not following sustainable means of fishing. Further, it is receiving

seepage water of the reservoir which is badly affecting its water quality.

Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Province Sindh

Chotiari Reservoir was created in a natural depression along the left

bank of the Nara Canal. Its construction began in1994 and was completed in

2003. The reservoir is located along the left bank of the Nara Canal, and it was

created to collect and store Indus River’s flood water during the peak period

(January through September), and release that during dry seasons (Mid

October through Mid April). The reservoir is fed by a 6,500 cusec capacity

channel- Ranto Canal. It originates at Head Jamrao from Nara Canal.

Numerous small to large-sized water bodies, which constitute around 30% of

the total reservoir, form aquatic features of the reservoir (WWF, 2008).

Water form the reservoir is used for drinking, agriculture and livestock. It

is also a major source of subsistence and commercial fishing. Reservoir,

irrigation canals, seepage ponds and associated marshes altogether perform a

common function of surface water storage and ground water recharge (Rais et

al., 2008).

Seven notable villages lie in and around the reservoir. These include

Makhi, Bakar, Akanwari, Khadvari, Phuleil and Haranthari villages. Fishing,

agriculture, livestock rearing and jobs in different sectors are major sources of

livelihood for the people of the area. Major cultivated crops of the area include

cotton (Kharif) and wheat (Rabi). Nevertheless, rice, sugar-cane, animal fodder

and vegetables are also grown in the area. Water storage capacity of the

reservoir is 0.75 MAF. Evaporation ranges 11 mm per day in summer and 2.5

per day in winter. Annual average evaporation is about 2250 mm. Pond water

38

level of the reservoir ranges from 6m to 3m. Maximum depth of the reservoir is

6-45 feet (WWF, 2008).

Various studies are available up-to-date regarding limnology including

studies on phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, algae, fish, macrophytes, vegetation

of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Limnology of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Province Sindh

Physico-chemical parameters of the reservoir recorded during pre

monsoon (2007) were temperature from 30-32oC, electrical conductivity varied

from 553-39500 µS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids varied from 354-25280 ppm, pH

varied from 7.3-8.9, salinity varied from 0.0-20 mg/l, turbidity varied from 0.83-

17.5 NTU, total hardness varied from 100-5000 ppm, Ca ++ varied from 50-

2300 ppm, Mg ++ varied from 40-3400 ppm, SO4 - - varied from 3450 ppm, Cl-

varied from 150-10000 ppm, alkalinity varied from 122-2135 ppm, phenols

varied from 0.0068-0.51 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen varied from 0.18 to 5.06 mg/l .

Physico-chemical parameters of the reservoir recorded post monsoon (2007)

were temperature from 25-29oC, electrical conductivity varied from 571-37400

µS/cm, Total Dissolved Solids varied from 366-23528 ppm, pH varied from

7.20-8.36, salinity varied from 0.5-17 mg/l, turbidity varied from 2.00-40.0, total

hardness varied from 98-4800 ppm, Ca ++ varied from 40- 1550 ppm, Mg ++

varied from 65-2690 ppm, SO4 - - varied from 62-2425 ppm, Cl- varied from 100-

4300 ppm, alkalinity varied from 34-2025 ppm, phenols varied from 0.0051-

0.549 mg/l, Dissolved Oxygen varied from 1.5 to 5.2 mg/l. Biological Oxygen

Demand varied from 1.40-4.58 ppm and Chemical Oxygen Demand varied from

5.16-11.15 ppm (WWF, 2008).

The Cr varied from 0.030-0.091 mg/l, Pb varied from 0.0068-0.0183 mg/l,

Cd varied from 0.00039-0.0024 mg/l, Ni varied from 0.0023- 0.0095 mg/l and

the Arsenic varied 0.025-0.050 mg/l (WWF, 2008)..

39

Leghari et al. (1999) carried out study on plankton diversity, fish fauna,

aquatic plant diversity, and water quality of Chotiari Reservoir. They found out

richness of biodiversity of plankton, satisfactory growth of fish, and favorable

water quality at Chotiari Reservoir. Among water parameters they found out

total residues 315-375 mg/L, hardness 110-210 mg/L as CaCO3, pH 7.84-8.16,

dissolved oxygen 6.6-7.8 mg/L, electric conductivity 500-580 µs/ cm, chloride

29-64 mg/L as Cl, phosphates as phosphorus 0-05 mg/L, nitrate as nitrogen 0-

4.00 µg/L, sodium 30-98 mg/L, potassium 4.3-13 mg/L, calcium 13.5-38 mg/L,

and magnesium 9-25.8 mg/L.

Leghari et al. (2004) conducted study on various aspects of Bakar Lake ,

a subtropical, highly eutrophic and productive lake. They found out that air

temperature ranged 16-39 Cº, water surface temperature 15-31.3 ºC, pH 7.6-

8.9, Total Dissolved Solid 215-330 ppm, Total Suspended Solid 2-6 mg/ L,

turbidity 0.2-6.8, conductivity 39-103 m ohm X¹º, salinity 0.1-0.7 ppt,

orthophosphate 0.002-0.2 µg/ L, humidity 32-77 %, light transparency 1.1-3.6,

dissolved oxygen 4.9-11.5 mg/L, carbondioxide 14-77 ppm, nitrates 0.8-2.3 µg/

L, phosphates 0.04-0.5 µg/ L, total hardness 99-180 ppm, calcium hardness 59-

120 ppm, magnesium hardness 39-80 ppm.

Mahar et al. (2007) studied some important limnological parameters,

plankton productivity and fishery status of Chotiari Reservoir. They found

temperature air and water (30.5-38ºC and. 26.5- 33o C), Secchi depth

transparency (25-60'), pH (6.1-8.5), conductivity (504-570µS/cm2), TDS (252-

363mg/l), chlorides (25.8-59.9 mg/l), salinity (0.24-0.3) alkalinity (92.5

312.5mg/l), hardness (110-379.2mg/l) and dissolved oxygen (4.8- 7.6mg/l).

These parameters were found within the suitable ranges for fish culture.

Leghari et al. (1999) recorded four groups of phytoplanktons viz.

Chlorophyta (79 species), Dinophyta (3 species), Cyanophyta (72 species),

40

Bacillarophyta (21 species) from Chotiari Reservoir. Mahar et al. (2007)

recorded 80 phytoplankton species population belonging to four groups viz.

Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Euglenophyta and Bacillariophyta.

Leghari et al. (1999) recorded 23 zooplankton species that included

Crustacea (9 species), Cladocera (7 species), Copepoda (7 species),

Ostracoda (4 species) and Rotifera (3 species). Mahar et al. (2007) reported

zooplanktons belonging to Rotifera, Copepoda and Cladocerans. Three species

of molluscs Tricula cristella, Gyraulus convexiusculus and Lymnaea auricularia

were also recorded.

Leghari et al. (1999) reported 157 species of algae including 43.79 %

Cyanophyta, 43.13% Chlorophyta, 17.5% Bacillarophyta and 3.5% Dinophyta

from the reservoir. Leghari et al. (2004) reported 22 algal genera from Bakar

Lake belonging to 4 classes, 11 orders and 14 families. Summer algal flora of

the reservoir constituted of 248 species of 96 genera and nine phyla while 359

species of 116 genera of nine phyla were recorded during winter (WWF, 2008).

Macrophytes of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Province Sindh

Leghari et al. (1999) recorded aquatic plants of four Categories i.e. free

floating (6 species), attached floating (3 species), sub-merged aquatic

vegetation (14 species) and emergent aquatic plants (18 species). Leghari et al.

(2004) reported 46 aquatic weeds belonging to 21 families and 5 categories i.e.

free floating, attached floating, sub-merged floating, emergent aquatic, wetland

weeds. Mahar et al. (2007) recorded a total 15 of macrophyte species.

Submerged plants Hydrilla sp. Potamogeton sp. Ceratophyllum species. 80

aquatic plants were recorded from the reservoir (WWF, 2008).

41

Fishes of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Province Sindh

Leghari et al. (1999) reported 30 fish species belonging to 7 orders and

14 families including 13 species of commercial importance. Annual fish catch

was found to be 190 million tons per year. Mahar et al. (2007) recorded 33 fish

species belonging to order Cypriniformes, Siluriformes, Clupeiformes and

Channiformes. WWF (2008) reported 47 fish species of nine orders and 14

families from the reservoir.

The available literature on vertebrate diversity of Pakistan in general and

District Sanghar, Province Sindh, in particular was found to be of three types

viz. classical (published before the creation of Pakistan i.e. 1947), recent (from

1947 to 2000) and most recent (published after 2000). The Classical work

included description of fauna (mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians) of the

territory now called as Pakistan but were under British Rule when the studies

were executed (Murray, 1884; Blanford, 1888 & 1891; Blanford, 1889-1898;

Boulenger, 1890; Baker, 1922-1929; Smith, 1931 to 1943; Pocock, 1939 &

1941).

Several researchers worked on mammals (Ellerman and Morroson-Scot,

1951; Ellerman, 1961; Siddiqui, 1961; Prater, 1965; Taber et al., 1967; Siddiqui,

1969; Ahmad and Ghalib, 1975; Ahmad and Ghalib, 1979; Ahmad and Ghalib,

1986; Ahmed, 1954; Roberts, 1997; Ghalib et al., 2004 and Sheikh; Molur,

2005).

Checklists and distribution of birds in different regions were worked out

while data on biology, ecology and population remained deficient in the country

(Ali and Ripley, 1964-1974; Roberts, 1991 & 1992). Wetlands International

sponsored mid-winter waterfowl count has been regularly conducting (Perennou

and Mundkur, 1992; Perennou et al. 1993; Lopez and Mundkur, 1997 Li and

Mundkur, 2004). Nevertheless, such counts do not produce a reliable

42

population size and trend. In fact, these are helpful in documenting species

richness of waterfowls.

Although information about amphibians and reptiles inventory and

distribution in Pakistan has been documented to a great extent, but several bio-

ecological aspects such as population density and status of the herpetofauna of

the country are still obscure. Two commendable and authentic records on the

herpetofauna of Pakistan are by Minton (1966) and Mertens (1969). Khan

(2006) has compiled all the up-to-date available information on the amphibians

and reptiles of Pakistan. Checklists of herpetofauna of different localities of

Pakistan have been prepared (Khan, 2003; Khan, 2004; Javed and Rehamn,

2004). Some laboratory oriented work on amphibians and reptiles regarding the

pesticides-induced effects in decreasing some enzymes have also been done

(Khan, 2003; Khan, 2004, Khan et al., 2007 and Rais, 2004).

Several wetlands of Sindh have also been studied to some extent (Scot,

1989; Memon, 2002; Amjad and Kidwai, 2000; Sheikh and Kashif, 2006; Ali and

Akhter, 2006; Rais, et al., 2009b; Rais, et al., 2009c). Studies related to

wetlands’ contamination due to chemical pollution from toxic substances from

the industrial effluents, pesticides, nitrogenous fertilizers, arsenic and other

noxious chemicals have been conducted to a level of satisfaction in Sindh.

(Abid and Jamil, 2005; Kahlown et al., 2004; Jehangir, 2002; Din et al., 1997;

Tahir et al.,1998; Sajjad and Rahim,1998; Hussain and Mateen, 1998; Sial and

Mehmood,1999; Chandio,1999; Tahir, 2000).

Few studies have been undertaken on the wetlands and their associated

vertebrates of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh. Limnology, algal and

planktonic diversity (Leghari et al., 1999; Leghari et al., 2004; Mahar et al.,

2007) and vegetation (Qureshi, 2009) of the reservoir have been studied up to a

level of satisfaction. Few baseline studies on some important vertebrates such

as Hog Deer (Azam et al., 2002), Crocodile (Ahmed, 1954; Javed and Rehman,

43

2004), Smooth-coated Otter (Gachal et al., 2007 and Rais et al., 2009a) have

been done. Rais et al. (2008) studied changes in the avifauna of the wetlands of

District Sanghar.

WWF (2008) conducted two surveys viz. summer (June, 2007) and

winter (January, 2009), each not lasted more than three days at the complex for

any particular wildlife group. Hence, it failed to provide any reliable estimates of

population densities of even notable wildlife species such as otter and

crocodile. Nor did it account for relative abundance, evenness and status of

mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians of the area.

After reviewing the available literature on the vertebrates of Pakistan,

particularly District Sanghar, Province Sindh, it was found that the focus of most

studies was enlisting of species of any particular area and revision of taxonomy.

Data on biology, ecology, population and status are lacking even notable

species that are rare such as otter, crocodile, fishing cat and marbled teal etc

as well as very common such as egret and cormorant species have not been

studied well. Some shortcoming such as unrealistic estimates, distinction

between male and female crocodile on the basis of indirect signs or

determination of population size by using pug marks were in few studies as

well (as in WWF, 2008 ; Qureshi, 2009).

44

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Area

Chotiari Reservoir is located at 30-35 km from Sanghar Town, at 60m

elevation. It is bounded by the Thar Desert sand hills on east, north, north-east

and south-east and Nara Canal on the west and south. The reservoir comprises

of many fresh and brackish water lakes (1-200ha) such as Gun, Wari, Jajur,

Phuleil, Seriao Naro, Khor, Jadpur, Meena, Waguwala, Sanjaran and Bholo.

The reservoir has a muddy bottom (WWF, 2008) and lies within a

biogeographic province - Thar Desert - of Indomalayan Realm (Udvardy, 1975).

Chotiari Reservoir was constructed in 2003 in a natural depression along

the left bank of Nara Canal. Its 58km long embankment can be divided into

Northern Dyke (19 km), Western Dyke (14 km), Southern Dyke (16km) and

South Eastern Dyke (9km). Chotiari Reservoir is provided with water through

Ranto Canal. Water from the reservoir is being supplied to districts of Umer Kot,

Mir Pur Khas, Khipro and Tando Mitha Khan (WWF, 2008). Water from the

reservoir and Nara Canal is also used for human consumption, livestock and

agriculture (Rais, et al., 2008). Seepage from Nara Canal and Chotiari

Reservoir has created several small wetlands which are playing a common

function of ground water recharge, flood water storage and wintering grounds

for migratory birds, particularly ducks and shorebirds.

Study Design

Chotiari Reservoir (Fig.3.1) was regularly visited from January, 2006 to

December, 2009 once during all four seasons of the year, and some additional

observations were taken during 2010. Stations used were City Sanghar in most

of the surveys and City Mir Purkhas (on few occasions). However, during

surveys, most of the nights were spent on the huts, World Wide Fund for

45

Nature’s site office, villager’s and fishermen’s house near the reservoir. The

duration of surveys varied ranging from a minimum of three days up to a

maximum of eight days. Equipments used during the study include binocular

(Nikula, 8-32X50 mm), spotting-scope (Yukon, 6-25X25 and 25-100X 100),

Cameras (Sony; 10.3 Mega Pixel; 24 mm to 135 mm Zoom) and (Kodak Easy

Share cx 7300; 3.2 Mega Pixel) GPS (Garmin), Sherman traps and Pitfall

Traps.

Preliminary surveys, selection of sampling units and survey method

appropriate for any particular taxa

Preliminary surveys for the selection of sampling units and field method

were undertaken during January, 2006. As many as six transects for surveying

mammals (Table 3.1) and birds (Table 3.2); twelve point count sites for birds

(Table 3.3); seven vantage points for total count of birds (Table 3.4); eight point

sites for reptiles (Table 3.5) and seven point sites for amphibians (Table 3.6)

were selected.

46

Fig.3.1. Map of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh, showing extent of the reservoir and including waterbodies of

the reservoir.

47

Table 3.1. Details of transects used for surveying mammals of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh. Transect

Number

Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes,

seconds)

Length

(km)

Description

Transect 1 N 26 09 584 & E 69 12 767 2 Sand dunes inside the reservoir.

Transect 2 N 26 08 405 & E 69 12 162 2 Sand dunes inside the reservoir.

Transect 3 N 26 04 199 & 69 08 628 3 This transect is situated after Dogrion Dhundh (Dhundh=Lake)

along a road that leads to Bakar area of the reservoir. It lies within

Pir Pagara’s Game Reserve. It has bushes to its right and

Tamarix to its left. It ends at Haji Malik Shah’s fish farms.

N 26 03 760 & E 69 09 427

Transect 4 N 26 04 161 & E 69 09 557 2 This transects leads to Bakar area of the reservoir from Nara

Mori. Left side of the transect has Tamarix while right side has

cultivated lands with some prosopis. Seepage water and

abundant Typha spp./ Phragmites spp. characterize terminal part

of the transect.

N 26 05 659 & 69 09 214

N 26 07 058 & E 69 10 308

48

Transect 5 N 26 09 453 & E 69 12 717 3 It lies along the embankment with Sukhi Wali Dhundh to its left

and sandy area on the right side.

N 26 10 308 & E 69 13 056

N 26 15 381 & E 69 00 054

Transect 6 N 26 04 625 & E 69 03 130 3 The transect lies along the road before the main reservoir starts. It

ends at Goth Faqir Muhammad. To its left are cultivated lands

and seepage water, whereas some Tamarix and seepage to its

right. Sand dunes are present where the transect ends. The

transect has muddy terrain.

49

Table 3.2. Details of transects used for surveying birds of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Transect

Number

Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes,

seconds)

Length

(km)

Description

Transect 1 N 26 04 625 & E 69 03 130 2 The transect lies along the road before the main reservoir starts. It

ends at Goth Faqir Muhammad. To its left are cultivated lands

and seepage water, whereas some Tamarix and seepage to its

right. Sand dunes are present where the transect ends. The

transect has muddy terrain.

N 26 04 788 & E 69 05 831

Transect 2 N 26 04 199 & E 69 08 628 2 This transect is situated after Dogrion Dhundh along a road that

leads to Bakar area of the reservoir. It lies within Pir Pagara’s

Game Reserve. It has bushes to its right and Tamarix to its left. It

ends at Haji Malik Shah’s fish farms.

N 26 03 760 & E 69 09 427

Transect 3 N 26 04 161 & E 69 09 557 3 This transects leads to Bakar Lake area of the reservoir from

Nara Mori. Left side of the transect has Tamarix while right side

has cultivated lands with some Prosopis. Seepage water and

abundant Typha spp. / Phragmites spp. characterize terminal part

of the transect.

N 26 05 659 & E 69 09 214

50

Transect 4 N 26 09 453 & E 69 12 717 2 It lies along the embankment with Sukhi Wali dhundh to its left

and sandy area on the right side.

N 26 10 308 & E 69 13 056

Transect 5 N 26 13 384 & E 68 59 785 5 Along the embankment. Abundant Typha spp. inward towards

main reservoir and agriculture fields and seepage water on the

opposite side.

N 26 15 381 & E 69 00 054

Transect 6 4 Right side has Ranto Canal area and its associated seepage

areas with Typha spp. while Saccharum spp. is more dominant

on left side.

51

Table 3.3. Details of point count sites used for surveying birds of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Point

Count

Station

No.

Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes, seconds)

Radius

(m)

Description

Point 1 N 26 06 835& E 69 01 039 100 Phulail Lake area

Point 2 50 Phulail area (100 meters away from first point) characterized by a

water body, human settlements.

Point 3 N 26 07 200 & E 69 10 585 80 Water body, no vegetation, stones from the edge of embankment

upto 100 m inside towards reservoir. Northern site covered with

vegetation used as a grazing land.

Point 4 N 26 07 198 & E 69 10 588 100 Sandy area, thorny vegetation, dried reed beds, no water

Point 5 N 26 08 337 & E 69 11 465 100 Water body surrounded by sand dunes

Point 6 N 26 11 670 & E 68 59 347 100 Extensive Typha spp. along 3 km strip and more than 5 km

towards reservoir

52

Point 7 N 26 09 400 & E 68 59 837 80 Water body with abundant Typha spp. and Saccaharum spp.

inside the reservoir from 400m of the embankment.

Point 8 N 26 13 594 & E 69 02 193 100 Near Usman Ibu Poto village. Area has a nullah that carries

seepeage water back to the reservoir with abundant Typha. It has

sandy bottom. Area in the vicinity is affected with salinity.

Point 9 N 26 06 112 & E 69 08 721 150 Numerous shallow water ponds of small sizes, mixed aquatic

vegetation.

Point 10 N 26 11 624 E 69 03 586

100 Pumping station of the reservoir

Point 11 N 26 05 816 & E 69 09 331 100 Outlet of the reservoir (Bakar Lake area)

Point 12 N 26 17 221 & E 69 00 466 100 Inlet of the reservoir (Ranto Canal area)

53

Table 3.4. Details of vantage points for total counts of birds of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Name Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes, seconds)

Type Area

(Aprox.)

1. Bakar Lake N 26 05 816 & E 69 09 331 Freshwater >1000 ha

2. Padhrio Lake N 26 11 691 &E 69 09 184 Freshwater >1000 ha

3. Tul Lake N 26 10 & E 69 13 Brackish >160 ha

4. Dogrion Lake N 26 04 & E 69 08 Brackish >150 ha

5. Noonghno Lake N 26 05 & E 69 12 Brackish >50 ha

6. Punihal Lake N 26 05 586 &E 69 12 580 Brackish >150 ha

54

Table 3.5. Details of point count sites used for surveying reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Number Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes, seconds)

Radius

(m)

Description

Point 1 N 26 11 319 & E 68 59 451 200 Sandy area with Acacia spp.

Point 2 N 26 06 437 & E 69 09 489 300 Water body, vegetation , grazing lands

Point 3 N 26 06 870 & E 69 09 915 400 Sandy

Point 4 N 26 09 587& E 69 12 789 400 Sandy

Point 5 N 26 11 624 E 69 03 586

200 Pumping station of the reservoir

Point 6 N 26 05 816 & E 69 09 331 500 Outlet of the reservoir

Point 7 N 26 17 221 & E 69 00 466 500 Inlet of the reservoir

Point 8 N 26 04 & E 69 08 300 Dogrion Lake

55

Table 3.6. Details of point count sites used for surveying amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

Number Geographical Coordinates

(degrees, minutes, seconds)

Radius

(m)

Description

Point 1 N 26 06 835& E 69 01 039 500 Phulail Lake area with grazing lands and human settlements.

Point 2 N 26 09 400 & E 68 59 837 300 Water body with abundant Typha spp. and Saccaharum spp. inside

the reservoir from 400m of the embankment.

Point 3 N 26 13 594 & E 69 02 193 400 Near Usman Ibu Poto village. Area has a nullah that carries

seepeage water back to the reservoir with abundant Typha. It has

sandy bottom. Area in the vicinity is affected with salinity.

Point 4 N 26 11 624 E 69 03 586

200 Pumping station of the reservoir

Point 5 N 26 05 816 & E 69 09 331 150 Outlet of the reservoir

Point 6 N 26 17 221 & E 69 00 466 200 Inlet of the reservoir

Point 7 N 26 04 & E 69 08 300 Dogrion Lake

56

Field methods selected were: Fixed -width Line Transect Method

(FWLTM) for medium-sized and large mammals (excepts Smooth-coated Otter,

Fishing Cat and Caracal for which potential areas were searched robustly);

Fixed-width Line Transect Method (FWLTM) for resident birds; Fixed-radius

Point Count Method for migratory birds and birds occurring relatively in larger

numbers; Total Count for migratory birds particularly ducks and shorebirds;

Visual Encounter Survey (VES) for amphibians and reptiles. Details of these

methods are given in the following sections.

Specimen Collection/ Observation for Species Inventory

Species inventory for mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians was

complied using information from published literature (Roberts, 1991, 1992 and

1997; Khan, 2006). Later, following techniques were used to ascertain

presence/ absence of the species.

Sherman Traps were used to collect small mammals (not for quantitative

studies). Traps were set randomly before the sunset and marked by a colored

ribbon. The traps were checked early morning. Bait consisting of wheat and rice

with peanut butter and honey was used (Sale and Berkmuller, 1988).

Most of the medium-sized and large mammals and birds were recorded

either by actively searching the areas or by chance encounter. Birds were also

located by observing sky for few minutes, flushing marshy birds with a rope or

simply sitting still during the surveys specially for the observation or during

breaks for refreshments and meals (Sutherland, 1996; Bibby et al., 1998).

57

Reptiles were collected through area searches during mid-morning, mid-

day and night. These were searched intensively in the habitats such as bushes,

under stones and logs and on trees and caught with hand, sometimes with

sticks. Shelter sites such as logs, leaf litters, stones were turned over and tree

barks were scrapped off for small lizards which were later replaced (except tree

barks). Both the undersurface of rocks and leaf litter were checked, for few

gecko species are adept at clinging upside down to rocks (Sutherland, 1996).

Non-venomous snakes and lizards were collected simply by pouncing on

them with an open, cupped hand but not with a force so powerful that could

crush the animal. The reptiles, particularly lizards were never held with their tail

(Sutherland, 1996). Venomous snakes were never attempted to be handled

during the study. However, the head was pinned to the ground with a stick and

a jar/bag was put facing the head of the snake that enticed it to take refuge in

the jar/ bag.

Amphibians were collected using fence drift, netting/ hand picking and

scan searches. A fence of aluminum sheets (flattened used cooking oil tins)

was dug into the ground and pitfalls (used paint boxes or small buckets) were

dug into the ground on the inside and outside of the fence. The pitfalls were

provided with some cover objects such as leaf litter so could be used as

shelters and a hole in the bottom was made to avoid getting them filled with

water. The pitfalls were set before sunset and checked either 2-3 hours after

dusk or before sunrise. During scan searches, areas were traversed and

amphibians were systematically searched using torch lights. Water bodies were

sampled using a dip net or the animals were simply hand-picked (Heyer et al.,

1994; Fellers et al., 1995; Suntherland, 1996).

Chance encounter with alive/ dead specimen was proved to be very

useful. Indirect signs such as pug marks, tail trails, droppings and burrows also

helped identified some species. Pug marks were used to confirm the existence

58

of Hog Deer, Smooth-coated Otter, Jungle Cat and Fishing Cat. Pug marks of

Smooth-coated Otters were identified by their characteristic webbed outline

between the toes. Foot prints of Jungle Cat were recorded after having seen the

animal. Pug marks of Fishing Cat were distinguished being larger in size.

Feacal pellets of Wild Boar, Jackals, mongoose species and Smooth-coated

Otter also helped in confirming the existence of the species (Sale and

Berkmuller,1988; Talwar and Usmani, 2005). And last but not the least

knowledge from local people enabled to maintain few species such as Indian

Python, and Caracal in the species list whose existence was neither confirmed

through direct nor through any indirect mean mentioned above.

Species identification and Taxonomy

The word ”vertebrates” and “wildlife (mammals, birds, reptiles and

amphibians)” are used interchangeably in this thesis. Mammals were identified

using Roberts (1997) and Chris and Stuart (2007); birds were identified using

Grewel et al. (2002) and Mirza (2007); amphibians and reptiles were identified

using Daniels (2002) and Khan (2006).

For the taxonomy of mammals Sheikh and Molur (2005) was followed,

for birds birdlifeinternational.com and for amphibians and reptiles Khan (2006)

was followed.

59

Survey Methods

Fixed-width Line Transect Method

The method is based on the assumptions that:

the transects are representatively placed with respect to animal species

diversity of the area;

animals directly on the line are always detected;

animals at distance 0 meter are detected;

animals are detected at their initial location prior to natural movement or

movement in response to the observer’s presence;

an individual recorded once should not be counted upon later encounter

along the same transect;

A line of predetermined length and width was walked with a fairly

constant speed by looking on either side and number of individual of any given

species was recorded. Double counting of the same individual was avoided.

The length and width of the selected varied from one transect to other. The

effective width of any given transect was calculated by adding up the two

widths. Area of the transect was calculated my multiplying length with the

effective width of the transect. Total area sampled was calculated by taking

average of the areas of all the transects (Suntherland, 1996; Bibby et al., 1998).

Fixed-width Point Count Method

The method is based on the assumptions that:

the point sites are representatively placed with respect to animal species

diversity of the area;

animals inside the point sites are always detected;

animals are detected at their initial location prior to natural movement or

movement in response to the observer’s presence;

an individual recorded once should not be counted upon later encounter

60

Individuals of any given species were counted by standing still in one

particular location, generally in the centre, of the point count with a fixed radius

for a fixed period of time (i.e. 10-15 min.). Square of the radius was multiplied

with 3.14 (i.e. a calculated value of pi i.e. ^) to get the area of the point count

which is circle in this case. Total area sampled was calculated by taking

average of the areas of all the point count sites (Sutherland, 1996; Bibby et al.,

1998).

Visual Encounter Survey (VES)

For surveying amphibians and reptiles, Visual encounter survey (VES) was

used (Campbell and Christman, 1982; Heyer et al., 1994; Fellers et al., 1995).

The survey was conducted for a fixed period time (from 20-30 min) at selected

point count sites for amphibians and reptiles during evening times after sunset.

Each circular plot was searched thoroughly during the allotted time and centre

of the patch was selected to start the sampling. The number of animals

encountered within a given circular plot was recorded. Square of the radius was

multiplied with 3.14 (i.e. a calculated value of pi i.e. ^) to get the area of the

point count which is circle in this case. Total area sampled was calculated by

taking average of the areas of all the point count sites.

61

HEAVY METALS ANALYSIS

Water sample collection

The samples were collected in 1000 ml polyethylene screw – cap bottles.

Bottles were cleaned sequentially, tap water rinsed, 24 hour soaked in 1%

HNO3 and distilled water rinsed. These were dried at 100 Celsius for 1 hour and

allowed to cool at room temperature.

Digestion of the samples for the detection of heavy metals

Nitric acid based digestion method was carried out. The digestion procedure

involves addition of 50 ml of the sample into 25 ml of nitric acid, then it was

heated on a hot plate (Model BHS-2) at 140 °C till one third of the sample was

left. By the help of additional washing the sample was filtered. 100 volumetric

flask was used to transfer each sample into it and with deionized water sample

was diluted to reach a fixed volume (100 ml) (WAM, 1993).

Analysis of heavy metals

To give aqueous phase the acidified water samples were treated with reagent

for the analysis (Mastoi et al., 1997). Digested liquid wastes were used to

analyze Cr, Ni and Cd using Flame atomic absorption spectrometer (Perkin

Elmer Model No. A analysts 700).

62

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS

Water temperature was measured at the spot by using Mercury thermometer,

Ph was recorded with Orion 420 pH meter.

Dissolved oxygen was determined using Winkler’s Method.

1. A 300-mL glass Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was filled with

sample water.

2. 2mL of manganese sulfate was immediately added to the collection

bottle by inserting the calibrated pipette just below the surface of the

liquid. The pipette was squeeze slowly to avoid the introduction of

bubbles via the pipette.

3. Then 2 mL of alkali-iodide-azide reagent was added in the same

manner.

4. The sample was mixed by inverting the bottle several times till a

brownish-orange cloud of precipitate or floc appeared. When the floc

settled to the bottom, the sample was mixed by turning it upside down

several times and allowed to settle again.

5. Then 2 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid via a pipette was added by

holding the pipette just above the surface of the sample. The bottle

was capped and inverted several times to dissolve the floc.

6. In a glass flask, 20 mL of the sample was titrated with sodium

thiosulfate by slowly dropping titrant solution from a calibrated pipette

into the flask and continually stirring or swirling the sample water.

7. 2 mL of starch solution was added so a blue color formed.

8. Titration continued slowly until the sample turned clear.

The concentration of dissolved oxygen in the sample was equivalent to the

number of milliliters of titrant used.

Data Analysis

63

The data collected was stored on Microsoft Excel, 2009. Some basic

statistics such as standard deviation, standard error and two-tailed paired t-test

were calculated through Microsoft Excel, 2009 and OrigionPro.7.

Mean number of individuals (individuals per transect/point count site)

was calculated by dividing total number of individuals recorded in all transects/

point count sites with the total number of transects/ point count site along with

their standard error.

Frequency (of occurrence per transect/point count site), Relative

abundance, Density, Shanon-Weiner diversity Index, Equitability Index

Similarity Index and Abundance Rank were calculated as follow:

Frequency:

F= NT/ TT

where:

NT= Number of transect/point count site from which individuals of a given

species were recorded

TT= Total number of transect/point count site

Relative Abundance:

RA= N/ Nt

where:

N= Total number of individuals of a given species recorded from all

transects/ point count sites

Nt= Total number of individuals of all the species

Population Density:

64

PD= n/ A

where:

n= Mean number of individuals (individuals per transect/point count site)

(n= N/ TT)

A= Average of the areas of all transects/ point count sites

Shanon-Weiner diversity Index (H):

H= - ∑ pilnpi

where:

pi= Total number of individuals of a given species recorded from all

transects/ point count sites divided total number of individuals of all the

species

lnpi= Natural logarithm of pi

Note: Greater value of the index reflects higher diversity

Equitability Index (E):

E= H/ lnS

where:

H= Shanon-Weiner diversity Index

lnS= Natural logarithm of total number of species recorded

Note: Greater value of the index reflects higher evenness/ equitability i.e.

individuals of different species are equally distributed within a community

and that one species is not dominant

Similarity Index (SI):

SI= 2C/ A+B

where:

A= Number of species in study A

B= Number of species in study B

C= Number of species common in two studies (i.e. A and B)

65

Abundance Rank:

pi= N/ Nt

where:

N= Total number of individuals of a given species recorded from all

transects/ point count sites

Nt= Total number of individuals of all the species

Note: The species were ranked from 1 and so forth; 1 showing the most

abundant species

Status:

An appropriate scale based on relative abundance was adopted for each

taxon and status was given as Abundant, Common, Frequent,

Occasional and Scarce.

Mammals (Fixed -width Line Transect Method)

Abundant (60.1% and above); Common (30.1-60%);

Frequent (20.1-30%); Occasional (10.1-20%) and Scarce (0-10 %)

Resident Birds (Fixed-width Line Transect Method)

Abundant (10.1% and above); Common (6.1-10.0%);

Frequent (3.1-6.0%); Occasional (1.1-3.00%) and Scarce (0-1 %)

Migratory Birds and birds occurring relatively in larger numbers (Fixed-

radius Point Count Method)

Abundant (6.1% and above); Common (3.1-6.0%);

Frequent (1.1-3%); Occasional (0.51-1%) and Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Migratory Birds (Total Count Method)

66

Abundant (10.1% and above); Common (6.1-10.0%);

Frequent (3.1-6.0%); Occasional (1.1-3.00%) and Scarce (0-1 %)

Ducks (Total Count Method)

Abundant (20.1% and above); Common (15.1-20.0%);

Frequent (10.1-15.0%); Occasional (5.1-10.0%) and Scarce (0-5 %)

Reptiles (Visual Encounter Survey)

Abundant (12.1% and above); Common (9.1-12%);

Frequent (6.1-9%); Occasional (3.1-6%) and Scarce (0-3 %)

Amphibians (Visual Encounter Survey)

Abundant (10.1% and above); Common (6.1-10 %);

Frequent (3.1-6%); Occasional (1.1-3%) and Scarce (0-1%)

One-Way ANOVA:

Mean number of individuals recorded during 2006 to 2009 were

compared by using One-Way ANOVA on OriginPro.7 Program to see if

they were significantly different.

67

RESULTS

Vertebrate/ Wildlife species richness recorded from Chotiari Reservoir,

Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan from 2006 to 2010

A total of 203 vertebrate/ wildlife species belonging to 29 orders and 78

families were recorded from Chotiari Reservoir during 2006- 2010. These

included 32 mammal species (14 medium and large sized mammals and 18

small mammals); 136 bird species (53 water birds, 48 passerine birds, 13 birds

of prey and 22 miscellaneous birds); 32 reptile species (a single crocodile

species, 3 turtle species, 15 snake species and 13 lizard species) and 3

amphibian species (1 toad and 2 frog species). Percentage composition of four

vertebrate / wildlife groups recorded during 2006- 2010 from Chotiari Reservoir,

Sanghar, Sindh, is given in Fig.4.1.

1.48%

15.8%

67%

15.8%

Mam m als B irds Reptiles Am phibians

Fig.4.1. Percentage composition of four veretebrate/ wildlife groups recorded during 2006- 2010from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

68

Mammals

A total of 32 mammal species belonging to 15 families and six orders

were recorded. These included 18 species of small mammals distributed over

three orders (11 species from Order Rodentia (except family Hystricidae), three

species from Order Insectivora, and four species from Order Chiroptera).

Around 14 species of large and medium sized mammals belonging to three

orders (11 species from Order Carnivora, one species from Order Artiodactyla,

Order Lagomorpha and family Hystricidae of Order Rodentia each) were

recorded. Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) and Striped Hyaena (Hyaena

hyaena) were not found. Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) had no more wild population.

Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) inhabited an isolated island within reservoir (These

chinkara were introduced there in late 1970s and did not represent a wild

population). Mammalian fauna of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-

2010 is given in table 4.1. Significant mammals included Red Fox (Vulpes

vulpes), Bengal Fox (Vulpes bengalensis), Indian Desert Cat (Felis silvestris),

Caracal (Felis caracal), Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus), Smooth-coated

Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) and Indian Civet (Viverricula indica).

Birds

As many as 136 bird species belonging to 19 orders and 48 families

were recorded (see Table 4.2). Out of 136 birds, summer fauna and winter

fauna constituted 69.11 % and 34.55 %, respectively. Few threatened birds

such as Palla’s Fishing Eagle (Haliaeetus leucoryphus), Houbara Bustard

(Chlamydotis undulata) from sand dune area in north and north-east of the

Chotiari Reservoir, Cinereous Vulture (Aegypius monachus) and Great White-

fronted Goose (Anser albifrons) were also observed. Presence of Sindh Babbler

(Chrysomma altirostre) could not be ascertained despite of best efforts. Marbled

Teal (Marmeronetta angustirostris) did not visit the reservoir during the study

period.

69

Table 4.1. Mammalian fauna of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh recorded during 2006-2010. Order Family

Status¹

1. Insectivora I. Erinaceidae*

1. Hemiechinus collaris (Long-eared Desert Hedgehog)

LC

2. Hemiechinus micropus (Indian Hedgehog)

LC

II. Soricidae* 3. Suncus murinus

(House Shrew) LC

2. Chiroptera Sub-order Microchiroptera I. Hipposideridae*

4. Asellia tridens (Trident Leaf-nosed Bat)

NE

II. Vespertilionidae* 5. Pipistrellus tenuis×

(Least Pipistrelle) LC

6. Pipistrellus kuhlii (Kuhl’s Pipistrelle)

LC

7. Scotophilus heathii (Common Yellow-bellied Bat)

LC

3. Carnivora I. Canidae

Canis lupus pallipes× (Indian Wolf)

E

8. Canis aureus (Asiatic Jackal)

NT

9. Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox)

DD

10. Vulpes bengalensis (Bengal Fox)

NT

70

II. Mustelidae Sub-family Lutrinae

11. Lutrogale perspicillata (Smooth Coated Otter)

NT

12. Viverricula indica× (Indian Civet)

NT

IV. Herpestidae 13. Herpestes javanicus

(Small Asiatic Mongoose) LC

14. Herpestes edwardsi (Indian grey Mongoose)

LC

V. Hyaenidae Hyaena hyaena×

(Striped Hyaena) CR

VI. Felidae 15. Felis silvestris

(Indian Desert Cat) DD

16. Felis chaus (Jungle Cat)

LC

17. Felis caracal (Caracal)

CR

18. Prionailurus viverrinus (Fishing Cat)

NT

4. Artiodactyla I. Suidae

19. Sus scrofa (Indian Wild Boar)

LC

II. Cervidae Axis porcinus

(Hog Deer) VU

71

III. Bovidae Gazella bennettii

(Chinkara) VU

5. Lagomorpha I. Leporidae

20. Lepus nigricollis (Black-naped Hare)

LC

6. Rodentia I. Sciuridae*

21. Funambulus pennantii (Palm Squirrel)

LC

I. Hystricidae 22. Hystrix indica

(Indian Crested Porcupine) NT

III. Muridae* 23. Millardia meltada

(Soft-furred Field Rat) LC

24. Millardia gleadwi (Sand Colored Rat)

LC

25. Rattus rattus (Roof Rat)

LC

26. Mus musculus (House Mouse)

LC

27. Mus booduga (Little Indian Field Mouse)

LC

28. Bandicota bengalensis (Sindh Rice Rat)

LC

29. Nesokia indica (Short-tailed Mole Rat)

LC

30. Gerbillus nanus (Balochistan Gerbil)

NT

31. Meriones hurrianae (Indian Desert Jird)

LC

32. Tatera indica (Indian Gerbil)

LC

Only recorded species are numbered; *small mammals; ×not listed in WWF (2008); status¹ as per Sheikh and Molur (2005)

72

Table 4.2. Avifauna of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh recorded during 2006-2010.

Order Sub-order Family

Occurrence Status²

1. Podicepidiformes I. Podicepedidae* 1. Tachybaptus ruficollis

(Little Grebe) R C

2. Pelecaniformes I. Phalacrocoracidae*

2. Phalacrocorax carbo (Great Cormorant)

WV A

3. Phalacrocorax niger (Little Cormorant)

R A

II. Pelecanidae* 4. Pelecanus onocrotalus×

(Great White Pelican) WV C

3. Ciconiformes I. Ardeidae*

5. Ixobrychus sinensis (Yellow Bittern)

SV F

6. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus (Chestnut Bittern)

SV F

7. Ixobrychus flavicollis (Black Bittern)

SV C

8. Nycticorax nycticorax (Black-crowned Night Heron)

SV

C

9. Ardeola grayii (Indian Pond Heron)

R A

10. Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret)

R C

11. Egretta garzetta (Little Egret)

R C

73

12. Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate Egret)

R F

13. Casmerodius albus (Great Egret)

WV C

14. Ardea cinerea (Grey Heron)

WV/R C

15. Ardea purpurea (Purple Heron)

R C

II. Threskiornithidae* 16. Plegadis falcinellus

(Glossy Ibis) WV/R C

4. Anseriformes I. Anatidae*

17. Anser albifrons (Greater White Fronted Goose)

WV Rr

18. Anas penelope× (European Wigeon)

WV A

19. Anas strepera (Gadwal)

WV C

20. Anas crecca (Common Teal)

WV A

21. Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

WV A

22. Anas acuta (Northern Pintail)

WV A

23. Anas clypeata (Northern Shovelar)

WV A

24. Netta rufina (Red-crested Pochard)

WV S

25. Aythya ferina (Common Pochard)

WV A

26. Aythya fuligula (Tufted Duck)

WV S

74

5. Accipitriformes I. Accipitridae 27. Elanus caeruleus

(Black-winged Kite) R C

28. Milvus migrans× (Black Kite)

R C

29. Haliaeetus leucoryphus (Pallas’s Fish Eagle)

R VU

30. Aegypius monachus× (Cinereous Vulture)

R NT

31. Circus aeruginosus (Western Marsh Harrier)

R C

32. Accipiter nisus× (Eurasian Sparrow hawk)

R F

33. Accipiter badius (Shikra)

R C

34. Butastur teesa (White-eyed Buzzard)

R A

35. Buteo buteo (Common Buzzard)

SV F

36. Buteo rufinus (Long-legged Buzzard)

WV C

37. Aquila rapax× (Tawny Eagle)

R C

II. Pandionidae 38. Pandion haliaetus

(Osprey) SV C

6. Falconiformes I. Falconidae

39. Falco tinnunculus× (Common Kestrel)

WV/R C

75

7. Galliformes I. Phasianidae

40. Francolinus francolinus (Black Francolin)

R C

41. Francolinus pondicerianus (Grey Francolin)

R C

8. Gruiformes I. Rallidae*

42. Amaurornis phoenicurus (White-breasted Water-hen)

R C

43. Gallinula chloropus (Common Moorhen)

R A

44. Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple Swamphen)

R C

45. Gallicrex cinerea (Water Cock)

R C

46. Fulica atra (Black Coot)

WV A

II. Otididae 47. Chlamydotis undulata×

(Houbara Bustard) WV VU

9. Charadriformes I. Jacanidae*

48. Hydrophasianus chirurgus (Pheasant-tailed Jacana)

R C

II. Rostratulidae* 49. Himantopus himantopus

(Black-winged Stilt) R A

III. Glareolidae* 50. Glareola lactea×

(Small Pratincole) SV C

76

IV. Charadriidae* 51. Charadrius alexandrinus×

(Kentish Plover) R C

52. Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled Lapwing)

R A

53. Vanellus leucura (White-tailed Lapwing)

R C

V. Scolopacidae*

54. Calidris alba× (Sanderling)

WV C

55. Calidris minuta (Little Stint)

WV A

56. Tringa totanus (Common Redshank)

WV A

57. Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

WV C

58. Actitis hypoleucos× (Common Sandpiper)

WV C

VI. Laridae* 59. Larus marinus

(Great Black-headed Gull) WV F

60. Larus ridibundus (Black-headed Gull)

WV C

61. Larus brunnicephalus× (Brown-headed Gull)

WV A

62. Larus argentatus (Herring Gull)

WV A

VII. Sternidae* 63. Sterna nilotica

(Gull-billed Tern) WV C

64. Sterna aurantia (Indian River Tern)

WV C

77

65. Sterna albifrons

(Little Tern) WV F

66. Chlidonias hybridus (Whiskered Tern)

YRV A

10. Pteroclidiformes 1. Pteroclididae

67. Pterocles exustus (Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse)

R C

11. Columbiformes I. Columbidae

68. Columba livia (Rock Pigeon)

R A

69. Streptopelia decaocto (Eurasian Collared Dove)

R A

70. Streptopelia tranquebarica (Red -collared Dove)

SV A

71. Stigmatopelia senegalensis (Laughing Dove)

R A

12. Psittaciformes 1. Psittacidae

72. Psittacula krameri (Rose-ringed Parakeet)

R A

13. Cuculiformes I. Cuculidae

73. Clamator jacobinus (Pied-crested Cuckoo)

SV C

74. Eudynamys scolopacea (Asian Koel)

R C

75. Centropus sinensis (Greater Coucal)

R C

78

14. Strigiformes I. Tytonidae

76. Tyto alba (Barn Owl)

R S

II. Strigidae 77. Athene brama

(Spotted Owlet)

R

C

15. Caprimulgiformes 1. Caprimulgidae

78. Caprimulgus mahrattensis (Syke’s Night Jar)

R C

16. Apodiformes I. Apodidae

79. Apus apus× (Eastern Swift)

R C

80. Apus affinis× (House Swift)

R C

17. Coraciformes I. Alcedinidae*

81. Halcyon smyrnensis (White-throated Kingfisher)

R C

82. Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher)

R F

83. Ceryle rudis (Pied Kingfisher)

R A

II. Meropidae 84. Merops orientalis

(Little Green Bee-eater) R A

85. Merops superciliosus (Madagascar Bee-eater)

SV A

79

III. Coracidae 86. Coracias benghalensis

(Indian Roller) R C

IV. Upupidae 87. Upupa epops

(Eurasian Hoopoe) WV/R C

18. Piciformes I. Picidae

88. Dinopium benghalense (Black-rupmed Flameback)

R C

19. Passeriformes I. Alaudidae

89. Eremopterix grisea (Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark)

R C

90. Ammomanes deserti× (Desert Lark)

R C

91. Galerida cristata (Crested Lark)

R A

92. Alauda gulgula (Oriental Sky Lark)

WV A

II. Hirundinidae 93. Riparia paludicola

(Plain Martin) R A

94. Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow)

R A

95. Hirundo smithii (Wire-tailed Swallow)

R C

96. Hirundo fluvicola× (Streak-throated Swallow)

R C

80

III. Motacillidae 97. Anthus novaeseelandiae

(Australasian Pipit) R C

98. Anthus campestris× (Tawny Pipit)

WV C

99. Motacilla flava thunbergi (Grey-headed Yellow Wagtail)

WV C

100. Motacilla alba dukhunensis× (Siberian Pied Wagtail)

WV A

101. Motacilla maderaspatensis (White-browed Wagtail)

R C

IV. Pycnonotidae 102. Pycnonotus leucogenys

(Himalyan Bulbul) R A

103. Pycnonotus cafer (Red-vented Bulbul)

R A

V. Turdidae 104. Luscinia svecica

(Bluethroat) WV C

105. Phoenicurus ochruros (Black Redstart)

WV C

106. Saxicola torquata× (Common Stonechat)

WV C

107. Saxicola caprata (Pied Bushchat)

R A

108. Oenanthe deserti (Desert Wheatear)

WV C

109. Saxicoloides fulicata (Indian Robin)

R C

81

VI. Sylviidae 110. Cettia cetti

(Cetti’s Warbler) WV S

111. Prinia gracilis (Graceful Warbler)

R C

112. Prinia buchanani (Rufous -fronted Prinia)

R A

113. Prinia inornata (Plain Prinia)

R C

114. Sylvia curruca (Lesser White Throat)

WV F

115. Phylloscopus sindianus (Mountain Chiffchaff)

WV F

116. Phylloscopus collybita (Common Chiffchaff)

WV A

VII. Rhipiduridae 117. Rhipidura aureola×

(White-browed Fantail ) R C

VIII. Timaliidae 118. Turdoides caudatus

(Common Babbler) R A

119. Turdoides earlei (Striated Babbler)

R A

120. Turdoides striatus (Jungle Babbler)

R C

IX. Nectarinidae 121. Nectarinia asiatica

(Purple Sunbird)

R A

82

X. Laniidae 122. Lanius vittatus

(Bay-backed Shrike) R C

123. Lanius schach (Rufous- backed Shrike)

R C

124. Lanius excubitor (Great-grey Shrike)

R C

XI. Dicruridae 125. Dicrurus macrocercus

(Black Drongo) R A

XII. Corvidae 126. Dendrocitta vagabunda

(Rufous Tree Pie)

R A

127. Corvus splendens (House Crow)

R C

XIII. Sturnidae 128. Sturnus vulgaris

(Common Starling) WV A

129. Sturnus roseus× (Rosy Starling)

SV C

130. Acridotheres tristis (Common Myna)

R A

131. Acridotheres ginginianus (Bank Myna)

R A

83

XIV. Passeridae 132. Passer domesticus

(House Sparrow) R A

133. Petronia xanthocollis (Chestnut-shouldered Petronia)

WV C

134. Passer pyrrhonotus (Sindh Sparrow)

R F

XV. Ploceidae 135. Ploceus manyar×

(Streaked Weaver) R C

XVI. Estrildidae 136. Lonchuramalabarica×

(White-throated Munia) R C

*water birds ×not listed in WWF (2008) Status² as per Roberts (1991 and 1992)

84

Out of 136 birds recorded from the reservoir around 39% were water

birds belonging to five orders viz. Podicepidiformes (n=1), Pelecaniformes

(n=3), Ciconiformes (n=12), Anseriformes (n=10) and Charadriformes (n=19).

Family Rallidae of order Gruiformes and Family Alcedinidae of Coraciformes

also had five and three water bird species respectively. Around 9.5 % were

birds of prey belonging to two orders viz. Accipitriformes (n=12) and

Falconiformes (n=1). Around 35 % were passerine birds and remaining 16 %

were mixed-birds (forest birds and game birds etc) distributed over eleven

orders viz. four from Columbiformes and Coraciformes (except family

Alcedinidae) each, three from Galliformes and Cucculiformes each, two from

Strigiformes and Apodiformes each, and one from Gruiformes (except family

Rallidae), Psittaciformes, Pteroclidiformes, Caprimulgiformes and Piciformes

each. Categories of birds (%) such as water birds, birds of prey etc. recorded

during 2006-2009 from Chotiari Reservoir is given in Fig.4.2. Occurrence of

birds (%) recorded during 2006-2010 from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh

(See Fig.4.3.)

Reptiles

A total of 32 reptile species belonging to three orders and 14 families

were recorded (see Table 4.3). These included three species of turtles (9.37%),

15 species of snakes (46.87%), 13 species of lizards (40.62 %) and one

crocodilian species of (3.12 %). Threatened reptiles included Rock Python

(Python molurus) and Indian Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris).

Amphibians

A total of three amphibian species (two frogs and a single species of

toad) belonging to a single order and three families were recorded (see Table

4.4).

85

2 0 %

1 0 %

4 0 %

3 0 %

W a t e r b i r d s B i r d s o f P r e y M i s c e l l a n e o u s b i r d s P a s s e r i n e b i r d s

Fig.4.2. Categories of birds (%) such as water birds, birds of prey etc.

recorded during 2006-2010 from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

6.67%

13.3%

33.3%

20%

26.7%

Resident W inter V isitor Sum m er V isitor W inter V isitor/ Resident Year Round V isitor

Fig.4.3. Occurrence of birds (%) recorded during 2006-2010 from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh.

86

Table 4.3. Reptilian fauna of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh recorded during 2006-2010. Order Sub-order Family

Status

1. Testudines I. Emydidae

1. Kachuga smithii (Brown River Turtle)

NT

2. Kachuga tecta (Saw-back Turtle)

LC

I. Trionychidae 3. Lissemys punctata

(Indian Flapshell ) LR

2. Crocodilia I. Crocodylidae

4. Crocodylus palustris (Indian Marsh Crocodile)

VU

3. Squamata A. Sauria I. Agamidae

5. Calotes versicolor (Common Tree Lizard)

NE

6. Trapelus agilis (Common Field Agama)

NE

7. Trapelus megalonyx (Ocellate Ground Agama)

NE

I. Eublepharidae 8. Eublepharis macularius

(Fat-tail Gecko) NE

II. Geckonidae 9. Crossobamon orientalis

(Yellow tailed Sand Secko) NE

10. Cyrtopodion kachhense× (Kachh-spotted Ground Gecko)

NE

11. Cyrtopodion scabrum (Common Tuberculate Ground Gecko)

NE

87

12. Hemidactylus brookii× (Spotted Barn Gecko)

NE

13. Hemidactylus flaviviridis (Yellow-bellied House Gecko)

NE

IV. Lacertidae 14. Acanthodactylus cantoris

(Blue-tail Sand Lizard) NE

V. Scincidae 15. Ophiomorus tridactylus

(Three-toad Sand Swimmer) NE

VI. Uromastycidae 16. Uromastyx hardwickii

(Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard) NE

VII. Varanidae 17. Varnus bengalensis

(Bengal Monitor Lizard)

NE

B. Serpentens I. Boidae

18. Eryx johnii (Common Sand Boa)

NE

19. Eryx conicus (Chain Sand Boa)

NE

20. Python molurus (Rock Python)

NT

II. Colubridae 21. Lycodon striatus×

(White-spotted Wolf Snake) NE

22. Lytorhynchus paradoxus × (Sindh Awl-headed Sand Snake)

NE

23. Platyceps ventromaculatus (Plains Racer)

NE

24. Psammophis condanarus × (Indo-Burmese Sand Snake)

NE

88

25. Psammophis leithii × (Sindhi Ribbon Snake)

NE

26. Psammophis schokari× (Saharo-Sindhian Sand Snake )

NE

27. Ptyas mucosus (Dhaman)

NE

28. Spalerosophis diadema× (Blotched Diadem Snake)

NE

III. Elapidae 29. Bungarus caeruleus

(Sindhi Krait) NE

30. Naja naja (Black Cobra)

NE

IV. Viperidae 31. Daboia russelii

(Russel’s Chain Viper) NE

32. Echis carinatus sochureki (Saw-scale Viper)

NE

×not listed in WWF (2008) Status as per IUCN redlist.org

89

Table 4.4. Amphibian fauna of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh recorded during 2006-2010. Order Family

Status

1. Anura I. Bufonidae

1. Bufo stomaticus (Indus Valley Toad)

NE

II. Ranidae 2. Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

(Skittering Frog) NE

3. Hoplobatrachus tigerinus (Bull Frog)

NE

Status as per IUCN redlist.org

90

Vertebrate/ Wildlife species abundance recorded from Chotiari Reservoir,

Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan from 2006 to 2010

Mammals

Spring 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

spring 2006 are given in table 4.5.

As many as 29 (4.83 per transect) individuals of five of the seven

selected mammals with 14.21 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) was most commonly encountered mammal with 5.88

individuals per square kilometer followed by Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus) (Fig.

4.4. A-C) with 4.41 individuals per square kilometer. Bengal Fox (Vulpes

bengalensis) and Red Fox were (Vulpes vulpes) not observed. Jungle Cat

(41.37%) and Asiatic Jackal (31.03 %) were rated as Common while Indian

Grey Mongoose (Fig. 4.5.) (6.89 %), Bengal Fox and Red Fox were rated as

Scarce.

Summer 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2006 are given in table 4.6.

As many as 37 (6.16 per transect) individuals of six of the seven selected

mammals with 18.13 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Asiatic

91

Jackal was most commonly encountered mammal with 6.86 individuals per

square kilometer followed Jungle Cat with 3.92 individuals per square kilometer.

Fig.4.4. Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus)

A-B: Vehicle Hit

C: Asiatic Jackal in its habitat

92

Fig.4.5. Indian Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii)

93

Asiatic Jackal (37.83 %) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (21.62 %)

Frequent while Indian Grey Mongoose (8.10 %), Red Fox (2.70%) and Bengal

Fox (0.00%) were rated as Scarce.

Autumn 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

autumn 2006 are given in table 4.7.

As many as 22 (3.66 per transect) individuals of five of the seven

selected mammals with 10.78 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Asiatic Jackal was most commonly sighted mammal with 4.90 individuals per

square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 2.94 individuals per square

kilometer. Bengal fox and Red Fox were not observed.

Asiatic Jackal (45.45 %) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (27.27 %)

Frequent while Indian Grey Mongoose, Black-naped Hare (Lepus nigricollis)

(4.54 %) each, Red Fox and Bengal Fox (0.00% each) were rated as Scarce.

94

Table 4.5. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2006. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9 1.50± 0.42 83.33 31.03 4.41

02

C 1.38 0.77

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 10.34 1.47 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 2 0.33± 0.21 33.33 6.89 0.98 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 12 2.00± 0.57 83.33 41.37 5.88 01 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 0.50± 0.50 16.66 10.34 1.47 03 O

29 4.83± 2.05 14.21

Table 4.6. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2006. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 14 2.33± 0.49 100.0 37.83 6.86 01

C 1.56 0.87

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 02.70 0.49 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 6 1.00± 0.44 50.00 16.21 2.94 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 08.10 1.47 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.21 100.0 21.62 3.92 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 5 0.83± 0.83 33.33 13.51 2.45 04 O

37 6.16± 2.49 18.13

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

95

Winter 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

winter 2006 are given in table 4.8.

As many as 17 (2.83 per transect) individuals of four of the seven

selected mammals with 8.33 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

The most commonly observed mammal was Asiatic Jackal with 3.92 individuals

per square kilometer. The second most commonly observed species was

Jungle Cat with 2.94 individuals per square kilometer. Bengal Fox, Red Fox and

Indian Grey Mongoose were not observed.

Asiatic Jackal (47.05 %) and Jungle Cat (35.29 %) were rated as

Common while Black-naped Hare (5.88 %) each, Indian Grey Mongoose, Red

Fox and Bengal Fox (0.00% each) were rated as Scarce.

96

Table 4.7. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2006. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 10 1.66± 0.33 100.0 45.45 4.90 01

C 1.3 0.72

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 4 0.66± 0.33 50.00 18.18 1.96 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 04.54 0.49 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 6 1.00± 0.00 100.0 27.27 2.94 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 04.54 0.49 04 S

22 3.66± 1 10.78

Table 4.8. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 8 1.33± 0.42 83.33 47.05 3.92 01

C 1.14 0.63

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 2 0.33± 0.21 33.33 11.76 0.98 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 6 1.00± 0.25 83.33 35.29 2.94 02 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 05.88 0.49 04 S

17 2.83± 1.05 8.33 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

97

A gradual decrease in the values of diversity index from spring 2006

(Shanon-Weiner Diversity Index (H)= 3.08) and summer 2006 (H= 3.07) to

winter 2006 revealed that mammals were more abundant during spring and

summer. Likewise, evenness index value was high in spring 2006 (Equitability

Index (E)= 0.88) and summer 2006 (E= 0.88) while low evenness index values

which indicates that during autumn 2006 (E= 0.86) and winter 2006 (E= 0.86)

mammals were not evenly distributed in the community with few species such

as Jackal and Jungle Cat being more abundant (Fig.4.6).

Spring 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

spring 2007 are given in table 4.9.

As many as 23 (3.83 per transect) individuals of six of the seven selected

mammals with 11.27 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Asiatic

Jackal and Jungle Cat were most commonly observed with 3.92 individuals per

square kilometer. Only a single individual of Bengal Fox was observed whereas

Red Fox was not observed.

Asiatic Jackal and Jungle Cat (34.78 % each) were rated as Common

while Small Asiatic Mongoose (8.69 %), Indian Grey Mongoose (4.34 %),

Bengal Fox (4.34 %) and Red Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

98

Fig.4.6. Abundnce (diversity and evenness) of some selected mammals in different seasons recorded

from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

99

Summer 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2007 are given in table 4.10.

As many as 46 (7.66 per transect) individuals of all the seven selected

mammals with 22.54 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The two

most commonly observed mammals were Asiatic Jackal and Small Asiatic

Mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) with 7.84 individuals and 4.90 individuals per

square kilometers respectively.

Asiatic Jackal (34.78 %) was rated as Common, Small Asiatic Mongoose

(21.73 %) Frequent while Bengal Fox (4.34 %) and Red Fox (4.34 %) were

rated as Scarce.

100

Table 4.9. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2007. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 8 1.33± 0.33 83.33 34.78 3.92 01

C 1.48 0.82

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 04.34 0.49 04 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 2 0.33± 0.21 33.33 08.69 0.98 03 S Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 04.34 0.49 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.21 100.0 34.78 3.92 01 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 0.50± 0.50 16.66 13.04 1.47 02 O

23 3.83± 1.58 11.27

Table 4.10. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2007. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 16 2.66± 0.33 100.0 34.78 7.84 01

C 1.71 0.95

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 2 0.33± 0.21 33.33 04.34 0.98 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 2 0.33± 0.33 16.66 04.34 0.98 06 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 21.73 4.90 02 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 5 0.83± 0.54 33.33 10.86 2.45 04 O Jungle Cat Felis chaus 4 0.66± 0.33 50.00 08.69 1.96 05 S Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 7 1.16± 0.74 33.33 15.21 3.43 03 O

46 7.66± 3.16 22.54

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

101

Autumn 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

autumn 2007 are given in table 4.11.

As many as 29 (4.83 per transect) individuals of six of the seven selected

mammals with 14.21 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Asiatic

jackal was encountered most commonly with 4.41 individuals per square

kilometer. Only a single individual of Red Fox was observed whereas Bengal

Fox was not observed.

Asiatic Jackal (31.03 %) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (27.58 %)

and Small Asiatic Mongoose (20.68 %) Frequent while Red Fox (3.44 %) and

Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

Winter 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

winter 2007 are given in table 4.12.

As many as 13 (2.16 per transect) individuals of three of the seven

selected mammals with 6.37 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Only three of the seven selected mammals were recorded viz. Asiatic Jackal

and Jungle Cat with 2.45 individuals per square kilometer each.

102

Asiatic Jackal and Jungle Cat (38.46 % each) were rated as Common;

Small Asiatic Mongoose (23.07 %) Frequent while Red Fox (0.00 %) and

Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

The values of diversity index increased from 3.05 during spring 2007 to

3.15 during summer 2007 which dropped gradually till winter 2007 (H= 3.03). It

indicates greater abundance of mammals during summer season. Similarly,

evenness index value increased from 0.88 during spring 2007 to 0.90 during

summer showing more evenness during these seasons but decreased to 0.82

during autumn 2007 (Fig. 4.6).

103

Table 4.11. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2007. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9 1.50± 0.42 83.33 31.03 4.41 01

C 1.57 0.87

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 03.44 0.49 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 6 1.00± 0.36 66.66 20.68 2.94 03 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 3 0.50± 0.34 00.00 10.34 1.47 04 O Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.42 83.33 27.58 3.92 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2 0.33± 0.33 16.66 06.89 0.98 05 S

29 4.83± 2.05 14.21

Table 4.12. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 5 0.83± 0.16 83.33 38.46 2.45 01

C 1.07 0.59

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 3 0.50± 0.22 50.00 23.07 1.47 03 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 5 0.83± 0.30 66.66 38.46 2.45 02 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 0 0.00± 0.00 83.33 00.00 0.00 04 S

13 2.16± 0.69 6.37

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

104

Spring 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

spring 2008 are given in table 4.13.

As many as 27 (4.50 per transect) individuals of all the seven selected

notable mammals with 13.23 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Asiatic Jackal was most commonly encountered with 4.41 individuals per

square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.92 individuals per square

kilometers. A single individual of Bengal Fox and Indian Grey Mongoose was

observed.

Asiatic Jackal (33.33 % each) and Jungle Cat (29.62 %) were rated as

Common while Red Fox (7.40 %), Indian Grey Mongoose (3.70 %) and Bengal

Fox (3.40 %) were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2008 are given in table 4.14.

As many as 43 (7.16 per transect) individuals of all the seven selected

mammals with 21.07 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Besides

two most commonly observed mammals of the reservoir viz. Asiatic Jackal

(5.39 with individuals per square kilometer) and Jungle Cat (4.41 with

individuals per square kilometer) four individuals of Red Fox were also

observed.

105

Asiatic Jackal (25.58 % each) and Jungle Cat (20.93 %) were rated as

Frequent while Red Fox (9.30 %), Indian Grey Mongoose (6.97 %) and Bengal

Fox (6.97 %) were rated as Scarce.

Autumn 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of seven selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2008 are given in table 4.15.

As many as 27 (4.50 per transect) individuals of five of the seven

selected mammals with 13.23 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Small Asiatic Mongoose and Jungle Cat were most commonly observed with

3.92 individuals per square kilometer each. Red Fox and Bengal Fox were not

observed.

Jungle Cat (29.69 %), Indian Grey Mongoose (29.62 %) and Asiatic

Jackal (25.92 % each) were rated as Frequent while Red Fox (0.00 %), and

Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

106

Table 4.13. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2008. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9 1.50± 0.22 100.0 33.33 4.41 01

C 1.65 0.92

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 2 0.33± 0.21 33.33 07.40 0.98 04 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 03.70 0.49 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 3 0.50± 0.22 50.00 11.11 1.47 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 03.70 0.49 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.42 83.33 29.62 3.92 02 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 0.50± 0.50 16.66 11.11 1.47 03 O

27 4.50± 1.91 13.23

Table 4.14. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2008. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 11 1.83± 0.47 100.0 25.58 5.39 01

F 1.83 1.02

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 4 0.66± 0.42 33.33 09.30 1.96 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 3 0.50± 0.22 50.00 06.97 1.47 06 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 8 1.33± 0.42 66.66 18.60 3.92 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 06.97 1.47 06 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 9 1.50± 0.34 100.0 20.93 4.41 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 5 0.83± 0.54 33.33 11.62 2.40 04 O

43 7.16± 2.76 21.07

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

107

Winter 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

winter 2008 are given in table 4.16.

As many as 14 (2.33 per transect) individuals of seven notable mammals

with 6.86 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Only three of the

seven selected mammal species were recorded. Fox species, Indian Grey

Mongoose and Black-naped Hare were not observed.

Asiatic Jackal (42.82 %) was rated as Common and Jungle Cat (28.57%)

and Small Asiatic Mongoose (28.57%) as Frequent.

108

Table 4.15. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2008. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 7 1.16± 0.30 83.33 25.92 3.43 02

F 1.43 0.79

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 8 1.33± 0.49 66.66 29.62 3.92 01 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 03.70 0.49 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.21 100.0 29.69 3.92 01 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 11.11 1.47 03 S

27 4.50± 1.52 13.23

Table 4.16. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 6 1.00± 0.36 66.66 42.85 2.94 01

C 1.07 0.59

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 03 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 03 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 4 0.66± 0.33 50.00 28.57 1.96 02 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 03 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 4 0.66± 0.33 00.00 28.57 1.96 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 03 S

14 2.33± 1.03 6.86 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

109

The diversity index value increased from 3.10 during spring 2008 to 3.05

during summer 2008 to 3.06 during autumn 2008 and decreased in winter 2008

to 3.03. The pattern revealed greater abundance of mammals during summer

2008 and autumn 2008 seasons. Evenness index value decreased from 0.89

during spring 2008 to 0.88 during summer 2008 and autumn 2008 and 0.87

during winter 2008 indicating highest evenness during spring 2008 (Fig.4.6).

Spring 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

spring 2009 are given in table 4.17.

As many as 30 (5.00 per transect) individuals of six of the seven selected

mammals with 14.70 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The most

commonly observed mammal during spring 2009 was Jungle Cat with 5.39

individuals per square kilometer followed by Asiatic Jackal with 4.41 individuals

per square kilometer.

Jungle Cat (36.66%) and Asiatic Jackal (30.00 %) was rated as Common

while Red Fox (3.33 %), and Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

spring 2009 are given in table 4.18.

110

As many as 40 (6.66 per transect) individuals of six of the seven selected

mammals with 19.60 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The most

commonly observed mammal was Asiatic Jackal with 6.37 individuals per

square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.92 individuals per square

kilometer.

Asiatic Jackal (32.50 %) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (20.00%) as

Occasional while Red Fox (7.50 %), and Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as

Scarce.

Autumn 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

autumn 2009 are given in table 4.19.

As many as 24 (4.00 per transect) individuals of four of the seven

selected mammals with11.76 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Asiatic Jackal was most commonly observed mammal with 4.41 individuals per

square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 2.94 individuals per square

kilometers. Bengal Fox was not observed.

Asiatic Jackal (37.50 %) was rated as Common; Indian Grey Mongoose

(29.16 %) and Jungle Cat (25.00%) as Frequent and while Red Fox (0.00 %),

and Bengal Fox (0.00 %) were rated as Scarce.

111

Table 4.17. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2009. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9 1.50± 0.42 100.0 30.00 4.41 02

C 1.5 0.83

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 1 0.16± 0.16 16.66 03.33 0.49 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 50.00 00.00 0.00 06 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 5 0.83± 0.30 50.00 16.66 2.45 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 2 0.33± 0.33 16.66 06.66 0.98 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 11 1.83± 0.30 100.0 36.66 5.39 01 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2 0.33± 0.33 16.66 06.66 0.98 04 S

30 5.00± 1.87 14.70

Table 4.18. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2009. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 13 2.16± 0.16 100.0 32.50 6.37 01

C 1.66 0.92

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 07.50 1.47 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 06 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 7 1.16± 0.47 66.66 17.50 3.43 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 3 0.50± 0.34 33.33 07.50 1.47 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8 1.33± 0.49 66.66 20.00 3.92 02 O Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 6 1.00± 0.63 33.33 15.00 2.94 04 O

40 6.66± 2.45 19.60 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

112

Winter 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

winter 2009 are given in table 4.20.

As many as 18 (3.00 per transect) individuals of three of the seven

selected mammals with 8.82 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Jungle Cat was observed more frequently with 3.43 individuals per square

kilometer. Bengal Fox, Red Fox, Indian Grey Mongoose and Black-naped Hare

were not observed.

Jungle Cat (38.88%) was rated as Common; Asiatic Jackal (33.00 %)

was rated as Frequent while Bengal Fox, Red Fox, Indian Grey Mongoose and

Black-naped Hare as Scarce (0.00% each).

The diversity index value decreased from 3.15 during spring 2009 to 3.14

during summer 2009 to 3.12 during autumn 2009 and 3.06 during winter 2009.

The pattern revealed greater abundance of mammals during spring 2009 and

autumn 2009 seasons. Evenness index value decreased from 0.99 during

spring 2009, summer 2009 and autumn 2009 to 0.88 during winter indicating

highest evenness during spring 2009 (Fig.4.6).

113

Table 4.19. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2009. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9 1.50± 0.42 83.33 37.50 4.41 01

C 1.28 0.71

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 7 1.16± 0.40 66.66 29.16 3.43 02 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 6 1.00± 0.51 50.00 25.00 2.94 03 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2 0.33± 0.33 16.66 08.33 0.98 04 S

24 4.00± 1.67 11.76

Table 4.20. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 5 0.83± 0.54 33.33 27.77 2.45 03

F 1.08 0.60

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 6 1.00± 0.25 66.66 33.33 2.94 02 C Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 7 1.16± 0.47 66.66 38.88 3.43 01 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 04 S

18 3.00± 1.27 8.82 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

114

2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

2006 are given in table 4.21.

As many as 26.25 (4.37 per transect) individuals of six of the seven

selected mammals with 12.86 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

The most commonly observed mammal species during 2006 was Asiatic Jackal

with 5.02 individuals per square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.92

individuals per square kilometer, Small Asiatic Mongoose with 1.83 individuals

per square kilometer, Black-naped Hare with 1.22 individuals per square

kilometer, Indian Grey Mongoose with 0.73 individuals per square kilometer and

Red Fox with 0.12 individuals per square kilometer. Bengal Fox was not

observed during 2006.

Asiatic Jackal (40.34%) and Jungle Cat (31.39%) were rated as

Common; Small Asiatic Mongoose (14.12%) as Occasional while Black-naped

Hare (8.57%), Indian Grey Mongoose (4.88%), Red Fox (0.67%) and Bengal

Fox (0.00%) were rated as Scarce.

2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

2007 are given in table 4.22.

As many as 27.75 (4.62 per transect) individuals of seven selected

mammals with 13.60 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The most

115

commonly encountered mammal during 2007 was Asiatic Jackal with 4.65

individuals per square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.06 individuals per

square kilometer, Small Asiatic Mongoose with 2.57 individuals per square

kilometer, Black-naped Hare with 1.47 individuals per square kilometer, Indian

Grey Mongoose with 1.10 individuals per square kilometer and Red Fox and

Bengal Fox were equally abundant with 0.36 individuals per square kilometer

each.

Asiatic Jackal (34.76%) was rated as Common, Jungle Cat (27.38%), as

Frequent, Small Asiatic Mongoose (18.55%) as Occasional while Black-naped

Hare (8.75%), Indian Grey Mongoose (6.39%), Bengal Fox (2.17%) and Red

Fox (1.94%) were rated as Scarce.

2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

2008 are given in table 4.23.

As many as 27.75 (4.66 per transect) individuals of the seven selected

mammals with 13.60 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The

abundance of mammal species during 2008 from highest to lowest rank is

Asiatic Jackal with 4.04 individuals per square kilometer followed by jungle cat

with 3.55 individuals per square kilometer, Small Asiatic Mongoose with 2.81

individuals per square kilometer, Black-naped Hare with 1.34 individuals per

square kilometer, Red Fox with 0.73 individuals per square kilometer, Indian

Grey Mongoose with 0.61 individuals per square kilometer and Bengal Fox with

0.49 individuals per square kilometer respectively.

116

Asiatic Jackal (31.92%) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (27.19%) and

Small Asiatic Mongoose (21.97%) as Frequent while Black-naped Hare

(8.46%), Red Fox (4.17%), Indian Grey Mongoose (3.59%) and Bengal Fox

(2.67%) were rated as Scarce.

2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

2009 are given in table 4.24.

As many as 28 (4.66 per transect) individuals of six notable mammals

with 13.72 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The most commonly

observed mammals during 2009 was Asiatic Jackal with 4.41 individuals per

square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.92 individuals per square

kilometer, Small Asiatic Mongoose with 3.06 individuals per square kilometer,

Black-naped Hare with1.22 individuals per square kilometer, Indian Grey

Mongoose with 0.61 individuals per square kilometer, red fox with 0.49

individuals per square kilometer. Bengal Fox was not observed during 2006.

Asiatic Jackal (30.94%) and Jungle Cat (30.13%) were rated as

Common; Small Asiatic Mongoose (24.16%) as Frequent while Black-naped

Hare (7.75%), Indian Grey Mongoose (3.54%), Red Fox (2.70%) and Bengal

Fox (0.00%) were rated as Scarce.

117

Table 4.21. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 10.25 1.70± 0.41 91.66 40.34 5.02 01

C 1.34 0.75

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 00.67 0.12 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 3.75 0.62± 0.33 41.66 14.12 1.83 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1.50 0.25± 0.17 20.83 04.88 0.73 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8.00 1.33± 0.26 91.66 31.39 3.92 02 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2.50 0.41± 0.41 20.83 08.57 1.22 04 S

26.25 4.37± 1.65 12.86

Table 4.22. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9.50 1.58± 0.31 87.50 34.76 4.65 01

C 1.45 0.81

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0.75 0.12± 0.09 12.50 01.94 0.36 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0.75 0.12± 0.12 08.33 02.17 0.36 06 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 5.25 0.87± 0.36 54.16 18.55 2.57 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 2.25 0.37± 0.26 12.50 06.39 1.10 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 6.25 1.04± 0.31 75.00 27.38 3.06 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 3.00 0.50± 0.39 37.50 08.78 1.47 04 S

27.75 4.62± 1.87 13.60 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

118

Table 4.23. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 8.25 1.37± 0.34 87.50 31.92 4.04 01

C 1.49 0.83

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 1.50 0.25± 0.15 16.66 04.17 0.73 05 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 1.00 0.16± 0.09 16.66 02.67 0.49 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 5.75 0.95± 0.36 58.33 21.97 2.81 03 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1.25 0.20± 0.16 16.66 03.59 0.61 06 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 7.25 1.20± 0.32 70.83 27.19 3.55 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2.75 0.45± 0.34 20.83 08.46 1.34 04 S

27.75 4.62± 1.80 13.60

Table 2.24. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9.00 1.50± 0.39 79.16 31.94 4.41 01

C 1.38 0.77

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 1.00 0.16± 0.12 12.50 02.70 0.49 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0.00 0.00± 0.00 12.50 00.00 0.00 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 6.25 1.04± 0.36 62.50 24.16 3.06 03 F Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1.25 0.20± 0.16 12.50 03.54 0.61 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 8.00 1.33± 0.44 70.83 30.13 3.92 02 C Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2.50 0.41± 0.32 16.66 07.50 1.22 04 S

28 4.66± 1.82 13.72 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

119

Study Period (2006-2009)

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

2006-2009 are given in table 4.25.

As many as 27.43 (4.47 per transect) individuals of six notable mammals

with 17.21 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. The most commonly

encountered mammal species during 2006-2009 was Asiatic Jackal with 4.53

individuals per square kilometer followed by Jungle Cat with 3.61 individuals per

square kilometer, Small Asiatic mongoose with 2.57 individuals per square

kilometer, Black-naped Hare with 1.31 individuals per square kilometer, Indian

Grey Mongoose with 0.76 individuals per square kilometer, Red Fox with 0.42

individuals per square kilometer and Bengal Fox with 0.21 individuals per

square kilometer.

Asiatic Jackal (34.74%) was rated as Common; Jungle Cat (29.02%) as

Frequent, Small Asiatic Mongoose (19.70%) as Occasional while Black-naped

Hare (8.33%), Indian Grey Mongoose (4.60%), Red Fox (2.37%) and Bengal

Fox (1.21%) were rated as Scarce.

Diversity and evenness index values were highest for the year 2008

(Fig.4.7) and lowest for 2006. An increase in the abundance index value from

1.33 during 2006 to 1.45 during 2007 was observed. Similar increase in the

evenness index value was also recorded from 0.75 during 2006 to 0.81 during

2007. The total number of individuals (28), mean number of individuals (4.66)

and total density (13.72) of seven notable mammals recorded during 2006-2009

were highest during 2009 and were lowest (26.25, 4.37 and 12.86 respectively)

during 2006 (Fig.4.8).

120

Table 4.25. Abundance of some selected mammals of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Asiatic Jackal

Canis aureus 9.25 1.54± 0.36 86.45 34.74 4.53 01

C 1.41 0.79

Red Fox Vulpes pusilla 0.87 0.14± 0.10 11.45 02.37 0.42 06 S Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis 0.43 0.07± 0.05 09.37 01.21 0.21 07 S Small Asiatic Mongoose Herpestes javanicus 5.25 0.87± 0.35 54.16 19.70 2.57 03 O Indian Grey Mongoose Herpestes edwardsii 1.56 0.26± 0.19 15.62 04.60 0.76 05 S Jungle Cat Felis chaus 7.37 1.22± 0.33 77.08 29.02 3.61 02 F Black-naped Hare Lepus nigricollis 2.68 0.44± 0.37 23.95 08.33 1.31 04 S

27.43 4.57± 1.79 13.44 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (60.1% and above); C=Common (30.1-60%); F=Frequent (20.1-30%); O=Occasional (10.1-20%) and S=Scarce (0-10 %)

121

Fig.4.7. Comparison of diversity and evenness of some selected mammals recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

122

Fig.4.8. Comparison of total number of individuals, mean number of individuals and density of some

selected mammals recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

123

Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata):

During present study, smooth-coated otter was recorded using indirect signs i.e. tracks from Nara Canal

and Chotiari Reservoir. Direct sightings were also successful on two occasions during the study period. Six cubs

of Smooth-Coated Otter were observed, photographed and released back. After Roberts (1997) this had been a

first record of the direct sighting of smooth-coated otter in more than a decade (Rais et al., 2009). It is concluded

that the area had 7-8 groups of otters, each group consisted of 8-12 individuals. Details of localities, their GPS

coordinates and type of evidence are given in table 4.26 and plotted in Fig.4.9.

Table 4.26. Details of areas, their description, geographical coordinates and type of evidence of

smooth-coated otter obtained from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh, during 2006-2010.

Locality Geographical

Coordinates

(degrees, hours,

minutes)

Evidence Area description

1. Nara Canal 26 12 402 N;

68 59 482 E

Pug marks The canal originates from Sukkar barrage, river Indus

through Khairpur and Sanghar district upto Tharparkar

district. Area with pug marks had abundant growth of Typha

and Phragmites (Fig.4.12 A-B).

124

2. Water body

Near Intlet of

the reservoir

26 17 221 N;

69 00 466 E

26 10 664 N;

68 59 563 E

Pug marks,

Tail trails

(Fig.4.13 A-B),

Grooming

sites

This water body, of about 0.25 square kilometer, had

seepage water from Nara Canal and the reservoir. Extensive

Typha and abundant fish supply was recorded. During one of

the visits a local fisherman informed us of seeing six otters at

Chor Dhundh before sunrise; however, upon a thorough

search pugmarks, tail trails and grooming sites were found.

Places that were used for grooming or bathing in the sun

were with loosely packed sand closer to water, while they

have been observed (local fishermen) to take their prey into

the reed beds located inside the Chor dhundh.

3.Inside

Reservoir

26 09 244 N

68 59 739 E

Pug marks

(Fig.4.15 A-B)

It is situated inside the reservoir and is It is not easily

accessible It also had thick cover of Typha with some

Tamarix.

4.Inside

Reservoir

26 09 295 N

68 59 859 E

8-10 spraints

(Fig.4.14 A-B),

Pug marks

A segment of land of about 250X250 m, 700 m inward from the

embankment towards the inside of main reservoir (Fig.4.11 A-B).

On site examination, remains of fishes and their scales were

found. Present study reveals that they prefer areas with

decomposed or dead grass to deposit spraints, as all the spraints

were on grass. This spraint site was surrounded by water at three

sites and the remaining was connected to land leading to the

125

embankment. However, when water level of the reservoir rises,

this site gets completely surrounded by water.

5.Canal Near

Inlet of the

Reservoir

Direct

sightings

(Fig.4.10 A-B),

Pug marks

This canal had seepage water with abundant growth of

Typha and sandy bottom. This canal, at several places, had

crossing points for access to different villages. The canal

water flows through conduit (cement pipes) beneath these

points. A group of six otters were recorded crossing one of

the points (two were observed). Darkness precluded taking

their pictures; however, photos of fresh footprints were taken.

126

Fig.4.9. Map showing areas of Chotiari Reservoir from where evidences of the presence of Smooth-

coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) were obtained during 2006-2010.

127

Fig.4.10. (A-B) Pups of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

128

Fig.4.11. (A-B) Habitat of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) inside Chotiari Reservoir

129

Fig.4.12. (A-B) Habitat of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) near Nara Canal

130

Fig.4.13. (A-B) Tail Trails of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

131

Fig.4.14. (A-B) Feaces of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

132

Fig.4.15. (A-B) Pug marks of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

133

Fig.4.16. Pug marks of Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

134

Birds

Fixed-width Line Transect Method

Spring 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring

2006 are given in table 4.27.

As many as 418 (69.66 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the

thirty two selected birds with 204.90 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys) (Fig.4.17.) with 26.47

individuals (12.97%) per square kilometer and Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus

cafer) with 22.05 individuals (10.76%) per square kilometer were rated as

Abundant. Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos) (0.71%) and Western

Marsh Harrier (Circus aeruginosus) (0.47%) with 1.47 and 0.98 individuals per

square kilometer repectively were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2006 are given in table 4.28.

As many as 447 (74.50 per transect) individuals of thirty one of the thirty

two selected birds with 219.11 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan Bulbul with 23.52 individuals (10.73%) per square kilometer was rated

as Abundant while Jungle Babbler (Turdoides striatus) with 18.13 individuals

(8.27%) per square kilometer was rated as Common. Western Marsh Harrier

(0.22%), Black Francolin (Francolinus francolinus) (0.22%), Black-rupmed

135

Fig.4.17.

A: Plain Prinia (Prinia inornata)

B: Great-grey Shrike (Lanius excubitor)

C: Himalyan Bulbul (Pycnonotus leucogenys)

136

Flameback (Dinopium benghalensis) (0.22%) with 0.49 individuals per square

kilometer each were rated as Scarce. A notable summer visitor Pied-crested

Cuckoo (Clamator jacobinus) with individuals (0.67%) per square kilometers

1.47 (abundance rank 15) was observed.

Autumn 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn

2006 are given in table 4.29.

As many as 442 (73.66 per transect) individuals of twenty nine of the

thirty two selected birds with 216.66 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Little Egret (Egretta garzetta) with 22.05 individuals (10.18%) per

square kilometer was rated as Abundant. Himalyan Bulbul (Pycnonotus

leucogenys) with 20.09 individuals (9.27%) per square kilometer was rated as

Common. Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus) (Fig.4.18), Western Marsh

Harrier and Common Sandpiper with 0.49 individuals (0.22%) per square

kilometer each were rated as Scarce. Black Francolin, Black-rupmed

Flameback and Pied-crested Cuckoo were rated as Scarce and were not

observed.

137

Fig.4.18.

A: Black-winged Kite (Elanus caeruleus)

B: Shikra (Accipiter badius)

138

Table 4.27. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2006 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 08 1.33± 0.33 66.66 1.91 03.92 15 O 3.08 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 19 3.16± 0.94 100.0 4.54 09.31 07 F

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 09 1.50± 0.22 100.0 2.15 04.41 14 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 05 0.83± 0.40 50.00 1.19 02.45 17 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 28 4.66± 2.34 100.0 6.69 13.72 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 1.19 02.45 17 O Black kite Milvus migrans 12 2.00± 0.63 100.0 2.87 05.88 13 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.47 00.98 18 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 09 1.50± 0.84 50.00 2.15 04.41 14 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 09 1.50± 0.61 66.66 2.15 04.41 14 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 20 3.33± 0.76 100.0 4.78 09.80 06 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 16 2.66± 1.08 100.0 3.82 07.84 09 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.71 01.47 18 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 08 1.33± 0.98 33.33 1.91 03.92 15 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 13 2.16± 0.79 83.33 3.11 06.37 12 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 12 2.00± 0.77 66.66 2.87 05.88 13 O Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08 1.33± 1.14 33.33 1.91 03.92 15 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.91 03.92 15 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 13 2.16± 0.47 100.0 3.11 06.37 12 F Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 12 2.00± 0.85 66.66 2.87 05.88 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 21 3.50± 1.64 66.66 5.02 10.29 05 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 54 9.00± 2.39 100.0 12.91 26.47 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 45 7.50± 1.23 100.0 10.76 22.05 02 A

139

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat

Saxicola caprata

18

3.00± 0.36

100.0

4.30

08.82

08

F

Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 14 2.33± 1.11 50.00 3.34 06.86 11 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 26 4.33± 1.47 66.66 6.22 12.74 04 C Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 06 1.00± 0.36 66.66 1.43 02.94 16 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 15 2.50± 0.56 100.0 3.58 07.35 10 F 418 69.66± 24.10 204.90

140

Table 4.28. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2006 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 03 0.50± 0.22 50.00 0.67 01.47 15 O 3.07 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 28 4.66± 1.14 100.0 6.26 13.72 05 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 1.34 02.91 13 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.67 01.47 15 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 36 6.00± 1.69 100.0 8.05 17.64 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.44 00.98 16 S Black kite Milvus migrans 10 1.66± 0.61 83.33 2.23 04.90 11 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 17 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 17 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 06 1.00± 0.68 33.33 1.34 02.94 13 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 05 0.83± 0.47 50.00 1.11 02.45 14 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 26 4.33± 0.98 100.0 5.81 12.74 06 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 19 3.16± 1.27 100.0 4.25 09.31 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 18 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 06 1.00± 0.68 33.33 1.34 02.94 13 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 12 2.00± 1.00 66.66 2.68 05.88 10 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 18 3.00± 1.03 66.66 4.02 08.82 09 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 09 1.50± 0.71 50.00 2.01 04.41 12 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 03 0.50± 0.22 50.00 0.67 01.47 15 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 1.11 02.45 14 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 12 2.00± 0.57 83.33 2.68 05.88 10 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 10 1.66± 1.11 50.00 2.23 04.90 11 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 21 3.50± 1.92 66.66 4.69 10.29 07 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 06 1.00± 0.36 66.66 1.34 02.94 13 O Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 17 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 48 8.00± 2.11 100.0 10.73 23.52 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 28 4.66± 3.02 50.00 6.26 13.72 05 C

141

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 19 3.16± 1.30 83.33 4.25 09.31 08 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 33 5.50± 2.02 100.0 7.38 16.17 04 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 37 6.16± 2.42 66.66 8.27 18.13 02 C Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 12 2.00± 1.00 66.66 2.68 05.88 10 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 21 3.50± 1.25 83.33 4.69 10.29 07 F 447 74.50± 30.01 219.11

142

Table 4.29. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2006 using fixed-width line transect method.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 01.35 02.94 18 O 3.01 0.86 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 35 5.83± 1.88 100.0 07.91 17.15 03 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 00.90 01.96 19 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 00.45 00.98 21 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 45 7.50± 1.78 100.0 10.18 22.05 01 A Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 00.22 00.49 22 S Black kite Milvus migrans 16 2.66± 0.80 100.0 03.61 07.84 12 F Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 00.22 00.49 22 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.000 00.00 23 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 06 1.00± 1.00 16.66 01.35 02.94 18 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 01.80 03.92 16 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 21 3.50± 0.80 83.33 04.75 10.29 09 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 11 1.83± 1.07 66.66 02.48 05.39 14 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 00.22 00.49 22 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 00.67 01.47 20 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 19 3.16± 1.55 83.33 04.29 09.31 10 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 26 4.33± 1.30 83.33 05.88 12.74 07 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 07 1.16± 0.65 50.00 01.58 03.43 17 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 23 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 09 1.50± 0.95 33.33 02.03 04.41 15 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 08 1.33± 0.42 83.33 01.80 03.92 16 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 12 2.00± 0.81 100.0 02.71 05.88 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 33 5.50± 1.52 100.0 07.46 16.17 04 C Hoopoe Upapa epops 03 0.50± 0.22 50.00 00.67 01.47 20 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 00.00 23 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 41 6.83± 1.37 100.0 09.27 20.09 02 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 29 4.83± 2.45 66.66 06.56 14.21 06 C

143

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 12 2.00± 1.00 66.66 02.71 05.88 13 O Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 25 4.16± 1.55 66.66 05.65 12.25 08 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 32 5.33± 1.33 83.33 07.23 15.68 05 C Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 08 1.33± 0.71 50.00 01.80 03.92 16 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 18 3.00± 0.73 83.33 04.07 08.82 11 F 442 73.66± 26.55 216.66

144

Winter 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter

2006 are given in table 4.30.

As many as 441 (73.50 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the

thirty two selected birds with 216.17 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul with 25.98 individuals (12.01%) per square

kilometers was recorded as Abundant. Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger)

(Fig.4.19) with 20.09 individuals (9.29%) per square kilometer was rated as

Common. Black-winged Kite and Western Marsh Harrier (0.22% each) were

recorded as Scarce. Black Francolin, Black-rupmed Flameback, Pied-crested

Cuckoo and Hoopoe (Upapa epops) were not observed.

Diversity index value decreased from 3.08 during spring 2006 to 2.99

during winter 2006. Higher evenness index values were almost constant

(E=0.88 during spring 2006 and summer 2006 and 0.86 during autumn 2006

and winter 2006) showing greater evenness (Fig.4.20).

145

Fig.4.19. Flock of Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger)

146

Table 4.30. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006 using fixed-width line transect method.

Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 05 0.83± 0.47 50.00 1.13 02.45 15 O 2.99 0.86 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 41 6.83± 2.18 100.0 9.29 20.09 02 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 1.81 03.92 13 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 1.36 02.94 14 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 40 6.66± 1.30 100.0 9.07 19.60 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 16 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12 2.00± 0.73 66.66 2.72 05.88 10 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 16 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 08 1.33± 0.84 33.33 1.81 03.92 13 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.36 02.94 14 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 33 5.50± 1.45 100.0 7.48 16.17 05 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 10 1.66± 0.76 66.66 2.26 04.90 12 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.36 02.94 14 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 16 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 11 1.83± 0.87 66.66 2.49 05.39 11 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 15 2.50± 1.20 50.00 3.40 07.35 09 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.81 03.92 13 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 12 2.00± 0.93 66.66 2.72 05.88 10 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.26 04.90 12 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 08 1.33± 0.61 66.66 1.81 03.92 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 16 2.66± 0.98 83.33 3.62 07.84 08 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 53 8.83± 2.19 100.0 12.01 25.98 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 31 5.16± 1.99 83.33 7.02 15.19 06 C

147

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 26 4.33± 1.40 100.0 5.89 12.74 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 38 6.33± 2.69 66.66 8.61 18.62 04 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 11 1.83± 0.83 50.00 2.49 05.39 11 O Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 12 2.00± 0.57 83.33 2.72 05.88 10 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 12 2.00± 0.51 100.0 2.72 05.88 10 O 441 73.5± 26.31 216.17

148

Fig. 4.20. Abundnce (diversity and evenness) of some selected birds in different seasons recorded from

Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

149

Spring 2007

As many as 457 (76.16 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the

thirty two selected birds 224.01 individuals per square kilometers were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities and abundance

ranks of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2007 are

given in table 4.31.

Himalayan Bulbul with 30.88 individuals (13.78%) per square kilometer.

and Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) with 23.03 individuals (10.28%) per

square kilometer were rated as Abundant. Western Marsh Harrier with 0.49

individuals (0.21%) per square kilometer was rated as Scarce. Black Francolin,

Black-rupmed Flameback, Pied-crested Cuckoo and Hoopoe were not

observed.

Summer 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2007 are given in table 4.32.

As many as 546 (91 per transect) individuals of thirty one of the thirty two

selected birds with 267.64 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan Bulbul with 29.96 individuals (10.07%) per square kilometer was

recorded as Abundant. Little Egret with 19.11 individuals (7.14%) per square

kilometer was rated as Common. Black Francolin with 19.11 individuals (0.18

%) per square kilometer and Pied-crested Cuckoo with 19.11 individuals (0.18

%) per square kilometer were recorded as Scarce.

150

Table 4.31. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2007 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 07 1.16± 0.30 66.66 1.53 03.43 17 O 3.05 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 21 3.50± 0.95 100.0 4.59 10.29 06 F

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 10 1.66± 0.49 100.0 2.18 04.90 15 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.87 01.96 19 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 32 5.33± 1.89 100.0 7.00 15.68 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.65 01.47 20 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12 2.00± 0.51 100.0 2.62 05.88 13 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.21 00.49 21 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 10 1.66± 0.80 50.00 2.18 04.90 15 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 1.66± 0.76 66.66 2.18 04.90 15 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 28 4.66± 0.95 100.0 6.12 13.72 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 15 2.50± 0.76 100.0 3.28 07.35 10 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.65 01.47 20 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 08 1.33± 0.84 33.33 1.75 03.92 16 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 16 2.66± 1.22 83.33 3.50 07.84 09 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 17 2.83± 1.19 66.66 3.71 08.33 08 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 11 1.83± 1.47 33.33 2.40 05.39 14 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 00 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.18 04.90 15 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 14 2.33± 0.71 100.0 3.06 06.86 11 F Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 13 2.16± 0.94 66.66 2.84 06.37 12 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 20 3.33± 1.78 66.66 4.37 09.80 07 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 63 10.50± 3.18 100.0 13.78 30.88 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 47 7.83± 1.16 100.0 10.28 23.03 02 A

151

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 21 3.50± 0.61 100.0 4.59 10.29 06 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 13 2.16± 0.98 50.00 2.84 06.37 12 O Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 26 4.33± 1.38 66.66 5.68 12.74 05 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 06 1.00± 0.44 66.66 1.31 02.94 18 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 16 2.66± 0.33 100.0 3.50 07.84 09 F 457 76.16± 25.58 224.01

152

Table 4.32. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2007 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 05 0.83± 0.40 50.00 0.91 02.45 16 S 3.15 0.90 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 36 6.00± 1.94 83.33 6.59 17.64 03 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 08 1.33± 0.61 50.00 1.46 03.92 14 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 05 0.83± 0.47 50.00 0.91 02.45 16 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 39 6.50± 2.77 100.0 7.14 19.11 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.73 01.96 17 S Black kite Milvus migrans 15 2.50± 0.76 100.0 2.74 07.35 12 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.54 01.47 18 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.18 00.49 19 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 16 2.66± 1.33 50.00 2.93 07.84 11 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.09 02.94 15 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 19 3.16± 1.60 100.0 3.47 09.31 09 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 21 3.50± 1.45 83.33 3.84 10.29 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 10 1.66± 0.95 50.00 1.83 04.90 13 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 21 3.50± 1.40 66.66 3.84 10.29 08 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 28 4.66± 1.54 66.66 5.12 13.72 07 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 15 2.50± 1.31 50.00 2.74 07.35 13 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.18 00.49 19 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 1.09 02.94 15 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 16 2.66± 0.76 83.33 2.93 07.84 11 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 18 3.00± 1.39 83.33 3.29 08.82 10 F Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 30 5.00± 2.55 83.33 5.49 14.70 05 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 06 1.00± 0.36 66.66 1.09 02.94 15 O Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.54 01.47 18 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 55 9.16± 2.88 100.0 10.07 26.96 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 35 5.83± 2.95 66.66 6.41 17.15 04 C

153

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 28 4.66± 1.78 83.33 5.12 13.72 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 29 4.83± 1.24 100.0 5.31 14.21 06 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 30 5.00± 1.75 66.66 5.49 14.70 05 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 18 3.00± 1.50 66.66 3.29 08.82 10 F Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 19 3.16± 1.13 83.33 3.47 09.31 09 F 546 91± 37.23 267.64

154

Autumn 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn

2007 are given in table 4.33.

As many as 470 (78.33 per transect) individuals of twenty nine of the

thirty two selected birds with 230.39 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Little Egret with 23.52 individuals (10.21%) per square kilometer was

recorded as Abundant. Indian Roller (Fig.4.21 C) with 21.07 individuals (9.14%)

per square kilometer was rated as Common. Hoopoe (Fig.4.21 D) with 0.48

individuals (0.21%) was rated as Scarce.

Winter 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter

2007 are given in table 4.34.

As many as 460 (76.66 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the

thirty two selected birds with 225.49 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul with 24.01 individuals (10.65%) per square kilometer

and Little Cormorant with 23.52 individuals (10.43%) per square kilometer were

recorded as Abundant while Western Marsh Harrier with 0.49 individuals

(0.21%) per square kilometer was rated as Scarce.

155

Fig.4.21. A-B: Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto) C: Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis) D: Eurasian Hoopoe (Upupa epops)

156

Table 4.33. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2007 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name

Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I

Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 07 1.16± 0.54 50.00 1.48 03.43 15 O 3.06 0.82 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 40 6.66± 2.09 100.0 8.51 19.60 03 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05 0.83± 0.40 50.00 1.06 02.45 17 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 03 0.50± 0.22 50.00 0.63 01.47 17 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 48 8.00± 2.17 100.0 10.21 23.52 01 A Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.42 00.98 18 S Black kite Milvus migrans 10 1.66± 0.76 66.66 2.12 04.90 12 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.42 00.98 18 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 19 3.16± 2.10 33.33 4.04 09.31 09 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 09 1.50± 0.95 50.00 1.91 04.41 13 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 19 3.16± 0.65 100.0 4.04 09.31 09 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 19 3.16± 1.24 83.33 4.04 09.31 09 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 1.06 02.45 17 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 26 4.33± 2.27 83.33 5.53 12.74 07 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 12 2.00± 0.73 66.66 2.55 05.88 11 O Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 07 1.16± 0.65 50.00 1.48 03.43 15 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 08 1.33± 0.61 50.00 1.70 03.92 14 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 10 1.66± 0.55 83.33 2.12 04.90 12 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 15 2.50± 0.56 100.0 3.19 07.35 10 F Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 43 7.16± 2.18 100.0 9.14 21.07 02 C Hoopoe Upapa epops 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.21 00.49 19 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 06 1.00± 0.68 33.33 1.27 02.94 16 O Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 37 6.16± 0.70 100.0 7.87 18.13 04 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 31 5.16± 2.78 50.00 6.59 15.19 05 C

157

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 15 2.50± 1.45 50.00 3.19 07.35 10 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 20 3.33± 0.88 83.33 4.25 09.80 08 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 29 4.83± 1.30 83.33 6.17 14.21 06 C Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 07 1.16± 0.54 50.00 1.48 03.43 15 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 15 2.50± 0.92 66.66 3.19 07.35 10 F 470 78.33± 29.13 230.39

158

Table 4.34. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 1.30 02.94 15 O 3.03 0.87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 48 8.00± 1.73 100.0 10.43 23.52 02 A

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.86 01.96 16 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.73 03.92 14 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 38 6.33± 0.98 100.0 8.26 18.62 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.21 00.49 18 O Black kite Milvus migrans 10 1.66± 0.61 83.33 2.17 04.90 12 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.21 00.49 18 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 25 4.16± 2.71 33.33 5.43 12.25 06 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 1.33± 0.84 33.33 1.73 03.92 14 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 36 6.00± 1.31 100.0 7.82 17.64 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 12 2.00± 0.73 66.66 2.60 05.88 10 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 12 2.00± 01.0 66.66 2.60 05.88 10 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.65 01.47 17 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.73 03.92 14 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 19 3.16± 1.27 66.66 4.13 09.31 09 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 09 1.50± 0.71 50.00 1.95 04.41 13 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 11 1.83± 0.87 66.66 2.39 05.39 11 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 09 1.50± 0.80 50.00 1.95 04.41 13 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 10 1.66± 0.91 66.66 2.17 04.90 12 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 25 4.16± 1.62 83.33 5.43 12.25 06 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 49 8.16± 1.81 100.0 10.65 24.01 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 22 3.66± 1.20 83.33 4.78 10.78 08 F

159

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 23 3.83± 1.01 83.33 5.00 11.27 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 31 5.16± 2.19 66.66 6.73 15.19 05 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 10 1.66± 0.61 66.66 2.17 04.90 12 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 10 1.66± 0.91 66.66 2.17 04.90 12 F

Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 12 2.00± 0.51 100.0 2.60 05.88 10 F

460 76.66± 26.94 225.49

160

Few bird species such as Black Francolin, Western Marsh Harrier and

Black-rupmed Flameback very found Scarce as they were recorded in very low

number. Pied-crested Cuckoo was only recorded during summer. Number of

Little Egret, Little Cormorant and Common Sandpiper increased with the

approach of winter. Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus) was more abundant

during summer while Indian Roller was abundant during autumn.

The highest bird diversity and evenness (H=3.15 and E=0.90

respectively) were recorded during summer 2007. Winter 2007 had the lowest

values of diversity (H=3.03) and evenness index (E=0.87) (Figure 4.20.)

Spring 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring

2008 are given in table 4.35.

As many as 484 (80.66 per transect) individuals of thirty of the thirty two

selected birds with 237.25 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan bulbul with 28.92 individuals (12.19%) per square kilometer was rated

as Abundant. Red-vented Bulbul with 21.07 individuals (8.88%) per square

kilometer was rated as Common. The other least abundant bird species were

Black-winged Kite, Pied-crested Cuckoo and Black-rupmed Flameback with

0.49 individuals (0.21%) per square kilometer each were rated as Scarce.

161

Table 4.35. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2008 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 09 1.50± 0.61 66.66 1.85 04.41 13 O 3.1 0.89 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 31 5.16± 1.60 83.33 6.40 15.19 03 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 09 1.50± 0.61 66.66 1.85 04.41 13 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.41 00.98 15 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 30 5.00± 2.48 100.0 6.19 14.70 04 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.20 00.49 16 S Black kite Milvus migrans 16 2.66± 0.42 100.0 3.30 07.84 09 F Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.20 00.49 16 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 15 2.50± 1.14 50.00 3.09 07.35 10 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 12 2.00± 1.06 66.66 2.47 05.88 12 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 30 5.00± 1.71 83.33 6.19 14.70 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 18 3.00± 1.09 100.0 3.71 08.82 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.23 02.94 14 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 12 2.00± 1.03 50.00 2.47 05.88 12 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 18 3.00± 0.96 83.33 3.71 08.82 08 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 21 3.50± 0.92 100.0 4.33 10.29 06 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 13 2.16± 1.37 33.33 2.68 06.37 11 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.20 00.49 16 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 12 2.00± 1.00 66.66 2.47 05.88 12 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 13 2.16± 0.54 100.0 2.68 06.37 11 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 12 2.00± 0.85 66.66 2.47 05.88 12 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 29 4.83± 1.70 83.33 5.99 14.21 05 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 17 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.20 00.49 16 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 59 9.83± 2.79 100.0 12.19 28.92 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 43 7.16± 1.55 100.0 8.88 21.07 02 C

162

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 18 3.00± 1.71 66.66 3.71 08.82 08 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 19 3.16± 1.30 66.66 3.92 09.31 07 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 18 3.00± 1.21 66.66 3.71 08.82 08 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 09 1.50± 0.80 50.00 1.85 04.41 13 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 06 1.00± 0.36 66.66 1.23 02.94 14 O 484 80.66± 30.24 237.25

163

Summer 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2008 are given in table 4.36.

As many as 513 (85.85 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the

thirty two selected birds with 251.47 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul with 29.41 individuals (11.69%) per square kilometer

was recorded as Abundant. Little Egret (Fig.4.22) with 19.11 individuals (9.94%)

per square kilometer was rated as Common. Western Marsh Harrier and Pied-

crested Cuckoo with 0.98 individuals (0.38%) per square kilometer were

recorded as Scarce.

Autumn 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn

2008 are given in table 4.37.

As many as 431 (71.83 per transect) individuals of twenty nine of the

thirty two selected birds with 211.27 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul with 19.60 individuals (9.28%) per square kilometer

and Little Cormorant with 17.15 individuals (8.12%) per square kilometer were

rated as Common. Black-winged kite with 0.49 individuals (0.23%) per square

kilometer was rated as Scarce.

164

Fig.4.22 Numerous individulas of Little Egret (Egretta garzetta)

165

Table 4.36. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2008 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 1.55 03.92 16 O 3.05 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 29 4.83± 2.10 66.66 5.65 14.21 05 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05 0.83± 0.40 50.00 0.97 02.45 18 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04 0.66± 0.21 66.66 0.77 01.96 18 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 51 8.50± 2.78 100.0 9.94 25.00 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.38 00.98 19 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12 2.00± 0.44 100.0 2.33 05.88 13 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.38 00.98 19 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 19 3.16± 1.72 50.00 3.70 09.31 10 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 05 0.83± 0.40 50.00 0.97 02.45 18 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 15 2.50± 1.11 100.0 2.92 07.35 12 O Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 25 4.16± 0.79 100.0 4.87 12.25 07 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 1.55 03.92 16 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 19 3.16± 1.04 66.66 3.70 09.31 10 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 25 4.16± 1.40 66.66 4.87 12.25 07 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 1.94 04.90 15 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.38 00.98 19 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 07 1.16± 0.74 33.33 1.36 03.43 17 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 18 3.00± 0.96 83.33 3.50 08.82 11 F Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 19 3.16± 1.47 83.33 3.70 09.31 10 F Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 31 5.16± 3.27 100.0 6.04 15.19 04 C Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 60 10.0± 3.25 100.0 11.69 29.41 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 20 3.33± 1.54 66.66 3.89 09.80 09 F

166

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 25 4.16± 2.07 66.66 4.87 12.25 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 32 5.33± 1.52 83.33 6.23 15.68 03 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 28 4.66± 1.60 66.66 5.45 13.72 06 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 21 3.50± 1.66 66.66 4.09 10.29 08 F Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 11 1.83± 0.90 50.00 2.14 05.39 14 O 513 85.50± 34.09 251.47

167

Table 4.37. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2008 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 10 1.66± 0.76 50.00 2.32 04.90 13 O 3.08 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 35 5.83± 1.88 100.0 8.12 17.15 02 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.85 03.92 15 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04 0.66± 0.21 66.66 0.92 01.96 17 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 31 5.16± 1.55 100.0 7.19 15.19 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.23 00.49 19 S Black kite Milvus migrans 13 2.16± 0.74 66.66 3.01 06.37 11 F Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.23 00.49 19 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 21 3.50± 2.39 33.33 4.87 10.29 07 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.39 02.94 16 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 28 4.66± 0.84 100.0 6.49 13.72 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 21 3.50± 0.71 100.0 4.87 10.29 07 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 03 0.50± 0.22 50.00 0.69 01.47 18 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.69 01.47 18 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 20 3.33± 1.83 50.00 4.64 09.80 08 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 16 2.66± 1.08 66.66 3.71 07.84 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08 1.33± 0.88 33.33 1.85 03.92 15 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 09 1.50± 0.80 50.00 2.08 04.41 14 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 11 1.83± 0.30 100.0 2.55 05.39 12 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 10 1.66± 0.21 100.0 2.32 04.90 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 16 2.66± 0.76 100.0 3.71 07.84 10 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 40 6.66± 0.98 100.0 9.28 19.60 01 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 19 3.16± 1.62 50.00 4.40 09.31 09 F

168

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 31 5.16± 1.83 83.33 7.19 15.19 03 C Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 24 4.00± 0.73 83.33 5.56 11.76 05 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 23 3.83± 1.04 83.33 5.33 11.27 06 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 11 1.83± 0.98 50.00 2.55 05.39 12 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 08 1.33± 0.33 83.33 1.85 03.92 15 O 431 71.83± 24.38 211.27

169

Winter 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter

2008 are given in table 4.38.

As many as 439 (73.16 per transect) individuals of twenty nine of the

thirty two selected birds with 215.19 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Himalyan Bulbul with 33.33 individuals (15.48%) per square kilometer

was rated as Abundant. Little Cormorant with 19.60 individuals (9.11%) per

square kilometers was recorded as Common.

The most abundant bird species recorded during 2008 was Himalyan

Bulbul. Few bird species such as Black Francolin, Western Marsh Harrier,

Black-winged Kite and Black-rupmed Flameback very found rare as they were

recorded in very low number.

The highest bird diversity and evenness (H=3.10 and E=0.89

respectively) were recorded during spring 2008. Evenness remained almost

constant during summer 2008 (E=0.88), autumn 2008 (E=0.88) and winter 2008

(E=0.87) (Fig.4.20)

170

Table 4.38. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 08 1.33± 0.88 33.33 1.82 03.92 14 O 3.02 0.87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 40 6.66± 1.83 100.0 9.11 19.60 02 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.91 01.96 17 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.45 00.98 18 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 35 5.83± 1.19 100.0 7.97 17.15 03 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 19 S Black kite Milvus migrans 08 1.33± 0.21 100.0 1.82 03.92 14 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01 0.16± 0.00 16.66 0.22 00.49 19 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 20 3.33± 2.12 33.33 4.55 09.80 07 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 09 1.50± 0.95 33.33 2.05 04.41 13 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 31 5.16± 1.04 100.0 7.06 15.19 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 15 2.50± 0.67 66.66 3.41 07.35 11 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 16 2.66± 0.80 100.0 3.64 07.84 10 F Rock Pigeon Columba livia 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.45 00.98 18 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 13 2.16± 1.37 33.33 2.96 06.37 12 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 21 3.50± 1.43 66.66 4.78 10.29 06 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 1.13 02.45 16 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 15 2.50± 1.31 50.00 3.41 07.35 11 F Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.82 03.92 14 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 07 1.16± 0.65 50.00 1.59 03.43 15 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 18 3.00± 1.06 83.33 4.10 08.82 08 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 20 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.45 00.98 18 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 68 11.33± 2.70 100.0 15.48 33.33 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 29 4.83± 1.57 100.0 6.60 14.21 05 C

171

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 20 3.33± 0.91 100.0 4.55 09.80 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 17 2.83± 1.47 50.00 3.87 08.33 09 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 10 1.66± 0.80 50.00 2.27 04.90 13 O Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 04 0.66± 0.42 33.33 0.91 01.96 17 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.27 04.90 13 O 439 73.16± 26.46 215.19

172

Spring 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring

2009 are given in table 4.39.

As many as 486 (81 per transect) individuals of thirty of the thirty two

selected birds with 238.23 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan Bulbul with 25 individuals (10.49%) per square kilometer was

recorded as Abundant. Little Cormorant with 18.13 individuals (7.61%) per

square kilometer was rated as Common. The other least abundant bird species

were Western Marsh Harrier with 0.98 individuals (0.41%) per square kilometer,

and Black-rupmed Flameback with 0.98 individuals (0.41%) per square

kilometer were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2009 are given in table 4.40.

As many as 568 (94.66 per transect) individuals of thirty one of the thirty

two selected birds 278.43 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Little

Egret with 27.45 individuals (9.85%) per square kilometer and Common Babbler

with 19.11 individuals (6.86%) per square kilometer were rated as Common.

Western Marsh Harrier and Black Francolin with 0.49 individuals (0.17%) per

square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

173

Table 4.39. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2009 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 11 1.83± 1.47 33.33 2.26 05.39 13 F 3.15 0.90 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 37 6.16± 1.22 83.33 7.61 18.13 02 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06 1.00± 0.44 50.00 1.23 02.94 16 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 06 1.00± 0.25 83.33 1.23 02.94 16 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 37 6.16± 2.07 100.0 7.61 18.13 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.82 01.96 18 S Black kite Milvus migrans 14 2.33± 0.33 100.0 2.88 06.86 11 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.41 00.98 20 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 21 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 18 3.00± 1.43 50.00 3.70 08.82 09 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 1.66± 0.76 66.66 2.05 04.90 14 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 30 5.00± 1.15 83.33 6.17 14.70 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 21 3.50± 0.88 100.0 4.32 10.29 07 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 1.64 03.92 15 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 05 0.83± 0.83 16.66 1.02 02.45 17 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 11 1.83± 1.16 33.33 2.26 05.39 13 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 18 3.00± 1.21 100.0 3.70 08.82 09 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 12 2.00± 1.00 66.66 2.46 05.88 12 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 21 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 10 1.66± 0.80 50.00 2.05 04.90 14 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 10 1.66± 0.55 83.33 2.05 04.90 14 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.05 04.90 14 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 22 3.66± 1.47 83.33 4.52 10.78 06 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 03 0.50± 0.34 33.33 0.61 01.47 19 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.41 00.98 20 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 51 8.50± 1.54 100.0 10.49 25.00 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 36 6.00± 1.57 100.0 7.40 17.64 03 C

174

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 15 2.50± 0.76 100.0 3.08 07.35 10 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 26 4.33± 1.49 66.66 5.34 12.74 05 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 18 3.00± 1.43 50.00 3.70 08.82 09 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 14 2.33± 0.95 66.66 2.88 06.86 11 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 19 3.16± 1.70 66.66 3.90 09.31 08 F 486 81± 28.98 238.23

175

Table 4.40. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2009 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 15 2.50± 1.45 50.00 2.64 07.35 13 F 3.14 0.90 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 31 5.16± 1.75 66.66 5.45 15.19 06 F Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 09 1.50± 0.80 50.00 1.58 04.41 15 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 05 0.83± 0.16 83.33 0.88 02.45 17 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 56 9.33± 2.62 100.0 9.85 27.45 01 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.21 33.33 0.35 00.98 19 S Black kite Milvus migrans 13 2.16± 0.98 66.66 2.28 06.37 14 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.35 00.98 19 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 01 0.16± 0.16 16.66 0.17 00.49 20 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 16 2.66± 1.97 33.33 2.81 07.84 12 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 1.33± 0.66 50.00 1.40 03.92 16 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 38 6.33± 1.89 100.0 6.69 18.62 03 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 28 4.66± 1.62 100.0 4.92 13.72 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 21 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 13 2.16± 1.32 50.00 2.28 06.37 14 F Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 15 2.50± 0.88 66.66 2.64 07.32 13 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 27 4.50± 1.64 66.66 4.75 13.23 09 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 09 1.50± 0.61 66.66 1.58 04.41 15 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 04 0.66± 0.42 33.33 0.70 01.96 18 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 08 1.33± 0.88 33.33 1.40 03.92 16 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 19 3.16± 0.65 100.0 3.34 09.31 11 F Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 14 2.33± 0.76 100.0 2.46 06.86 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 28 4.66± 2.30 100.0 4.92 13.72 08 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 0.88 02.45 17 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 01 0.16± 0.16 16.66 0.17 00.49 20 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 35 5.83± 1.35 100.0 6.16 17.15 05 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 28 4.66± 1.66 83.33 4.92 13.72 08 F

176

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 36 6.00± 1.65 100.0 6.33 17.64 04 C Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 39 6.50± 1.99 83.33 6.86 19.11 02 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 29 4.83± 1.37 83.33 5.10 14.21 07 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 26 4.33± 2.55 66.66 4.57 12.74 10 F Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 08 1.33±0.66 50.00 1.40 03.92 16 O 568 94.66± 36.14 278.43

177

Autumn 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and staus of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn

2009 are given in table 4.41.

As many as 435 (72.5 per transect) individuals of twenty nine of the thirty

two selected birds with 213.23 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan Bulbul with 18.13 individuals (8.50%) per square kilometer and Little

Cormorant with 15.68 individuals (7.35%) per square kilometer were recorded

as Common. Black-winged Kite and Western Marsh Harrier with 0.98

individuals (0.45%) per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

Winter 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter

2009 are given in table 4.42.

As many as 449 (74.83 per transect) individuals of twenty eight of the thirty two

selected birds with 220.09 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalayan Bulbul with 19.11 individuals (8.68%) per square kilometer and Little

Egret with 19.06 individuals (8.90%) per square kilometer were recorded as

Common. Black-winged Kite and Western Marsh Harrier with 0.98 individuals

(0.44%) per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

178

Table 4.41. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2009 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 09 1.50± 0.80 50.00 2.06 04.41 15 O 3.12 0.90 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 32 5.33± 1.83 100.0 7.35 15.68 02 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 09 1.50± 0.76 66.66 2.06 04.41 15 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 06 1.00± 0.36 66.66 1.37 02.94 18 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 32 5.33± 1.25 100.0 7.35 15.68 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.45 00.98 21 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12 2.00± 0.68 66.66 2.75 05.88 12 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.45 00.98 21 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 19 3.16± 2.00 33.33 4.36 09.31 09 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07 1.16± 0.60 50.00 1.60 03.43 17 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 30 5.00± 1.43 100.0 6.89 14.70 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 21 3.50± 0.99 100.0 4.82 10.29 07 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 04 0.66± 0.33 50.00 0.91 01.96 20 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 05 0.83± 0.54 33.33 1.14 02.45 19 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 17 2.83± 1.55 50.00 3.90 08.33 10 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 17 2.83± 1.04 66.66 3.90 08.33 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 06 1.00± 0.68 33.33 1.37 02.94 18 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 10 1.66± 0.84 50.00 2.29 04.90 14 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 13 2.16± 0.47 100.0 2.98 06.37 11 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 11 1.83± 0.40 100.0 2.52 05.39 13 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 17 2.83± 0.47 100.0 3.90 08.33 10 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 22 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 37 6.16± 1.30 100.0 8.50 18.13 01 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 23 3.83± 1.93 50.00 5.28 11.27 06 F

179

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 31 5.16± 1.75 83.33 7.12 15.19 03 C Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 26 4.33± 0.84 83.33 5.97 12.74 05 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 20 3.33± 0.88 83.33 4.59 09.80 08 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 08 1.33± 0.80 50.00 1.83 03.92 16 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 09 1.50± 0.42 83.33 2.06 04.41 15 O 435

72.5± 25.73

213.23

180

Table 4.42. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 09 01.5± 0.80 50.00 2.00 04.41 14 O 3.06 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 44 7.33± 1.42 100.0 9.79 21.56 03 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 07 1.16± 0.79 50.00 1.55 03.43 23 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.22 04.90 24 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 40 6.66± 1.38 100.0 8.90 19.60 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.44 00.98 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 10 1.66± 0.71 83.33 2.22 04.90 15 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02 0.33± 0.33 16.66 0.44 00.98 28 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 29 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 22 3.66± 2.37 33.33 4.89 10.78 10 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 1.33± 0.84 33.33 1.78 03.92 21 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 43 7.16± 2.83 100.0 9.57 21.07 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 19 3.16± 1.27 66.66 4.23 09.31 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 13 2.16± 1.22 66.66 2.89 06.37 25 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 04 0.66± 0.49 33.33 0.89 01.96 26 S Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 06 1.00± 0.44 66.66 1.33 02.94 16 O Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 10 1.66± 0.66 66.66 2.22 04.90 12 O Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 06 1.00± 0.51 50.00 1.33 02.94 22 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 29 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 11 1.83± 0.90 66.66 2.44 05.39 20 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 11 1.83± 0.98 50.00 2.44 05.39 14 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 09 01.5± 0.76 66.66 2.00 04.41 18 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 21 03.5± 1.17 83.33 4.67 10.29 09 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 29 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 29 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 39 6.50± 1.33 100.0 8.68 19.11 01 C Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 20 3.33± 1.08 83.33 4.45 09.80 06 F

181

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 24 4.00± 1.09 83.33 5.34 11.76 07 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 31 5.16± 2.34 66.66 6.90 15.19 05 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 08 1.33± 0.49 66.66 1.78 03.92 11 O Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 09 01.5± 0.76 66.66 2.00 04.41 13 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 11 1.83± 0.30 100.0 2.44 05.39 17 O 449 74.83± 28.39 220.09

182

Values of diversity index decreased from 3.15 during spring 2009, 3.14

during summer 2009, and 3.12 during autumn 2009 to 3.06 during winter 2009.

Evenness index were constant during spring 2009, summer 2009 and autumn

2009 (0.90 respectively) but decreased to 0.88 during winter 2009 (Fig.4.20).

2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006

are given in table 4.43.

As many as 437 (72.83 per transect) individuals of thirty two birds with

214.20 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Himalyan bulbul with

24.01 individuals (11.23%) per square kilometer was recorded as Abundant.

Little Egret (8.50%) with 18.25 individuals per square kilometer was rated as

Common. Black-rupmed Flameback and Black Francolin with 0.12 individuals

(0.05%) per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities abundance ranks

and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007 are

given in table 4.44.

As many as 483.25 (80.54 per transect) individuals of thirty two birds

with 236.88 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Himalyan Bulbul

with 25 individuals (10.59%) per square kilometer was rated as Abundant and

Little Egret with 19.24 individuals (8.15%) per square kilometer was recorded as

Common. Pied-crested Cuckoo (0.04%) and Black Francolin (0.04%) with 0.25

individuals per square kilometer each were rated as Scarce.

183

Table 4.43. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 05.50 0.91± 0.38 54.16 1.26 02.69 23 O 3.03 0.87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 30.75 5.12± 1.53 100.0 7.00 15.07 04 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06.75 1.12± 0.43 62.50 1.55 03.30 22 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04.00 0.66± 0.36 41.66 0.92 01.96 25 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 37.25 6.20± 1.78 100.0 8.50 18.25 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02.25 0.37± 0.27 25.00 0.52 01.10 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12.50 2.08± 0.69 87.50 2.86 06.12 14 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01.25 0.20± 0.20 16.66 0.28 00.61 29 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.05 00.12 31 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 07.25 1.20± 0.84 33.33 1.66 03.55 20 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07.00 1.16± 0.55 54.16 1.61 03.43 21 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 25.00 4.16± 1.00 95.83 5.70 12.25 07 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 14.00 2.33± 1.04 83.33 3.20 06.86 12 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 02.50 0.41± 0.23 25.00 0.57 01.22 26 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 04.50 0.75± 0.54 29.16 1.04 02.20 24 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 13.75 2.29± 1.05 75.00 3.14 06.74 13 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 17.75 2.95± 1.07 66.66 4.04 08.70 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08.00 1.33± 0.75 50.00 1.83 03.92 19 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00.75 0.12± 0.05 12.50 0.16 00.36 30 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 08.50 1.41± 0.73 50.00 1.94 04.16 19 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 10.75 1.79± 0.53 83.33 2.46 05.26 15 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 10.50 1.75± 0.85 70.83 2.40 5.14 15 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 22.75 3.79± 1.52 79.16 5.20 11.15 08 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 02.25 0.37± 0.14 29.16 0.50 01.10 28 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.05 00.12 31 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 00.49 8.16± 2.02 100.0 11.23 24.01 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 33.25 5.54± 2.17 75.00 7.65 16.29 03 C

184

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 18.75 3.12± 1.01 87.50 4.29 09.19 09 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 27.50 4.58± 1.84 70.83 6.25 13.40 05 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 26.50 4.41± 1.51 66.66 6.05 12.99 06 C Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 09.50 1.58± 0.66 66.66 2.16 04.65 17 F Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 16.50 2.75± 0.76 91.66 3.76 08.08 11 F 437 72.83 ± 26. 74 214.20

185

Table 4.44. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 06.25 1.04± 0.44 54.16 1.31 03.06 24 O 3.07 0.87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 36.25 6.04± 1.68 95.83 7.53 17.76 03 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06.75 1.12± 0.46 62.50 1.39 03.30 22 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 05.00 0.83± 0.38 54.16 1.04 02.45 25 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 39.25 6.54± 1.95 100.0 8.15 19.24 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02.50 0.41± 0.26 33.33 0.50 01.22 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 11.75 1.95± 0.66 87.50 2.41 05.75 17 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01.75 0.29± 0.22 25.00 0.35 00.85 29 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.04 00.12 31 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 17.50 2.91± 1.73 41.66 3.64 08.57 12 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08.25 1.37± 0.75 50.00 1.73 04.04 21 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 25.50 4.25± 1.13 100.0 5.36 12.50 06 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 16.75 2.79± 1.04 83.33 3.44 08.21 13 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 03.75 0.62± 0.33 25.00 0.81 01.83 26 S Rock Pigeon Columba livia 06.50 1.08± 0.67 37.50 1.32 03.18 23 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 17.75 2.95± 1.35 75.00 3.65 08.70 04 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 19.00 3.16± 1.18 66.66 3.88 09.31 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 10.50 1.75± 1.03 45.83 2.15 05.14 18 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.04 00.12 31 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 08.75 1.45± 0.66 58.33 1.84 04.28 20 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 12.25 2.04± 0.70 79.16 2.51 06.00 16 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 14.00 2.33± 0.95 79.16 2.87 06.86 15 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 29.50 4.91± 2.03 83.33 6.11 14.46 05 C Hoopoe Upapa epops 01.75 0.29± 0.13 20.83 0.32 00.85 30 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 02.25 0.37± 0.25 16.66 0.45 01.10 28 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 51.00 8.50± 2.14 100.0 10.59 25.00 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 33.75 5.62± 2.02 75.00 7.01 16.54 04 C

186

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 21.75 3.62± 1.21 79.16 4.47 10.66 09 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 23.25 3.87± 1.32 75.00 4.78 11.39 08 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 23.75 3.95± 1.26 70.83 4.88 11.64 07 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 10.25 1.70± 0.85 62.50 2.06 05.02 19 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 15.50 2.58± 0.72 87.50 3.19 07.59 14 F 483.25 80.54± 29.72 236.88

187

2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008

are given in table 4.45.

As many as 466.75 (77.79 per transect) individuals of thirty of the thirty

two selected birds with 228.79 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Himalyan Bulbul with 27.81 individuals (12.16%) per square kilometer was rated

as Abundant. Little Egret with 18.01 individuals (7.82 %) per square kilometer

was recorded as Common. Pied-crested cuckoo and Black-rupmed Flameback

with 0.75 individuals (0.36%) per square kilometers each were rated as Scarce.

2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009

are given in table 4.46.

As many as 484.5 (80.75 per transect) individuals of thirty two birds with

237.5 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Little Egret with 20.22

individuals (11.27%) per square kilometer and Himalyan Bulbul with 19.85

individuals (10.23%) per square kilometer were rated as Abundant while Black

Francolin (0.09%) and Black-rupmed Flameback (0.19%) with 0.36 and 0.12

individuals per square kilometer respectively were rated as Scarce.

188

Table 4.45. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 08.75 1.45± 0.73 50.00 1.89 04.28 21 O 3.06 0.88 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 33.75 5.62± 1.85 87.50 7.32 16.54 03 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06.50 1.08± 0.46 58.33 1.40 03.18 25 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 03.00 0.50± 0.21 50.00 0.64 01.47 27 S Little Egret Egretta garzetta 36.75 6.12± 2.00 100.0 7.82 18.01 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 01.25 0.20± 0.17 20.83 0.26 00.61 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12.25 2.04± 0.45 91.66 2.62 06.00 16 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01.25 0.20± 0.17 20.83 0.26 00.61 27 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 18.75 3.12± 1.84 41.66 4.05 09.19 13 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08.00 1.33± 0.71 50.00 1.72 03.92 23 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 26.00 4.33± 1.18 95.83 5.67 12.74 05 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 19.75 3.29± 0.81 91.66 4.22 09.68 11 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 06.25 1.04± 0.36 50.00 1.39 03.06 24 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 06.25 1.04± 0.56 41.66 1.29 03.06 26 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 17.50 2.91± 1.30 58.33 3.75 08.57 14 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 20.75 3.45± 1.20 75.00 4.42 10.17 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 09.00 1.50± 0.86 41.66 1.90 04.41 20 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00.75 0.12± 0.09 12.50 0.14 00.36 29 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 10.75 1.79± 0.96 50.00 2.33 05.26 19 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 12.50 2.08± 0.57 87.50 2.64 06.12 15 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 12.00 2.00± 0.79 75.00 2.52 05.88 17 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 23.50 3.91± 1.69 91.66 4.96 11.51 06 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 00.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00.75 0.12± 0.09 12.50 0.16 00.36 29 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 56.75 9.45± 2.43 100.0 12.16 27.81 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 27.75 4.62± 1.57 79.16 5.94 13.60 04 F

189

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 23.50 3.91± 1.63 79.16 5.08 11.51 06 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 23.00 3.83± 1.25 70.83 4.90 11.27 07 F Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 19.75 3.29± 1.16 66.66 4.19 09.68 12 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 11.25 1.87± 0.96 50.00 2.35 05.51 18 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 08.75 1.45± 0.56 66.66 1.87 04.28 22 O 466.75 77.79± 28.79 228.79

190

Table 4.46. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 11.00 1.83± 1.13 45.83 2.24 05.39 19 O 3.11 0.89 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 36.00 6.00± 1.56 87.50 9.12 17.64 03 C

Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 07.75 1.29± 0.70 54.16 2.06 03.79 23 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 06.75 1.12± 0.36 75.00 1.68 03.30 24 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 41.25 6.87± 1.83 100.0 11.27 20.22 01 A Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02.50 0.41± 0.30 29.16 0.62 01.22 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12.25 2.04± 0.67 79.16 3.19 06.00 15 F Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 02.00 0.33± 0.30 20.83 0.51 00.98 28 O Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00.25 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.09 00.12 32 O Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 18.75 3.12± 1.94 37.50 4.75 09.19 10 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08.25 1.37± 0.71 50.00 2.11 04.04 21 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 35.25 5.87± 1.82 95.83 9.26 17.27 04 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 22.25 3.70± 1.19 91.66 5.99 10.90 08 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 06.25 1.04± 0.55 41.66 1.36 03.06 25 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 06.75 1.12± 0.79 33.33 1.99 03.30 26 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 12.25 2.04± 1.01 54.16 3.29 06.00 16 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 18.00 3.00± 1.14 75.00 5.01 08.82 12 C Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08.25 1.37± 0.70 54.16 2.14 04.04 22 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 01.00 0.16± 0.10 08.33 0.37 00.49 30 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 09.75 1.62± 0.85 50.00 2.45 04.77 20 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 13.25 2.20± 0.66 83.33 3.67 06.49 14 F Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 11.00 1.83± 0.64 83.33 2.97 05.39 18 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 22.00 3.66± 1.35 91.66 5.92 10.78 09 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 02.00 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.62 00.98 29 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 00.75 0.12± 0.09 12.50 0.19 00.36 31 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 40.50 6.75± 1.38 100.0 10.23 19.85 02 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 26.75 4.45± 1.56 79.16 6.93 13.11 06 C

191

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 26.50 4.41± 1.31 91.66 7.29 12.99 07 C Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 30.50 5.08± 1.67 75.00 8.25 14.95 05 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 18.75 3.12± 1.04 70.83 5.26 09.19 11 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 14.25 2.37± 1.26 62.50 4.14 06.98 13 F Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 11.75 1.95± 0.77 75.00 2.86 05.75 17 O 484.5 80.75± 29.81 237.5

192

2006-2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per transect, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-

2009 are given in table 4.47.

As many as 467.87 (77.97 per transect) individuals of thirty two birds

with 229.34 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Himalyan Bulbul

with 24.17 individuals (24.17%) per square kilometer was rated as Abundant

while Little Egret with 18.93 individuals (8.93%) per square kilometer was

recorded as Common. Pied-crested Cucko (0.18%) and Black Francolin

(0.04%) with 0.09 and 0.33 individuals per square kilometer respectively were

rated as Scarce.

Highest diversity index value i.e. 3.11 was recorded during 2009 while

lowest i.e. 3.03 was recorded during 2006. Evenness index value was constant

during 2006 and 2007 at 0.87 that increased to 0.88 during 2008 and 0.89

during 2009 (Fig.4.23).

.

An average of 447.87 individuals (with 77.97 per transect and 229.4 per

square kilometers) per year of thirty two notable bird species were recorded

from 2006 to 2009. Maximum individuals (484.5 with 80.75 per transect and

237.5 per square kilometers) were recorded during 2009 while the minimum

(437 with 72.83 per transect and 214.2 per square kilometer ) were recorded

during 2006 (Fig.4.24).

193

Table 4.47. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 07.87 1.31± 0.67 51.04 1.67 03.86 22 O 3.06 0.87 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 34.18 5.69± 1.66 92.70 7.74 16.75 03 C Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06.93 1.15± 0.51 59.37 1.60 03.40 23 O

Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04.68 0.78± 0.33 55.20 1.07 02.29 26 O Little Egret Egretta garzetta 38.62 6.43± 1.89 100.0 8.93 18.93 02 C Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus 02.12 0.35± 0.25 27.08 0.47 01.04 27 S Black kite Milvus migrans 12.18 2.03± 0.62 86.45 2.77 05.97 15 O Western Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus 01.56 0.26± 0.22 20.83 0.35 00.76 28 S Black Francolin Francolinus francolinus 00.18 0.03± 0.03 03.12 0.04 00.09 32 S Grey Francolin Francolinus pondicerianus 15.56 2.59± 1.59 38.54 3.53 07.62 12 F Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07.87 1.31± 0.68 51.04 1.79 03.86 21 O Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 27.93 4.65± 1.28 96.87 6.50 13.69 05 C Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 18.18 3.03± 1.02 87.50 4.21 08.91 11 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 04.68 0.78± 0.37 35.41 1.03 02.29 25 O Rock Pigeon Columba livia 06.00 1.00± 0.64 35.41 1.41 02.94 24 O Eurasian Collared Dove Streptopelia decaocto 15.31 2.55± 1.18 65.62 3.46 07.50 13 F Laughing Dove Stigmatopelia senegalensis 18.87 3.14± 1.15 70.83 4.34 09.25 10 F Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri 08.93 1.48± 0.84 47.91 2.00 04.38 20 O Pied-crested Cuckoo Clamator jacobinus 00.68 0.11± 0.07 09.37 0.18 00.33 31 S Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea 09.43 1.57± 0.80 52.08 2.14 04.62 19 O Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis 12.18 2.03± 0.62 83.33 2.82 05.97 16 O Syke’s Night Jar Caprimulgus mahrattensis 11.87 1.97± 0.81 77.08 2.69 05.82 17 O Indian Roller Coracias benghalensis 24.43 4.07± 1.65 86.45 5.55 11.97 07 F Hoopoe Upapa epops 01.50 0.25± 0.12 16.66 0.36 00.73 29 S Black-rupmed Fameback Dinopium benghalensis 01.00 0.16± 0.12 11.45 0.21 00.49 30 S Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys 49.31 8.21± 1.99 100.0 11.05 24.17 01 A Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer 30.37 5.06± 1.83 77.08 6.89 14.88 04 C

194

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (10.1% and above); C=Common (6.1-10%); F=Frequent (3.1-6%); O=Occasional (1.1-3%) and S=Scarce (0-1 %)

Pied Bushchat Saxicola caprata 22.62 3.77± 1.29 84.37 5.28 11.09 08 F Common Babbler Turdoides caudatus 26.06 4.34± 1.52 72.91 6.04 12.77 06 C Jungle Babbler Turdoides striatus 22.18 3.69± 1.24 68.75 5.10 10.87 09 F Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica 11.31 1.88± 0.93 60.41 2.68 05.54 18 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 13.12 2.18± 0.70 80.20 2.92 06.43 14 O 467.87 77.97± 28.77 229.34

195

Fig. 4.23. Comparison of diversity and evenness of some selected birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir

(Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

196

Fig. 4.24. Comparison of total number of individuals, mean number of individuals and density of some

selected birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-width line transect method.

197

Fixed-radius Point Count Method

Spring 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities abundance

ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring

2006 are given in table 4.48.

As many as 1319 (109.91 per sampling point) individuals of thirty seven

of the fifty one selected birds with 3663.88 individuals per square kilometer

were recorded. Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica) (Fig.4.25. A-C) with 886.11

individuals (24.18%) per square kilometer and House Sparrow (Passer

domesticus) with 450 individuals (12.28%) per square kilometer were recorded

as Abundant. Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis), Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus),

White-breasted Water hen, (Amaurornis phoenicurus) and Common Moorhen

(Gallinula chloropus) with 5.55 individuals (0.15%) per square kilometer each

were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2006 are given in table 4.49.

As many as 1447 (120.58 per sampling point) individuals of thirty seven

of the fifty one selected birds with 4019.44 individuals per square kilometer

were recorded. Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica) with 955.55 individuals

(23.77%) per square kilometer and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) with

588.88 individuals (14.65%) per square kilometer were rated as Abundant.

198

Fig.4.25. A: Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica) B-C: Nesting burrows of Barn Swallow (Hirundo rustica)

199

Table 4.48. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2006 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 13 1.08± 0.43 41.66 0.98 36.11 14 O 2.66 0.67 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 08 0.66± 0.25 41.66 0.60 22.22 18 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 23 S Little Egret Egretta alba 24 2.00± 0.67 58.33 1.81 66.66 11 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.30 11.11 21 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 09 0.75± 0.39 25.00 0.68 25.00 17 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.22 08.33 22 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 23 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 06 0.50± 0.23 33.33 0.45 16.66 20 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.15 05.55 23 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 23 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.22 08.33 22 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 23 1.91± 0.76 41.66 1.74 63.88 12 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 08 0.66± 0.39 25.00 0.60 22.22 18 O Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 09 0.75± 0.53 08.33 0.68 25.00 17 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.30 11.11 02 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 10 0.83± 0.45 33.33 0.75 27.77 16 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 13 1.08± 0.52 41.66 0.98 36.11 15 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 07 0.58± 0.28 33.33 0.53 19.44 19 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 08 0.66± 0.39 25.00 0.60 22.22 18 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 08 0.66± 0.43 25.00 0.60 22.22 18 O

200

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.75 27.77 16

O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 06 0.50± 0.33 16.66 0.45 16.66 20 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.22 08.33 22 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 54 4.50± 3.12 16.66 4.09 150.0 09 C House Swift Apus affinis 138 11.50± 1.73 100.0 10.46 383.33 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 69 5.75± 1.24 100.0 5.23 191.66 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 22 1.83± 0.24 100.0 1.66 61.11 13 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 319 26.58± 2.68 100.0 24.18 886.11 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 109 9.08± 1.38 100.0 8.26 302.77 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 29 2.41± 0.35 100.0 2.19 80.55 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 67 5.58± 1.74 100.0 5.07 186.11 08 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 78 6.50± 1.09 100.0 5.91 216.66 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 85 7.08± 1.11 100.0 6.44 236.11 03 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 162 13.5± 1.80 100.0 12.28 450.0 02 A 1319 109.91± 11.70 3663.88

201

Table 4.49. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2006 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 25 2.08± 0.45 75.00 1.72 69.44 12 F 2.68 0.68 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.20 08.33 24 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 09 0.75± 0.25 50.00 0.62 25.00 20 O Little Egret Egretta alba 21 1.75± 0.35 83.33 1.45 58.33 14 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 25 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 26 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 25 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.34 13.88 22 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 07 0.58± 0.31 08.33 0.48 19.44 21 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.62 25.00 20 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 05 0.41± 0.41 08.33 0.34 13.88 22 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 28 2.33± 0.97 58.33 1.93 77.77 10 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 24 2.00± 1.09 25.00 1.65 66.66 13 F Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 35 2.91± 1.97 16.66 2.41 97.22 09 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 10 0.83± 0.59 16.66 0.69 27.77 19 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 16 1.33± 0.25 83.33 1.10 44.44 16 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 11 0.91± 0.14 83.33 0.76 30.55 18 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 14 1.16± 0.63 25.00 0.96 38.88 17 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.62 25.00 20 O

202

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 09 0.75± 0.50 16.66 0.62 25.00 20

O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.34 13.88 22 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.17 16.66 0.13 05.55 25 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.27 11.11 23 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 26 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 16 1.33± 0.90 16.66 1.10 44.44 16 F House Swift Apus affinis 153 12.75± 0.93 100.0 10.57 425.00 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 61 5.08± 0.80 100.0 4.21 169.44 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 20 1.66± 0.22 100.0 1.38 55.55 15 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 344 28.66± 2.42 100.0 23.77 955.55 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 110 9.16± 1.19 100.0 7.60 305.55 04 C Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 27 2.25± 0.35 100.0 1.86 75.00 11 F House Crow Corvus splendens 80 6.66± 1.31 100.0 5.52 222.22 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 75 6.25± 0.97 100.0 5.18 208.33 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 88 7.33± 1.04 100.0 6.08 244.44 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 212 17.66± 1.31 100.0 14.65 588.88 02 A 1447 120.58± 22.22 4019.44

203

Purple Heron (Ardea purpurea) and Grey-backed Shrike (Lanius

excubitor) with 2.77 individuals (0.06%) per square kilometer each were

recorded as Scarce. Notable summer visitors were Small Pratincole (Glareola

lactea) with 66.66 individuals (1.65%) per square kilometer (abundance rank

13) and Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) (Fig.4.26) with

5.55 individuals (0.13%) per square kilometer (abundance rank 25).

Autumn 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2006 are given in table 4.50.

As many as 1430 (119.16 per sampling point) individuals of forty seven

of the fifty one selected birds with 3972.22 individuals per square kilometer

were recorded. Common Swallow with 863.88 individuals (21.74%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 488.88 individuals (12.30%) per square

kilometer were rated as Abundant. Glossy Ibis, Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio

porphyrio), Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) and Indian Robin

(Saxicoloides fulicata) with 5.55 individuals (0.13%) per square kilometer were

rated as Scarce.

Winter visitors such as Large Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) 13.88

per square kilometer, Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyx intermedia) 8.33 per

square kilometer, Great Egret (Casmerodius albus) 11.11 per square kilometer,

Sanderling (Calidris alba) 27.77 per square kilometer, Little Stint (Calidris

minuta) 13.88 per square kilometer, Common Redshank (Tringa tetanus) 50.00

per square kilometer, Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) 8.33 per square kilometer,

Great black-headed Gull (Larus marinus) 22.22 per square kilometer, Black-

headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) 5.55 per square kilometer, Herring Gull

204

Fig.4.26. Pheasant-tailed Jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus)

205

(Larus argentatus) 11.11 per square kilometer, Indian River Tern (Sterna

aurentia) 19.44 per square kilometer, Siberian Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba

dukhunensis) 13.88 per square kilometer and White-browed Wagtail (Motacilla

maderaspatensis) 13.88 per square kilometer were recorded.

Winter 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during winter 2006 are given in table 4.51.

As many as 1594 (132.83 per sampling point) individuals of forty eight of

the fifty one selected birds with 4427.77 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 883.33 individuals (19.94%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 488.88 individuals (10.16%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant while Purple Swamphen and Grey-

backed Shrike with 2.77 individuals (0.06%) per square kilometer were

recorded as Scarce.

Few bird species such as Pallas’s Fish Eagle, Pheasant-tailed Jacana

and Small Pratincole were recorded during summer. Some winter visitors such

as Large Cormorant, Intermediate Egret, Great Egret, Sanderling, Little Stint,

Common Redshank, Greenshank, Great Black-headed Gull, Black-headed Gull

(Fig.4.27 A-B) Herring Gull, Indian River Tern, Whiskered Tern, Siberian-pied

Wagtail and Large-pied Wagtail (Fig.4.28 A) were observed arriving during late

autumn in low number; however, bulk of population arrived during winter.

Diversity index value decreased from 2.68 during summer 2006 to 3.10

during winter 2006. Likewise, evenness index values decreased from 0.68

during summer 2006 to 0.78 during winter 2006. The values revealed maximum

diversity and evenness during winter 2006 (Fig.4.29).

206

Fig.4.27. A-B: Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)

207

Fig.4.28.

A: Siberian Pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba dukhunensis)

B: Australasian Pipit (Anthus novaeseelandiae)

208

Table 4.50. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2006 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 21 1.75± 0.41 83.33 1.46 58.33 12 F 2.86 0.72 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.34 13.88 21 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.20 08.33 23 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07 0.58± 0.19 50.00 0.48 19.44 19 S Little Egret Egretta alba 18 1.50± 0.26 83.33 1.25 50.00 14 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.20 08.33 23 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.27 11.11 22 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.20 08.33 23 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.27 11.11 22 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.13 05.55 24 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.20 08.33 23 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 06 0.50± 0.28 25.00 0.41 16.66 20 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.34 13.88 21 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 24 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 25 2.08± 1.13 41.66 1.74 69.44 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.62 25.00 17 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 26 2.16± 1.58 16.66 1.81 72.22 10 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.69 27.77 17 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.34 13.88 21 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 18 0.15± 1.01 16.66 1.25 50.00 14 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.20 08.33 23 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 03 0.25± 0.18 16.66 0.20 08.33 23 S Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 08 0.66± 0.30 25.00 0.55 22.22 18 O Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.13 05.55 24 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.27 11.11 22 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 07 0.58± 0.25 33.33 0.48 19.44 19 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 17 1.41± 0.31 75.00 1.18 47.22 15 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09 0.75± 0.17 66.66 0.62 25.00 17 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.33 25.00 0.41 16.66 20 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 09 0.75± 0.50 25.00 0.62 25.00 17 O

209

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 15 1.25± 0.72 25.00 1.04 41.66 16

F

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.27 11.11 22 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 05 0.41± 0.22 16.66 0.34 13.88 21 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.34 13.88 21 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.13 05.55 24 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.27 11.11 22 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 19 1.58± 1.08 16.66 1.32 52.77 13 F House Swift Apus affinis 149 12.41± 3.58 100.0 10.41 413.88 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 66 5.50± 1.58 100.0 4.61 183.33 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 34 2.83± 0.81 100.0 2.37 94.44 09 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 311 25.91± 7.48 100.0 21.74 863.88 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 114 9.50± 2.74 100.0 7.97 316.66 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 38 3.16± 0.91 100.0 2.65 105.55 08 F House Crow Corvus splendens 87 7.25± 2.09 100.0 6.08 241.66 05 A Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 77 6.41± 1.85 100.0 5.38 213.88 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 77 6.41±1.85 100.0 5.38 213.88 06 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 176 14.66± 4.23 100.0 12.30 488.88 02 A 1430 119.16± 40.59 3972.22

210

Table 4.51. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 17 1.41± 0.25 83.33 1.06 47.22 20 F 3.10 0.78 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 15 1.25± 0.56 41.66 0.94 41.66 22 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05 0.41± 0.14 41.66 0.31 13.88 23 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 11 0.91± 0.31 50.00 0.69 30.55 25 O Little Egret Egretta alba 18 1.50± 0.35 83.33 1.12 50.00 19 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 17 1.41± 0.54 58.33 1.06 47.22 20 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 22 1.83± 0.42 66.66 1.38 61.11 17 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.37 16.66 29 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.25 11.11 31 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.37 16.66 29 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 34 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.25 11.11 31 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 11 0.91± 0.46 33.33 0.69 30.55 25 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 0.66± 0.35 33.33 0.50 22.22 27 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 01 0.08±0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 33 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 34 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 25 2.08± 0.85 75.00 1.56 69.44 15 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 34 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 30 2.50± 1.84 16.66 1.88 83.33 12 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 26 2.16± 1.22 25.00 1.63 72.22 14 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 28 2.33± 0.58 83.33 1.75 77.77 13 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 49 4.08± 2.30 41.66 3.07 136.11 09 C Greenshank Tringa nebularia 15 1.25± 0.56 41.66 0.94 41.66 22 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 18 1.50± 0.43 58.33 1.12 50.00 19 F Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 21 1.75± 0.57 58.33 1.31 58.33 18 F Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 10 0.83± 0.38 33.33 0.62 27.77 26 O Herring Gull Larus argentatus 04 0.33± 0.14 16.60 0.25 11.11 31 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 23 1.91± 0.51 75.00 1.44 63.88 16 F Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.31 13.88 30 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 14 1.16± 0.27 75.00 0.87 38.88 23 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.31 13.88 30 S Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 08 0.66± 0.30 25.00 0.50 22.22 27 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 08 0.66± 0.35 25.00 0.50 22.22 27 S

211

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 13 1.08± 0.69 25.00 0.81 36.11 24

O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 04 0.33± 0.18 33.33 0.25 11.11 31 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 10 0.83± 0.40 33.33 0.62 27.77 26 O White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 04 0.33± 0.14 33.33 0.25 11.11 31 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 07 0.58± 0.39 16.66 0.43 19.44 28 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.12 05.55 32 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 33 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 16 1.33± 0.90 16.66 1.00 44.44 21 F House Swift Apus affinis 136 11.33± 1.42 100.0 8.53 377.77 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 59 4.91± 0.72 100.0 3.70 163.88 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 35 2.91± 0.54 100.0 2.19 97.22 11 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 318 26.5± 3.15 100.0 19.94 883.33 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 109 9.08± 1.22 100.0 6.83 302.77 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 40 3.33± 0.37 100.0 2.50 111.11 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 87 7.25± 1.39 100.0 5.45 241.66 05 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 85 7.08± 1.08 100.0 5.33 236.11 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 72 6.00± 0.92 100.0 4.51 200.00 07 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 162 13.50± 1.58 100.0 10.16 450.00 02 A 1594 132.83± 30.86 4427.77

212

Fig. 4.29. Abundnce (diversity and evenness) of some selected birds in different seasons recorded from

Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-radius point count method.

213

Spring 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2007 are given in table 4.52.

As many as 1447 (120.58 per sampling point) individuals of forty four of

the fifty one selected birds with 1459 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 977.77 individuals (24.12%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 494.44 individuals (12.20%) per square

kilometer were rated as Abundant. Siberian-pied Wagtail (Motacilla alba

dukhenensis) with 2.77 individuals (0.06 %) per square kilometer was recorded

as Scarce.

Summer 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities ,

abundance ranks and status of notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2007 are given in table 4.53.

As many as 1400 (116.66 per sampling point) individuals of thirty seven

of the fifty one selected birds with 3888.88 individuals per square kilometer

were recorded. Common Swallow with 913.88 individuals (23.5%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 563.88 individuals (14.5%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Indian Pond Heron (Fig.4.30 B), Purple

Moorhen and Grey Heron with 2.77 individuals (0.07%) per square kilometer

were recorded as Scarce. Significant summer visitors were Small Pratincole

with 88.88 individuals (2.28%) per square kilometer, Pheasant-tailed Jacana

with 11.11 individuals (0.28%) per square kilometer and Palla’s Fishing Eagle

with 2.77 individuals (0.07%) per square kilometer.

214

Fig.4.30.

A: Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis)

B: Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)

215

Table 4.52. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2007 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 08 0.66± 0.22 50.00 0.54 22.22 24 O 2.81 0.71 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.27 11.11 27 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 28 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07 0.58± 0.22 41.66 0.47 19.44 25 S Little Egret Egretta alba 19 1.58± 0.45 58.33 1.30 52.77 14 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 06 0.50± 0.26 25.00 0.41 16.66 26 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 10 0.83± 0.45 25.00 0.68 27.77 22 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 28 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.27 11.11 27 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 28 S Shikra Accipiter badius 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.34 13.88 27 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 07 0.58± 0.39 25.00 0.47 19.44 25 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07 0.58± 0.28 33.33 0.47 19.44 25 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.13 05.55 28 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 29 2.41± 0.54 75.00 1.98 80.55 10 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.41 16.66 26 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 07 0.58± 0.39 16.66 0.47 19.44 25 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 18 1.50± 0.82 25.00 1.23 50.00 15 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 17 1.41± 0.43 66.66 1.16 47.22 16 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 15 1.25± 0.69 25.00 1.02 41.66 17 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 12 1.00± 0.57 25.00 0.82 33.33 20 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 14 1.16± 0.40 50.00 0.95 38.88 18 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 06 0.50± 0.26 25.00 0.41 16.66 26 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 17.66 30 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 18.66 30 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 19.66 30 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 20 1.66± 0.39 83.33 1.37 20.66 13 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09 0.75± 0.21 58.33 0.61 25.00 23 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 12 1.00± 0.47 33.33 0.82 33.33 20 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 11 0.91± 0.51 25.00 0.75 30.55 21 O

216

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 13 1.08± 0.69 25.00 0.89 36.11 19

O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 06 0.50± 0.28 25.00 0.41 16.66 26 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 29 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 30 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 08 0.66± 0.46 16.66 0.54 22.22 24 O Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 29 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 29 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 27 2.25± 1.54 16.66 1.85 75.00 11 F House Swift Apus affinis 153 12.75± 0.93 100.0 10.48 425.00 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 64 5.33± 1.05 100.0 4.38 177.77 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 21 1.75± 0.21 100.0 1.43 58.33 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 352 29.33± 2.41 100.0 24.12 977.77 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 109 9.08± 1.42 100.0 7.47 302.77 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 31 2.58± 0.41 100.0 2.12 86.11 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 73 6.08± 1.51 100.0 5.00 202.77 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 74 6.16± 0.86 100.0 5.07 205.55 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 86 7.16± 1.12 100.0 5.89 238.88 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 178 14.83± 1.45 100.0 12.20 494.44 02 A 1459 121.58± 24.59 4073.88

217

Table 4.53. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2007 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 14 1.16± 0.40 50.00 1.00 38.88 15 F 2.69 0.68 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 23 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.35 13.88 20 S Little Egret Egretta alba 18 1.50± 0.33 83.33 1.28 50.00 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 23 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 22 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.35 13.88 20 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 23 S Shikra Accipiter badius 06 0.50± 0.33 25.00 0.42 16.66 19 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 07 0.58± 0.35 08.33 0.50 19.44 18 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 0.83± 0.47 25.00 0.71 27.77 16 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.35 13.88 21 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.28 11.11 21 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 34 2.83± 0.79 58.33 2.42 94.44 08 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 32 2.66± 1.58 25.00 2.28 88.88 09 F Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.71 27.77 16 O Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00±0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 08 0.66± 0.51 16.66 0.57 22.22 17 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 18 1.50± 0.39 66.66 1.28 50.00 13 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 10 0.83± 0.29 50.00 0.71 27.77 16 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 16 1.33± 0.90 33.33 1.14 44.44 14 F Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.28 11.11 21 S

218

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 14 1.16± 0.68 25.00 1.00 38.88 15 F

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 10 0.83± 0.34 25.00 0.71 27.77 16 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.28 16.66 0.14 05.55 22 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 22 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 22 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 23 1.91± 1.32 16.66 1.64 63.88 11 F House Swift Apus affinis 140 11.66± 0.77 100.0 10.0 388.88 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 72 6.00± 0.78 100.0 5.14 200.00 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 19 1.58± 0.19 100.0 1.35 52.77 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 329 27.41± 2.34 100.0 23.5 913.88 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 110 9.16± 1.14 100.0 7.85 305.55 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 26 2.16± 0.29 100.0 1.85 72.22 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 79 6.58± 1.23 100.0 5.64 219.44 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 72 6.00± 0.88 100.0 5.14 200.00 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 85 7.08± 0.91 100.0 6.07 236.11 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 203 16.91± 1.15 100.0 14.5 563.88 02 A 1400 116.66± 21.30 3888.88

219

Autumn 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2007 are given in table 4.54.

As many as 1385 (115.41 per sampling point) individuals of forty four of

the fifty one selected birds with 3847.22 individuals per square kilometers were

recorded. Common Swallow (22.81%) and House Swift (Apus affinis) (10.83%)

with 877.77 and 411.11 individuals per square kilometer were rated as

Abundant. Winter visitors such as Large Cormorant 16.66 per square kilometer,

Intermediate Egret 16.66 per square kilometer, Great Egret 27.77 per square

kilometer, Sanderling 27.77 per square kilometer, Little Stint 30.55 per square

kilometer, Common Redshank 30.55 per square kilometer, Great Black-headed

Gull 11.11 per square kilometer, Black-headed Gull 27.77 per square kilometer,

Indian River Tern 50.00 per square kilometer and Large-pied Wagtail 8.33 per

square kilometer were recorded.

Winter 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during winter 2007 are given in table 4.55.

As many as 1308 (109 per sampling point) individuals of forty eight of the

fifty one selected birds with 3633.33 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (1.69%) with 425 individuals per square kilometer

and House Swift with 366.66 individuals (10.09%) per square kilometer were

220

recorded as Abundant. Pallas’ Fishing Eagle with 2.77 individuals (0.07%) per

square kilometer was rated as Scarce.

Winter visitors such as Large Cormorant 105.55 per square kilometer,

Intermediate Egret 91.66 per square kilometer, Great Egret 66.66 per square

kilometer, Sanderling 116.66 per square kilometer, Little Stint 52.77 per square

kilometer, Common Redshank 100 per square kilometer, Greenshank 38.88 per

square kilometer, Great Black-headed Gull 47.22 per square kilometer, Black-

headed Gull 75 per square kilometer, Herring Gull 5.55 per square kilometer,

Indian River Tern 77.77 per square kilometer and Large-pied Wagtail 25 per

square kilometer were recorded.

Highest diversity (H=3.23) and evenness (E=0.86) values were recorded

during winter 2007. Diversity index value decreased from 2.81 during spring

2007 to 2.69 during summer 2007 that increased to 2.87 and 3.23 during

autumn and winter 2007 respectively. Evenness index values showed similar

pattern (Fig. 4.29).

221

Table 4.54. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2007 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 14 1.16± 0.45 41.66 1.01 38.88 16 F 2.87 0.72 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.43 16.66 21 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Little Egret Egretta alba 22 1.83± 0.61 58.33 1.58 61.11 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.43 16.66 21 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 10 0.83± 0.51 25.00 0.72 27.77 18 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 24 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 07 0.58± 0.39 16.66 0.50 19.44 20 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.21 08.33 23 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 10 0.83± 0.47 25.00 0.72 27.77 18 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 0.83± 0.45 25.00 0.72 27.77 18 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.28 11.11 22 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 32 2.66± 0.89 58.33 2.31 88.88 10 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.43 16.66 21 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 14 1.16± 0.57 33.33 1.01 38.88 16 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 10 0.83± 0.67 16.66 0.72 27.77 18 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 11 0.91± 0.28 58.33 0.79 30.55 17 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 11 0.91± 0.64 16.66 0.79 30.55 17 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 10 0.83± 0.50 33.33 0.72 27.77 18 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.28 11.11 22 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 10 0.83± 0.51 25.00 0.72 27.77 18 O Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 18 1.50± 0.59 50.00 1.29 50.00 14 F Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 11 0.91± 0.33 50.00 0.79 30.55 17 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09 0.75± 0.30 41.66 0.64 25.00 19 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.43 16.66 21 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 06 0.5± 0.35 16.66 0.43 16.66 21 S

222

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 16 1.33± 0.71 25.00 1.15 44.44 15

F

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.28 11.11 22 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.28 11.11 22 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 23 1.91± 1.40 16.66 1.66 63.88 12 F House Swift Apus affinis 150 12.50± 1.49 100.0 10.83 416.66 02 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 56 4.66± 0.89 100.0 4.04 155.55 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 27 2.25± 0.30 100.0 1.94 75.00 11 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 316 26.33± 2.90 100.0 22.81 877.77 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 117 9.75± 1.03 100.0 8.44 325.00 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 36 3.00± 0.52 100.0 2.59 100.00 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 68 5.66± 1.66 100.0 4.90 188.88 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 86 7.16± 1.29 100.0 6.20 238.88 05 A Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 70 5.83± 1.15 100.0 5.05 194.44 06 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 148 12.33± 1.70 100.0 10.68 411.11 03 A 1385 115.41± 27.71 3847.22

223

Table 4.55. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 19 1.58± 0.62 41.66 1.45 52.77 17 F 3.23 0.82 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 38 3.16± 0.99 58.33 2.90 105.55 08 F Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.30 11.11 25 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07 0.58± 0.35 25.00 0.53 19.44 22 O Little Egret Egretta alba 24 2.00± 0.70 58.33 1.83 66.66 16 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 33 2.75± 0.93 58.33 2.52 91.66 11 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 24 2.00± 0.81 41.66 1.83 66.66 16 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 06 0.50± 0.35 08.33 0.45 16.66 23 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.45 16.66 23 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.68 25.00 21 O Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 27 S Shikra Accipiter badius 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.38 13.88 24 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 09 0.75± 0.37 33.33 0.68 25.00 21 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.30 11.11 25 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 42 3.50± 1.50 58.33 3.21 116.66 07 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 35 2.91± 1.57 41.66 2.67 97.22 10 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 42 3.50± 2.55 16.66 3.21 116.66 07 C Little Stint Calidris minuta 19 1.58± 0.45 66.66 1.45 52.77 17 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 36 3.00± 2.11 16.66 2.75 100.00 09 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 14 1.16± 0.53 41.66 1.07 38.88 19 F Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 14 1.16± 0.53 41.66 1.07 38.88 19 F Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 17 1.41± 0.58 41.66 1.29 47.22 18 F Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 27 2.25± 0.77 58.33 2.06 75.00 14 F Herring Gull Larus argentatus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 26 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 28 2.30± 0.81 58.33 2.14 77.77 13 F Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 17 1.41± 0.58 41.66 1.29 47.22 18 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 13 1.08± 0.35 58.33 0.99 36.11 20 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.26 16.66 0.45 16.66 23 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 05 0.41± 0.33 16.66 0.38 13.88 24 S

224

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.45 16.66 23

S

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.15 05.55 26 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 27 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 09 0.75± 0.37 25.00 0.68 25.00 21 O Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 42 3.50± 2.60 16.66 3.21 116.66 07 F House Swift Apus affinis 132 11.0± 1.28 100.0 10.09 366.66 02 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 25 2.08± 0.88 100.0 1.91 69.44 15 F Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 00 0.00± 0.39 100.0 0.00 00.00 18 S Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 153 12.75± 2.93 100.0 11.69 425.00 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 98 8.16± 1.33 100.0 7.49 272.22 05 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 36 3.00± 0.44 100.0 2.75 100.00 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 106 8.83± 1.45 100.0 8.10 294.44 03 A Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 61 5.08± 1.04 100.0 4.66 169.44 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 30 2.50± 1.08 100.0 2.29 83.33 12 F House Sparrow Passer domesticus 101 8.41± 1.79 100.0 7.72 280.55 04 A 1308 109± 36.18 3633.33

225

Spring 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2008 are given in table 4.56.

As many as 1347 (112.25 per sampling point) individuals of thirty six of

the fifty one selected birds with 3741.66 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 961.11 individuals (25.68%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 463.88 individuals (12.39%) per square

kilometer were rated as Abundant. Grey Heron, Glossy Ibis and Purple

Swamphen with 5.55 individuals (0.14%) per square kilometer were rated as

Scarce.

Some winter visitors such as Intermediate Egret 16.66 per square

kilometers, Great Egret 22.22 per square kilometers, and Little Stint 22.22 per

square kilometers and Common Redshank 16.66 per square kilometer were

recorded.

Summer 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2008 are given in table 4.57. As many as 1333 (111.08 per

sampling point) individuals of thirty five of the fifty one selected birds with

3702.77 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Common Swallow with

869.44 individuals (23.48%) per square kilometer and House Sparrow with

497.22 individuals (13.42%) per square kilometer were recorded as Abundant.

226

Table 4.56. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2008 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 13 1.08± 0.41 41.66 0.96 36.11 14 O 2.66 0.67 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 19 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 08 0.66± 0.28 41.66 0.59 22.22 19 O Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 04 0.33± 0.33 8.33 0.29 11.11 23 S Little Egret Egretta alba 25 2.08± 0.60 58.33 1.85 69.44 12 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 06 0.50± 0.50 8.33 0.44 16.66 21 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 08 0.66± 0.37 25.0 0.59 22.22 25 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 24 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.16 8.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.37 13.88 22 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 23 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 04 0.33± 0.33 8.33 0.29 11.11 23 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02 0.16± 0.16 8.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 28 2.33± 0.88 41.66 2.07 77.77 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 09 0.75± 0.41 25.0 0.66 25.00 18 O Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 08 0.66± 0.44 8.33 0.59 22.22 19 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.44 16.66 21 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 12 1.00± 0.52 33.33 0.89 33.33 15 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 11 0.91± 0.37 41.66 0.81 30.55 16 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 06 0.50± 0.23 33.33 0.44 16.66 21 S Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 10 0.83± 0.45 25.0 0.74 27.77 17 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 07 0.58± 0.35 25.0 0.51 19.44 20 O

227

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.74 27.77 17

O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.44 16.66 21 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 04 0.33± 0.33 8.33 0.29 11.11 23 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 48 4.00± 2.83 16.66 3.56 133.33 09 C House Swift Apus affinis 132 11.0± 0.80 100.0 9.79 366.66 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 64 5.33± 1.05 100.0 4.75 177.77 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 22 1.83± 0.24 100.0 1.63 61.11 13 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 346 28.83± 2.50 100.0 25.68 961.11 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 109 9.08± 1.38 100.0 8.09 302.77 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 29 2.41± 0.35 100.0 2.15 80.55 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 67 5.58± 1.74 100.0 4.97 186.11 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 78 6.50± 1.09 100.0 5.79 216.66 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 85 7.08± 1.11 100.0 6.31 236.11 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 167 13.91± 1.65 100.0 12.39 463.88 02 A 1347 112.25± 23.80 3741.66

228

Table 4.57. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2008 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 21 1.75± 0.57 58.33 1.57 58.33 13 F 2.7 0.68 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06 0.50± 0.23 33.33 0.45 16.66 22 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07 0.58± 0.22 41.66 0.52 19.44 21 O Little Egret Egretta alba 16 1.33± 0.55 41.66 1.20 44.44 15 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.15 05.55 26 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.22 08.33 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.22 08.33 25 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.37 13.88 23 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08 0.66± 0.49 25.00 0.60 22.22 20 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.30 11.11 24 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 31 2.58± 1.01 50.00 2.32 86.11 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 48 4.00± 2.28 25.00 3.60 133.33 09 C Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 08 0.66± 0.51 16.66 0.60 22.22 20 O Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 09 0.75± 0.30 41.66 0.67 25.00 19 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 10 0.83± 0.38 41.66 0.75 27.77 18 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 07 0.58± 0.22 41.66 0.52 19.44 21 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 13 1.08± 0.59 25.00 0.97 36.11 17 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.30 11.11 24 S

229

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 14 1.16± 0.68 25.00 1.05 38.88 16

F

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 07 0.58± 0.25 41.66 0.52 19.44 21 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 27 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.22 16.66 0.15 05.55 26 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.22 08.33 25 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.30 11.11 24 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 38 3.16± 2.25 16.66 2.85 105.55 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 125 10.41± 0.78 100.0 9.37 347.22 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 73 6.08± 0.83 100.0 5.47 202.77 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 20 1.66± 0.22 100.0 1.50 55.55 14 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 313 26.08± 2.65 100.0 23.48 869.44 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 98 8.16± 1.36 100.0 7.35 272.22 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 30 2.50± 0.45 100.0 2.25 83.33 12 F House Crow Corvus splendens 77 6.41± 1.31 100.0 5.77 213.88 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 61 5.08± 0.96 100.0 4.57 169.44 08 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 84 7.00± 0.93 100.0 6.30 233.33 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 179 14.91± 1.23 100.0 13.42 497.22 02 A 1333 111.08 ± 23.70 3702.77

230

Significant summer visitors were Small Pratincole with 133.33 individuals

per square kilometer, Pheasant-tailed Jacana with 11.11 individuals per square

kilometer and Palla’s Fishing Eagle with 8.33 individuals per square kilometer.

Autumn 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2008 are given in table 4.58.

As many as 1340 (111.66 per sampling point) individuals of forty three of

the fifty one selected birds with 3722.22 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (21.86%) and House Sparrow (11.19%) with

813.88 and 416.66 individuals per square kilometer were record Abundant.

Winter visitors such as Large Cormorant 27.77 per square kilometer,

Intermediate Egret 11.11 per square kilometer, Great Egret 16.66 per square

kilometer, Common Redshank 52.77 per square kilometer, Great Black-headed

Gull 11.11 per square kilometer, Black-headed Gull (Fig.4.31) 25 per square

kilometer, Herring Gull 5.55 per square kilometer, Indian River Tern 33.33 per

square kilometer and Large pied Wagtail 11.11 per square kilometer were

recorded.

231

Table 4.58. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2008 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 17 1.41± 0.58 41.66 1.26 47.22 15 F 2.8 0.71 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 10 0.83± 0.51 25.00 0.74 27.77 18 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.37 13.88 21 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 F Little Egret Egretta alba 22 1.83± 0.86 33.33 1.64 61.11 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.44 16.66 20 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.37 13.88 21 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04 0.33± 0.14 33.33 0.29 11.11 22 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 11 0.91± 0.62 16.66 0.82 30.55 17 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.44 16.66 20 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 28 2.33± 0.94 41.66 2.08 77.77 12 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.44 16.66 20 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 09 0.75± 0.37 33.33 0.67 25.00 19 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 19 1.58± 1.08 16.66 1.41 52.77 14 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 10 0.83± 0.45 25.00 0.74 27.77 18 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 09 0.75± 0.37 33.33 0.67 25.00 19 O Herring Gull Larus argentatus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 12 1.00± 0.57 25.00 0.89 33.33 16 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 12 1.00± 0.38 50.00 0.89 33.33 16 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09 0.75± 0.25 50.00 0.67 25.00 19 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.44 16.66 20 S

232

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 22

S

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.37 13.88 21 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 25 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03 0.25± 0.25 08.33 0.22 08.33 23 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 26 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 31 2.58± 1.79 16.66 2.31 86.11 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 147 12.25± 1.11 100.0 10.97 408.33 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 52 4.33± 0.86 100.0 3.88 144.44 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 30 2.50± 0.33 100.0 2.23 83.33 11 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 293 24.41± 3.09 100.0 21.86 813.88 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 115 9.58± 1.04 100.0 8.58 319.44 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 37 3.08± 0.54 100.0 2.76 102.77 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 76 6.33± 1.90 100.0 5.67 211.11 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 92 7.66± 1.43 100.0 6.86 255.55 05 A Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 74 6.16± 1.29 100.0 5.52 205.55 07 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 150 12.5± 1.67 100.0 11.19 416.66 02 A 1340 111.66± 27.04 3722.22

233

Fig.4.31. Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus)

234

Winter 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during winter 2007 are given in table 4.59.

As many as 1784 (148.66 per sampling point) individuals of forty five of

the fifty one selected birds with 4955.55 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 877.77 individuals (17.71%) per square

kilometer Sparrow with 494.44 individuals (9.97%) per square kilometer were

recorded as Abundant. Grey-backed Shrike with 2.77 individuals (0.05%) per

square kilometer

Winter visitors such as Large Cormorant 108.33 per square kilometer,

Intermediate Egret 91.66 per square kilometer, Great Egret 91.66 per square

kilometer, Sanderling 175 per square kilometer, Little Stint 86.11 per square

kilometer, Common Redshank 91.66 per square kilometer, Greenshank 38.88

per square kilometer, Great Black-headed Gull 66.66 per square kilometer,

Black-headed Gull 91.66 per square kilometer, Herring Gull 11.11 per square

kilometer, Indian River Tern 116.66 per square kilometer and Large pied

Wagtail 22.22 per square kilometer were recorded.

A slight increase in the diversity index value was recorded from 2.6

during spring 2008 and 2.7 during summer 2008 to 2.8 during autumn 2008.

Highest diversity (H=3.19) was recorded during winter 2008. Similar pattern in

the increase in evenness index value was observed from 0.67 during spring

2008 and 0.68 during summer 2008 to 0.71 during autumn 2008. Highest

evenness (E=0.85) was recorded during winter 2008 (Fig. 4.29).

235

Table 4.59. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 24 2.00± 0.69 50.00 1.34 66.66 17 F 3.19 0.85 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 39 3.25± 1.05 58.33 2.18 108.33 13 F Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.16 08.33 25 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 00 0.00± 0.00 08.33 0.00 00.00 28 S Little Egret Egretta alba 31 2.58± 1.14 50.00 1.73 86.11 15 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 33 2.75± 1.00 50.00 1.84 91.66 14 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 33 2.75± 1.32 41.66 1.84 91.66 14 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.16 08.33 25 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.16 08.33 25 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.33 16.66 23 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Shikra Accipiter badius 06 0.50± 0.26 25.00 0.33 16.66 23 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 07 0.58± 0.35 25.00 0.39 19.44 22 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.56 27.77 20 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.56 27.77 20 O Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 33 2.75± 1.03 41.66 1.84 91.66 14 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 55 4.58± 2.65 25.00 3.08 152.77 10 C Sanderling Calidrus alba 63 5.25± 3.04 25.00 3.53 175.0 08 C Little Stint Calidris minuta 31 2.58± 0.90 50.00 1.73 86.11 15 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 33 2.75± 1.87 16.66 1.84 91.66 14 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 14 1.16± 0.62 25.00 0.78 38.88 18 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 27 2.25± 0.92 33.33 1.51 75.00 16 F Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 24 2.00± 0.73 50.00 1.34 66.66 17 F Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 33 2.75± 1.14 41.66 1.84 91.66 14 F Herring Gull Larus argentatus 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.22 11.11 24 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 42 3.50± 1.30 66.66 2.35 116.66 12 F Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 11 0.91± 0.25 58.33 0.61 30.55 19 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 10 0.83± 0.27 58.33 0.56 27.77 20 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 28 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.33 16.66 23 S

236

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 14 1.16± 0.68 25.00 0.78 38.88 18 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 06 0.50± 0.23 33.33 0.33 16.66 23 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.22 11.11 24 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 08 0.66± 0.37 25.00 0.44 22.22 21 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.22 11.11 24 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.11 05.55 26 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.05 02.77 27 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 43 3.58± 2.47 16.66 2.41 119.44 11 F House Swift Apus affinis 150 12.5± 1.49 100.0 8.40 416.66 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 56 4.66± 0.89 100.0 3.13 155.55 09 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 27 2.25± 0.30 100.0 1.51 75.00 16 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 316 26.33± 2.90 100.0 17.71 877.77 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 117 9.75± 1.03 100.0 6.55 325.00 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 31 2.58± 0.41 100.0 1.73 86.11 15 F House Crow Corvus splendens 73 6.08± 1.51 100.0 4.09 202.77 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 74 6.16± 0.86 100.0 4.14 205.55 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 86 7.16± 1.12 100.0 4.82 238.88 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 178 14.8± 1.45 100.0 9.97 494.44 02 A 1784 148.66± 40.03 4955.55

237

Spring 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities ,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2009 are given in table 4.60.

As many as 1331 (110.91 sampling point) individuals of forty of the fifty

one selected birds with 3697.22 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Common Swallow with 869.44 individuals (23.51%) per square kilometer House

Sparrow with 494.44 individuals (13.37%) per square kilometer were recorded

as Abundant. Grey-backed Shrike and Bay-backed Shrike with 2.77 individuals

(0.07%) per square per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

Some winter visitors such as Large Cormorant with 5.55 individuals per

square kilometer, Intermediate Egret 16.66 per square kilometer, Great Egret

16.66 per square kilometer, Sanderling with 16.66 individuals per square

kilometer, and Little Stint 11.11 per square kilometer were recorded.

Summer 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2009 are given in table 4.61.

As many as 1360 (113.33 per sampling point) individuals of thirty one of

the fifty one selected birds with 3777.77 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 913.88 individuals (24.19%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 463.88 individuals (12.27%) per square

238

kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Grey Heron and Indian Robin with 5.15

individuals (0.14%) per square kilometer were recorded as Scarce.

Significant summer visitors were Small Pratincole with 105.05 individuals

per square kilometer and Palla’s Fishing Eagle with 16.66 individuals per

square kilometer were recorded while Pheasant-tailed Jacana was not

observed.

Autumn 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2009 are given in table 4.62.

As many as 1364 (113.66 sampling point) individuals of forty seven of

the fifty one selected birds with 3788.88 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 780.55 individuals (20.60%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 511.11 individuals (13.48%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Glossy Ibis and Common Sandpiper with

5.55 individuals (0.14%) per square kilometer were recorded as Scarce.

Some winter visitors such as Large Cormorant with 13.88 individuals per

square kilometer, Intermediate Egret 11.11 per square kilometer, Great Egret

11.11 per square kilometer, Sanderling with 27.77 individuals per square

kilometer, and Little Stint 11.11 per square kilometer were recorded.

239

Table 4.60. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2009 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 14 1.16± 0.32 66.66 1.05 38.88 12 F 2.73 0.69 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 22 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 06 0.50± 0.23 33.33 0.45 16.66 18 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 13 1.08± 0.48 25.00 0.97 36.11 13 O Little Egret Egretta alba 34 2.83± 0.83 58.33 2.55 94.44 08 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.45 16.66 18 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.45 16.66 18 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 07 0.58± 0.28 33.33 0.52 19.44 17 O Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.22 08.33 21 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.30 11.11 20 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.30 11.11 20 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.45 16.66 18 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 10 0.83± 0.47 25.00 0.75 27.77 15 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.45 16.66 18 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 34 2.83± 1.10 50.00 2.55 94.44 08 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.30 11.11 20 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.45 16.66 18 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.30 11.11 20 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 08 0.66± 0.44 16.66 0.60 22.22 16 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 12 1.00± 0.30 58.33 0.90 33.33 14 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 14 1.16± 0.29 66.66 1.05 38.88 12 F Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.45 16.66 18 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 24 S

240

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 10 0.83± 0.45 25.00 0.75 27.77 15 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.37 13.88 19 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 22 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 22 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.15 05.55 22 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 23 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.07 02.77 23 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 29 2.41± 1.65 16.66 2.17 80.55 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 125 10.41± 0.78 100.0 9.39 347.22 13 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 73 6.08± 0.83 100.0 5.48 202.77 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 20 1.66± 0.22 100.0 1.50 55.55 11 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 313 26.08± 2.65 100.0 23.51 869.44 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 98 8.16± 1.36 100.0 7.36 272.22 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 30 2.50± 0.45 100.0 2.25 83.33 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 73 6.08± 1.51 100.0 5.48 202.77 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 74 6.16± 0.86 100.0 5.55 205.55 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 86 7.16± 1.12 100.0 6.46 238.88 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 178 14.83± 1.45 100.0 13.37 494.44 02 A 1331 110.91± 22.77 3697.22

241

Table 4.61. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2009 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 25 2.08± 0.65 58.33 1.83 69.44 13 F 2.65 0.67 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.29 11.11 23 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.73 27.77 28 O Little Egret Egretta alba 18 1.50± 0.78 33.33 1.32 50.00 15 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.29 11.11 23 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.44 16.66 21 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.29 11.11 23 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 05 0.41± 0.41 08.33 0.36 13.88 22 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.66 25.00 19 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 27 2.25± 1.24 41.66 1.98 75.00 12 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 38 3.16± 2.14 25.00 2.79 105.5 10 F Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Greenshank Tringa nebularia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 11 0.91± 0.37 41.66 0.80 30.55 17 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 16 1.33± 0.35 75.00 1.17 44.44 16 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 07 0.58± 0.22 41.66 0.51 19.44 21 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.44 16.66 21 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.29 11.11 23 S

242

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 07 0.58± 0.28 33.33 0.51 19.44 21 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 08 0.66± 0.22 50.00 0.58 22.22 20 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 02 0.16± 0.00 00.00 0.14 05.55 24 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 51 4.25± 2.97 16.66 3.75 141.66 09 C House Swift Apus affinis 140 11.66± 0.77 100.0 10.29 388.88 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 72 6.00± 0.78 100.0 5.29 200.0 07 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 19 1.58± 0.19 100.0 1.39 52.77 14 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 329 27.41± 2.34 100.0 24.19 913.88 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 110 9.16± 1.14 100.0 8.08 305.55 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 29 2.41± 0.35 100.0 2.13 80.55 11 F House Crow Corvus splendens 67 5.58± 1.74 100.0 4.92 186.11 08 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 78 6.50± 1.09 100.0 5.73 216.66 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 85 7.08± 1.11 100.0 6.25 236.11 05 A House Sparrow Passer domesticus 167 13.91± 1.65 100.0 12.27 463.88 02 A 1360 113.33± 23.73 3777.77

243

Table 4.62. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2009 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 21 1.75± 0.44 83.33 1.53 58.33 12 F 2.8 0.71 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 05 0.41± 0.33 16.66 0.36 13.88 21 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.36 13.88 21 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 08 0.66± 0.22 50.00 0.56 22.22 18 O Little Egret Egretta alba 18 01.5± 0.39 83.33 1.31 50.00 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 04 0.33± 0.33 08.33 0.29 11.11 22 S Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 04 0.33± 0.22 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 24 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.29 11.11 22 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 07 0.58± 0.35 25.00 0.51 19.44 19 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 06 0.50± 0.28 25.00 0.43 16.66 20 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02 0.16± 0.16 08.33 0.14 05.55 24 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 26 2.16± 1.30 41.66 1.90 72.22 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 08 0.66± 0.43 25.00 0.58 22.22 18 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 27 2.25± 1.77 16.66 1.97 75.00 10 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 10 0.83± 0.57 16.66 0.73 27.77 16 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 04 0.33± 0.14 33.33 0.29 11.11 22 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 10 0.83± 0.56 16.66 0.73 27.77 16 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 24 S Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 05 0.41± 0.19 25.00 0.36 13.88 21 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.14 05.55 24 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 05 0.41± 0.25 25.00 0.36 13.88 21 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 07 0.58± 0.28 33.33 0.51 19.44 19 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 14 1.16± 0.27 75.00 1.02 38.88 15 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09 0.75± 0.17 66.66 0.65 25.00 17 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 04 0.33± 0.18 25.00 0.29 11.11 22 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 07 0.58± 0.41 25.00 0.51 19.44 19 O

244

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 08 0.66± 0.39 25.00 0.58 22.22 18 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05 0.41± 0.22 25.00 0.36 13.88 21 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 04 0.33± 0.18 16.66 0.29 11.11 22 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 05 0.41± 0.19 33.33 0.36 13.88 21 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 03 0.25± 0.25 16.66 0.21 08.33 23 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 25 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 16 1.33± 0.89 16.66 1.17 44.44 14 F House Swift Apus affinis 143 11.91± 1.31 100.0 10.48 397.22 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 58 4.83± 0.67 100.0 4.25 161.11 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 27 2.24± 0.30 100.0 1.97 75.00 10 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 281 23.41± 2.48 100.0 20.60 780.55 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 108 9.00± 1.10 100.0 7.91 300.0 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 38 3.16± 0.38 100.0 2.78 105.55 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 87 7.25± 1.39 100.0 6.37 241.66 05 A Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 77 6.41± 0.97 100.0 5.64 213.88 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 81 6.75± 1.21 100.0 5.93 225.0 06 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 184 15.33± 1.42 100.0 13.48 511.11 02 A 1364 113.66± 24.35 3788.88

245

Winter 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during Winter 2009 are given in table 4.63.

As many as 1564 (130.33 per sampling point) individuals of forty four of

the fifty one selected birds with 4344.44 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow with 805.5 individuals (18.54%) per square

kilometer and House Sparrow with 463.10 individuals (10.03%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Pallas’ Fishing Eagle with 2.77

individuals (0.06%) per square kilometer was recorded as Scarce.

Highest diversity index and evenness index values, H=3.12 and E=0.79

respectively, were recorded during winter while summer had lowest diversity

index and evenness index values H=2.65 and E=0.67 respectively (Fig. 4.29).

246

Table 4.63. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 18 1.50± 0.71 41.66 1.15 50.00 20 F 3.12 0.79 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 33 2.75± 0.87 58.33 2.10 91.66 12 F Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04 0.33± 0.25 16.66 0.25 11.11 28 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07 0.58± 0.33 25.00 0.44 19.44 25 S Little Egret Egretta alba 20 1.66± 0.54 58.33 1.27 55.55 18 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 32 2.66± 0.94 58.33 2.04 88.88 13 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 26 2.16± 0.89 41.66 1.66 72.22 17 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 06 0.50± 0.50 08.33 0.38 16.66 26 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 03 0.25± 0.17 16.66 0.19 08.33 29 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 09 0.75± 0.41 25.00 0.57 25.00 24 O Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 31 S Shikra Accipiter badius 03 0.25± 0.13 25.00 0.19 08.33 29 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 09 0.75± 0.37 33.33 0.57 25.00 24 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 05 0.41± 0.28 16.66 0.31 13.88 27 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 32 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 42 3.50± 1.50 58.33 2.68 116.6 10 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 29 2.41± 1.13 41.66 1.85 80.55 14 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 42 3.50± 2.51 16.66 2.68 116.6 10 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 19 1.58± 0.45 66.66 1.21 52.77 19 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 36 3.00± 2.11 16.66 2.30 100.0 11 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 14 1.16± 0.53 41.66 0.89 38.88 22 O Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 14 1.16± 0.53 41.66 0.89 38.88 33 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 17 1.41± 0.58 41.66 1.08 47.22 21 F Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 27 2.25± 0.77 58.33 1.72 75.00 16 F Herring Gull Larus argentatus 02 0.16± 0.16 8.33 0.12 5.55 30 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 28 2.33± 0.81 58.33 1.79 77.77 15 F Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 17 1.41± 0.58 41.66 1.08 47.22 21 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 13 1.08± 0.35 58.33 0.83 36.11 23 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 06 0.50± 0.26 16.66 0.38 16.66 26 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 05 0.41± 0.33 16.66 0.31 13.88 27 S

247

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 06 0.50± 0.35 16.66 0.38 16.66 26 S

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 02 0.16± 0.11 16.66 0.12 05.55 30 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01 0.08± 0.08 08.33 0.06 02.77 31 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 09 0.75± 0.37 25.00 0.57 25.00 24 O Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 33 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 42 3.50± 2.60 16.66 2.68 116.6 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 115 9.58± 1.26 100.0 7.35 319.4 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 58 4.83± 0.88 100.0 3.70 161.1 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 33 2.75± 0.39 100.0 2.10 91.66 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 290 24.16± 3.13 100.0 18.54 805.5 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 110 9.16± 1.33 100.0 7.03 305.5 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 44 3.66± 0.44 100.0 2.81 122.2 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 72 6.00± 1.14 100.0 4.60 200.0 05 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 68 5.66± 0.96 100.0 4.34 188.8 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 70 5.83± 1.08 100.0 4.47 194.4 06 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 157 13.08± 1.63 100.0 10.03 436.1 02 A 1564 130.33± 34.99 4344.44

248

2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

,abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2006 are given in table 4.64.

As many as 1447.5 (120.62 per sampling point) individuals of the

selected fifty one birds with 4020.63 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (22.41%), House Sparrow (12.35%), House Swift

(9.99%), Wire-tailed Swallow (7.66%) and House Crow (5.53%) with 897.2,

494.4, 400, 306.9 and 22.9 individuals per square kilometer respectively were

rated as Abundant while Grey-backed Shrike (Lanius excubitor) 1.38 individuals

(0.03%) per square kilometer , Pheasant-tailed Jacana (0.03%) 1.38 square

kilometer, Palla’s Fishing Eagle (0.03%) 1.38 square kilometer, Herring Gull

(0.13%) 5.55 square kilometer and Whiskered tern (0.07%) 3.47 square

kilometer were rated as Scarce.

2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2007 are given in table 4.65.

As many as 1388 (115.66 per sampling point) individuals of the selected

fifty one birds with 3860.83 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Common Swallow (20.53%), House Sparrow (11.20%), House Swift (10.35%),

Wire-tailed Swallow (7.81%) and House Crow (5.91%) with 798.61, 437.50,

399.30, 301.38 and 226.38 individuals per square kilometer respectively were

rated as Abunadnt.

249

Table 4.64. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 19.00 1.58± 0.38 70.83 1.31 52.77 15 F 2.82 0.71 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 05.00 0.41± 0.21 14.58 0.32 13.88 35 S Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04.75 0.39± 0.17 31.25 0.33 13.19 33 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 07.25 0.60± 0.23 39.58 0.48 20.13 27 S Little Egret Egretta alba 20.25 1.68± 0.41 77.08 1.41 56.25 14 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 06.00 0.50± 0.26 20.83 0.39 16.66 32 S Large Egret Casmerodius albus 08.75 0.72± 0.28 25.00 0.58 24.30 23 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03.50 0.29± 0.22 14.58 0.23 09.72 39 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 02.25 0.18± 0.14 10.41 0.14 06.25 46 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 03.00 0.25± 0.20 12.50 0.20 08.33 41 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 00.50 0.04± 0.04 02.08 0.03 01.38 49 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04.50 0.37± 0.20 25.00 0.31 12.50 36 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 06.50 0.54± 0.29 20.83 0.43 18.05 30 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 06.00 0.50± 0.29 22.91 0.40 16.66 31 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02.75 0.22± 0.22 08.33 0.19 07.63 42 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00.50 0.04± 0.04 02.08 0.03 01.38 50 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 25.25 2.10± 0.93 54.16 1.74 70.13 12 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 08.25 0.68± 0.37 12.50 0.57 22.91 25 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 24.75 2.06± 1.44 18.75 1.68 68.75 13 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 09.00 0.75± 0.44 10.41 0.58 25.00 24 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 10.50 0.87± 0.32 31.25 0.69 29.16 19 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 17.75 1.47± 0.89 18.75 1.15 49.30 16 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 04.50 0.37± 0.18 14.58 0.28 12.50 37 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 10.25 0.85± 0.41 31.25 0.69 28.47 20 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 07.25 0.60± 0.22 20.83 0.46 20.13 29 O Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 03.00 0.25± 0.12 12.50 0.19 08.33 43 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 02.00 0.16± 0.08 10.41 0.13 05.55 48 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 07.50 0.62± 0.19 27.08 0.48 20.83 28 S Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 01.25 0.10± 0.07 04.16 0.07 03.47 47 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 15.00 1.25± 0.34 68.75 1.03 41.66 17 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 08.00 0.66± 0.20 54.16 0.55 22.20 26 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 09.00 0.75± 0.42 25.00 0.62 25.00 21 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 08.50 0.70± 0.42 25.00 0.58 23.61 22 O

250

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 11.75 0.97± 0.62 20.83 0.81 32.63 18 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 04.75 0.39± 0.23 25.00 0.33 13.19 34 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 03.75 0.31± 0.15 12.50 0.24 10.41 38 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 02.25 0.18± 0.08 16.66 0.15 06.25 45 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03.50 0.29± 0.23 14.58 0.23 09.72 40 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 02.50 0.20± 0.14 12.50 0.17 06.94 44 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00.50 0.04± 0.04 04.16 0.03 01.38 51 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 26.25 2.18± 1.50 16.66 1.88 72.91 11 F House Swift Apus affinis 144.0 12.0± 1.91 100.0 9.99 400.0 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 63.75 5.31± 1.08 100.0 4.44 177.0 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 27.75 2.31± 0.45 100.0 1.90 77.08 10 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 323.0 26.91± 3.93 100.0 22.41 897.2 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 110.5 9.20± 1.63 100.0 7.66 306.9 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 33.50 2.79± 0.49 100.0 2.30 93.05 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 80.25 6.68± 1.63 100.0 5.53 222.9 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 78.75 6.56± 1.25 100.0 5.45 218.7 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 80.50 6.70± 1.23 100.0 5.60 223.6 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 178.0 14.83± 2.23 100.0 12.35 494.4 02 A 1447.5 120.62± 29.69 4020.83

251

Table 4.65. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 13.75 1.14± 0.42 45.83 1.00 38.19 18 F 2.90 0.73 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 12.0 1.00± 0.39 22.91 0.90 33.33 19 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 2.00 0.16± 0.12 10.41 0.14 05.55 44 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 5.25 0.43± 0.26 22.91 0.37 14.58 36 S Little Egret Egretta alba 20.75 1.72± 0.52 64.58 1.50 57.63 12 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 11.25 0.93± 0.38 25.00 0.84 31.25 23 O Large Egret Casmerodius albus 11.0 0.91± 0.44 22.91 0.81 30.55 25 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 2.75 0.22± 0.21 10.41 0.20 07.63 42 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 3.00 0.25± 0.18 12.50 0.21 08.33 41 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 5.25 0.43± 0.27 14.583 0.38 14.58 35 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 1.00 0.08± 0.08 06.25 0.07 02.77 48 S Shikra Accipiter badius 4.75 0.39± 0.26 20.83 0.34 13.19 38 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 8.25 0.68± 0.40 22.91 0.59 22.91 30 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 7.75 0.64± 0.36 25.00 0.55 21.52 31 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 2.75 0.22± 0.19 08.33 0.19 07.63 42 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 1.00 0.08± 0.05 04.16 0.07 02.77 47 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 34.25 2.85± 0.93 62.50 2.48 95.13 09 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 11.0 0.91± 0.64 10.41 0.78 30.55 27 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 16.5 1.37± 0.78 27.08 1.22 45.83 14 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 17.5 1.45± 1.01 14.58 1.29 48.61 13 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 11.75 0.97± 0.29 47.91 0.85 32.63 22 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 15.5 1.29± 0.86 14.58 1.14 43.05 17 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 6.50 0.54± 0.27 16.66 0.47 18.05 32 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 11.5 0.95± 0.48 35.41 0.83 31.94 24 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 5.25 0.43± 0.22 12.50 0.39 14.58 34 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 10.75 0.89± 0.39 27.08 0.79 29.86 26 O Herring Gull Larus argentatus 0.50 0.04± 0.04 02.08 0.03 05.80 50 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 11.5 0.95± 0.35 27.08 0.86 36.61 21 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 0.50 0.04± 0.04 02.08 0.03 06.30 51 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 16.5 1.37± 0.42 60.41 1.18 37.11 15 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 10.25 0.85± 0.29 52.08 0.74 28.47 28 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 10.0 0.83± 0.53 22.91 0.71 27.77 29 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 6.50 0.54± 0.34 20.83 0.46 18.05 33 S

252

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 12.25 1.02± 0.61 22.91 0.87 34.02 20 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 5.25 0.43± 0.23 20.83 0.37 14.58 37 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 1.50 0.12± 0.08 10.41 0.10 04.16 45 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 3.00 0.25± 0.13 10.41 0.22 08.33 40 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 3.50 0.29± 0.24 12.50 0.24 09.72 39 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 0.75 0.06± 0.04 06.25 0.05 02.08 49 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 1.25 0.10± 0.10 06.25 0.08 03.47 46 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 28.75 2.39± 1.72 16.66 2.09 79.86 11 F House Swift Apus affinis 143.75 11.97± 1.12 100.0 10.35 399.30 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 54.25 4.52± 0.90 100.0 3.87 150.69 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 16.75 1.39± 0.27 100.0 1.18 46.52 16 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 287.5 23.95± 2.64 100.0 20.53 798.61 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 108.5 9.04± 1.23 100.0 7.81 301.38 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 32.25 2.68± 0.42 100.0 2.33 89.58 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 81.5 6.79± 1.47 100.0 5.91 226.38 05 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 73.25 6.10± 1.02 100.0 5.27 203.47 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 67.75 5.64± 1.06 100.0 4.82 188.19 07 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 157.5 13.12± 1.52 100.0 11.27 437.50 02 A 1388 115.66± 27.44 3860.83

253

Whiskered Tern (0.03%), Herring Gull (0.03%), Bay-backed Shrike

(Lanius vittatus) (0.05%), Palla’s Fishing Eagle (0.07%) and Pheasant-tailed

Jacana (0.07%) with 6.30, 5.80, 2.08, 2.77 and 2.77 individuals per square

kilometer were rated as Scarce.

2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

,abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2008 are given in table 4.66.

As many as 1451 (120.91 per sampling point) individuals of fifty of the

fifty one selected birds with 4030.55 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (22.18%), House Sparrow (11.74%), House Swift

(9.63%), Wire-tailed Swallow (7.64%) and Bank Myna (Acridotheres

ginginianus) (5.73%) with 880.55, 468.05, 384.72, 304.86 and 228.47

individuals per square kilometer respectively were rated as Abundant. Siberian-

pied Wagtail (0.07%), Pheasant-tailed Jacana (0.07%), Bay-backed Shrike

(0.08%), Grey-backed Shrike (0.08%) and Herring Gull (0.09%) with 3.47, 2.77,

3.47, 3.47 and 4.16 individuals per square kilometer respectively were recorded

as Scarce.

254

Table 4.66. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008 using fixed-radius point count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 18.75 1.56± 0.56 47.91 1.28 52.08 14 F 2.83 0.73 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 12.25 1.02± 0.39 20.83 0.73 34.02 23 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 05.50 0.45± 0.20 33.33 0.39 15.27 34 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 03.25 0.27± 0.18 16.66 0.24 09.02 38 S Little Egret Egretta alba 23.50 1.95± 0.79 45.83 1.60 65.27 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 10.75 0.89± 0.43 18.75 0.64 29.86 26 O Large Egret Casmerodius albus 11.75 0.97± 0.54 18.75 0.72 32.63 24 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 01.75 0.14± 0.11 10.41 0.11 04.86 44 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 02.50 0.20± 0.13 14.58 0.17 06.94 42 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02.50 0.20± 0.17 08.33 0.15 06.94 43 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 01.25 0.10± 0.10 04.16 0.09 03.47 45 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04.50 0.37± 0.19 27.08 0.30 12.50 35 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 04.50 0.37± 0.25 16.66 0.30 12.50 36 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 08.25 0.68± 0.50 16.66 0.56 22.91 28 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 04.50 0.37± 0.31 08.33 0.28 12.50 37 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 01.00 0.08± 0.08 02.08 0.07 02.77 49 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 30.00 02.5± 0.97 43.75 2.08 83.33 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 12.00 1.00± 0.57 06.25 0.90 33.33 18 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 19.50 1.62± 1.02 18.75 1.19 54.16 15 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 15.75 1.31± 0.76 06.25 0.88 43.75 19 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 12.00 1.00± 0.43 22.91 0.75 33.33 22 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 14.50 1.20± 0.83 12.50 0.92 40.27 17 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 03.50 0.29± 0.15 06.25 0.19 09.72 40 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 14.50 1.20± 0.55 33.33 0.95 40.27 16 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 07.00 0.58± 0.24 16.66 0.41 19.44 32 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 10.50 0.87± 0.38 18.75 0.63 29.16 27 O Herring Gull Larus argentatus 01.50 0.12± 0.12 04.16 0.09 04.16 46 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 13.50 1.12± 0.47 22.91 0.81 37.50 20 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 51 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 11.00 0.91± 0.35 47.91 0.76 30.55 21 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 08.00 0.66± 0.24 45.83 0.55 22.22 29 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 05.75 0.47± 0.26 12.50 0.42 15.97 30 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 05.75 0.47± 0.38 14.58 0.40 15.97 33 S

255

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 10.5 0.87± 0.54 20.83 0.71 29.16 24 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 06.00 0.50± 0.26 31.25 0.42 16.66 31 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01.25 0.10± 0.07 06.25 0.07 03.47 50 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 03.00 0.25± 0.15 10.41 0.18 08.33 41 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03.25 0.27± 0.28 10.41 0.22 09.02 39 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 01.25 0.10± 0.10 04.16 0.08 03.47 48 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 01.25 0.10± 0.10 04.16 0.08 03.47 47 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 40.00 3.33± 2.34 16.66 2.78 111.11 09 F House Swift Apus affinis 138.5 11.54± 1.05 100.0 9.63 384.72 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 61.25 5.10± 0.91 100.0 4.31 170.13 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 24.75 2.06± 0.27 100.0 1.72 68.75 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 317.0 26.41± 2.78 100.0 22.18 880.55 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 109.7 9.14± 1.20 100.0 7.64 304.86 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 31.75 2.64± 0.44 100.0 2.22 88.19 10 F House Crow Corvus splendens 73.25 6.10± 1.62 100.0 5.12 203.47 07 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 76.25 6.35± 1.08 100.0 5.34 211.80 06 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 82.25 6.85± 1.11 100.0 5.73 228.47 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 168.5 14.04± 1.50 100.0 11.74 468.05 02 A 1451 120.91± 28.64 4030.55

256

2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2009 are given in table 4.67.

As many as 1400.25 (122.79 per sampling point) individuals forty nine of

the selected fifty one birds with 3902.08 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (21.79%), House Sparrow (12.33%), House Swift

(9.41%), Wire-tailed Swallow (7.62%) and Bank Myna (5.80%) with 842.3,

476.3, 363.1, 295.8, and 223.6 individuals per square kilometer respectively

were rated as Abundant. Grey-backed Shrike (0.01%) with 0.69, Bay-backed

Shrike (0.07%) with 2.77, Herring Gull (0.12%), Siberian-pied Wagtail (0.12%)

and Indian Robin (0.12%) with 4.87 individuals each per square kilometer

respectively were recorded as Scarce.

2006-2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities and

abundance ranks of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-

2009 are given in table 4.68.

As many as 1694.81 (142.76 per sampling point) individuals of the

selected fifty one birds with 3953.5 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Common Swallow (21.82%), House Sparrow (12.23%), House Swift

(9.87%), Wire-tailed Swallow (7.73%) and Bank Myna (5.64%) with 854.6,

469.0, 386.8, 302.2 and 215.9 individuals per square kilometer respectively

257

were recorded as Abundant. Whiskered Tern (0.02%), Pheasant-tailed Jacana

(0.04%), Grey-backed Shrike (0.05%), Bay-backed Shrike (0.09%) and Herring

Gull (0.09%) with 2.44, 1.73, 2.25, 3.81 and 5.09 individuals per square

kilometer respectively were rated as Scarce.

Values of diversity index and evenness index increased form 2.82 and

0.71 respectively during 2006 to 2.90 and 0.73 during 2007 which decreased to

2.83 and 0.73 during 2008 and further decreased to 2.81 and 0.71 respectively

during 2009 (Fig. 4.32).

An average of 1694.81 individuals (with 142.76 per sampling point and

3953.5 per square kilometer) per year of fifty one notable bird species was

recorded from 2006 to 2009. Maximum individuals (1451 with 120.91 per

sampling point and 4030.55 per square kilometer) were counted during 2008

while the minimum (1388 with 115.66 per sampling point and 3860.83 per

square kilometer) were counted during 2008 (Fig. 4.33).

258

Table 4.67. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 15.00 7.35± 0.53 62.50 1.06 54.16 14 F 2.81 0.71 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 10.00 0.83± 0.34 20.83 0.65 27.77 25 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04.75 0.39± 0.22 25.00 0.34 13.19 35 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 09.50 0.79± 0.40 29.16 0.68 26.38 22 O Little Egret Egretta alba 22.50 1.87± 0.63 58.33 1.62 62.50 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 10.50 0.87± 0.38 22.91 0.69 29.16 21 O Large Egret Casmerodius albus 09.00 0.75± 0.39 16.66 0.60 25.00 25 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 04.50 0.37± 0.28 16.66 0.31 12.50 36 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 03.50 0.29± 0.19 18.75 0.25 09.72 41 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 02.75 0.22± 0.13 10.41 0.18 07.63 43 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 02.75 0.22± 0.16 10.41 0.20 07.63 42 S Shikra Accipiter badius 03.75 0.31± 0.17 25.00 0.27 10.41 40 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 06.75 0.56± 0.37 20.83 0.47 18.75 29 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07.50 0.62± 0.36 22.91 0.54 20.83 28 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 02.00 0.16± 0.16 04.16 0.14 05.55 44 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 50 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 32.25 2.68± 1.28 47.91 2.28 89.58 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 11.50 0.95± 0.64 12.50 0.85 31.94 18 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 15.00 1.25± 0.78 18.75 1.03 41.66 16 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 14.50 1.20± 0.89 10.41 0.96 40.27 17 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 06.75 0.56± 0.20 29.16 0.45 18.75 31 S Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 11.50 0.95± 0.66 08.33 0.75 31.94 20 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 04.25 0.35± 0.17 14.58 0.27 11.80 38 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 08.75 0.72± 0.36 29.16 0.61 24.30 24 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 05.50 0.45± 0.19 16.66 0.36 15.27 34 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 07.25 0.60± 0.22 18.75 0.46 20.13 30 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 01.75 0.14± 0.10 08.33 0.12 04.86 47 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 08.75 0.72± 0.27 22.91 0.57 24.30 26 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00.00 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 50 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 14.75 1.22± 0.37 62.50 1.05 40.97 15 F Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 10.75 0.89± 0.26 58.33 0.76 29.86 19 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 05.50 0.45± 0.32 16.66 0.39 15.27 32 S Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 04.00 0.33± 0.27 12.50 0.28 11.11 37 S

259

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 07.75 0.64± 0.37 25.00 0.56 21.52 27 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05.00 0.41± 0.18 31.25 0.36 13.88 33 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 01.75 0.14± 0.10 08.33 0.12 04.86 47 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 04.00 0.33± 0.18 16.66 0.27 11.11 39 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 01.75 0.14± 0.08 06.25 0.12 04.86 47 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 01.00 0.08± 0.08 06.25 0.07 02.77 48 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00.25 0.02± 0.02 02.08 0.01 00.69 49 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 34.50 2.87± 2.03 16.66 2.45 95.83 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 130.7 10.89± 1.03 100.0 9.41 363.1 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 65.25 5.43± 0.79 100.0 4.70 181.2 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 24.75 2.06± 0.27 100.0 1.75 68.75 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 303.2 25.27± 2.65 100.0 21.79 842.3 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 106.5 8.87± 1.23 100.0 7.62 295.8 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 35.25 2.93± 0.41 100.0 2.50 97.91 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 74.75 6.22± 1.45 100.0 5.36 207.6 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 74.25 6.18± 0.97 100.0 5.34 206.2 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 80.50 6.70± 1.13 100.0 5.80 223.6 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 171.5 14.29± 1.54 100.0 12.33 476.3 02 A 1400.25 122.79± 26.46 3902.08

260

Table 4.68. Abundance of some selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009 using fixed-radius point count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 16.62 2.91± 0.47 56.77 1.11 49.30 15 F 2.84 0.72 Large Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 09.81 0.81± 0.33 19.79 0.63 27.25 26 O Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii 04.25 0.35± 0.18 25.00 0.30 11.80 38 S Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis 06.31 0.52± 0.26 27.08 0.44 17.53 32 S Little Egret Egretta alba 21.75 1.81± 0.59 61.45 1.46 60.41 13 F Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 09.62 0.80± 0.36 21.87 0.62 26.73 27 O Large Egret Casmerodius albus 10.12 0.84± 0.42 20.83 0.64 28.12 24 O Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 03.12 0.26± 0.20 13.02 0.21 08.68 40 S Purple Heron Ardea purpurea 02.81 0.23± 0.16 14.06 0.19 07.81 44 S Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus 03.37 0.28± 0.19 11.45 0.20 09.37 39 S Palla's Fishing Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus 01.37 0.11± 0.09 05.72 0.10 03.81 46 S Shikra Accipiter badius 04.37 0.36± 0.20 24.47 0.29 12.15 36 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 06.50 0.54± 0.33 20.31 0.41 18.05 31 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 07.37 0.61± 0.30 21.87 0.48 20.48 30 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 03.00 0.25± 0.22 07.29 0.19 08.33 43 S Pheasant-tailed Jacana Hydrophasianus chirurgus 00.62 0.05± 0.04 02.08 0.04 01.73 50 S Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 30.43 2.53± 1.03 52.08 2.04 84.54 11 F Small Pratincole Glareola lactea 10.68 0.89± 0.55 10.41 0.75 29.68 19 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 18.93 1.57± 1.01 20.83 1.23 52.60 14 F Sanderling Calidrus alba 14.18 1.18± 0.78 10.41 0.89 39.40 18 O Little Stint Calidris minuta 10.25 0.84± 0.31 32.81 0.65 28.47 22 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 14.81 1.23± 0.81 13.54 0.95 41.14 17 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 04.68 0.39± 0.19 13.02 0.30 13.02 37 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 11.25 0.93± 0.45 32.29 0.74 31.25 20 O Great Balck-headed Gull Larus marinus 06.25 0.52± 0.22 16.66 0.39 17.36 34 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 07.87 0.65± 0.27 19.27 0.48 21.87 29 S Herring Gull Larus argentatus 01.43 0.11± 0.08 06.25 0.09 05.09 46 S Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 10.31 0.85± 0.32 25.00 0.62 29.81 23 O Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus 00.43 0.03± 0.02 01.56 0.02 02.44 51 S White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis 14.31 1.19± 0.37 59.89 0.97 37.57 16 O Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis 09.25 0.77± 0.25 52.60 0.62 25.69 25 O Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark Eremopterix grisea 07.56 0.63± 0.38 19.27 0.51 21.00 28 O Desert Lark Ammomanes deserti 06.18 0.51± 0.35 18.22 0.41 17.18 33 S

261

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Population Density (animals per km²); F= Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (6.1% and above); C=Common (3.1-6%); F=Frequent (1.1-3%); O=Occasional (0.51-1%) and S=Scarce (0-0.5 %)

Crested Lark

Galerida cristata 10.56 0.88± 0.53 22.39 0.68 29.34 21 O

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 05.25 0.43± 0.22 27.08 0.36 14.58 35 S Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 02.06 0.17± 0.10 09.37 0.12 05.72 45 S White-browed Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis 03.06 0.25± 0.13 13.54 0.19 08.50 41 S Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata 03.00 0.25± 0.21 10.93 0.19 08.33 42 S Bay-backed Shrike Lanius vittatus 01.37 0.11± 0.09 07.29 0.09 03.81 48 S Grey-backed Shrike Lanius excubitor 00.81 0.06± 0.06 04.16 0.05 02.25 49 S Plain Prinia Prinia inornata 32.37 2.69± 1.90 16.66 2.22 89.93 10 F House Swift Apus affinis 170.4 14.20± 1.28 100.0 9.87 386.8 03 A Little Green Bee-eater Merops orientalis 81.42 6.78± 0.92 100.0 4.49 169.7 08 C Madagascar Bee-eater Merops superciliosus 32.47 2.70± 0.32 100.0 1.70 65.27 12 F Common Swallow Hirundo rustica 375.0 31.25± 3.00 100.0 21.82 854.6 01 A Wire-tailed Swallow Hirundo smithii 134.6 11.22± 1.32 100.0 7.73 302.2 04 A Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus 43.34 3.61± 0.44 100.0 2.39 92.18 09 F House Crow Corvus splendens 98.74 8.22± 1.54 100.0 5.62 215.1 06 C Common Myna Acridotheres tristis 94.06 7.83± 1.08 100.0 5.37 210.0 07 C Bank Myna Acridotheres ginginianus 100.3 8.36± 1.13 100.0 5.64 215.9 05 C House Sparrow Passer domesticus 215.7 17.97± 1.70 100.0 12.23 469.0 02 A 1694.81 142.76± 28.06 3953.5

262

Fig.4.32. Comparison of diversity and evenness of some selected birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir

(Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-radius point count method.

263

Fig.4.33. Comparison of total number of individuals, mean number of individuals and density of some selected birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using fixed-radius point

count method.

264

Total Count Method

Water birds (excluding ducks)

Winter 2006

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals per sampling

point, frequencies, relative abundance, abundance ranks and status of selected

birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006 are given in table 4.69.

As many as 6763 (614per sampling point) individuals of the selected

twenty six birds were recorded. Little Cormorant (19.20 %) (Fig.4.34. A), Large

Cormorant (15.71 %) and Common Coot (Fulica atra) (12.90 %) were recorded

as Abundant. Siberian pied Wagtail (0.05 %) was recorded as Scarce.

Winter 2007

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals per sampling

point, frequencies, relative abundance and abundance ranks of selected birds

of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007 are given in table 4.70.

As many as 6603 (600 per sampling point) individuals of the selected

twenty six birds were recorded. Little Cormorant (21.33 %), Large Cormorant

(12.99%) were rated as Abundant; Common Coot (9.88 %) (Fig.4.34. B) was

recorded as Common. Siberian-pied Wagtail (0.01 %) was recorded as Scarce.

265

Fig.4.34.

A: Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger)

B: Black Coot (Fulica atra)

266

Table 4.69. Abundance of some notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006 using total count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 160 14.54± 5.92 63.63 2.36 12 O 2.65 0.81 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger

1299 118.09± 58.62 90.90 19.20 1 A

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1063 96.63± 78.14 45.45 15.71 2 A A=Number of

Individuals (N) B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error C=Frequency D=Relative Abundance E= Abundance Rank F=Status G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant

(10.1 and above%) C=Common

(6.1-10 %) F=Frequent

(3.1-6 %) O=Occasional

(1.1-3 %) S=Scarce

(0-1 %)

Little Egret Egretta alba 527 47.90± 29.12 90.90 7.79 4 C Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 300 27.27± 7.37 63.63 4.43 8 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 340 30.90± 10.95 81.81 5.02 6 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 83 7.54± 3.71 45.45 1.22 18 O White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 67 6.09± 3.24 36.36 0.99 20 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 107 9.72± 6.65 36.36 1.58 16 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 84 7.63± 5.35 45.45 1.24 17 O Black Coot Fulica atra 873 79.36± 32.09 63.63 12.90 3 A Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 114 10.36± 3.54 81.81 1.68 15 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 163 14.81± 6.01 45.45 2.41 11 O Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 14 1.27± 0.48 45.45 0.20 24 S White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucura 6 0.54± 0.28 36.36 0.08 25 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 417 37.90± 31.79 18.18 6.16 5 C Little Stint Calidris minuta 149 13.54± 6.06 63.63 2.20 13 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 175 15.90± 7.04 36.36 2.58 9 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 48 4.363± 2.78 27.27 0.70 21 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 304 27.63± 13.90 36.36 4.49 7 F Great Black-headed Gull Larus marinus 45 4.09± 1.95 45.45 0.66 22 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 169 15.36 4.08 72.72 2.49 10 O Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 147 13.36± 3.55 63.63 2.17 14 O Little Tern Sterna albifrons 74 6.72± 2.34 54.54 1.09 19 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 4 0.36± 0.24 18.18 0.05 26 S Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

31 2.81±1.66 45.45 0.45 23 S 6763 614.81± 326.99

267

Table 4.70. Abundance of some notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007 using total count method. Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 146 13.27± 4.44 72.72 2.21 14 O 2.72 0.83 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 1409 128.09± 74.82 100 21.33 1 A Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 858 78.00± 62.48 72.72 12.99 2 A A=Number of

Individuals (N) B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error C=Frequency D=Relative Abundance E= Abundance Rank F=Status G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant

(10.1 and above%) C=Common

(6.1-10 %) F=Frequent

(3.1-6 %) O=Occasional

(1.1-3 %) S=Scarce

(0-1 %)

Little Egret Egretta alba 526 47.81± 27.54 100 7.96 4 C Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 331 30.09± 11.75 81.81 5.01 5 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 287 26.09± 11.29 72.72 4.34 7 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 93 8.45± 5.63 54.54 1.40 17 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 93 8.45± 4.42 36.36 1.40 17 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 77 7.00± 4.46 36.36 1.16 19 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 90 8.18± 5.10 45.45 1.36 18 S Black Coot Fulica atra 653 59.36± 21.31 63.63 9.88 3 C Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 215 19.54± 6.62 90.90 3.25 11 F Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 273 24.81± 8.65 63.63 4.13 8 F Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 24 2.18± 0.87 45.45 0.36 23 S White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucura 12 1.09± 0.49 36.36 0.18 24 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 208 18.90± 13.97 36.36 3.15 12 S Little Stint Calidris minuta 226 20.54± 7.00 72.72 3.42 9 C Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 158 14.36± 6.07 36.36 2.39 13 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 48 4.36± 2.44 27.27 0.72 21 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 319 29.00± 15.61 45.45 4.83 6 F Great Black-headed Gull Larus marinus 55 5.00± 2.21 45.45 0.83 20 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 224 20.36± 4.97 72.72 3.39 10 F Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 120 10.90± 3.42 72.72 1.81 15 O Little Tern Sterna albifrons 117 10.63± 4.91 72.72 1.77 16 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 1 0.09± 0.09 9.09 0.01 25 S Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

40 3.63± 2.69 36.36 0.60 22 S

6603 600.27± 313.39

268

Winter 2008

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals per sampling

point, frequencies, relative abundance, abundance ranks and status of selected

birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008 are given in table 4.71.

As many as 6916 (628 per sampling point) individuals of the selected

twenty six birds were recorded. Little Cormorant (23.71 %) and Large

Cormorant (15.52 %) was rated as Abundant. Common Coot (8.73 %) was

rated as Common. Siberian-pied Wagtail (0.05 %) was recorded as Scarce.

Winter 2009

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals per sampling

point, frequencies, relative abundance, abundance ranks and status of selected

birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009 are given in table 4.72.

As many as 6345 (576 per sampling point) individuals of the selected

twenty six birds recorded. Little Cormorant (20.72 %), Great Cormorant

(12.97%) and Common Coot (13.44 %) were rated as Abundant. Siberian-pied

Wagtail (0.06 %) was rated as Scarce.

269

Table 4.71. Abundance of some notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008 using total count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 142 12.90± 6.01 63.63 2.05 14 O 2.65 0.81 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 1640 149.09± 87.58 90.90 23.71 1 A Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 1074 97.63± 80.61 45.45 15.52 2 A A=Number of

Individuals (N) B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error C=Frequency D=Relative Abundance E= Abundance Rank F=Status G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant

(10.1 and above%) C=Common

(6.1-10 %) F=Frequent

(3.1-6 %) O=Occasional

(1.1-3 %) S=Scarce

(0-1 %)

Little Egret Egretta alba 420 38.18± 17.83 90.90 6.07 5 C Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 287 26.09± 8.86 63.63 4.14 8 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 288 26.18± 9.14 81.81 4.16 7 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 85 7.72± 4.69 45.45 1.22 20 S White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 88 8.00± 3.53 36.36 1.27 19 S Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 123 11.18± 8.31 36.36 1.77 15 S Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 93 8.45± 5.78 45.45 1.34 18 S Black Coot Fulica atra 604 54.90± 15.27 63.63 8.73 3 C Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 189 17.18± 6.23 81.81 2.73 10 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 175 15.90± 6.78 45.45 2.53 11 O Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 17 1.54± 0.59 45.45 0.24 24 S White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucura 7 0.63± 0.27 36.36 0.10 25 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 429 39.00± 34.38 18.18 6.20 4 C Little Stint Calidris minuta 147 13.36± 5.25 63.63 2.12 13 F Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 194 17.63± 8.06 36.36 2.80 9 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 60 5.45± 2.97 27.27 0.86 21 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 396 36.00± 22.53 36.36 5.72 6 F Great Black-headed Gull Larus marinus 56 5.09± 2.22 45.45 0.80 22 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 151 13.72± 3.23 72.72 2.18 11 O Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 100 9.09± 3.30 63.63 1.44 17 O Little Tern Sterna albifrons 117 10.63± 2.73 54.54 1.69 16 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 4 0.36± 0.24 18.18 0.05 26 S Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

30 2.72± 1.94 45.45 0.43 23 S 6916 628.72± 348.47

270

Table 4.72. Abundance of some notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009 using total count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 125 11.36± 3.83 72.72 1.97 12 O 2.68 0.82 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 1315 119.54± 66.52 100.0 20.72 1 A Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 823 74.81± 56.97 72.72 12.97 3 A A=Number of

Individuals (N) B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error C=Frequency D=Relative Abundance E= Abundance Rank F=Status G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant

(10.1 and above%) C=Common

(6.1-10 %) F=Frequent

(3.1-6 %) O=Occasional

(1.1-3 %) S=Scarce

(0-1 %)

Little Egret Egretta alba 538 48.90± 29.58 90.90 8.47 4 C Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 304 27.63± 7.58 63.63 4.79 6 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 328 29.81± 10.19 81.81 5.16 5 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 97 8.81± 4.86 45.45 1.52 17 O White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 67 6.09± 3.24 36.36 1.05 19 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 119 10.81± 6.81 36.36 1.87 14 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 84 7.63± 5.35 45.45 1.32 18 O Black Coot Fulica atra 853 77.54± 29.11 63.63 13.44 2 A Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 114 10.36± 3.54 81.81 1.79 15 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 160 14.54± 5.92 45.45 2.52 10 O Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 17 1.54± 0.59 45.45 0.26 23 S White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucura 7 0.63± 0.27 36.36 0.11 24 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 224 20.36± 17.24 18.18 3.53 8 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 147 13.36± 5.25 63.63 2.31 11 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 197 17.90± 8.18 36.36 3.10 9 F Greenshank Tringa nebularia 60 5.45± 2.97 27.27 0.94 20 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 234 21.27± 11.12 36.36 3.68 7 F Great Black-headed Gull Larus marinus 56 5.09± 2.22 45.45 0.88 21 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 224 20.36± 4.97 72.72 3.53 8 F Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 120 0.90± 3.42 72.72 1.89 13 O Little Tern Sterna albifrons 98 8.90± 3.29 72.72 1.54 16 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 4 0.36± 0.24 18.18 0.06 25 S Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

28 2.72± 1.94 45.45 0.47 22 S 6343 576.81± 295.35

271

Study Period

As many as 6656 (605 per sampling point) individuals of the selected

twenty six birds were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of

individuals per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance and abundance

ranks of selected birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during study period

(2006-2009) are given in table 4.73.

Little Cormorant with 21.24 % of the total individuals recorded was

the most abundant bird while Great Cormorant with 14.30 % of the total

individuals recorded was the second most abundant bird. Common Coot

accounted for 11.24 % of the total individuals recorded with an abundance rank

3. Siberian-pied Wagtail with 0.04 % of the total individuals recorded was

recorded as the least abundant bird species.

Diversity index value increased from 2.65 during 2006 to 2.72 during 2007

but decreased to 2.65 during 2008 and again increased to 2.68 during 2009.

Highest diversity (2.72) was recorded during 2007. Evenness index value

increased from 0.81 during 2006 to 0.83 during 2007 but dropped to 0.81 during

2008. Highest evenness (0.83) was recorded during 2007 (Fig.4.35).

An average of 6656 individuals (with 605 per sampling point) per year of

twenty six selected bird species was recorded from 2006 to 2009. Maximum

individuals 6916 (with 628 per sampling point) were counted during 2008 while

the minimum 6343 (with 576 per sampling point) were counted during 2009

(Fig.4.36).

272

Table 4.73. Abundance of some notable birds of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009 using total count method.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis 143.25 13.02± 5.05 68.18 2.15 14 O 2.67 0.82 Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger 1415.75 128.70± 71.89 95.45 21.24 1 A Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 954.5 86.77± 69.55 59.09 14.30 2 A A=Number of

Individuals (N) B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error C=Frequency D=Relative Abundance E= Abundance Rank F=Status G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant

(20 and above%) C=Common

(15.1-20 %) F=Frequent

(10.1-15 %) O=Occasional

(5.1-10 %) S=Scarce

(0-5 %)

Little Egret Egretta alba 502.75 45.70± 26.02 93.18 7.57 4 C Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia 305.5 27.77± 8.89 68.18 4.59 8 F Large Egret Casmerodius albus 310.75 28.25± 10.39 79.54 4.67 7 F Grey Heron Ardea cinerea 89.5 8.13± 4.72 47.72 1.34 18 O White-breasted Water-hen Amaurornis phoenicurus 78.75 7.15± 3.61 36.36 1.18 20 O Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus 106.5 9.68± 6.56 36.36 1.60 16 O Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 87.75 7.97± 5.40 45.45 1.31 19 O Black Coot Fulica atra 745.75 67.79± 24.44 63.63 11.24 3 A Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 158 14.36± 4.98 84.09 2.36 13 O Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrines 192.75 17.52± 6.84 50.00 2.89 9 O Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus 18 1.63± 0.63 45.45 0.27 24 S White-tailed Lapwing Vanellus leucura 8 0.72± 0.33 36.36 0.12 25 S Sanderling Calidrus alba 319.5 29.04± 24.34 22.72 4.76 5 F Little Stint Calidris minuta 167.25 15.20± 5.89 65.90 2.51 12 O Common Redshank Tringa tetanus 181 16.45± 7.34 36.36 2.72 11 O Greenshank Tringa nebularia 54 4.90± 2.79 27.27 0.81 21 S Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 313.25 28.47± 15.79 38.63 4.68 6 F Great Black-headed Gull Larus marinus 53 4.81± 2.15 45.45 0.79 22 S Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus 192 17.46± 4.31 72.72 2.90 10 O Indian River Tern Sterna aurentia 121.75 11.06± 3.42 68.18 1.83 15 O Little Tern Sterna albifrons 101.5 9.22± 3.32 63.63 1.52 17 O Siberian Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba dukhenensis 3.25 0.29± 0.20 15.90 0.04 26 S Large Pied Wagtail Motacilla maderaspatensis

32.75 2.97± 2.06 43.18 0.49 23 S 6656.75 605.15± 321.05

273

Fig.4.35. Comparison of diversity and evenness of some selected birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir

(Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using total count method.

274

Fig.4.36. Comparison of total number of individuals and mean number of individuals of some selected

birds recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using total count method.

275

Ducks

Winter 2006

As many as 4378 (486.44 per sampling point) individuals of nine duck

species were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals

per sampling point and frequencies, relative abundance, abundance ranks of

ducks and status of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006 are given in

table 4.74.

Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) with 30.37 % of the total individuals

recorded was the most abundant duck while Common Teal (Anas crecca) with

23.75 % of the total individuals recorded was the second most abundant duck

species followed by Common Pochard (Fig.4.37) with 18.50 % of the total

individuals recorded. The two least abundant duck species were Tufted Duck

(Aythya fuligula) and Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) with 0.86 % and 0.68

% of the total individuals recorded respectively.

Winter 2007

As many as 4463 (495.88 per sampling point) individuals of six duck

species were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals

per sampling point and frequencies, relative abundance and abundance ranks

of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007 are given in table

4.75.

The most abundant duck was Mallard with 30.92 % of the total

individuals recorded. Common Teal with 22.63 % of the total individuals

recorded was observed as the second most abundant duck species. Red-

crested Pochard and Tufted Duck were not observed.

276

Table 4.74. Abundance of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H European Wigeon Anas penelope 76.00 8.44± 04.30 33.33 01.73 07 S 1.73 0.78 Gadwall Anas strepera 144.0 16.0± 07.73 55.55 03.28 06 S Common Teal Anas crecca 1040 115.5± 26.51 100.0 23.75 02 A Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1330 147.7± 31.48 88.88 30.37 01 A Northern Pintail Anas acuta 330.0 36.66± 13.12 55.55 07.53 05 O Shovelar Anas clypeata 580.0 64.44± 33.46 44.44 13.24 04 F Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 30.00 3.33± 02.35 22.22 00.68 09 S Common Pochard Aythya ferina 810.0 90.0± 30.41 77.77 18.50 03 C Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 38.00 4.22± 02.36 33.33 00.86 08 S

4378 486.44± 151.76

Table 4.75. Abundance of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H European Wigeon Anas penelope 85.00 09.44± 05.03 33.33 01.90 07 S 1.67 0.76 Gadwall Anas strepera 128.0 14.22± 07.11 55.55 02.86 06 S Common Teal Anas crecca 1010 112.2± 24.82 100.0 22.63 02 A Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1380 153.3± 39.58 100.0 30.92 01 A Northern Pintail Anas acuta 370.0 41.11± 13.88 66.66 08.29 05 O Shovelar Anas clypeata 600.0 66.66± 30.32 55.55 13.44 04 F Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 00.00 00.00± 00.00 00.00 00.00 08 S Common Pochard Aythya ferina 890.0 98.88± 43.21 66.66 19.94 03 C Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 00.00 00.00± 00.00 00.00 00.00 08 S

4463 495.88± 163.97 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Abundance Rank; F=Status; G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and H= Equitability Index

*Status

A=Abundant (20.1% and above); C=Common (15.1-20%); F=Frequent (10.1-15%); O=Occasional (5.1-10%) and S=Scarce (0-5 %)

277

Winter 2008

As many as 3982 (442.4 per sampling point) individuals of six duck

species were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals

per sampling point and frequencies, relative abundance and abundance ranks

of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008 are given in table

4.76.

The most abundant duck was Mallard with 31.06 % of the total

individuals recorded. Common Teal with 21.89 % of the total individuals

recorded was the second most abundant duck species.

Winter 2009

As many as 3380 (375.5 per sampling point) individuals of six duck

species were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals

per sampling point and frequencies, relative abundance and abundance ranks

of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009 are given in table

4.77.

The most abundant duck was Mallard with 31.06 % of the total

individuals recorded. Common Teal with 21.89 % of the total individuals

recorded was the second most abundant duck species.

278

Table 4.76. Abundance of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H European Wigeon Anas penelope 70.00 07.77± 04.25 33.33 1.75 06 S 1.64 0.74 Gadwall Anas strepera 42.00 04.66± 03.43 55.55 0.24 07 S Common Teal Anas crecca 990.0 110.0± 29.90 100.0 5.80 02 O Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1160 128.8± 32.16 100.0 6.80 01 O Northern Pintail Anas acuta 380.0 42.22± 16.89 66.66 2.22 06 S Shovelar Anas clypeata 660.0 73.33± 35.39 55.55 3.86 04 S Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 00.00 00.00± 00.00 00.00 0.00 08 S Common Pochard Aythya ferina 680.0 75.55± 34.80 66.66 3.98 05 S Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 00.00 00.00± 00.00 00.00 0.00 08 S

3982 442.4± 156.85

Table 4.77. Abundance of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E *F G H European Wigeon Anas penelope 80.00 08.88± 06.11 22.22 02.36 05 S 1.68 0.76 Gadwall Anas strepera 60.00 06.66± 04.71 22.22 01.77 06 S Common Teal Anas crecca 740.0 82.22± 35.50 55.55 21.89 02 A Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1050 116.6± 52.70 44.44 31.06 01 A Northern Pintail Anas acuta 500.0 55.55± 29.39 33.33 14.79 03 F Shovelar Anas clypeata 450.0 50.00± 33.33 22.22 13.31 04 F Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 00.00 00.00± 00.00 00.00 00.00 07 S Common Pochard Aythya ferina 500.0 55.55± 29.44 33.33 14.79 03 F Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 00.00 00.00±00.00 00.00 00.00 07 S

3380 375.5± 191.20 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Abundance Rank; F=Status; G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and H= Equitability Index

*Status

A=Abundant (20.1% and above); C=Common (15.1-20%); F=Frequent (10.1-15%); O=Occasional (5.1-10%) and S=Scarce (0-5 %)

279

Study Period

As many as 4050 (450.08 per sampling point) individuals of nine duck

species were recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals

per sampling point and frequencies, relative abundance and abundance ranks

of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during study period (2006-2009) are

given in table 4.78.

The most abundant duck was mallard with 24.79 % of the total

individuals recorded. Common Teal with 18.52 % of the total individuals

recorded was the second most abundant duck species. The two least abundant

duck species were Red-crested Pochard and Tufted Duck with 0.17 % and

0.21% of the total individuals recorded.

Diversity index value decreased from 1.73 during 2006 to 1.64 during

2007 but increased to 1.69 during 2008 and increased to 1.80 in 2009.

Evenness index value decreased from 0.78 during 2006 to 0.74 during 2007 but

increased to 0.76 during 2008 and to 0.81 during 2009 (Fig.4.37).

An average of 4050 individuals (with 450.80 per sampling point)

per year of nine duck species was recorded from 2006 to 2009. Maximum

individuals 4463 (with 495.88 per sampling point) were counted during 2007

while the minimum 3380 (with 375.5 per sampling point) were counted during

2009 (Fig.4.38).

280

Table 4.78. Abundance of ducks of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H European Wigeon Anas penelope 77.75 08.63± 04.92 30.55 01.94 07 S 1.68 0.76 Gadwall Anas strepera 93.50 10.38± 05.74 47.22 02.04 06 S Common Teal Anas crecca 945.0 105.0± 29.18 88.88 18.52 02 C Mallard Anas platyrhynchos 1230 136.6± 38.98 83.33 24.79 01 A Northern Pintail Anas acuta 395.0 43.88± 18.32 55.55 08.21 05 O Shovelar Anas clypeata 572.5 63.61± 33.12 44.44 10.96 04 F Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina 07.50 00.83± 00.58 05.55 00.17 09 S Common Pochard Aythya ferina 720.0 80.00± 34.47 61.11 14.30 03 F Tufted Duck Aythya fuligula 09.50 01.05± 00.59 08.33 00.21 08 S

4050.75 450.08± 165.95

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E= Abundance Rank; F=Status; G=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and H= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (20.1% and above); C=Common (15.1-20%); F=Frequent (10.1-15%); O=Occasional (5.1-10%) and S=Scarce (0-5 %)

281

Fig.4.37. Comparison of diversity and evenness of ducks recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar,

Sindh) during 2006-2009 using total count method.

282

Fig.4.38. Comparison of total number of individuals and mean number of individuals of ducks recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009 using total count method.

283

Reptiles

Spring 2006

As many as 51 (7.28 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 16.55 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2006 are given in table 4.79.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) (Fig.4.39. A) with

2.59 individuals (15.68 %) per square kilometer and Three-toad Sand Swimmer

(Ophiomorus tridactylus) with 2.27 individuals (13.72 %) per square kilometer

were recorded as Abundant. Saw-scale Viper (Echis carinatus sochureki) (1.96

%), Black Cobra (Naja naja) (00.00%), Dahman (Ptyas mucosus) and were

rated as Scarce.

Summer 2006

As many as 66 (9.41 per sampling point) individuals of thirteen of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 14.93 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2006 are given in table 4.80.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko (16.66 %) with 1.62 individuals per square

kilometer and Three-toad Sand Swimmer (12.12%) with 1.94 individuals per

square kilometer were rated as Abundant. Dahman (1.15%) with 0.97

individuals per square kilometer and Black Cobra (0.00%) were recorded as

Scarce.

284

Fig.4.39.

A: Yellow-bellied House Gecko (Hemidactylus flaviviridis)

B: Yellow tailed Sand Gecko (Crossobamon orientalis)

285

Table 4.79. Abundance of some selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2006.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 07.84 1.29 5 F 2.36 0.87 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 3 0.42± 0.20 57.14 05.88 0.97 6 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 09.80 1.62 4 C Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 8 1.14± 0.73 28.57 15.68 2.59 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 6 0.85± 0.40 42.85 11.76 1.94 3 C Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 7 1.00± 0.48 42.85 13.72 2.27 2 A Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 09.80 1.62 4 C Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 03.92 0.64 7 O Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 03.92 0.64 7 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 9 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 9 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 01.96 0.32 8 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 09.80 1.62 4 C Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 05.88 0.97 6 O 51 7.28± 3.77 16.55

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

286

Table 4.80. Abundance of some selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 07.57 0.64 5 F 2.44 0.90 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 6 0.85± 0.34 57.14 09.09 0.97 4 C Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 7 1.00± 0.48 42.85 10.60 0.97 3 C Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 11 1.57± 1.02 28.57 16.66 1.62 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 04.54 0.97 7 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 8 1.14± 0.55 42.85 12.12 1.94 2 A Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 07.57 0.97 5 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 06.06 0.64 6 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 04.54 1.29 7 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 01.51 0.97 8 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 9 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 06.06 0.64 6 F Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 6 0.85± 0.34 57.14 09.09 1.94 4 C Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 04.54 1.94 7 O 66 9.41± 4.73 14.93

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

287

Autumn 2006

As many as 45 (6.42 per sampling point) individuals of thirteen of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 14.61 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2006 are given in table 4.81.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko (20.00%) with 2.92 individuals per square

kilometer and Sindh Sand Gecko (Crossobamon orientalis) (13.33%) (Fig.4.39.

B ) with 1.94 individuals per square kilometer were rated as Abundant. Dahman

(2.20%), Saw-scale Viper (2.20 %) (Fig.4.40.B) with 0.32 individuals per square

each and Black Cobra (0.00%) were recorded as Scarce.

Winter 2006

As many as 20 (2.85 per sampling point) individuals of seven of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 6.49 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during winter 2006 are given in table 4.82.

Brown River Turtle (Kachuga smithii) (35.00%) with 2.27 individuals per square

kilometer, Indian Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata) (20.00%) with 1.29

individuals per square kilometer, Indian Monitor Lizard (Varnus bengalensis)

15.00%) (Fig.4.41.B) with 0.97 individuals per square kilometer and Yellow-

bellied House Gecko (15.00%) with 0.97 individuals per square kilometer were

rated as Abundant.

288

Fig.4.40.

A: Black Cobra (Naja naja)

B: Saw-scale Viper (Echis carinatus sochureki)

289

Indian Fringed- toed Lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris), Three-toad Sand

Swimmer (Ophiomorus tridactylus), Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard (Uromastyx

hardwickii), Sindh Awl-headed Snake (Lytorhynchus paradoxus) (Fig.4.41.A),

Dhaman (Ptyas mucosus), Black Cobra (Naja naja) (Fig.4.40.A) and Saw-

scaled Viper (Echis carinatus sochureki) were rated as Scarce

Low Diversity Index values viz. 2.36 and 2.37 during spring, 2006 and

autumn, 2006 respectively reflected that reptilian diversity was low during these

seasons. However, summer, 2006 had highest diversity i.e. 2.44 while the

lowest diversity viz. 1.7 was recorded during winter, 2006. Similar pattern in the

values of evenness index was recorded. Recorded reptilian species were

evenly distributed during summer 2006 while winter, 2006 reptilian fauna was

dominated by few species (Fig. 4.42).

290

Fig.4.4.

A: Sindh Awl-headed Sand Snake (Lytorhynchus paradoxus)

B: Bengal Monitor Lizard (Varanus bengalensis)

291

Table 4.81. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2006.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.42 42.85 11.11 1.62 3 C 2.37 0.87 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 06.66 0.97 5 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 6 0.85± 0.45 42.85 13.33 1.94 2 A Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 9 1.28± 0.83 28.57 20.00 2.92 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 04.44 0.64 6 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 5 0.71± 0.42 42.85 11.11 1.62 3 C Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.44 0.64 6 O Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.44 0.64 6 O Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 08.88 1.29 4 F Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 02.22 0.32 7 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 8 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 02.22 0.32 7 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 3 0.42± 0.20 57.14 06.66 0.97 5 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2 0.28± 0.18 57.14 04.44 0.64 6 O 45 6.42± 3.96 14.61

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

292

Table 4.82. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.0 0.32 4 O 1.7 0.62 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.0 0.32 4 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.0 0.32 4 O Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 15.0 0.97 3 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 15.0 0.97 3 A Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.0 0.00 5 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 7 1.00± 0.48 42.85 35.0 2.27 1 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 20.0 1.29 2 A 20 2.85± 1.78 6.49

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

293

Fig. 4.42. Abundnce (diversity and evenness) of some selected reptiles in different seasons recorded

from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

294

Spring 2007

As many as 45 (6.42 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 14.61 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2007 are given in table 4.83.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.27 individuals (15.55%) per square

kilometers, Common Tree Lizard (Calotes versicolor), Three-toad Sand

Swimmer (Ophiomorus tridactylus) and Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard

(Uromastyx hardwickii) with 1.62 individuals (11.11%) per square kilometer

each were recorded as Abundant. reptilian species each with 1.62 individuals

per square kilometer. Saw-scaled Viper (2.22%), Black Cobra (0.00%) and

Dahman (0.00%) were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2007

As many as 58 (8.28 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 18.83 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance,densities, abundance

ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during

summer 2007 are given in table 4.84.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 3.24 individuals (17.24%) per square

kilometer was rated as Abundant. Indian Flapshell Turtle (Lissemys punctata)

with 0.64 individuals (3.44) per square kilometer was recorded as Occasional

while Black Cobra (0.00%) and Dahman (0.00%) were rated as Scarce.

295

Table 4.83. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.42 42.85 11.11 1.62 2 A 2.38 0.87 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 3 0.42± 0.20 57.14 06.66 0.97 4 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 08.88 1.29 3 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7 1.00± 0.65 28.57 15.55 2.27 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 08.88 1.29 3 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 11.11 1.62 2 A Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 11.11 1.62 2 A Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.44 0.64 5 O Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.44 0.64 5 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 7 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 7 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 02.22 0.32 6 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4 0.57± 0.20 57.14 08.88 1.29 3 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 06.66 0.97 4 F 45 6.42±3.43 14.61

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

296

Table 4.84. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 4 0.57± 0.20 57.14 6.89 1.29 3 F 2.42 0.89 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 4 0.57± 0.20 57.14 6.89 1.29 3 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.62 1.62 2 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 10 1.42± 0.94 28.57 17.24 3.24 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.62 1.62 2 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.62 1.62 2 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 8.62 1.62 2 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.89 1.29 3 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.89 1.29 3 F Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 14.28 0.00 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.62 1.62 2 F Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 8.62 1.62 2 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 3.44 0.64 4 O 58 8.28± 4.14 18.83

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

297

Table 4.85. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2007.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 4.87 0.64 5 O 2.47 0.91 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.43 0.32 6 S Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 9.75 1.29 3 C Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7 1.00± 0.65 28.57 17.07 2.27 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 3 0.42± 0.20 14.28 7.31 0.97 4 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 9.75 1.29 3 C Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 4 0.57± 0.29 28.57 9.75 1.29 3 C Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3 0.42± 0.20 28.57 7.31 0.97 4 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 12.19 1.62 2 A Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.43 0.32 6 S Black Cobra Naja naja 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.43 0.32 6 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 4.87 0.64 5 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 7.31 0.97 4 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.43 0.32 6 S 41 5.85± 3.64 13.31

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

298

Table 4.86. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S 1.64 0.60 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 1 0.14± 0.14 00.00 5.88 0.32 4 O Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 17.64 0.97 3 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.88 0.32 4 O Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 23.52 1.29 2 A Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5 0.71± 0.42 42.85 29.41 1.62 1 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 17.64 0.97 3 A 17 2.42± 1.66 5.51

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

299

Autumn 2007

As many as 41 (5.85 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen selected

reptiles with 13.31 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Total

number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn

2007 are given in table 4.85.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.27 individuals (17.07%) per square

kilometer and Sindh Awl-headed Snake with 1.62 individuals (12.19%) per

square kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Common Field Agama, Black

Cobra, Dahman and Indian Flap Shell Turtle with 0.32 individuals (2.32%) per

square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

Winter 2007

As many as 17 (2.42 per sampling point) individuals of six selected

reptiles with 13.31 individuals per square kilometer were recorded. Total

number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2007

are given in table 4.86.

Brown River Turtle with 1.62 individuals (29.41%) per square kilometer,

Indus valley spiny-tailed lizard with 1.29 individuals (23.52%) per square

kilometer, Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 0.97 individuals (17.64%) per

square kilometer and Indian Flap Shell Turtle with 0.97 individuals (17.64%) per

square kilometer were rated as Abundant. Common Tree Lizard (Calotes

versicolor) (Fig. 4.43.B), Common Field Agama (Trapelus agilis), Indian

Fringed- toed Lizard (Fig. 4.43.A), Three-toad Sand Swimmer, Sindh Awl-

headed Snake, Dhaman, Black Cobra and Saw-scaled Viper were rated as

Scarce.

300

Fig.4.43.

A: Indian Fringed- toed Lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris)

B: Common Tree Lizard (Calotes versicolor)

301

Values of diversity and evenness indices increased from 2.38 and 0.87

respectively during spring 2007 to 2.42 and 0.89 respectively during summer

2007 which further increased to 2.47 and 0.91 during autumn 2007 but diversity

and evenness indices values reduced to 1.64 and 0.60 respectively during

winter, 2007(Fig. 4.42.).

Spring 2008

As many as 56 (8.00 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 18.81 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2008 are given in table 4.87.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.92 individuals (16.06%) per square

kilometer, Common Tree Lizard with 2.59 individuals (14.28%) per square

kilometer, Three-toad Sand Swimmer with 1.94 individuals (10.71%) per square

kilometer and Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard with 1.94 individuals (10.71%)

per square kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Dhaman and Black Cobra

were rated as Scarce.

Summer 2008

As many as 65 (9.28 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 21.10 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

abundance, ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2008 are given in table 4.88.

302

Table 4.87. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 8 1.14± 0.45 42.85 14.28 2.59 2 A 2.35 0.86 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 8.92 1.62 4 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.92 1.62 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 9 1.28± 0.83 28.57 16.07 2.92 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.92 1.62 4 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 6 0.85± 0.45 42.85 10.71 1.94 3 A Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 6 0.85± 0.34 57.14 10.71 1.94 3 A Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 5.35 0.97 5 O Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 3.57 0.64 6 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 8 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 8 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 1.78 0.32 7 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 5.35 0.97 5 O Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.20 42.85 5.35 0.97 5 O 56 8.00± 4.12 18.18

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

303

Table 4.88. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2008.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.35 42.84 7.69 1.62 4 F 2.39 0.88 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 6 0.85± 0.40 42.85 9.23 1.94 3 C Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.87 7.69 1.62 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 12 1.71± 1.12 28.57 18.46 3.89 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 3 0.42± 0.29 42.85 4.61 0.97 6 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.15 1.29 5 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 6 0.85± 0.26 57.14 9.23 1.94 3 C Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 7.69 1.62 4 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 7.69 1.62 4 F Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 8 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 8 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 7.69 1.62 4 F Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 7 1.00± 0.37 57.14 10.76 2.27 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 3.07 0.64 7 O 65 9.28± 4.74 21.10

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

304

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 3.89 individuals (18.46%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 2.27 individuals (10.76%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant. Dhaman and Black Cobra were rated as

Scarce.

Autumn 2008

As many as 46 (6.57 per sampling point) individuals of twelve of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 14.93 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

abundance, ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2008 are given in table 4.89.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.92 individuals (19.56%) per square

kilometer while Sindh Awl-headed Snake with 1.62 individuals (10.86%) per

square kilometer were rated as Abundant. Dhaman and Black Cobra were rated

as Scarce.

Winter 2008

As many as 19 (2.71 per sampling point) individuals of eight of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 6.16 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

abundance, ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2008 are given in table 4.90.

305

Brown River Turtle with 2.27 individuals (36.84%) per square kilometer

and Indian Flapshell Turtle with 2.92 individuals (19.56%) per square kilometer

and Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 0.64 individuals (10.53%) per square

kilometer while Common Field Agama, Indian Fringed- toed Lizard, Three-toad

Sand Swimmer, Sindh Awl-headed Snake, Dhaman, Black Cobra and Saw-

scaled Viper were rated as Scarce.

Values of diversity and evenness indices increased from 2.35 and 0.86

respectively during spring 2008 to 2.39 and 0.88 respectively during summer

2008 which further increased to 2.41 and 0.88 during autumn 2008 but

decreased to 1.78 and 0.65 respectively (Fig. 4.42.).

Spring 2009

As many as 48 (6.85 per sampling point) individuals of thirteen of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 15.58 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individual (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

abundance, ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during spring 2009 are given in table 4.91.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.27 individuals (14.58%) per square

kilometer, Common Tree Lizard with 1.94 individuals (12.50%) per square

kilometer, Indian Fringed- toed Lizard and Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard with

1.62 individuals (10.44%) per square kilometer each were rated as Abundant.

Sindh Awl-headed Snake, Dhaman and Black Cobra were rated as Scarce.

306

Table 4.89. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2008.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.17 0.32 6 S 2.41 0.88 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 4.34 0.64 5 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 8.69 1.29 3 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 9 1.28± 0.83 28.57 19.56 2.92 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 8.69 1.29 3 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 8.69 1.29 3 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 4 0.57± 0.29 28.57 8.69 1.29 3 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3 0.42± 0.20 28.57 6.52 0.97 4 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 10.86 1.62 2 A Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.17 0.32 6 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 7 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 4.34 0.64 5 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4 0.57± 0.29 28.57 8.69 1.29 3 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.29 14.28 6.52 0.97 4 F 46 6.57± 4.11 14.93

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

307

Table 4.90. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2008.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.26 0.32 4 O 1.78 0.65 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 5 S Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.26 0.32 4 O Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 10.53 0.64 3 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 1 0.14± 0.14 00.00 5.26 0.32 4 O Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 10.52 0.64 3 A Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 5.26 0.32 4 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 7 1.00± 0.48 42.85 36.84 2.27 1 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 21.05 1.29 2 A 19 2.71± 1.99 6.16

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

308

Table 4.91. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 6 0.85± 0.34 42.85 12.5 1.94 2 A 2.43 0.89 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 8.33 1.29 4 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 4.16 0.64 6 O Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7 1.00± 0.65 28.57 14.58 2.27 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 5 0.71± 0.42 42.85 10.41 1.62 3 A Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 8.33 1.29 4 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 5 0.71± 0.28 57.14 10.41 1.62 3 A Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 8.33 1.29 4 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.08 0.32 7 S Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 2.08 0.32 7 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 8 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 4.16 0.64 6 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 8.33 1.29 4 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3 0.42± 0.29 28.57 6.25 0.97 5 F 48 6.85± 3.98 15.58

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

309

Table 4.92. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.33 1.67 3 F 2.5 0.92 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.66 1.29 4 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.33 1.62 3 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 11 1.57± 1.02 28.57 18.33 3.57 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2 0.28± 0.18 42.85 3.33 0.64 5 S Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.66 1.29 4 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 4 0.57± 0.20 57.14 6.66 1.29 4 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.33 1.62 3 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 6.66 1.29 4 F Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 3.33 0.64 5 O Black Cobra Naja naja 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 1.66 0.32 6 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 8.33 1.62 3 F Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 6 0.85± 0.34 57.14 10.00 1.94 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 3.33 0.64 5 O 60 8.57± 4.68 19.48

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

310

Summer 2009

As many as 60 (8.57 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen of the

fifteen selected reptiles with 19.48 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during summer 2009 are given in table 4.92.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 3.57 individuals (18.33%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.94 individuals (10.00%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant while Black Cobra with 0.32 individuals

(1.66%) per square kilometer was rated as Scarce.

Autumn 2009

As many as 49 (7.00 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen of the

fifteen selected reptiles with 15.90 individuals per square kilometers were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities

abundance, ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during autumn 2009 are given in table 4.93.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.92 individuals (18.36%) per square

kilometer, Sindh Sand Gecko, Common Tree Lizard, Three-toad Sand

Swimmer and Sindh Awl-headed Snake with 1.62 individuals (10.30%) per

square kilometer each were rated as Abunadnt. Dhaman and Black Cobra were

recorded as Scarce.

311

Winter 2009

As many as 22 (3.14 per sampling point) individuals of eight of the fifteen

selected reptiles with 7.14 individuals per square kilometers were recorded.

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities abundance, ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009

are given in table 4.94.

Brown River Turtle and Indian Flapshell Turtle with 1.62 individuals

(22.72%) per square kilometer were rated as Abunadnt. Common Field Agama,

Three-toad Sand Swimmer, Sindh Awl-headed Snake, Dhaman, Black Cobra

and Saw-scaled Viper were recorded as Scarce.

Diversity index values were relatively lower during spring 2009 and

autumn 2009 2.43 and 2.42 respectively; however, summer 2009 had higher

diversity i.e. 2.50. Similar pattern in the values of evenness index i.e. 0.89 in

spring 2009 and autumn 2009 and 0.92 in summer 2009 was recorded (Fig.

4.42.).

312

Table 4.93. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during autumn 2009.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 10.20 1.62 2 A 2.42 0.89 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.08 0.64 4 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 10.20 1.62 2 A Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 9 1.28± 0.89 28.57 18.36 2.92 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 04.08 0.64 4 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 10.20 1.62 2 A Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 4 0.57± 0.29 42.85 08.16 1.29 3 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 4 0.57± 0.29 28.57 08.16 1.29 3 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 10.20 1.62 2 A Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 00.00 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2 0.28± 0.28 14.28 04.08 0.64 4 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4 0.57± 0.29 57.14 08.16 1.29 3 F Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2 0.28± 0.18 57.14 04.08 0.64 4 O 49 7.00± 4.06 15.90

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

313

Table 4.94. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during winter 2009.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 9.09 0.64 3 C 1.91 0.70 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 9.09 0.64 3 C Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 4 0.57± 0.36 28.57 18.18 1.29 2 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 4.54 0.32 4 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 2 0.28± 0.18 28.57 9.09 0.64 3 C Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 1 0.14± 0.14 14.28 4.54 0.32 4 O Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 0 0.00± 0.00 00.00 0.00 0.00 5 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5 0.71± 0.35 42.85 22.72 1.62 1 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 5 0.71± 0.47 28.57 22.72 1.62 1 A 22 3.14± 2.04 7.14

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

314

2006

As many as 45.5 (6.50 per sampling point) individuals of thirteen of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 13.14 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2006 are given in table 4.95.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.38 individuals (16.83%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.70 individuals (15.14%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant; Three Toed Sand Swimmer with 1.46

individuals (9.23%) per square kilometer and Sindh Sand Gecko with 1.21

individuals (9.68%) per square kilometer were Common; Common Tree Lizard

with 0.97 individuals (7.88%) per square kilometer, Common Field Agama with

0.81 individuals (6.65%) per square kilometer , Indian Flapshell Turtle with 1.21

individuals (8.71%) per square kilometer and Indian Monitor Lizard with 0.73

individuals (7.35%) per square kilometer were Frequent ; Indian Fringed- toed

Lizard with 0.89 individuals (5.18%) per square kilometer, Indus Valley Spiny-

tailed Lizard with 0.73 individuals (7.35%) per square kilometer and Sindh Awl-

headed Snake with 0.81 individuals (4.83%) per square kilometer were

Occasional while Dhaman with 0.32 individuals (0.93%) per square kilometer ,

Saw-scaled Viper with 0.16 individuals (2.56%) per square kilometer and Black

Cobra with 0.00 individuals (0.00%) per square kilometer were rated as

Scarce.

315

2007

As many as 40.25 (5.75 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen

selected reptiles with 13.06 individuals per square kilometer were recorded.

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007 are

given in table 4.96.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.19 individuals (16.87%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.37 individuals (13.55%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant; Indian Monitor Lizard with 1.05

individuals (10.54%) per square kilometer was Common; Indus Valley Spiny-

tailed Lizard with 1.21 individuals (8.84%) per square kilometer, Three Toed

Sand Swimmer with 1.13 individuals (7.37%) per square kilometer , Sindh Sand

Gecko with 1.13 individuals (8.28%) per square kilometer, Indian Fringed- toed

Lizard with 0.97individuals (6.20%) per square kilometer and Indian Flapshell

Turtle with 0.73 individuals (7.55%) per square kilometer were Frequent; Awl-

headed Snake with 0.89 individuals (5.88%) per square kilometer, Common

Tree Lizard with 0.89 individuals (5.72%) per square kilometer, Common Field

Agama with 0.64 individuals (4.00%) per square kilometer and Saw-scaled

Viper with 0.64 individuals (3.93%) per square kilometer were Occasional while

Dhaman and Black Cobra with 0.08 individuals (0.60%) per square kilometer

were rated as Scarce.

316

Table 4.95. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 3.75 0.53± 0.30 35.71 7.88 0.97 5 F 2.21 0.81 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 3.25 0.46± 0.22 42.85 6.65 0.81 6 F Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 4.75 0.67± 0.36 35.71 9.68 1.21 4 C Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7.75 1.10± 0.72 28.57 16.83 2.02 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2.75 0.39± 0.22 25.00 5.18 0.89 8 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 5.00 0.71± 0.36 32.14 9.23 1.46 3 C Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 3.00 0.42± 0.18 35.71 5.45 0.81 7 O Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 2.75 0.39± 0.21 35.71 7.35 0.73 8 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2.25 0.32± 0.17 28.57 4.33 0.81 9 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0.50 0.07± 0.07 7.14 0.93 0.32 11 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0.00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 12 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1.50 0.21± 0.14 17.85 2.56 0.16 10 S Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5.25 0.75± 0.32 53.57 15.14 1.70 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3.00 0.42± 0.23 42.85 8.71 1.21 7 F 45.5 6.50± 3.56 13.14

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

317

Table 4.96. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2007.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 2.75 0.39± 0.20 32.14 5.72 0.89 7 O 2.22 0.82 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 2.00 0.28± 0.13 32.14 4.00 0.64 9 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 3.50 0.50± 0.27 32.14 8.28 1.13 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 6.75 0.96± 0.63 28.57 16.87 2.19 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 3.00 0.42± 0.21 25.00 6.20 0.97 6 F Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 3.50 0.50± 0.25 32.14 7.37 1.13 4 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 3.75 0.53± 0.25 39.28 8.84 1.21 3 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3.25 0.46± 0.26 32.14 10.54 1.05 5 C Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2.75 0.39± 0.21 28.57 5.88 0.89 7 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0.25 0.03± 0.03 7.14 0.60 0.08 11 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0.25 0.03± 0.03 3.57 0.60 0.08 11 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2.00 0.28± 0.19 17.85 3.93 0.64 10 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4.25 0.60± 0.30 46.42 13.55 1.37 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2.25 0.32± 0.20 28.57 7.55 0.73 8 F 40.25 5.75± 3.22 13.06

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

318

2008

As many as 46.5 (6.64 per sampling point) individuals of thirteen of the

fourteen selected reptiles with 15.09 individuals per square kilometer were

recorded. Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities,

abundance ranks and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded

during 2008 are given in table 4.97.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.59 individuals (16.15%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.70 individuals (15.41%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant; Indian Flapshell Turtle with 0.97

individuals (9.00%) per square kilometer was Common; Common Tree Lizard

with 1.21 individuals (7.35%) per square kilometer , Sindh Sand Gecko with

1.21 individuals (7.64%) per square kilometer, Three Toed Sand Swimmer with

1.13 individuals (6.39%) per square kilometer, Indian Monitor Lizard with 1.05

individuals (7.52%) per square kilometer, Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard with

1.37 individuals (8.47%) per square kilometer and Sindh Awl-headed Snake

with 1.05 individuals (6.84%) per square kilometer were Frequent; Common

Field Agama with 1.05 individuals (5.62%) per square kilometer, Indian Fringed-

toed Lizard with 0.97individuals (5.55%) per square kilometer and Saw-scaled

Viper with 0.64 individuals (3.93%) per square kilometer were Occasional while

Dhaman with 0.08 individuals (0.54%) per square kilometer and Black Cobra

with 0.00 individuals (0.00%) per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

319

2009

As many as 44.75 (6.39 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen

selected reptiles with 14.52 individuals per square kilometers were recorded.

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009 are

given in table 4.99.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.51 individuals (17.34%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.54 individuals (12.30%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant; Common Tree Lizard with 1.46

individuals (10.03%) per square kilometer and Indian Flapshell Turtle with 0.97

individuals (9.09%) per square kilometer were Common; Three Toed Sand

Swimmer with 1.13 individuals (6.39%) per square kilometer, Sindh Sand

Gecko with 1.13 individuals (7.94%) per square kilometer Indian Monitor Lizard

with 1.13 individuals (7.34%) per square kilometer and Indus Valley Spiny-tailed

Lizard with 1.05 individuals (6.30%) per square kilometer were Frequent;

Sindh Awl-headed Snake with 0.81 individuals (4.73%) per square kilometer,

Common Field Agama with 0.81 individuals (4.77%) per square kilometer,

Indian Fringed- toed Lizard with 0.81individuals (5.59%) per square kilometer

and Saw-scaled Viper with 0.73 individuals (4.43%) per square kilometer were

Occasional while Dhaman with 0.24 individuals (1.35%) per square kilometer

and Black Cobra with 0.08 individuals (0.41%) per square kilometer were rated

as Scarce.

320

Table 4.97. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 3.75 0.53± 0.27 28.57 7.35 1.21 4 F 2.23 0.82 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 3.25 0.46± 0.24 28.57 5.62 1.05 6 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 3.75 0.53± 0.28 35.71 7.64 1.21 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 8.00 1.14± 0.77 25.00 16.15 2.59 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 3.00 0.42± 0.25 28.57 5.55 0.97 7 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 3.50 0.50± 0.26 32.14 6.39 1.13 5 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 4.25 0.60± 0.26 35.71 8.47 1.37 3 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3.25 0.46± 0.28 28.57 7.52 1.05 6 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 3.25 0.46± 0.26 32.14 6.84 1.05 6 F Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0.25 0.03± 0.03 7.14 0.54 0.08 9 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0.00 0.00± 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2.00 0.28± 0.19 17.85 3.45 0.64 8 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 5.25 0.75± 0.34 42.85 15.41 1.70 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3.00 0.42± 0.26 28.57 9.00 0.97 7 C 46.5 6.64± 3.74 15.09

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

321

Table 4.98. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2009.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 4.50 0.64± 0.31 39.28 10.03 1.46 3 C 2.31 0.85 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 2.50 0.35± 0.19 28.57 4.77 0.81 7 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 3.50 0.50± 0.27 35.71 7.94 1.13 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7.75 1.10± 0.73 28.57 17.36 2.51 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2.50 0.35± 0.23 32.14 5.59 0.81 7 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 3.75 0.53± 0.28 39.28 8.57 1.21 3 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 3.25 0.46± 0.19 39.28 6.30 1.05 5 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3.50 0.50± 0.29 28.57 7.34 1.13 4 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2.50 0.35± 0.19 25.00 4.73 0.81 7 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0.75 0.10± 0.08 10.71 1.35 0.24 8 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0.25 0.03± 0.03 3.57 0.41 0.08 9 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 2.25 0.32± 0.20 21.42 4.14 0.73 6 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4.75 0.67± 0.34 46.42 12.30 1.54 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 3.00 0.42± 0.31 32.14 9.09 0.97 6 C 44.75 6.39± 3.69 14.52

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

322

2006-2009

As many as 52.5 (7.5 per sampling point) individuals of fourteen selected

reptiles with 16.50 individuals per square kilometers were recorded. Total

number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard error) per

sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities, abundance ranks

and status of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009

are given in table 4.99.

Yellow-bellied House Gecko with 2.33 individuals (16.81%) per square

kilometer and Brown River Turtle with 1.58 individuals (14.10%) per square

kilometer were recorded as Abundant; Three Toed Sand Swimmer with 1.23

individuals (6.39%) per square kilometer; Sindh Sand Gecko with 1.17

individuals (8.39%) per square kilometer, Common Tree Lizard with 1.13

individuals (7.74%) per square kilometer, Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard with

1.11individuals (7.27%) per square kilometer and Indian Monitor Lizard with

0.99 individuals (8.19%) per square kilometer were Frequent; Common Field

Agama with 0.83 individuals (5.26%) per square kilometer, Sindh Awl-headed

Snake with 0.89 individuals (5.45%) per square kilometer, Indian Fringed- toed

Lizard with 0.91individuals (5.63%) per square kilometer and Saw-scaled Viper

with 0.89 individuals (5.45%) per square kilometer were Occasional while Indian

Flapshell Turtle with 0.97 individuals (8.59%) per square kilometer, Dhaman

with 0.18individuals (0.86%) per square kilometer and Black Cobra with

0.04individuals (0.25%) per square kilometer were rated as Scarce.

323

Diversity and evenness index values were highest during 2008i.e. 2.38

and 0.88 respectively while lowest during 2006 i.e. 2.21 and 0.81 respectively

(Fig. 4.44.).

An average of 44.25 individuals with 6.32 per sampling point and 13.96

individuals per square kilometer per year of fourteen reptile species were

recorded from 2006 to 2009. Maximum individuals i.e. 46.5 with 3.74 per

sampling point and 15.09 individuals per square kilometers were counted during

2008 while the minimum individuals i.e. 40.5 with 5.75 per sampling point and

13.06 individuals per square kilometers were counted during 2007(Fig. 4.45.)

324

Table 4.99. Abundance of selected reptiles of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during 2006-2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F *G H I Common Tree Lizard Calotes versicolor 3.68 0.52± 0.27 33.92 7.74 1.13 5 F 2.24 0.83 Common Field Agama Trapelus agilis 2.75 0.39± 0.19 33.03 5.26 0.83 6 O Sindh Sand Gecko Crossobamon orientalis 3.87 0.55± 0.29 34.82 8.39 1.17 4 F Yellow-bellied House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviviridis 7.56 1.08± 0.71 27.67 16.81 2.33 1 A Indian Fringed- toed Lizard Acanthodactylus cantoris 2.81 0.40± 0.23 27.67 5.63 0.91 9 O Three-toad Sand Swimmer Ophiomorus tridactylus 3.93 0.56± 0.29 33.92 7.89 1.23 3 F Indus Valley Spiny-tailed Lizard Uromastyx hardwickii 3.56 0.50± 0.22 37.50 7.27 1.11 7 F Indian Monitor Lizard Varnus bengalensis 3.18 0.45± 0.26 31.25 8.19 0.99 8 F Sindh Awl-headed Snake Lytorhynchus paradoxus 2.68 0.38± 0.21 28.57 5.45 0.89 10 O Dhaman Ptyas mucosus 0.43 0.06± 0.05 08.03 0.86 0.18 12 S Black Cobra Naja naja 0.12 0.01± 0.01 01.78 0.25 0.04 13 S Saw-scaled Viper Echis carinatus sochureki 1.93 0.27± 0.18 18.75 3.52 0.54 11 O Brown River Turtle Kachuga smithii 4.87 0.69± 0.32 47.32 14.10 1.58 2 A Indian Flapshell Turtle Lissemys punctata 2.81 0.40± 0.25 33.03 8.59 0.97 9 S 44.25 6.32± 3.55 13.96

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index *Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

325

Fig. 4.44. Comparison of diversity and evenness of some selected reptiles recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

326

Fig. 4.45. Comparison of total number of individuals, mean number of individuals and density of of some

selected reptiles recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

327

Table 4.100. Details of areas, their description, geographical coordinates and type of evidence of marsh crocodile obtained from Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh, during 2006-2009.

Locality Geographical

Coordinates

(degrees, minutes,

seconds)

Evidence Area description

1. Paksari Mori 26 06 422 N;

69 01 416 E

Dead body

(Fig. 4.47.A)

It is located near Paksari Mori. The area has stony ground

with some Tamarix. The area has water during summer but it

gets dried during winter. A dead body was observed lying just

next to the embankment of the Reservoir.

2. Soro Dhundh 26 08 337 N;

69 11 465 E

Holts (Fig.

4.47.B)

It is formed of seepage from the reservoir and heavily

infested with Typha.

3. Inside

Reservoir

26 11 422 N;

69 00 986 E

Holts/ Reports

of direct

sightings by

local people

Muddy bottom with few hillocks and abundant Typha.

328

Fig.4.46. Map showing areas of Chotiari Reservoir from where evidences of the presence of Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris) were obtained during 2006-2010.

329

Fig.4.47. Marsh Crocodile (Crocodylus palustris)

A : Dead body

B : Holt

330

Amphibia 2006-2009

Only three amphibian species that included two frogs viz. Bull Frog

(Hoplobatrachus tigerinus) and Skittering Frog (Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis) and a

single species of toad viz. Indus Valley Toad (Bufo stomaticus) were recorded

during 2006-2006 from Chotiari Reservoir in a fair number. The most abundant

amongst them was Skittering Frog, followed by Bull Frog and Indus Valley Toad

being the least abundant.

Total number of individuals, mean number of individuals (± standard

error) per sampling point, frequencies, relative abundance, densities and

abundance ranks of amphibian species recorded from Chotiari Reservoir

recorded during different seasons from 2006 to 2009 are given in table section

from table 4.101 to 4.117.

An average of 44.50 individuals with 6.35 per sampling point and 20.50

individuals per square kilometers per year of three amphibian species (two

frogs and one toad) were recorded from 2006 to 2009. Maximum individuals i.e.

61 with 8.71 per sampling point and 28.11 individuals per square kilometers

were counted during 2009 while the minimum individuals i.e. 54 with 7.71 per

sampling point and 24.88 individuals per square kilometers were counted during

2007 (Fig. 4.50).

331

Table 4.101. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during spring 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 16 2.28± 0.68 100 34.04 7.37 2 0.93 0.84 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 26 3.71± 0.86 100 55.31 11.98 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 5 0.71± 0.18 71.42 10.63 2.30 3

47 6.71± 1.72 21.65

Table 4.102. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded during summer 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 21 3.00± 0.65 100 35.59 9.67 2 0.93 0.84 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 32 4.57± 0.64 100 54.23 14.74 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 6 0.85± 0.26 57.14 10.16 2.76 3

59 8.42± 1.56 27.18

Table 4.103. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded autumn 2006.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 9 1.28± 0.18 100 28.12 4.14 2 1.07 0.97 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 14 2.00± 0.43 100 43.75 6.45 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 9 1.28± 0.18 100 28.12 4.14 2

32 4.57± 0.80 14.74

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

332

Table 4.104. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded spring 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 13 1.85± 0.63 85.71 34.21 5.99 2 1.05 0.95 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 17 2.42± 0.64 85.71 44.73 7.83 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 8 1.14± 0.34 71.42 21.05 3.68 3

38 5.42± 1.62 17.51

Table 4.105. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded summer 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 15 2.14± 0.26 100 27.77 6.91 2 0.98 0.89 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 30 4.28± 0.68 100 55.55 13.82 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 9 1.28± 0.47 57.14 16.66 4.14 3

54 7.71± 1.41 24.88

Table 4.106. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded autumn 2007. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 11 1.57± 0.52 71.42 35.48 5.06 2 1.08 0.98 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 12 1.71± 0.18 100 38.70 5.52 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 8 1.14± 0.45 57.14 25.80 3.68 3

31 4.42± 1.17 14.28

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

333

Table 4.107. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded spring 2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 16 2.28± 0.56 85.71 32.65 7.37 2 1.06 0.96 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 22 3.14± 0.67 100 44.89 10.13 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 11 1.57± 0.48 85.71 22.44 5.06 3

49 7± 1.71 22.58

Table 4.108. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded summer 2008.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 19 2.71± 0.52 85.71 34.54 8.75 2 1.09 0.99 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 20 2.85± 0.79 85.71 36.36 9.21 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 16 2.28± 0.56 100 29.09 7.37 3

55 7.85± 1.88 25.34

Table 4.109. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded autumn 2008.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 12 1.71± 0.77 71.42 26.08 5.52 2 0.97 0.88 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 26 3.71± 0.71 85.71 56.52 11.98 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 8 1.14± 0.40 57.14 17.31 3.68 3

46 6.57± 1.89 21.19

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

334

Table 4.110. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded spring 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 12 1.71± 0.35 85.71 36.36 5.52 2 1.09 0.99 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 11 1.57± 0.48 85.71 33.33 5.06 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 10 1.42± 0.61 57.14 30.30 4.60 3

33 4.71± 1.45 15.20

Table 4.111. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded summer 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus valley toad Bufo stomaticus 14 2± 0.43 100 22.95 6.45 2 0.99 0.90 Skittering frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 34 4.85± 0.59 100 55.73 15.66 1 Bull frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 13 1.85± 0.73 71.42 21.31 5.99 3

61 8.71± 1.76 28.11

Table 4.112. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded autumn 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 9 1.28± 0.56 57.14 31.03 4.14 2 1.06 0.96 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 13 1.85± 0.40 100 44.82 5.99 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 7 1± 0.21 85.71 24.13 3.22 3

29 4.14± 1.18 13.36

A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

335

Table 4.113. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2006. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 15.33 2.19± 0.50 100 32.58 7.06 2 0.97 0.88 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 24.00 3.42± 0.65 100 51.10 11.05 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 6.66 0.95± 0.20 76.19 16.31 3.07 3

46.00 6.57± 1.36 21.19

Table 4.114. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2007.

Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 13 1.85± 0.47 85.71 32.49 5.99 2 1.03 0.94 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 19.66 2.80± 0.50 95.23 46.33 9.06 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 8.33 1.19± 0.42 61.90 21.17 3.84 3

41 5.85± 1.40 18.89

Table 4.115. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2008. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 15.66 2.23± 0.62 80.95 31.09 7.21 2 1.04 0.94 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 22.66 3.23± 0.72 90.47 45.92 10.44 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 11.66 1.66± 0.48 80.95 22.97 5.37 3

50 7.14± 1.83 23.04 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

336

Table 4.116. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 11.66 1.66± 0.45 80.95 30.11 5.37 2 1.04 0.95 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 19.33 2.76± 0.49 95.23 44.63 8.90 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 10 1.42± 0.52 71.42 25.25 4.60 3

41 5.85± 1.46 18.89

Table 4.117. Abundance of amphibians of Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2006-2009. Common name Scientific name A B C D E F G HIndus Valley Toad Bufo stomaticus 13.91 1.98± 0.51 86.90 31.57 6.41 2 1.02 0.93 Skittering Frog Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis 21.41 3.05± 0.59 95.23 46.99 9.86 1 Bull Frog Hoplobatrachus tigerinus 9.16 1.30± 0.41 72.61 21.42 4.22 3

44.50 6.35± 1.51 20.50 A=Number of Individuals (N); B=Mean Number of Individuals ± Standard Error; C=Frequency; D=Relative Abundance; E=Population Density; F=Abundance Rank; G=Status; H=Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and I= Equitability Index

*Status A=Abundant (12.1% and above); C=Common (9.1-12%); F=Frequent (6.1-9%); O=Occasional (3.1-6%) and S=Scarce (0-3 %)

337

Fig. 4.48. Abundnce (diversity and evenness) of amphibians in different seasons recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

338

Fig. 4.49. Comparison of diversity and evenness of amphibians recorded from Chotiari Reservoir

(Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

339

Fig. 4.50. Comparison of total number of individuals, mean number of individuals and density of of some

selected amphibians recorded from Chotiari Reservoir (Sanghar, Sindh) during 2006-2009.

340

Wildlife Diversity of Chotiari Reservoir during 2010

Results obtained during study period viz. 2006-2009 revealed no

significance change in the wildlife diversity of Chotiari Reservoir (for mammals

See Fig.4.6., Fig.4.7. and Fig.4.8; for birds using Fixed-width Line Transect Fig.

4.20., Fig. 4.23. and Fig.4.24; for birds using Fixed-radius Point Count Fig.4.29.,

Fig.4.32. and Fig.4.33; for birds using Total Count Fig.4.35. and Fig.4.35; for

ducks Fig.4.37. and Fig.4.38; for reptiles Fig. 4.42., Fig. 4.44. and Fig. 4.45 and

amphibians Fig. 4.48., Fig. 4.49. and Fig. 4.50). During 2010 follwing flood it

was observed that the reservoir did not experience any notable change (See

Fig. 4.51 A-B; Fig. 4.52 A-B and Fig. 4.53 A-B) and it was, inferred, therefore

that the wildlife diversity must have not been affected. However, distribution of

threatned species of the area, such as Smooth-coated otter and Marsh

Crocodile, might have been impacted, as it was observed during 2006-2009

(See Fig.4.9 and Fig.4.46) that evidences of the presence of these species

were recorded from different locations and presence was observed to be linked

to areas with less disturbance due to activites such as hunting and trapping etc.

341

Fig. 4.51. A-B Bakar Lake (2010)

342

Fig. 4.52. A-B Dogrion Lake (2010)

343

Fig. 4.53.

A Outlet of Chotiari Reservoir (2010)

B Dogrion Lake (2010)

344

Notable Wetlands of District Sanghar

The District Sangahr was found to had a number of wetlands, however

the significant wetlands were Chotiari Reservoir, Nara Canal Area, Sanghriaro

Lake, Sadhori Lake and Bakar Lake (Fig. 3.1). Nine more notable wetlands

were identified during present study. Details of coordinates, area (approximate),

values, threats and importance are given in appendix 7.13. These wetlands

occur in a biogeographic province named Thar Desert (Code No.1.4.15) of

Indomalayan Realm (Udvardy, 1975). These wetlands havd been formed of

Seepage from Nara canal and Chotiari Reservoir; therefore, these had brackish

water, muddy bottom and abundant growth of Typha, Tamarix, Phragmites and

Saccharum species. All the wetlands play a common function of ground water

recharge and flood water storage. Water from the reservoir and Nara canal is

also being used as a source of water for human consumption, livestock and

agriculture. These wetlands provide excellent wintering grounds for migratory

birds, ducks and shorebirds specially.

345

Selected heavy metals and physico-chemical aspects of water quality of

Chotiari Reservoir

The present study has revealed that the reservoir water was unpolluted, for

concentration of heavy metals recorded during the study period as well as

selected physico-chemical parameters were within safe limits and were below

water quality standards of WHO and for Pakistan (Appendix 7.17) Further, no

evidence of the reservoir’s water contamination by industrial and agriculture

runoff was recorded, for the reservoir did not have any industry in its

surroundings nor could the water from the surrounding croplands enter in to the

reservoir mainly because of two reasons. First, the land within the reservoir is

not used for agriculture, and secondly drainage from the croplands is not

carried in to the reservoir.

2006

The water temperature (in Celsius) ranged from 18.25 (± 0.14) during winter to

32.37 (± 0.31) during summer. The pH ranged from 7.46 (± 0.24) during

summer to 8.15 (± 0.12) during winter. The dissolved oxygen (in ppm) ranged

from 1.5 (± 0.16) during summer to 3 (± 0.43) winter. The carbon dioxide (in

ppm) ranged from 15 (± 0.73) during summer to 17.25 (± 0.85) during spring.

The salinity (in ppt) ranged from 0.12 (± 0.07) during winter to 0.13 (± 0.09)

during spring. The concentration of heavy metals viz. Chromium, Lead and

Cadmium was marginal. The concentration of Chromium (in ppm) ranged from

0.07 (±0.01) during winter to 0.20 (± 0.01) during summer. The concentration of

Lead (in ppm) ranged from 0.12 (±0.01) during summer to 0.30 (± 0.02) during

autumn. The concentration of Cadmium (in ppm) ranged from 0.07 (±0.01)

during autumn to 0.10 (± 0.07) during summer (see table 4.118).

346

2007

The water temperature (in Celsius) ranged from 17.87 (± 0.55) during winter to

33 (± 0.40) during summer. The pH ranged from 7.36 (± 0.21) during summer to

8.17 (± 0.08) during winter. The dissolved oxygen (in ppm) ranged from 1.47 (±

0.16) during summer to 3.13 (± 0.37) during winter. The carbon dioxide (in ppm)

ranged from 15.25 (± 0.77) summer to 17 (± 1.13) during autumn. The salinity

(in ppt) ranged from 0.07 during summer and autumn to 0.21 (± 0.08) during

winter. Chromium (0.08 ppm) was only recorded during summer. The

concentration of Lead (in ppm) ranged from 0.08 (±0.01) during autumn to 0.10

(± 0.08) during summer. The Cadmium (0.10 ppm) was only recorded during

summer (see table 4. 119).

2008

The water temperature (in Celsius) ranged from 18.12 (± 0.42) during winter to

33.5 (± 0.14) during summer. The pH ranged from 7.51 (± 0.21) during summer

to 8.13 (± 0.11) during winter. The dissolved oxygen (in ppm) ranged from 1.61

(± 0.17) during summer to 2.96 (± 0.40) during winter. The carbon dioxide (in

ppm) ranged from 15.50 (± 1.22) during summer to 17.62 (± 0.77) during spring.

The salinity (in ppt) ranged from 0.10 (± 0.02) during autumn to 0.16 during

spring and winter. The concentration of Chromium (in ppm) ranged from 0.05

(±0.004) during autumn to 0.20 (± 0.08) during summer. The concentration of

Lead (in ppm) ranged from 0.07 (±0.01) during summer to 0.10 (± 0.02) during

autumn. The concentration of Cadmium (in ppm) was 0.03 during summer and

0.04 autumn (see table 4.120).

347

Table 4.118. Physico-chemical parameters (mean± standard error) recorded during different seasons from Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2006.

Table 4.119. Physico-chemical parameters (mean± standard error) recorded during different seasons from Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2007.

Parameter Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Water Temperature °C 21.62± 0.12 32.37± 0.31 23.50± 0.20 18.25± 0.14

pH 7.76± 0.31 7.46± 0.24 7.86± 0.10 8.15± 0.12

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 1.88± 0.16 1.50± 0.16 2.32± 0.25 3± 0.43

CO2 (ppm) 17.25± 0.85 15± 0.73 16.75± 1.36 16±1.06

Salinity (NaCl ppt) 0.13± 0.09 0.10± 0.04 0.10± 0.06 0.12± 0.07

Cr ( ppm) Not Found 0.2± 0.01 0.1± 0.06 0.007± 0.01

Pb ( ppm) Not Found 0.12± 0.01 0.30± 0.02 0.15± 0.05

Cd( ppm) Not Found 0.10± 0.07 0.07± 0.01 Not Found

Parameter Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Water Temperature °C 22.5± 0.20 33± 0.40 22.87± 0.37 17.87± 0.55

pH 7.86± 0.13 7.36± 0.21 7.96± 0.12 8.17± 0.08

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 1.95± 0.29 1.47± 0.16 2.4± 0.24 3.13± 0.37

CO2 (ppm) 16.87± 1.00 15.25± 0.77 17± 1.13 15.75± 1.10

Salinity (NaCl ppt) 0.18± 0.12 0.07± 0.03 0.07± 0.06 0.21± 0.08

Cr ( ppm) NF 0.08± 0.01 NF NF

Pb ( ppm) 0.15± 0.01 0.08± 0.01 0.10± 0.08 NF

Cd( ppm) NF 0.10± 0.07 NF NF

348

2009

The water temperature (in Celsius) ranged from 19 (± 0.45) during winter to

32.50 (± 0.20) during summer. The pH ranged from 7.52 (± 0.24) during

summer to 8.05 (± 0.06) during winter. The dissolved oxygen (in ppm) ranged

from 1.56 (± 0.15) during summer to 3.01 (± 0.46) during winter. The carbon

dioxide (in ppm) ranged from 15.62 (± 0.96) during summer to 17.25 (± 1.14)

during autumn. The salinity (in ppt) ranged from 0.09 during autumn to 0.16 (±

0.09) during spring. Chromium (0.04 ppm) was only recorded during spring

while Lead (0.03 ppm) was only recorded during summer. The concentration of

Cadmium (in ppm) ranged from 0.04 (±0.005) during summer to 0.05 (± 0.00)

during autumn (see table 4.121).

2006-2009

The mean water temperature during the study period viz. 2006 to 2009 was

24.29 (± 0.18) Celsius. The water temperature (in Celsius) ranged from 23.98 (±

3.01) during 2006 to 24.78 (± 3.24) during 2009. The mean pH ranged from

7.55 (± 0.24) during 2006 to 7.87 (± 0.11) during 2009. The mean dissolved

oxygen (in ppm) ranged from 2.17 (± 0.32) during 2006 to 2.34 (± 0.38) during

2007. The mean carbon dioxide (in ppm) ranged from 16.21 (± 0.42) during

2007 to 16.90 (± 0.36) during 2008. The mean salinity (in ppt) ranged from 0.11

(± 0.007) during 2006 to 0.13 during 2007 and 2008. The concentration of

heavy metals viz. Chromium, Lead and Cadmium was marginal during the

study period. The mean Chromium concentration (in ppm) ranged from 0.087

(±0.08) during 2007 to 0.125 (± 0.007) during 2006. The mean Lead

concentration (in ppm) ranged from 0.031 (±0.03) during 2009 to 0.193 (± 0.08)

during 2006. The mean Cadmium concentration (in ppm) ranged from 0.018

(±0.01) during 2007 to 0.087 (± 0.01) during 2006 (see table 4.122).

349

Table 4.120. Physico-chemical parameters (mean± standard error) recorded during different seasons from Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2008.

Table 4.121. Physico-chemical parameters (mean± standard error) recorded during different seasons from Chotiari Reservoir recorded 2009.

Parameter Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Water Temperature °C 22.25± 0.47 33.5± 0.28 23.75± 0.14 18.12± 0.42

pH 7.687± 0.28 7.51± 0.21 8.025± 0.08 8.13± 0.11

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 1.81± 0.17 1.61± 0.17 2.51± 0.24 2.96± 0.40

CO2 (ppm) 17.62± 0.77 15.87± 0.47 17.12± 1.41 15.50±1.22

Salinity (NaCl ppt) 0.16± 0.09 0.11± 0.05 0.10± 0.02 0.16± 0.06

Cr ( ppm) NF 0.2± 0.08 0.05± 0.04 NF

Pb ( ppm) NF 0.1± 0.01 0.07±0.01 NF

Cd( ppm) NF 0.03± 0.004 0.04± 0.00 NF

Parameter Spring Summer Autumn Winter

Water Temperature °C 22.12± 0.23 32.50± 0.20 24± 0.35 19± 0.45

pH 7.91± 0.22 7.52± 0.24 8± 0.08 8.05± 0.06

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 1.85± 0.18 1.56± 0.15 2.38± 0.24 3.01± 0.46

CO2 (ppm) 17.25± 0.14 15.62± 0.96 16.87± 1.419 16.50± 1.20

Salinity (NaCl ppt) 0.16± 0.09 0.11± 0.05 0.09± 0.033 0.12± 0.07

Cr ( ppm) 0.04± 0.00 NF NF NF

Pb ( ppm) NF 0.03± 0.008 NF NF

Cd( ppm) NF 0.04± 0.005 0.05± 0.00 NF

350

Table 4.122. Physico-chemical parameters (mean± standard error) recorded from 2006 to 2009 from Chotiari Reservoir.

Parameter 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006-2009

Water Temperature °C 23.93± 3.01 24.06± 3.18 24.40± 3.25 24.78± 3.24 24.29± 0.18

pH 7.55± 0.24 7.84± 0.17 7.71± 0.25 7.87± 0.11 7.74± 0.07

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 2.17± 0.32 2.34± 0.38 2.22± 0.31 2.29± 0.29 2.25± 0.03

CO2 (ppm) 16.25± 0.48 16.21± 0.42 16.90± 0.36 16.56± 0.34 16.48± 0.16

Salinity (NaCl ppt) 0.11± 0.007 0.13± 0.03 0.13± 0.014 0.12± 0.013 0.12± 0.004

Cr ( ppm) 0.125± 0.07 0.087± 0.08 0.112± 0.08 0.043± 0.04 0.092± 0.01 Pb ( ppm) 0.193± 0.08 0.112± 0.03 0.085± 0.06 0.031± 0.03 0.105± 0.03 Cd( ppm) 0.087± 0.05 0.018± 0.01 0.035± 0.02 0.049± 0.04 0.047± 0.01

351

Factors (past, present or potential) adversely affecting the reservoir’s

ecological character, including changes in land (including water) use and

development projects.

Habitat destruction and modification

Developmental activities intended to convert natural depression into a water

storage reservoir has seriously altered the habitat, and has also resulted in

habitat modification. Makhi forest has been inundated and now is a part of the

reservoir.

Deforestation

Increased demand for fuel wood of the local community and of those living in

the near by towns i.e. Sanghar and Umer Kot etc. has caused deforestation due

to indiscriminate cutting of trees and removal of other vegetation from the

reservoir and its immediate vicinity.

Loss of rangeland

The excessive storage of water in the reservoir has ruined the existing

rangeland; thereby, reducing biodiversity and fodder for livestock and also

destabilization of sand dunes.

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Water logging and salinity

Water seepage in western and southern areas of the reservoir has occurred

due to increased water levels in the reservoir and subsequently adjoining fertile

agriculture lands have become waterlogged and barren.

Unsustainable Fishing Practice

Although commercial fishing has now been banned, but unrestrained, non-

regulated and unstained fishing practices have been causing depletion of fish

stock in the reservoir.

Hunting and trapping

Waterfowls, ducks in particular, game birds e.g. francolin species, otter,

crocodile and monitor lizards are being ruthlessly hunted for different purposes

that, in turn, has serious repercussions for the survival of these wild animals.

Some species mongoose, black cobra, dhaman snake, turtles are tapped and

sold out.

353

Discussion

Comparison of the results of present study with available literature on the

wildlife of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar (Azam et al., 2002; Javed and Rehman,

2004; Mahar et al., 2007, Gachal et al., 2007 and WWF, 2008) revealed that

species composition, and species distributions have been changed. None of the

studies addressing abundance parameters such as density, relative abundance,

frequency of mammal, birds, reptiles and amphibians other than those related

to hog deer (Azam et al., 2002) and marsh crocodile (Rehman and Javed,

2004) which only gave rough estimates of the number of individuals of these

species.

Most of the findings of the present study (Rais et al., 2011; Rais et al.,

2010; Rais et al., 2009a; Rais et al., 2008) have already been published during

the study, and are reproduced in the following section (with reference) as a part

of thesis.

Vertebrate/ Wildlife species richness recorded from Chotiari Reservoir,

Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan from 2006 to 2010

Mammals

WWF (2008) recorded 33 mammals including Hog Deer from Awadkhi

forest and two private game reserves, Chinkara from an island inside the

reservoir and Feral Donkey from Thar Desert. During present study 32

mammals (Similarity Index=0.92) were recorded. It was found that Hog Deer

had no wild population. Further, Chinkara were introduced in an isolated island

inside the reservoir in late 1970s, and that they did not represent a wild

population. Taxonomic status of Feral Donkey was not ascertained in WWF

354

(2008), moreover, it lived outside our study area. Least Pipstrelle and Indian

Civet were not reported earlier by WWF (2008).

Some Near Threatened mammals of Pakistan such as Asiatic Jackal,

Indian Crested Porcupine, Indian Hairy-footed Gerbil and Baluchistan Gerbil,

Indian Gerbil (Fig.5.1 B-C) (Sheikh and Molur, 2005) were observed quite

frequently. While other species such as Fox species, Fishing Cat and Indian

Civet were found to be rare in the area. Roberts (1997) recorded Caracal

(Critically Endangered) from the area. No evidence of its presence was found

during the present study. Its Inclusion in the list was due to substantial number

of reports by the local people.

Birds

As many as 136 birds species (Similarity Index=0.90) were recorded

during present study of which 24 were not recorded earlier (WWF, 2008) (Table

4.2).

355

Fig. 5.1. Small Mammals

A: Indian Hedgehog (Hemiechinus micropus)

B –C: Indian Gerbil (Tatera indica)

356

Rais et al. (2008) found that alteration in the ecological conditions of the

area after the construction of the Chotiari Reservoir had changed the avifauna

species composition of the area, as forty four new records of bird species (27

non-passerine and 17 passerine species (Fig. 5.2 and Fig. 5.3) were recorded

whereas thirty four species reported in previous studies (Ghalib et al., 1999)

were not recorded (See Appendix 7.2). Evidences concerning two more globally

vulnerable and rare bird species of the area such as Marbled Teal and Sindh

Babbler reported previously (Roberts, 1991; Roberts, 1992; Ghalib et al., 1999)

were not seen by Rais et al. (2008). Even interviews with local people,

especially hunters, revealed that Marbled Teal had not been visiting the

reservoir during the current study period mainly due to excessive hunting (Rais

et al., 2008a).

Herpetofauna

WWF (2008) reported 28 (Similarity Index= 0.76) reptiles from the

reservoir out of five were not found during present studies while nine other

reptiles (Table 4.3) were recorded. Three species of amphibians reported from

the reservoir (WWF, 2008) were recorded in a fair number from the reservoir

during present study as well.

Vertebrate/ Wildlife species abundance recorded from Chotiari Reservoir,

Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan from 2006 to 2010

Seasonal and year-wise fluctuations in the abundance of different

taxonomic groups are given in the following sections. However, the change,

whether increase or decrease, was due to chance encounter during any

particular survey except mentioned otherwise. As stated earlier, unavailability of

scientific literature precluded comparison of present study’s findings.

357

Fig. 5.2. Passerine Birds

A: Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris)

B: Black Redstart ♂ (Phoenicurus ochruros)

358

Fig. 5.3. Rosy Starling (Sturnus roseus)

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Mammals

Summer, 2006 had highest mammalian species diversity and evenness

as revealed by high diversity and evenness index values (Fig.4.6). Community

of recorded mammal species consisted of more or less equally abundant

individuals. The diversity reduced during autumn and winter, 2006, as only four

of the seven notable mammal species were recorded. Similarly, few species

such as Jackal and Jungle Cat were more dominant in the community while

other such as Red Fox and Bengal Fox were so rare that not even a single

individual of these species was sighted. Greater number of sightings during

summer was due to suitable environmental conditions, in terms of temperature

especially. Presence of Jackal in large number was due to availability of a

variety of habitat to which the species is adapted throughout Pakistan and

absence of any other large carnivore such as wolf which might compete with

Jackal for the resources. Low diversity and evenness during winter was due to

unsuitable conditions. Mammalian diversity and evenness patterns during 2007,

2008 and 2009 were same as that of 2006 i.e. highest diversity and evenness

during summer and lowest during winter due to aforementioned reasons

(Fig.4.7).

Means of total number of individuals recorded during 2006-2009 (F=

0.007 and P= 0.99) at 0.05 level were not significantly different indicating no

change in the abundance of selected mammals during study period.

Indian Wolf (Canis lupus) inhabits a wide variety of habitats avoiding only

natural forests, densely populated areas and cultivated lands. It is reported from

the adjacent district, Nawabshah (Roberts, 1997). During present study no

evidence of its presence was found, however, large number of local people

confirmed that it once existed in the sand dunes areas of the study site (Rais et

al., 2010).

360

Asiatic Jackal (Canis aureus) is common in the plains of Sindh (Roberts,

1997). This species was most frequently encountered during present study.

Two individuals were observed during daytime, few (n=06) were seen soon

after the sunset, but remaining were observed during late nights. They were

recorded virtually from all habitat types of the study area being more common in

cultivated lands presumably due to availability of their major prey (rodents).

They were also frequently observed around human settlements. People from

local community kill jackals whenever they avail the opportunity to do so. This is

because of attacks by jackals on their poultry and livestock. A vehicle hit injured

jackal with broken spine was found during one of the surveys. It could not stand

upon its hind legs. It died due to unavailability of the rescue facilities (Fig.4.4.)

(Rais et al., 2010).

Two species of foxes viz. Red Fox (Vulpus pussilla) and Bengal Fox

(Vulpus bengalensis) were recorded during study period. Direct sightings were

very rare. Red Fox was recorded from sand dunes and desert areas while

evidences concerning Bengal Fox were found from cultivated lands. Ahmed

(1954) described both the species common in Sindh, but present study

revealed they were uncommon in the study area (Rais et al., 2010).

Murray (1884) described Smooth-coated Otter (Lutrogale perspicillata)

as plentiful in the villages around Indus River. Roberts (1997) reported it from

East Nara and Sandhori Lake, Sanghar. Study conducted by Gachal et al.

(2007) depicted an alarming picture about the status of Otter, as presence of

the species was confirmed at only two of the 15 sites (Haleji Lake and Sajawal

in Sindh) surveyed. Present study confirmed the existence of Smooth-coated

Otter at Chotiari Reservoir and Nara Canal. It was found that the current

population of Smooth-coated Otter in the province of Sindh, Pakistan,

comprised only of few individuals, and the future survival of the animal seemed

361

bleak. Multitudes of factors are threatening the survival of the species such as

habitat loss for the reclamation of the land for various purposes. Throughout

their range in Sindh, Smooth-coated Otters are facing a number of threats

which are jeopardizing their survival. These include habitat destruction due to

increased human settlements on the banks of Indus River and irrigated canals,

hunting, reduced water flow and pollution (Coulter, 1984).

It was found that Smooth-coated Otter is threatened in the Chotiari

Reservoir mainly due to hunting and habitat destruction (Rais et al., 2009).

Construction of dams for mega hydro-electric projects in the upstream has

greatly reduced water flow in the Indus River; consequently, riverine forests

whose existence rely upon inundation of river Indus are shrinking at

unprecedented levels. Furthermore, habitat modification and alterations are

also playing havoc to the otter population. Nonetheless, poaching outpace all

other threats, as otter is mainly hunted for the demand of its skin and

misconception about the medicinal value of its skin and fat. Auyorvedic

practitioners consider the cushions made of otter skin as a remedy to piles and

a cap made of otter skin as a cure for migraine (Rais et al., 2009a).

Indain Civet (Viverricula indica) has been reported as a rare species from

Sindh (Eates, 1968), Indian civet was also rarely seen in the study area along

cultivated lands during present study (Rais et al., 2010).

Two mongoose species viz. Small Asiatic Indian mongoose (Herpestes

javanicus) and Indian Grey Mongoose (Herpestes edwardsii) were recorded.

Former was encountered near Ranto canal (inlet of Chotiari reservoir) and

mound near irrigated canals while later was observed along cultivated lands

and sand dunes areas. Villagers reported frequent attacks on poultry by Grey

Mongoose. The two species of mongoose are not protected under provincial

wildlife laws. Both the species are being indiscriminately trapped by a group of

362

people named “Jogis” to display snake-mongoose fight. Few locals are also

involved in trapping of the mongoose and trade them to other parts of province,

perhaps country (Rais et al., 2010).

Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) is distributed in the sandy areas of

Indus plains. One specimen was killed in 1965 near Sanghriaro lake, Sanghar

(Roberts, 1997). During present study no evidence was found, but few people

confirmed its existence some thirty years back. It is, therefore, concluded that

the species had disappeared from the study area (Rais et al., 2010).

Desert Cat (Felis silvestris) was also rare in the study area and seldom

seen. They were observed in the north and north eastern side of the reservoir

from where Thar Desert starts. Desert hare hunters in the barren lands among

agriculture fields also reported seeing this animal (Rais et al., 2010).

Jungle Cat (Felis chaus) was the second most encountered species

during the surveys undertaken during present study. It is also recorded from all

habitat types. But they were rarely seen in sand dunes areas. Most were

observed in cultivated lands and areas with extensive Typha near irrigated

canals (Rais et al., 2010).

Published literature confirmed rarity of Caracal (Felis caracal) in the

study area (Murray, 1884; Ahmed, 1954; Roberts, 1997). No records of its

existence in the study area were found during present study. People inhabiting

an isolated island within the reservoir, named Sona Jonejo Island informed

attacks by Caracal on Chinkara. Despite best efforts, the evidences could not

be obtained, and it is assume that it may frequent some inaccessible areas

surrounding the island (Rais et al., 2010).

363

Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) is a lowland species preferring reed

beds and marshy areas and swamps in the east Nara canal (Ahmed, 1954;

Roberts 1997) was recorded from the study area. Pug marks were recorded

along the Nara Canal (Rais et al., 2010).

Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa cristatus) (Fig.5.4) was frequently sighted

along cultivated lands and sand dunes areas. Four young were observed in

sand dunes during summer, 2008 near Padhrio Lake. Two corpses in

agriculture lands were also observed. This species is nuisance for the rice and

sugar cane crops of the area. People hunt them down by trained dogs (Rais et

al., 2010).

364

Fig. 5.4.

A: Droppings of Indian Wild Boar (Sus scrofa)

B: Dead body of Indian Wild Boar

C-D: Palm Squirrel (Funambulus pennantii)

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Hog Deer (Axis porcinus) is reported from Indus River forest reservoirs of

Sindh, Keti Shah Reserves, Sukkar and swamps around Sandori Lake

(Roberts, 1997). Previously, populations of hog deer were reported from

Chotiari Reservoir (n=80-95), Pir Pagara Game Reserve (n=50-55) and Awadki

Forest (n=6-7) (Azam et al., 2002). Present study confirmed that hog deer were

no more found in the marshes, swamps or reeds of Chotiari Reservoir. They

were confined to two private game reserves in fairly good number. Nonetheless,

they occasionally ventured out of these reserves. Main contributing factor in

wiping out wild populations of hog deer was hunting. As many as 20 hog deer

had been hunted annually (Azam et al., 2002). Besides hunting, some other

factors such as construction of the reservoir, use of pesticides, vehicular noise

during the construction of the reservoir also had significant role in declining the

wild populations of Hog Deer (Rais et al., 2010).

Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) was known to exist in Thar desert (Roberts,

1997). Field observations and reports from local people living in Thar desert

indicated that Chinkara had also become extinct from the wilderness of study

area. Four pairs of Chinkara were introduced during late 70s by then game

warden in Sona Jonejo Island, situated within Chotiari Reservoir (Rais et al.,

2010).

Birds

Ghalib et al. (1999) reported early arrival few winter visitor species such

as Curlew (Numenius arquata), Great White Egret, Great Sand Plover

(Charadrius leschenaultia), Mongolian Plover (Charadrius mongolus) and

Common Sandpiper arriving as early as May and June while Coot, Black-tailed

Godwit (Limosa limosa), Common Redshank, Ruff (Philomachus pugnax),

Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stangnatilis), Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), and

366

Starling (Sternus vulgarus). They also reported Marbled Teal. During present

study early arrival (in June) of few winter visitors such as Little Tern, Sanderling

and Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) was observed. Some winter visitor

species such as Common Teal and Siberian-pied Wagtail over winter at the

wetlands of Sanghar upto late February. Siberian-pied Wagtail was found to be

more common in late winter (Rais et al., 2008).

Present study revealed that the bird species composition of the reservoir

had changed, as Curlew, Great Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover, Black-tailed

Godwit, Ruff, and Marsh Sandpiper, Marbled Teal were not observed. The only

obvious reason for this change was alteration, modification or destruction of

habitat of several bird species. Because, the construction of the reservoir was

completed in 2003, and as it has been stated earlier that the construction of the

reservoir had greatly modified the ecological conditions of the area. Moreover,

one species of Houbara i.e. Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis undulata) was

recorded as a regular winter visitor from the Thar desert situated north and

north east of Chotiari reservoir. Interviews conducted from local hunters also

reported that they had seen Little Bustrard (Tetrax tetrax) but its presence was

doubtful as it was neither observed directly nor its presence was mentioned in

any published literature about the avifauna of the area. Pheasant-tailed Jacana

(Hydrophasianus chirurgus) (Fig.4.26) was only observed during summer from

shallow water accumulated near cultivated lands. Most of the individuals of the

Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus) come to winter at the study site (Rais et al.,

2008a).

(WWF, 2008) did not mention some species which were observed

during present study such as Stone Chat (Saxicola torquata), Tawny Pipit

(Anthus campestris), Brown-headed Gull (Larus brunnicephalus), Wigeon (Anas

penelope), Common Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), European Sparrow Hawk

(Accipiter nisus), Tawny Eagle (Aquila rapax), Siberian pied Wagtail, Cinereous

367

Vulture (Aegypius monachus), Great White Pelican (Pelecanus onocrotalus)

and Sanderling. Reason for this difference is the different timing and length of

surveys (Rais et al., 2008a).

The Mid-winter Asian Waterfowl Counts by Sindh Wildlife Department

were irregular, conducted by different observers and had been done on a single

day; therefore, these counts did not prove to be of any significance with the only

exception of comparison of species richness. Few bird species recorded during

such as Oriental Darter, Black-necked Grebe, Indian Cotton Teal, Mongolian

Plover, Little Ringed Plover, Marsh Sandpiper, Green Sandpiper, Caspian Tern

and Spot-billed Duck recorded from wetlands of District Sanghar during

different years between 1988 to 2004 were not observed during present study

(appendix 7.6 and appendix 7.7).

Total number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird

species recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at some wetlands (now part of

the Chotiari Reservoir) of District Sanghar during different years between 1990

and 2004 is given in appendix 7.3, appendix 7.4 and appendix 7.8. Total

number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird species

recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at Sanghriaro Lake, Rarr Lake, Bakar

Lake and Noonghno Lake during different years between 1988 and 2004 (and

present study 2006-2008) is given in appendix 7.5 and appendix 7.9.

Two globally significant species of birds i.e. Sindh Babbler (Chrysomma

altirostre) and Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) had been reported

from the District Sanghar by earlier workers (Roberts 1992). Ghalib et al.

(1999) counted 122 chicks/ juveniles along with 76 adults from the Chotiari

Reservoir. Around 17 Marbled Teal were counted at Diman Wali during 2004,

368

21 at Bolahi during 2001 and 12 at Gujri during 2001. These lakes are now a

part of Chotiari Reservoir. However, during present study period these species

were not found despite best efforts. Even interviews with local people,

especially hunters, revealed that marbled teal had not been visiting wetlands of

the Sanghar for at least past three years mainly due to excessive hunting of this

species. As for Sindh Babbler, factors behind the local extinction are not clearly

understood. Here, again it could be attributed to the habitat modification after

the construction of the reservoir (Rais et al., 2008).

The results revealed that the changes in land use practices, hunting,

fishing and overexploitation could affect the bird species composition and

distribution. After the construction of the Chotiari Reservoir, ecological

conditions have changed. Rangelands have been inundated; eliminating scrub

vegetations. New seepage ponds have arisen that have encouraged the growth

of hydrophytes. Further, human impact has increased on previously relatively

undisturbed lakes e.g. Soonheri Lake, Bakar Lake and Makhi Lake. However, it

is maintained that the area is rich in bird diversity (Rais et al., 2008).

Abundance of birds recorded by using fixed-width line transect method

This method was used to sample population of some selected resident

bird species. Higher diversity index and evenness values during spring, 2006

and summer, 2006 revealed that the resident bird fauna during these seasons

was more diverse and evenly distributed (Fig. 4.20). Along the embankment of

the reservoir, there was an abundant growth of thorny vegetation such as

Acacia spp. and Prosopis spp. (Fig.5.5 A) Abundance of some passerine birds

such as Purple Sun Bird, Himalayan Bulbul, Red-vented Bulbul and few forest

birds such as dove species could be correlated to such vegetation, as they

provide nesting sites. As the reservoir and its environs were characterized by

numerous water bodies with abundant Tamarix spp. (Fig.5.5 B: a-b), water birds

369

such as Little Egret and Little Cormorant were abundant as well. Diversity and

evenness decreased during autumn, 2006 and winter, 2006 because few

species such as Pied-crested Cuckoo and Pheasant-tailed Jacana were

summer visitors while few others such as Red-wattled Lapwing was also more

abundant during summer. Diversity and evenness were higher during spring

and summer, 2007 due to arrival of summer visitors. When they left the

reservoir at the end of summer, autumn, 2007 and winter, 2007 had lower

diversity and evenness.

Diversity and evenness patterns during 2008 were very much different

with greater diversity and evenness during autumn 2008 than the summer 2008

because some species such as Little Cormorant, Grey Francolin (Fig.5.6 A-B),

Red-wattled Lapwing and Common Sandpiper were observed in higher number

(Table 4.37). Diversity and evenness was higher during spring 2009 and

summer 2009 were because of greater encounter with few species such as

Little Grebe, Little Egret, Black-winged Stilt (Fig.5.7 A), Common Babbler,

Jungle Babbler and Purple Sun Bird (Fig.5.8 B).

370

Fig. 5.5.

A: Prosopis species

B: Tamarix species

371

Fig. 5.6. A-B Grey Francolin (Francolinus pondicerianus)

372

Fig. 5.7.

A: Black-winged Stilt (Himantopus himantopus)

B: Kentish Plover (Charadrius alexandrinus)

C: White-tailed Lapwing (Vanellus leucura)

D: Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos)

373

Fig. 5.8.

A: Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus)

B: Purple Sunbird (Nectarinia asiatica)

374

Mean values of total number of individuals of birds recorded by using line

transect method during 2006-2009 (F= 0.45 and P= 0.71) were not significantly

different at 0.05 level.

Abundance of birds recorded by using fixed-radius point count method

This method was used to sample population of some selected passerine

birds occur that in large number such as House Swift, House Crow, Black

Drongo (Fig.5.8 A), Common Myna and Bank Myna particularly and few winter

visiting birds such as Common Redshank, Greenshank and gull species.

A general pattern of gradual increase in the diversity and evenness from

spring, summer, autumn till winter was observed throughout the study period

2006 to 2009 (Fig. 4.29 and Fig. 32). It was due to the fact that number of

winter visiting birds increased as winter approached. However, abundance of

some species such as House Swift, House Crow, Black Drongo did not change

much.

Mean values of total number of individuals of birds recorded by using

point count method during 2006-2009 (F= 0.007 and P= 0.99) were not

significantly different at 0.05 level.

Abundance of birds (excluding ducks) recorded by total count method

This method was used to sample population of some selected resident

species such as Little Egret, Little Cormorant, moorhen species, Lapwing

species as well as some winter visiting water birds such as Sanderling, Little

Stint, Common Redshank, Greenshank and gull species, tern species and

wagtail species during winter of 2006, 2008, 2007 and 2009. Mean values of

375

total number of individuals recorded during winter 2006-2009 (F= 0.02 and P=

0.99) were not significantly different.

Abundance of ducks recorded by total count method

This method was used to sample population of some ducks. Mean

values of total number of individuals recorded during winter 2006-2009 (F= 0.13

and P= 0.94) were not significantly different at 0.05 level.

Reptiles

The pattern of reptilian abundance was same throughout the study

period. Number of recorded selected reptiles was lower during spring which

increased during summer and decreased again during autumn (Fig. 4.44 and

Fig. 4.45). During winter reptiles sightings were not frequent with the exception

of turtle species which were observed basking sometime after the sunrise. This

was due to the fact that reptiles avoid low temperature during winter. With the

approach of spring, reptiles become active and the maximum number was

recorded during summer.

Mean values of total number of individuals of selected reptiles

recorded during (F= 0.15 and P= 0.92) were not significantly different at 0.05

level.

Few lizard species such as Indus-valley spiny tailed lizard and monitor

lizard were found to be facing a threat of hunting and capturing. Former was

trapped and captured to prepare oil from its body fat contents while latter was

hunted and eaten by some non-Muslim tribe inhabiting the reservoir.

Hemidactylus flaviviridius were frequently observed in the huts, mosque and

other human habitations in or around the sampling points, as they are well

adapted for such places. Black Cobra was also found to be victim of trapping by

376

snake charmers. The species was sighted very rarely. Moreover, it was found

that snake charmer trap another snake species i.e. Dhaman and present it as

cobra to spectators of snake-mongoose fight. Sindh Awl-headed Snake and

Saw-scaled Viper occurred in a fair number because these are not preferred for

traping.

Ahmed (1954) reported Marsh Crocodile from Makhi dhundh, Nara Canal

Ahmed (1985) concluded that wetlands of Sindh were home to some 120

crocodiles; however, only 17 were directly sighted in Nara Canal and 19 were

observed in other lakes of Sindh. Sindh Wildlife Management Board recorded

750 Crocodile from Deh Akro II (Nawabshah), Haleji Lake (Thatta) and Nara

Canal (Sangahr) in 1999. Javed and Rehman (2004) described districts

Sanghar, Khairpur and Nawabshah as core areas for crocodiles. Inside the

reservoir, crocodile was seen at ten sites viz. Cut Dhundh, Kharor and Jadpur,

near Abdul Karim Goth, Sueri Bhit, Akanwari, Meena Dhundh, Wagu Wala,

Chandanwala, Namwali Dhundh and Surri. They estimated a population of 101

crocodiles from the reservoir; however, only eight had been sighted directly

whereas 12 sightings were reported by fishermen. Rehman and Javed (2004)

reported fragmentation of habitat, accidental catch in fishing nets and illegal

hunting as major threats to crocodiles of the Chotiari Reservoir. It is concluded

herein that Marsh Crocodiles at Chotiari Reservoir are distributed in less

disturbed areas in north eastern part of the reservoir. Localities such as Makhi

Dhandh from which the species was previously reported are now experiencing

a very high disturbance after the construction of the reservoir. Though the

species was not recorded from few localities such as Akanwari, Wagu Wala,

and Chandanwala, but it is believd that these areas have potential to support

the species.

377

Amphibians

The pattern of amphibian abundance was same throughout the study

period like reptilian abundance pattern. Amphibians were recorded in less

number during spring which increased during summer and decreased again

during autumn. Decrease in the abundance of amphibians during winter was

due to hibernation. With the approach of spring, they began coming out of their

winter sleep and the maximum number was recorded during summer. Mean

values of total number of individuals of selected amphibians recorded during

(F= 0.15 and P= 0.92) were not significantly different at 0.05 level.

Wetlands

Nara canal area (Fig. 5.9 A-B) consists of chain of small, permanent and

seasonal, freshwater, brackish and saline lakes and marshes. Seepage from

this canal has resulted into the formation of hundreds of lakes of less than 200

ha in area. Most of these are fresh water supporting extensive growths of

aquatic vegetation, while others are saline and almost devoid of vegetation.

Many dry out completely during winter and early spring (Scot, 1989). Nara

Canal originates from Sukkar barrage and passes from Khairpur, Sanghar upto

Tharparker district. It was found during present study that still there was a

series of marshes, lakes, swamps, with reed vegetation and scrub forest at

margins along the canal. The western part, where Nara enters into Chotiari,

was extremely fertile. There is an abundant growth of Tamarix doica, Prosopis

julifora, Acacia nilotica. Nara Canal’s original capacity to draw water from river

Indus was 2500 Cusecs/ day, but it was receiving only 1800 Cusecs/day. Water

supply to Nara Canal is stopped each year during early January for cleaning

and desilting operations. Water from the canal seeps out and forms several

marshes associated with the canal (Rais et al., 2008).

378

Fig.5.9. A-B Nara Canal

379

Chotiari Reservoir (Fig. 5.10 A) was created in a natural depression

along the left bank of the Nara Canal. Its construction began in1994 and was

completed in 2003. The Chotiari Reservoir was designed to store the flood

water of River Indus during the flood season (June to September) and to

release it as required in the winter (December to March) or early summer (April

to June) season. There are depressions and dhands (lakes) in the area that are

filled up with rain water and seepage from the Lower Nara Canal as well as the

surplus water of Nara Canal. The largest dhands are Bakar and Makhi reaching

a depth of 45 feet in places (WWF, 2008). It was found during present study

that aquatic feature of the reservoir comprised of numerous small and large

sized (1-200 ha) fresh and brackish water lakes such as Gun, Wari, Jajur,

Phuleil, Seri and Sao Naro, Khor, Jadpur, Meena, Waguwala, Sanjaran, Bholo,

Soonehri lake. Chotiari reservoir was previously provided with water through

Ranto, Ajo, and Wadki escapes of Nara Canal. But the later two had been

closed and the status of Ranto had been raised to canal; therefore, it was fed

by Ranto Canal (Fig. 5.10 B). Water from the reservoir is being supplied to

Umer Kot, Mir Pur Khas, Khipro, and Tando Mitha Khan districts. In winter

during November to April water of the reservoir is supplied to Nara canal for

irrigation and drinking purposes in the command area. When water is stopped

via Ranto canal, nomadic people are migrated into the main reservoir and their

livestock feed upon the vegetation. These activities are contributing in organic

pollution of the reservoir water (Rais et al., 2008a).

380

Fig. 5.10.

A Inlet of Chotiari Reservoir (Ranto Canal)

B Outlet of Chotiari Reservoir

A

B

381

Marsh vegetation such as Phragmites karka and Typha spp. and thorny

vegetation such as Prosopis cineraria and Acacia nilotica were present along

most of the embankment of the reservoir. The reservoir hosts significant

number of water birds annually. Between 22,000 and 38,000 Anatids and

Common Coot (Fulica atra) were recorded in mid-winter in the mid-1970s;

however, the number dwindled to only about 200 waterfowl during waterfowl

censuses in January 1987 and January 1988. Twenty Marbled Teal were

recorded in January 1975 (Scott, 1989). It was found that marbled teal no

longer was a visitor to the lakes of reservoir. Commercial fishing had been

banned (Rais et al., 2008a).

Rarr Lake (Fig. 5.11 A) receives seepage from the reservoir. Little

Cormorant and Little Egret (Egretta garzette) were found roosting in large

numbers around the lake (Rais et al., 2008a).

Padhrio Lake, (Fig. 5.11 B) is a part of the reservoir, but it is not easily

accessible. This might be the reason of the presence of Coot, Large Cormorant

(Phalacrocorax carbo) and duck species such as Common Pochard (Aythya

ferina), Common Teal (Anas crecca), Shoveller (Anas clypeata) species in

abundance. These winter visitors arrived here and Tul lake first, because they

were not found on any other lake in early winter (i.e. December) (Rais et al.,

2008a).

Sanghriaro Lake is a shallow water saline lake with muddy bottom. It is

an important wintering area for coots, ducks and shorebirds Between 15,000

and 27,000 Anatids and coots were present in mid-winter in the mid 1970s

Waterfowl censuses in January 1987 and January 1988 produced totals of

382

6,850 and 10,900, respectively. The 1988 count included 300 Little Grebe

(Tachybatus ruficollis), 1,765 Wigeon (Anas penelope), 1,680 Common Teal,

1,210 Common Pochard, 1,460 Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula), 4,300 Common

Coot (Scot, 1989). All the species reported by Scott (1989) were observed

during study period; however, they were not as abundant.

Fig. 5.11. A: Rarr Lake; B: Padhrio Lake

383

Sadhori Lake is a freshwater lake with numerous associated marshes

and extensive reed-beds. It has relatively little open water. It is an area of

outstanding scenic beauty. Scott (1989) reported several uncommon species

such as Black Stork (Ciconia nigra) and White-eyed Pochard (Aythya nyroca).

Around 10,000 waterfowl were counted during 1970s prominent species were

Common Teal, Spot-billed Duck (Anas poecilorhynca) and Common Pintail

(Anas acuta). But no record of Spot-billed Duck, White-eyed Pochard and Black

Stork were found during present study (Rais et al., 2008a).

Tul Lake, situated in a desert, is yet another important wetland for

migratory birds, particularly coots and ducks. It was found during present study

that Tul lake and Padhrio lake were still safe havens for winter visitors, as they

were observed as early as December only on these lakes. Further, it was

observed that this lake was infested with vegetation mainly Typha species at

most of its edges. Decomposed organic matter was also noticeable mainly

because of livestock land use surrounding this lake (Rais et al., 2008a).

Dogrion Lake (Fig.5.12 and Fig.5.13 A) is located on Chotiari and Bakar

road which bifurcates it into two. It receives seepage water from the reservoir.

This lake is of paramount importance to shorebirds. Some winter visitors e.g.

Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) and Common Redshank (Tringa totanus) were

observed arriving in late autumn (i.e. October). Muddy bottom, abundant

Tamarix and fish supply attracted shorebirds which aggregated there in large

numbers during winter. However, this lake faces spells of drought because

when water level goes down in the reservoir, the seepage water no longer is

available. But here birds enjoy protection as it is a private game reserve (Rais

et al., 2008a).

384

Fig. 5.12. Dogrion Lake

385

Fig. 5.13.

A: Dogrion Lake

B: Bakar Lake

386

Bakar Lake (Fig.5.13 B) is a highly eutrophic and productive lake. It is now

outside the reservoir. It supports fisheries activities for the local community. This

is also a main threat to this lake as people are not following sustainable means of

fishing. Further, it is receiving seepage water of the reservoir which is badly

affecting its water quality (Rais et al., 2008a).

Nooghno Lake (Fig.5.14 A) is located in desert area. It receives seepage

water of reservoir and rain water. Abundant fish supply makes this lake important

for many resident water birds such as Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger) and

Little Grebe (Rais et al., 2008a).

Kharor Lake (Fig.5.14 B) is also situated in desert on the north eastern

side of Chotiari Reservoir. It is bordered, at most of its edges with, date palms

trees. It was found to be an extremely important wintering area for Red -crested

Pochard (Netta rufina), Wigeon, Common Pintail and Common Coot (Rais et al.,

2008a).

Panihal Dhand also receives seepage water of the reservoir and is

particularly significant for Little Grebe. It also has muddy bottom (Rais et al.,

2008a).

Sareji dhand was found heavily infested with Typha and Phragmites and

the water was highly contaminated with organic pollutants coming from

numerous houses built around this lake. Nevertheless, thick vegetation of this

lake is a safe haven to a decent population of resident rallid species such as

White-breasted Water Hen, Common Moorhen (Gallinula chloropus) and Purple

Moorhen (Porphyrio purphyrio). Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and Bank

Myna (Acridotheres ginginianus) were abundant as well (Rais et al., 2008a).

387

Fig. 5.14.

A: Noghnoo Lake

B: Kharor Lake

388

Ithpar dhand located on the south-western direction of Tando Mitha Khan

road was found important wintering area for common teal. Moreover, other winter

visitors like Great White Egret and Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) were

also recorded from this dhundh (Rais et al., 2008a).

Across the world, habitat transformation very rapidly had very high

impact on wetlands and associated biodiversity over the last centaury while

overexploitation had a moderate impact continuing to present (MEA, 2005a).

Impacts of these drivers were obvious in changing the fauna of Chotirai

Reservoir.

The construction of Chotiari Reservoir, which began in 1994 and

completed in 2003, has greatly altered the habitat, occurrence and distribution

pattern of various wildlife species. After the construction of reservoir, a number of

surrounding sand dunes have come under the influence of water. It is inferred

that earlier a few species were more abundant and wide spread including: Kuhl’s

Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), Red Fox, Caracal, Sand Colored Rat (Millardia

gleadwi), Houbara Bustard, Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse (Pterocles exustus),

Common Field Agama (Trapelus agilis), Yellow-tailed Sand Gecko

(Crossobamon orientalis) and Common Sand Boa (Eryx johnii ). Further, it is

believed that species such as Indian Grey Mongoose, Desert Cat, Syke’s Night

Jar (Caprimulgus mahrattensis) (Fig.5.15 B) and Three-toad Sand Swimmer

(Ophiomorus tridactylus ) are more abundant than recorded, for a vast desert of

Thar was not taken into account. It is expected that Red Fox, Caracal, Desert

Cat, Houbara Bustard and Common Sand Boa may suffer further reduction in

distribution range and abundance.

389

Fig. 5.15.

A: Little Green Bee-eater (Merops oriental)

B: Syke’s Night Jar (Caprimulgus mahrattensis)

390

Merging different smaller lakes into a single large reservoir has greatly

changed microhabitat requirements for Fishing Cat, Smooth-coated Otter,

Marbled Teal, Indian Marsh Crocodile and Rock Python (Python molurus);

therefore, a further decline in the diversity ( or distribution range and population)

of these species is expected in future.

After the construction of reservoir, a vast area of rangelands has been

inundated, eliminating scrub and thorny vegetations, thereby affecting few

species such as Indian Civet, Bengal Fox , Little Indian Field Mouse, Black

Francolin, Common Tuberculate Ground Gecko (Cyrtopodion scabrum), Indo-

Burmese Sand Snake (Psammophis condanarus ) and Russel’s Chain Viper

(Daboia russelii). Nonetheless, few species occur in fair number in the remaining

rangelands, and may not be affected in future. These include Least Pipistrelle,

Common Yellow-bellied Bat (Scotophilus heathii), Palm Squirrel (Funambulus

pennantii), Grey Francolin, Eurasian Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto), Red-

collared Dove (Streptopelia tranquebarica), Laughing Dove (Stigmatopelia

senegalensis), Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis), Little Green Bee-eater

(Merops orientalis), Madagascar Bee-eater (Merops superciliosus) (Fig.5.15 A),

Indian Roller (Coracias benghalensis), Himalyan bulbul (Pycnonotus

leucogenys), Red-vented Bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer), Common Babbler

(Turdoides caudatus), Bay-backed Shrike (Lanius vittatus), Rufous- backed

Shrike (Lanius schach), Black Drongo (Dicrurus macrocercus), Common Tree

Lizard (Calotes versicolor) and Blue-tail Sand Lizard (Acanthodactylus cantoris).

Seepage from the reservoir has encouraged the formation of several small

dhundhs (water body). These are rich in organic nutrients, with extensive

hydrophytes e.g. Typha, Saccharum and Phragmites favoring the distribution

range of certain wildlife species such as Plain Prinia (Prinia inornata), Purple

Swamphen, Common Moorhen, White Breasted Water-hen and Black-winged

Stilt (Himantopus himantopus). Extension of irrigated canal system and

converting surrounding lands into croplands has favored species such as Indian

391

Wild Boar, Black-naped Hare, Porcupine, Soft-furred Field Rat (Millardia

meltada), Little Indian Field Mouse (Mus booduga), Sindh Rice Rat (Bandicota

bengalensis), Short-tailed Mole Rat (Nesokia indica), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus

ibis), Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii), Black Francolin, Grey Francolin,

Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis) and House Sparrow (Passer domesticus).

Abundance and distribution range of these species are likely to increase in

future.

Environmental Pollution

The present study has revealed that the reservoir water was unpolluted. Few

previous studies by Leghari et al. (1999), Leghari et al. (2004), Mahar et al.

(2007) and WWF (2008) on water quality of the reservoir have also produced

similar results (see table 5.1 for the comparison); however, dumping of domestic

waste and waste from cattle and fish farms have contributed to the rise of organic

contaminants and other noxious substances in the reservoir. Negligible amount

of some heavy-metals like Chromium, Nickel and Arsenic were also recorded in

reservoir and ground water, as there is no connection with any municipal and

industrial effluents. The only source which could possibly bring contaminants into

the reservoir is water from Indus River that is enteringin into the reservoir via

Ranto Canal. A relatively higher concentration of heavy metals was recorded

during summer and autumn seaosons when the reservoir receives large amunt of

water from the Indus, where heavy metals have been reported in earlier studies

(Ashraf et al., 1991; Tariq et al., 1996). Other parameters such as dissolved

oxygen followed the general seasonal trend viz. maximum during winter and

minimum during summer (see Tables 4.118 to 4.122).

Mean values the selected physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals

recorded during 2006 (F= 0.112 and P= 0.35), 2007 (F= 0.03 and P= 0.99), 2008

(F= 0.04 and P= 0.98), 2009 (F= 0.02and P= 0.99) and during the study period

viz. 2006 to 2009 (F= 0.0007 and P= 0.99) were not significantly different at 0.05

level.

392

Table 5.1. Comparison of water quality of Chotiari Reservoir with previous studies.

Parameter Leghari et al.

(1999)

Leghari et al.

(2004)

Mahar et al.

(2007)

WWF

(2008)

Present Study

(2006-2009)

Pre Monsoon

Post Monsoon

Water Temperature °C - 15-31.3 26.5- 33 30-32

25-29 23.93-24.78

pH 7.84-8.16 7.6-8.9 6.1-8.5 7.3-8.9

7.20-8.36 7.55-7.87

Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 6.6-7.8 4.9-11.5 4.8- 7.6 0.18 to 5.06

0.5-17 2.17-2.34

CO2 (ppm) - 14-77 - -

- 16.21-16.19

Salinity (NaCl ppt) - 0.1-0.7 0.24-0.3 0.0-20

1.5 to 5.2 0.11-0.13

Cr ( ppb) - - - -

0.030-0.091 0.003-0.015

Pb ( ppb) - - - -

0.0068-0.0183 0.003-0.190

Cd( ppb) - - -

0.0023- 0.0095 0.001-0.009

393

Chotiari Wetlands Complex and its Global Significance

Chotiari Wetlands Complex, covering over 18000 ha., represents a blend

of Desert-Wetland habitats. Broadly, the complex comprises of some part of Thar

Desert; Chotiari Reservoir; Nara Canal Area and numerous notable wetlands

such as Sanghriaro Lake, Sadhori Lake, Bakar Lake, Rarr Lake, Dogrion Lake,

Kharor Lake and several others.

The Global 200 Analysis identified five ecoregions in Pakistan including

Indus Ecoregion. It is identified amongst world’s 40 most biologically rich

ecoregions. The Indus Ecoregion is a unique example of natural wetland type

consisting of the main rivers, irrigation canals, reservoirs, ponds, lakes, marshes,

creeks, sand flats, mudflats and mangrove swamps (WWF, 2008). Chotiari

Wetlands Complex holds paramount importance within Indus Ecoregion. The

complex includes wetlands, which altogether, have been identified by Bird Life

International as an Important Bird Area. Further, the complex fulfills certain

criteria of Wetland of International Importance-Ramsar Site.

Conservation value of Chotiari Wetlands Complex in terms of harboring Indus

Ecoregion’s Wildlife

Chotiari Wetlands Complex covers south-eastern parts of Indus

Ecoregion, and had found to have a diverse wildlife. As many as 203 wildlife

species had been recorded from Chotiari Reservoir and its environs. Of the

recorded species 32 were of mammals, 136 birds, 32 reptiles and three were

amphibians (Rais et al., 2011). The complex was found to had numerous

threatened and near threatened wildlife species of the ecoregion (see Table

5.2.). Hence, survival of many species is intricately linked with the conservation

of Chotiari Wetlands Complex.

394

Table 5.2. Threatened and Near Threatened wildlife species of Chotiari Wetlands Complex, Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan (recorded by Rais et al., 2011 except mentioned otherwise).

Family Species Common Name IUCN Category

Mammals

Canidae *Canis lupus pallipes Indian Wolf Endangered a

Canis aureus Asiatic Jackal Near Threatened a

Vulpes bengalensis Bengal Fox Near Threatened a

Mustelidae

Lutrogale perspicillata Smooth-coated Otter Near Threatened a

Hyaenidae Viverricula indica Indian Civet Near Threatened a

*Hyaena hyaena Striped Hyaena Critically Endangered a

Felidae

*Felis caracal Caracal Critically Endangered a

*Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing Cat Near Threatened a

Cervidae

Axis porcinus Hog Deer Vulnerable a

395

Bovidae

*Gazella bennettii Chinkara Vulnerable a

Hystricidae

Hystrix indica Indian Crested Porcupine Near Threatened a

Muridae

Gerbillus nanus Balochistan Gerbil Near Threatened a

Birds

Anatidae

†Marmaronetta angustirostris

Marbled Teal Vulnerable b

Accipitridae Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas’s Fish Eagle Vulnerable b

†Gypus bengalensis White-backed Vulture Critically Endangered b

†Aegypius monachus

Cinereous Vulture Near Threatened b

396

Falconidae

Falco cherrug Saker Falcon Vulnerable b

Otididae

Chlamydotis undulata Houbara Bustard Vulnerable b

Sylvidae

††Chrysomma altirostre Sindh Babbler Vulnerable b

Reptiles

Emydidae

Kachuga smithii Brown River Turtle Near Threatened b

Crocodylidae

Crocodylus palustris Indian Marsh Crocodile Vulnerable b

Boidae

Python molurus Rock Python Near Threatened b

*Roberts (1997); † Roberts (1991); †† Roberts (1992); a Sheikh and Molur (2005); b IUCNredlist.org

397

Chotiari Wetlands Complex as an Important Bird Area (IBA)

Bird Life International has identified 55 Important Bird Areas (33 are

protected, 9 partially protected and 13 unprotected) in Pakistan covering an area

of 4,670,100 hectares. Nara Canal Wetlands Area (IBA Number 43) includes

Soonhari (now part of Chotiari Resevoir), Sadhori and Sanghriaro Lakes of the

complex and spreads over 109,966 ha constituting around 2.35 % of the

country’s IBAs. The area is believed to be a haven for various common water

bird species such as Little Grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), Common Redshank

(Tringa totanus), Greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea);

globally vulnerable species such as Pallas’s Fish Eagle (Haliaeetus

leucoryphus), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), Houbara Bustard (Chlamydotis

undulata), Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) and a species with a very

localized distribution in Pakistan viz. Sindh Babbler (Chrysomma altirostre

scindicum) (Scott, 1989; Roberts, 1991 and 1992; Collar et al. 1994; Ghalib et

al.,1999; Showler and Davidson, 1999 and Rais, 2008)

Chotiari Wetlands Complex as a Potential Ramsar Site

The present number of designated Ramsar Sites in Pakistan is 19 covering an

area of 1,343,627 ha. Nara Canal Wetlands Area is amongst 18 potential

Ramsar Sites identified by Bird Life International. Chotiari Wetlands Complex

fulfills Ramsar Criterion number 2.

398

Criterion 2: A wetland should be considered internationally important if it

supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or

threatened ecological communities.

Justification: The complex provides refuge to a number of Threatened and Near

Threatened species which includes eleven species of mammals, eight of birds

and three species of reptile (see Table 5.2).

Present study provides a comprehensive up-to-date data on the

vertebrate fauna of Chotiari Reservoi. This study can be served as a basis for

any detailed study on wildlife in general and significant species such as Hog

Deer, Foxes, Caracal, Fishing Cat, Smooth-coated Otter, Marbled Teal, Sindh

Babbler and Marsh Crocodile etc. in particular. The study presents information

on fauna of recently created reservoir and its proximity and changes happened

in the fauna after the creation of reservoir have been pointed out. It is believed

that some species such as Desert Hare, mongoose species, birds of prey and

amphibians are more abundant than observed. Likewise, species frequenting

sand dunes and Thar Desert may exist in fair number, as whole vast desert was

not taken into account. Lack of financial resources, unavailability of modern

wildlife survey equipments such as radio telemetry and infra-red cameras etc.

and expertise precluded to produce good results regarding otter, Fishing Cat,

Caracal, Crocodile and Indian Python.

399

Recommended management and conservation measures

1. The Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1972) should be implemented

in its true letter and spirit.

2. There is a dire need for the development of policy for the conservation

and sustainable use of reservoir’s resources. Therefore, a

comprehensive reservoir management plan must be developed and

implemented without any further delay.

3. Water logging and salinity are damaging the agriculture lands. Seepage

water of the Chotiari Reservoir is a big threat causing water logging and

salinity in surrounding area, immediate steps such as installation of

piezometer nests to observe vertical and horizontal movements of

seepage water must be taken to contain the problem.

4. Hunting legislation (or regulations) should be reviewed keeping current

trends of population in mind. Standard protocols for game hunting

prescribed in Sindh Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1972) were found to

be violated as well. Further, few non-protected other species such as

mongoose , Black Francolin, Black Cobra, Dhaman snake and

freshwater turtles are trapped and sold out to various places in Sindh,

even to other parts of the Pakistan. Few species such as Houbara,

Smooth-coated Otter, Marsh Crocodile, and Indian Monitor Lizard are

although protected but had been observed hunted and trapped.

400

5. Bag limit for ducks and francolins also needs to be revised. Sindh

Wildlife Protection Ordinance (1972) allows 25 ducks and 20 francolins

(species unspecified in the ordinance) per hunting license per season,

while bag limit of some other species such as coot and black-naped hare

are not specified in the ordinance. It is suggested that the bag limits for

various species should be specified based on their current population

status.

6. Sono Janejo Island has a potential to be developed as a wildlife park.

7. Fishing at small as well as commercial scale must be regularized with

complete ban on illegal fishing, angling etc.

8. Ban on cutting of trees and other vegetation should be imposed as well

as other such activities in the catchment area should be contained. The

community must be provided with alternate energy sources such as

natural gas supply.

9. Community should be encouraged to participate in the conservation and

management affairs of reservoir.

10. Community living near the reservoir must be provided with alternative

source of livelihood so as to reduce their dependence. For instance, local

people should be provided with the opportunities for the bee-farming, fish

farming, cattle farming, agriculture, lily farming etc. Typha, Phragmites

and Sacharum are abundant on the surrounding of reservoir that can

provide opportunities to the locals for utilization of these plants for the

making of rugs and mats etc.

401

11. Research program for the estimation of status of resident, breeding

waterfowl and summer visitors ought to be initiated.

12. More robust and species-specific studies especially those addressing

the population size and habitat requirements of these species at the

reservoir are required for Marbled Teal, Sindh Babbler, Indian Python,

Marsh Crocodile and Smooth-coated Otter etc.

13. Monitoring and assessment of ecological changes need to be done on

regular bases.

14. Public awareness, media campaign and other similar activities can result

in the sustainable utilization of the resources of the reservoir. Sign

boards highlighting significance of wildlife of the reservoir should be

placed on public places, roads and important ways.

15. The site has an enormous potential for ecotourism, therefore, regulated

ecotourism must be encouraged. Chotiari Wetlands Complex is one of

the most scenic sites in the province of Sindh, and can be called as

Paradise of Bird Watchers after Haleji lake, Thatta, Sindh, as it supports

several bird species that occur in decent number. Diversified array of

ecosystems make it second to none in the province. Moreover, some

astonishingly beautiful wildlife e.g. hog deer and otter could attract

handful of nature lovers. Unfortunately, not even a single step has been

taken to take advantage of revenues that could be generated from

recreation and tourism activities for the uplift of poor community living

near the complex.

402

CONCLUSION

Based on present investigation data, it is concluded that Chotiari

Reservoir had astoundingly diversified habitats including lakes, swamps,

marshes, reed beds, riverine forest, cultivated land of cotton, wheat, rice and

sugarcane, desert (Thar Desert), desert scrub, semi desert and sand dunes.

Diverse array of habitats is reflected in the diversity of vertebrate species which

included 203 species. Of which 32 were mammals (14 medium and large sized

mammals and 18 small mammals), 136 birds (53 water birds, 48 passerine

birds, 13 birds of prey and 22 miscellaneous birds), 32 reptiles (a single species

of crocodile, 3 species of turtles, 15 species of snakes and 13 species of

lizards) and 3 amphibians (1 toad and 2 frog species).

Significant species included Red fox, Bengal fox, Indian desert cat,

Caracal, Fishing cat, Smooth-coated Otter, Indian Civet, Pallas’s fishing eagle,

Houbara bustard, Cinereous Vulture, Great White-fronted Goose, Brown River

turtle, Marsh Crocodile and Rock Python. Comparison with previous studies

revealed that wildlife species composition in the study area had changed after

the construction of the reservoir. The abundance of most of the vertebrate

species did not change during the study period, as the means of total number of

individuals recorded during 2006-2009 at 0.05 level were not significantly

different. It is inferred that the distribution of threatned species of the area, such

as Smooth-coated otter and Marsh Crocodile was not uniform and associted

with season and land use practices.

403

It is revealed that the reservoir water was unpolluted and no evidence of

the reservoir’s water contamination by industrial and agriculture runoff was

observed. However, changes in land use practices, habitat modification,

hunting, unregulated fishing, overexploitation, community-wildlife conflict and

trapping of wildlife species were identified as major issues affecting wildlife

species composition and abundance.

404

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I

APPENDICES

Appendix 7.1. Ramsar Sites of Pakistan.

S. No. Ramsar Site Area (ha.)

Significance

SINDH

1. Deh Akro-II Desert Wetland Complex

20,500

A complex of four major habitats viz. desert, wetland, marsh and agricultural lands. An excellent example of a natural inland wetland ecosystem comprising 36 lakes and unique desert habitat. The complex hosts considerable number of rare fauna e.g., Desert cat Felis libyca, Darter Anhinga melanogaster pennant, Garganey Anas querquedula, Black Ibis Pseudibis papillosa and endangered species e.g., Marsh crocodile crocodylus palustris, Hog deer Axis porcinus, White-eyed pochard Anthya nyroca. It also supports many indigenous fish species.

2. Drigh Lake

182

An important breeding and wintering area for a wide variety of water birds, regularly support over 20,000 birds, mostly Anatids (ducks, geese, swans, etc.) and over 5,000 roosting Black-crowned Night Herons.

3. Haleji Lake

1,704

One of the most important breeding, staging and wintering areas for water birds in southern Pakistan, supporting between 50,000 and 100,000 birds annually, including Dalmatian Pelican, European Wigeon and Black Coot and Greater Flamingo. Thousands of Black-crowned Night Heron roost in the area. Marsh Crocodile also occur here in decent number.

II

4. Hub (Hab) Dam

27,000

It is an important staging and wintering area for an appreciable number of water birds and contains a variety of fish species which increase in abundance during periods of high water. The Mahseer (Tor putitora) is an indigenous riverine fish found in the Hub River.

5, Indus Delta

472,800

Its 129,000 ha. of mangrove, mostly Avicenna marina, comprises 97% of the total mangrove area in the country and is said to be the 7th largest mangrove forest in the world. A large number of bird species (including the threatened Dalmatian pelican), of fish and shrimps, and of dolphins (Plumbeous dolphin, Finless porpoise, and Bottlenose dolphin), humpback whale, and reptiles are recorded.

6.

Indus Dolphin Reserve

125,000

Habitat of Platanista minor, a blind cetacean endemic to this river.. The site is considered essential for the survival of this CITES Appendix I and IUCN Red List species endemic to Pakistan.

7. Jubho Lagoon

706

A large shallow brackish lagoon with associated mudflats and marshes, important for wintering waterbirds (particularly Greater and Lesser Flamingos and Dalmatian Pelicans) and for commercial fisheries.

III

8. Kinjhar (Kalri) Lake

13,468

The largest freshwater lake in Pakistan, supporting extensive reedbeds and rich submerged and floating vegetation. An internationally important area for breeding, staging and wintering water birds, supporting as many as 140,000 birds, including European Wigeon, Black Coot and Common Pochard

9. Nurri Lagoon

2,400

The site supports a considerable number of marine turtles, particularly the endangered Olive Ridley and Green turtles and possibly the Hawksbill turtle.

10. Runn of Kutch

566,375

The site supports many locally and globally threatened species, including the Great Indian bustard (Choriotis nigriceps), Houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata), Sarus crane (Grus antigone), and hyena (Hyeana hyaena) and supports more than 1% of the biogeographical population of flamingos Phoenicopterus ruber and P. minor.

BALUCHISTAN

11. Astola (Haft Talar) Island

5,000 Nesting site for the endangered Green turtle (Chelonia mydas) and the Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbracata).

12. Jiwani Coastal Wetland 4,600 The site is a particularly important nesting ground for endangered Olive Ridley and Green turtles.

IV

13. Miani Hor 55,000 A large shallow sea bay and estuarine system with several low-lying islands and extensive mangrove swamps and intertidal mud flats, separated from the adjacent Sonmiani Bay in the Arabian Sea by a broad peninsula of sand dunes.

14. Ormara Turtle Beaches 2,400 The site supports a considerable number of marine turtles, particularly the endangered Olive Ridley and Green turtles and the Hawksbill turtle

KHYBER PAKHTUN KHWA

15. Tanda Dam 405 The site is a wintering area for Anatidae (ducks, geese, swans, etc.) and serves as a staging area for various water birds. Bird numbers seldom exceed 5000 in mid-winter and 2,000 during migration periods.

16. Thanedar Wala 4,047 Reeds and sedges occur, along with extensive thickets of Tamarix. An important route for migratory birds, the site supports small numbers of various species of breeding and wintering water birds.

V

PUNJAB

17. Uchhali Complex (including Khabbaki, Uchhali and Jahlar Lakes)

1,243 Three separate brackish to saline lakes of fluctuating levels, surrounded by agricultural fields, located in the heart of the Salt Range. An important wintering area for the rare or vulnerable White-headed Duck, Ferruginous Duck, Greyleg Goose, and flamingos.

18. Taunsa Barrage 6,576 A very important wintering area for waterfowl, notably Anatidae (ducks, geese, swans, etc.) which breed in the area, and a staging area for some species of cranes and shorebirds.

19. Chashma Barrage

34,099 Staging and wintering site for up to 200,000 water birds. An especially important staging area in spring and autumn for cranes. Over 50 species of birds, some of which are globally endangered, use the site for breeding. The site is used as storage for irrigation water, electricity generation, livestock grazing, reed harvesting, and fishing

6

Appendix 7.2. Comparison of bird species richness of Chotiari Reservoir, District Sanghar, Sindh.

Ghalib et al. (1999) Rais et al. (2008)

ORDER PODICEPIDIFORMES

FAMILY PODICEPIDIDAE 1.

Tachybatus ruficollis Little grebe + +

ORDER PELECANIFORMES FAMILY PHALACROCORACIDAE

2. Phalacrocorax niger Little cormorant + + 3. Phalacrocorax carbo Great cormorant + +

FAMILY PELECANIDAE 4. Pelecanus onocrotalus Rosy pelican - +

ORDER CICONIFORMES FAMILY ARDEIDAE

5. Ixobrychus sinensis Yellow bittern - + 6. Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Cinnamon bittern - + 7. Ixobrychus flavicollis Black bittern - + 8. Nycticorax nycticorax Black -crowned night heron + + 9. Ardeola grayii Indian pond heron + + 10. Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret + + 11. Egretta garzette Little egret + + 12. Egretta gularis Reef heron + -13. Egretta intermedia Intermediate egret + + 14. Egretta alba Great White egret + + 15. Ardea cinerea Grey heron + + 16. Ardea purpurea Purple heron + +

FAMILY THRESKORNITHIDAE 17. Plegadis falcinellus Glossy ibis + +

ORDER ANSERIFORMES FAMILY ANATIDAE

18. Anser albifrons Greater white fronted goose - + 19. Anas penelope Wigeon - + 20. Anas strepera Gadwall + + 21. Anas crecca Common teal + + 22. Anas platyrhynchos Mallard + +

7

23. Anas acuta Northern pintail + + 24. Anas clypeata Shoveler + + 25.

Aythya ferina Common pochard

- +

26. Netta rufina Red-crested pochard - + 27. Aythya fuligula Tufted duck + + 28. Marmaronetta angustirostris Marbled teal + -29. Anas querquedula Garganey + -

ORDER ACCIPITRIFORMES FAMILY ACCIPITRIDAE

30. Elanus caeruleus Black shouldered kite + + 31. Milvus migrans Black kite + + 32. Haliaeetus leucoryphus Pallas’s fish eagle + + 33. Circaetus gallicus Short-toad eagle + -34. Aegypius monachus Eurasian black vulture - + 35. Gypus bengalensis White-backed vulture + -36. Circus aeruginosus Marsh harrier - + 37. Accipiter nisus Eurasian sparrow hawk - + 38. Accipiter badius Shikra + + 39. Butastur teesa White eyed buzzard - + 40. Buteo buteo Common buzzard - + 41. Buteo rufinus Long-legged buzzard + + 42. Aquila rapax Tawny eagle - +

FAMILY PANDIONIDAE 43. Pandion haliaetus Osprey - +

ORDER FALCONIFORMES FAMILY FALCONIDAE

44. Falco tinnunculus Common kestrel - + 45. Falco cherrug Saker falcon + -

ORDER GALLIFORMES FAMILY PHASIANIDAE

46. Francolinus pondicerianus Indian grey partridge + + 47. Francolinus francolinus Black partridge + +

ORDER GRUIFORMES FAMILY RALLIDAE

48. Amauronis phoenicurus White breasted water-hen + + 49. Gallinula chloropus Common moorhen + + 50. Porphyrio purphyrio Purple moorhen + + 51. Gallicrex cinerea Water cock + + 52. Fulica atra Common coot + +

8

FAMILY OTIDIDAE 53. Chlamydotis undulata Houbara - +

ORDER CHARADRIFORMES FAMILY JACANIDAE +

54. Hydrophasianus chirurgus Pheasant tailed jacana + FAMLIY ROSTRATULIDAE

55. Rostratula bengalensis Painted snipe + -FAMILY RECURVIROSTRIDAE

56. Himantopus himantopus Black-winged stilt + + 57. Recurvirostra avosetta Avocet + -

FAMILY GLAREOLIDAE 58. Glareola lactea Small Indian pratinole + +

FAMILY CHARADRIDAE 59. Charadrius alexandrinus Kentish plover + + 60. Charadrius dubius Little ringed plover + -61. Charadrius leschenaultii Great sand plover + -62. Charadrius mongolus Mongolian plover + -63. Hoplopterus indicus Red-wattled lapwing + + 64. Chettusia leucura White-tailed lapwing + +

FAMILY SCOLOPACIDAE 65. Calidrus alba Sanderling + + 66. Calidrus minutus Little stint + + 67. Tringa totanus Common redshank + + 68. Tringa erythropus Spotted redshank + -69. Tringa nebularia Greenshank - + 70. Tringa stangnatilis Marsh sandpiper + -71. Tringa glareola Wood sandpiper + -72. Tringa ochropus Green sandpiper + -73. Calidrus alpina Dunlin + -74. Calidrus tenuirostris Great knot + -75. Philomachus pugnax Ruff + -76. Numenius arquata Curlew + -77. Actitis hypoleucos Common sandpiper + +

FAMILY LARIDAE + 78. Larus marinus Great black-headed gull - + 79. Larus ridibundus Black-headed gull + + 80. Larus brunnicephalus Brown-headed gull - + 81. Larus argentatus Herring gull - + 82. Hydroprogne caspia Caspian tern + -

9

FAMILY STERNIDAE 83. Gelochelidon nilotica Gull-billed tern + + 84. Sterna aurentia Indian river tern - + 85. Sterna albifrons Little tern + + 86. Chlidonias hybridus Whiskered tern + +

ORDER PTEROCLIFORMES FAMILY PTEROCLIDAE

87. Pterocles exustus Chestnut-bellied sand grouse - + ORDER COLUMBIFORMES FAMILY COLUMBIDAE

88. Columba liva Blue rock pigeon + + 89. Streptopelia decaocto Collard dove + + 90. Streptopelia tranquebarica Red turtle dove - + 91. Streptopelia senegalensis Little brown dove + +

ORDER PSITTACIFORMES FAMILY PSTTACIDAE +

92. Psittacula krameri Rose-ringed parakeet + ORDER CUCULIFORMES FAMILY CUCULIDAE

93. Clamator jacobinus Pied crested cuckoo - + 94. Eudynamys scolopacea Common koel + + 95. Centropus sinensis Common crow pheasant + +

ORDER STRIGIFORMES FAMILY TYTONIDAE

96. Tyto alba Indian barn owl - + FAMILY STRIGIDAE

97. Athene brama Spotted owlett + + 98. Bubo coromandus Dusky eagle owl + -

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES FAMILY CAPRIMULGIDAE

99. Caprimulgus mahrattensis Sindh night jar + + ORDER APODIFORMES FAMILY APODIDAE

100. Apus apus Eastern swift + + 101. Apus affinis House swift + +

ORDER CORACIFORMES FAMILY ALCIDENIDAE

102. Halcyon smyrnensis White breasted king fisher + + 103. Alcedo atthis Common king fisher + + 104. Ceryle rudis Pied king fisher + +

10

FAMILY MEROPIDAE 105. Merops orientalis Little green bee-eater + + 106. Merops superciliosus Blue cheeked bee-eater + + 107. Merops apiaster European bee-eater + -

FAMILY CORACIDAE 108. Coracias benghalensis Indian roller + +

ORDER PICIFORMES FAMILY UPIPIDAE

109. Upapa epops Hoopoe + + FAMILY PICIDAE

110. Dinopium benghalensis Lesser golden-backed wood pecker - + 111. Picoides adsimilis Sindh pied woodpecker + -

ORDER PASSERIFORMES FAMILY ALUDINAE

112. Eremopterix grisea Ashy-crowned finch lark + + 113. Ammomanes deserti Desert lark + + 114. Ammomanes phoenicurus Rufous tailed desert lark + -115. Galerida cristata Crested lark + + 116. Alouda gulgula Small sky lark + +

FAMILY HIRUNDINIDAE 117. Riparia paludicola Sand martin - + 118. Hirundo rustica Common swallow + + 119. Hirundo smithi Wire-tailed swallow + + 120. Hirundo fluvicola Cliff swallow + +

FAMILY MOTACILIDAE

121. Anthus rufulus Paddy field pipit - + 122. Anthus campestris Twany pipit - + 123. Motacilla flava thunbergi Grey-headed yellow wagtail - + 124. Motacilla maderaspatensis

dukhunsis Siberian pied wagtail + +

125. Motacilla maderaspatensis Large pied wagtail + + FAMILY CAMPEPHAGIDAE

126. Tephrodornis pondicerianus Sindh woodshrike + -FAMILY PYCNONOTIDAE

127. Pycnonotus leucogenys White cheeked bulbul + + 128. Pycnonotus cafer Red-vented bulbul + +

FAMILY TURDIDAE 129. Luscinia svecica Bluthroat - +130. Phoenicurus ochrurus Black redstart - +

11

131. Saxicola torquata Stonechat - + 132. Saxicola caprata Pied bush chat + + 133. Oenanthe deserti Desert wheatear - + 134. Saxicoloides fulicator Indian robin +

FAMILY SYLVIDAE 135. Cettia cetti Cetti’s warbler - + 136. Prinia gracilis Graceful prinia - + 137. Prinia buchanani Rufous fronted prinia - + 138. Prinia inornata Plain prinia + + 139. Chrysomma altirostre Sindh babbler + -140. Acrocephala scirpaceus Reed warbler + 141. Prinia flaviventris Sindh yellow-bellied prinia + -142. Prinia burnesii Long-tailed grass warbler + -143. Prinia socialis Ashy prinia + -144. Sylvia curruca Lesser whitethroat - + 145. Phylloscopus sindianus Common chiffchaff - + 146. Phylloscopus collybita Brown chiffchaff + +

FAMILY RHIPIDURIDAE 147. Rhipidura aureola White-breasted flycather + +

FAMILY TIMALIDAE 148. Turdoides caudatus Common babbler + + 149. Turdoides earli Striated babbler - + 150. Turdoides striatus Jungle babbler - +

FAMILY NECTARINIDAE 151. Nectarinia aasiatica Purple sun bird + +

FAMILY LANIIDAE 152. Lanius vittatus Bay-backed shrike + + 153. Lanius schach Long tailed shrike - + 154. Lanius excubitor Great grey shrike + +

FAMILY DICRURIDAE 155. Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo + +

FAMILY CORVIDAE 156. Dendrocitta vagbunda Indian tree-Pie + + 157. Corvus splendens Indian house crow + +

FAMILY STERNIDAE 158. Sturnus vulgaris Common starling + + 159. Sturnus roseus Rosy pastor + + 160. Sturnus pogodarum Black-headed starling + -161. Acridotheres tristis Common myna + + 162. Acridotheres ginginianus Bank myna + +

12

FAMILY PASSERIDAE 163. Passer domesticus Indian house sparrow + + 164. Petronia xanthocollis Yellow throated sparrow - + 165. Passer pyrrhonotus Sindh jungle sparrow + +

FAMILY PLOCIDAE 166. Ploceus philippinus Weaver bird + +

FAMILY ESTRILDIDAE 167. Lochura malabarica Silver bill + + 168. Estrilda amandava Red munia + -

FAMILY EMERIZIDAE 169. Emberiza melanocephala Black-headed bunting + -

FAMILY FRINGILLIDAE 170. Pyrrhula nipulensis Brown bullfinch + -

(+ = Present; - = Absent)

13

Appendix 7.3. Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sangahr (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir).

Kh

aro

r

Lu

bar

Ser

i

Lah

ou

ro

Jad

op

ur

So

on

Kin

ri

Akr

ro

Rat

ro

Bo

hta

r

Dim

an

War

i

Bo

lah

i

Jukh

ro

Gu

jri

Su

dh

er

199

0

199

4

199

4

199

4

199

4

199

8

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

3

200

4

200

4

200

4

200

4

200

1

200

1

200

3

200

4

200

4

(Black-necked grebe) 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Phalacrocorax carbo (Great cormorant)

0 3 29 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Oriental darter) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate egret)

0

2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Casmerodius albus (Great egret)

0

4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0

Ardea cinerea (Grey heron)

0

2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ardea purpurea (Purple heron)

0

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy ibis)

0

0 0 13 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Fulica atra (Black coot)

0

1250 0 3050 207 0 1200 0 2 56 82 12 500 1500 50 1200 11 17 0

(Mongolian plover) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 Tringa totanus (Common redshank)

3

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 410 0 0 0

(Marsh sandpiper) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

0

0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 0

(Green sandpiper) 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (Ruff) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 Larus ridibundus (Black-headed gull)

0 13 0 4 0 0 0 54 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

14

Larus marinus (Great black-headed gull)

0

9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44 0 0

(Caspian tern) 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sterna aurantia (Indian river tern)

0

0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sterna albifrons (Little tern)

0

0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 6 1287 33 3099 234 4 1200 54 4 72 83 14 500 1500 154 1825 55 17 0(Indian cotton teal) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 400 1750 0 0 0 Anas penelope (Eurasian wigeon)

0 0 121 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

300 150 0 0 0 0 1300

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

0

0 26 0 0 0 400 0 0 0 2 0 0 300 0 800 0 0 280

Anas crecca (Common teal)

0

0 0 1200 0 0 0 0 0 84 0 0

1800 200 1500 120 180 0

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 267 0 120 0

Spot-billed duck) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 80 0 0 0 0

Anas acuta (Northern pintail)

0

0 220 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Garganey) 0

0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Anas clypeata (Northern shovelar)

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 120 400 0 92 0 0

(Marbled teal) 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 21 0 0 12 0

Netta rufina (Red-crested pochard)

0

0 0 0 0 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0

Aythya ferina (Common pochard)

0

0 525 650 0 0 500 0 0 0 0 57 520 300 0 2000 0 250 400

Aythya fuligula (Tufted duck)

4

0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 80 0 6 0 0 0 0

Total 4 0 899 2137 0 0 904 0 1 110 6 57 900 2747 1107 6317 212 562 1980 Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little grebe)

0

14 0 16 12 0 100 26 13 74 3 10 0 25 0 210 0 0 0

Phalacrocorax niger (Little cormorant)

0

16 0 25 36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4

Ardeola grayii (Indian pond heron)

0

0 3 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15

Bubulcus ibis (Cattle egret)

0

0 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Egretta garzetta (Little egret)

0

6 7 4 0 0 12 4 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 25 22 0 2

Circus aeruginosus (Western marsh harrier)

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

Gallinula chloropus (Common moorhen)

0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple swamphen)

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled lapwing)

3

2 0 13 0 2 6 38 1 12 7 0 0 0 0 12 30 47 0

Vanellus leucura (White-tailed lapwing)

11

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Actitis hypoleucos (Common sandpiper)

0

0 0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 0

Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged stilt)

26

0 0 0 0 45 4 27 2 0 0 0 0 0 200 0 0 19 0

Total 40 40 11 58 62 47 134 97 16 92 13 13 0 25 300 247 52 67 6

16

Appendix 7.4. Cumulative Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sangahr (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir).

1990 1994 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004

(Black-necked grebe) 0 27 0 0 0 0 0

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great cormorant)

0 44 0 0 0 0 0

(Oriental darter) 0 0 0 4 0 0 0

Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate egret)

0 2 0 0 0 0 0

Casmerodius albus (Great egret)

0 6 0 4 0 0 0

Ardea cinerea (Grey heron)

0 5 0 0 0 0 2

Ardea purpurea (Purple heron)

0 1 0 1 0 0 0

Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy ibis)

0 13 0 0 0 0 2

Fulica atra (Black coot)

0 4507 0 1250 1200 67 2031

(Mongolian plover) 0 0 0 50 0 0 0

Tringa totanus (Common redshank)

3 0 2 460 0 0 0

(Marsh sandpiper)

3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

0 0 2 150 0 0 0

(Green sandpiper)

0 1 0 0 0 0 0

(Wood sandpiper)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

(Ruff)

0 0 0 60 0 0 0

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed gull)

0 17 0 0 0 70 0

Larus marinus (Great black-headed gull)

0 9 0 0 0 44 0

(Caspian tern)

0 4 0 0 0 0 0

Sterna aurantia (Indian river tern)

0 3 0 0 0 0 0

Sterna albifrons (Little tern)

0 14 0 0 0 0 0

Total 6 4653 4 1979 1200 181 2035

(Indian cotton teal) 0 0 0 2150 0 0 8

Anas penelope (Eurasian wigeon)

0 371 0 0 0 0 1750

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

0 26 0 800 400 0 580

17

Anas crecca (Common teal)

0 1200 0 1700 0 204 1980

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

0 0 0 267 0 0 170

Spot-billed duck) 0 0 0 80 0 0 0

Anas acuta (Northern pintail)

0 237 0 0 0 0 0

(Garganey)

0 20 0 0 0 0 0

Anas clypeata (Northern shovelar)

0 0 0 400 0 92 120

(Marbled teal)

0 0 0 21 0 0 29

Netta rufina (Red-crested pochard)

0 0 0 0 4 0 3

Aythya ferina (Common pochard)

0 1175 0 2000 500 0 1527

Aythya fuligula (Tufted duck)

4 7 0 6 0 26 80

Total 4 3036 0 7424 904 322 6247

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little grebe)

0 42 0 210 100 100 48

Phalacrocorax niger (Little cormorant)

0 77 0 0 0 0 4

Ardeola grayii (Indian pond heron)

0 3 0 0 2 0 0

Bubulcus ibis (Cattle egret)

0 14 0 0 0 0 0

Egretta garzetta (Little egret)

0 17 0 25 12 26 5

Circus aeruginosus (Western marsh harrier)

0 0 0 0 0 8 1

Gallinula chloropus (Common moorhen)

0 2 0 0 0 0 0

Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple swamphen)

0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled lapwing)

3 15 2 12 6 80 48

Vanellus leucura (White-tailed lapwing)

11 0 0 0 0 0 0

Actitis hypoleucos (Common sandpiper)

0 0 0 100 10 0 0

Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged stilt)

26 0 45 200 4 27 21

Total 40 171 47 547 134 241 127

18

Appendix 7.5. Asian Waterfowl Count of Sanghriaro Lake and Rarr Lake.

Sanghriaro Lake Rarr Lake

Non-Resident 1988 1990 1992 1998 2001 2002 2004 1988 1998 2004

Phalacrocorax carbo (Great cormorant)

0 0 15 48 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mesophoyx intermedia (Intermediate egret)

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Casmerodius albus (Great egret)

0 0 1 1 4 0 0 0 0 0

Ardea cinerea (Grey heron)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ardea purpurea (Purple heron)

0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Plegadis falcinellus (Glossy ibis)

0 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Fulica atra (Black coot)

4334 5100 9000 626 1500 600 0 6000 50 150

Glareola lactea ( Small pratincole)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Little ringed plover 0 0 0 0 2 20 0 0 0 0

Tringa totanus (Common redshank)

0 3 0 4 16 0 0 0 54 0

(Marsh sandpiper)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tringa nebularia (Greenshank)

0 2 0 2 10 0 52 0 14 0

(Green sandpiper) 0 1 1 0 0 0 38 0 0 0

(Eurasian woodcock) 0 2 0 0 20 0 0 0

0 0

(Common snipe) 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Calidris alba (Sanderling)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49 0

Calidris minuta (Little stint)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 0

(Ruff) 0 0 0 0 20 0 7 0 0 0

Larus argentatus (Herring gull)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0

Larus ridibundus (Black-headed gull)

0 0 0 0 2 0 9 0 0 0

Larus marinus (Great black-headed gull)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Chlidonias hybridus (Whiskered tern)

0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 0

Sterna nilotica (Gull-billed tern)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

Sterna aurantia (Indian river tern)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0

Sterna albifrons (Little tern)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11 0

19

(Indian skimmer) 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total

4334 5137 9017 681 1574 620 107 6000 246 150

Ducks

Anas penelope (Eurasian wigeon)

1765 150 0 6 0 0 0 2500 0 120

Anas strepera (Gadwall)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 110

Anas crecca (Common teal)

1680 0 18 0 200 120 0 0 300 100

Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)

136 0 0 0 0 0 108 0 600 0

(Spot-billed duck) 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0 0 0

Anas acuta (Northern pintail)

0 0 0 8 0 150 0 0 200 0

Anas clypeata (Northern shovelar)

0 1 0 10 0 65 0 0 0 200

Netta rufina (Red-crested pochard)

0 1 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0

Aythya ferina (Common pochard)

1210 0 0 0 0 120 0 0 340 350

Aythya fuligula (Tufted duck)

1460 2 0 0 0 45 0 0 0 50

Total

6251 154 18 32 212 500 108 2500 1440 930

Resident

Tachybaptus ruficollis (Little grebe)

300 101 24 35 270 21 0 0 0 0

Phalacrocorax niger (Little cormorant)

0 35 0 54 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ardeola grayii (Indian pond heron)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Egretta garzetta (Little egret)

0 0 3 8 2 6 2 0 0 0

Amaurornis phoenicurus (White breasted water-hen)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0

Gallinula chloropus (Common moorhen)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0

Porphyrio porphyrio (Purple swamphen)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0

Vanellus indicus (Red-wattled lapwing)

0 22 3 0 5 0 0 0 2 0

Vanellus leucura (White-tailed lapwing)

0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 0

Actitis hypoleucos× (Common sandpiper)

0 2 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0

Himantopus himantopus (Black-winged stilt)

0 38 0 62 100 40 0 0 10 0

Charadrius alexandrinus (Kentish plover)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 0

Total 300 200 30 159 397 67 3 0 78 1

20

Appendix 7.6. Asian Waterfowl Count of Bakar Lake and Noonghno Lake.

Bakar Lake Noonghno Lake

Non-Resident 1994 2002 2003 2003 2004

Great cormorant 0 0 0 0 0

Intermediate egret 0 0 4 0 0

Great egret 0 0 0 0 0

Grey heron 0 0 0 0 0

Purple heron 1 0 0 0 0

Common coot 0 650 272 1010 250

Little pratincole 26 0 0 0 0

Little ringed plover 23 0 0 0 0

Redshank 4 0 0 0 0

Marsh sandpiper 7 0 0 0 0

Green sandpiper 3 0 0 0 0

Little stint 0 0 0 0 0

Ruff 28 0 0 0 0

Herring gull 2 0 0 0 0

Black-headed gull 22 0 44 0 0

Great black-headed gull 6 0 0 0 0

Indian river tern 0 0 0 0 0

Little tern 0 0 0 0 0

Total 122 650 320 1010 250

Ducks

Eurasian wigeon 0 150 0 770 300

Gadwall 0 0 156 294 0

Common teal 0 0 0 448 0

Mallard 0 0 0 0 0

Spot-billed duck 0 0 0 0 0

Northern pintail 0 0 0 0 0

Northern shoveler 0 120 94 670 120

Red-crested pochard 0 0 0 0 0

Common pochard 0 0 0 98 150

Total 0 270 250 2280 570

21

Resident

Little grebe 0 0 0 0 0

Little cormorant 0 0 78 212 0

Indian pond heron 2 0 0 0 0

Little egret 5 0 14 0 0

Whitebreasted waterhen 0 0 0 0 0

Moorhen 0 0 0 0 0

Purple moorhen 0 0 0 0 0

red wattled lapwing 4 0 0 0 0

white tailed lapwing 2 0 38 0 0

Common sandpiper 14 0 0 0 0

Black-winged stilt 112 0 0 0 0

Kentish plover 6 0 0 0 0

Total 145 0 130 212 0

Appendix 7.7. Cumulative Asian Waterfowl Count of some wetlands of District Sangahr.

Non-Resident 1988 1990 1992 1994 1998 2001 2002 2003 2004

Great cormorant 0 0 15 0 48 0 0 0 0

Intermediate egret 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 4 0

Great egret 0 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 0

Grey heron 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Purple heron 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Glossy ibis 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Common coot 10334 5100 9000 0 676 1500 1250 1282 400

Little pratincole 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0

Little ringed plover 0 0 0 23 0 2 20 0 0

Redshank 0 3 0 4 58 16 0 0 0

Marsh sandpiper 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0

Greenshank 0 2 0 0 16 10 0 0 52

Green sandpiper 0 1 1 3 0 0 0 0 38

Eurasian woodcock 0 2 0 0 0 20 0 0 0

Common snipe 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sanderling 0 0 0 0 49 0 0 0 0

Little stint 0 0 0 0 16 0 0 0 0

22

Ruff 0 0 0 28 0 20 0 0 7

Herring gull 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0

Black-headed gull 0 0 0 22 0 2 0 44 9

Great black-headed gull 0 0 0 6 6 0 0 0 0

Whiskered tern 0 7 0 0 34 0 0 0 0

Gull-billed tern 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

Indian river tern 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0

Little tern 0 0 0 0 11 0 0 0 0

Indian skimmer 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 10334 5137 9017 122 927 1574 1270 1330 507

Ducks

Eurasian wigeon 4265 150 0 0 6 0 150 770 420

Gadwall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 450 110

Common teal 1680 0 18 0 300 200 120 448 100

Mallard 136 0 0 0 600 0 0 0 108

Spot-billed duck 0 0 0 0 0 12 0 0 0

Northern pintail 0 0 0 0 208 0 150 0 0

Northern shoveler 0 1 0 0 10 0 185 764 320

Red-crested pochard 0 1 0 0 8 0 0 0 0

Common pochard 1210 0 0 0 340 0 120 98 500

Tufted duck 1460 2 0 0 0 0 45 0 50

Total 8751 154 18 0 1472 212 770 2530 1608

Resident

Little grebe 300 101 24 0 35 270 21 0 0

Little cormorant 0 35 0 0 54 0 0 290 0

Indian pond heron 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 1

Little egret 0 0 3 5 8 2 6 14 2

Whitebreasted waterhen 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0

Moorhen 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 0 0

Purple moorhen 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0

red wattled lapwing 0 22 3 4 2 5 0 0 0

white tailed lapwing 0 2 0 2 2 0 0 38 1

Common sandpiper 0 2 0 14 0 20 0 0 0

Black-winged stilt 0 38 0 112 72 100 40 0 0

Kentish plover 0 0 0 6 21 0 0 0 0

Total 300 200 30 145 237 397 67 342 4

23

Appendix 7.8. Total number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird species recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at some wetlands (now part of the Chotiari Reservoir) of District Sanghar during different years between 1990 and 2004.

Year Non-resident

Ducks Resident

1990 6 4 40 1994 4653 3030 171 1998 4 0 47 2001 1979 7424 547 2002 1200 904 134 2003 181 322 241 2004 2035 6247 127

Appendix 7.9. Total number of individuals of non-resident birds, ducks and resident bird species recorded during Asian Waterfowl Count at Sanghriaro Lake, Rarr Lake, Bakar Lake and Noonghno Lake during different years between 1988 and 2004 (and present study 2006-2008).

Year Non-resident

Ducks Resident

1988 10334 8751 300 1990 5137 154 200 1992 9017 18 30 1994 122 0 145 1998 927 1472 237 2001 1574 212 397 2002 1270 770 67 2003 1330 2530 342 2004 507 1608 5

24

Appendix 7.10. Summary of basic information on some notable wetlands of Sanghar District, Sindh.

Name Geographical Coordinates

Type Area (Approx.)

Economic/ Social Value Threats

1. Nara Canal Area (Series of numerous small wetlands)

26°00'-27°15'N 68°47'-69°18'E

Majority are Freshwater

Unknown Subsistence fishing, Water for drinking and agriculture

Seepage

2. Chotiari Reservoir (Collection of several lakes)

26°1’ N , 69°4’ E Freshwater Unknown Subsistence fishing, Rangelands, Important wintering area for waterfowl

Seepage, Hunting, Unsustainable fishing practice, Overgrazing

3. Sanghriaro Lake

26°07'N, 69°12'E Brackish >400 ha Subsistence fishing, Important wintering area for waterfowl

Hunting

4. Sadhori Lake

26°12'N, 69°07'E Freshwater Unknown Subsistence fishing, Water for drinking and agriculture

Seepage, Hunting, Unsustainable fishing practice

5. Bakar Lake

26° 06’ N, 68° 10’ E Freshwater > 1000 ha Subsistence fishing Unsustainable harvesting of fish stock, seepage from the reservoir is affecting its water quality

25

6.Padhrio (Inside Reservoir)

26° 11’ 691” N, 69° 09’ 184” E

Freshwater >1000 ha Important wintering area for common coot, common teal common pochads, large cormorant. (Author observed pochards, common teal and coot as early as December when there were no ducks on other lakes except Tul Lake)

None

7. Tul Lake 26° 10’ N, 69° 13’ E Brackish >160 ha Important wintering area for ducks particularly (Author observed pochards, shovelers and common teal as early as December when there were no ducks on other lakes except Padhrio Lake)

Eutrophication

8. Dogrion Lake 26° 04’ N, 69° 08’ E Brackish >150 ha Ideal for shorebirds such as greenshank, coomon redshank which arrived here in late autumn (October). Common teal overwinter here as late as March

Periodic drying

9. Noonghno Lake 26° 05’ N, 69° 12’ E Brackish >50 ha Important for resident little grebe and little cormorant

Hunting, Periodic drying

10. Kharor Lake 26° 07’ N, 69° 13’ E Brackish >10 ha Important wintering area for common coot, northern pintail, red-crested pochard and wigeon

Excessive algal growth

11. Punihal Lake 26° 05’ 586” N, 69° 12’ 580” E

Brackish >150 ha Important for little grebe, coot and shorebirds species

--

12. Rarr Lake 26° 05’ 004” N, 69° 14’ 065” E

Brackish Unknown Important wintering area for waterfowl, Subsistence fishing

Periodic drying

26

13. Sareji Lake 26° 01’ 712” N, 69° 13’ 467” E

Brackish Unknown Excellent for resident birds purple moorhen, common moorhen, white breasted water hen and bank myna

Eutrophication, excessive organic matter

14. Ithpar Lake 26° 00’ N, 69° 10’ E

Freshwater Unknown Supports population of common teal, great white egret and gull species

--

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Appendix 7.11. Water Quality Standards.

Parameters

National Standards for Drinking Water Quality, PEPA (2008)

Drinking Water Quality Standards, WHO (2002)

Ph 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 6.5-8 Cr (mg/L) <0.05 mg/L <0.05 Pb (mg/L) <0.05 <0.01 Cd (mg/L) 0.003-0.01 0.003-0.01

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List of Publications

Published (12) (Impact Factor: 1.08) Papers published from the Thesis= 04

Rais, M., Khan, M.Z., Abbass, D., Akber, G., Nawaz, R. and Islam, S. 2011. A qualitative study on wildlife of Chotiari Reservoir, Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 43 (2): 237-247. (Impact factor=0.145).

Rais, M., Khan, M.Z., Abbass, D. and Akber, G. 2010. Study on some medium-sized and large mammals of Chotiari Wetlands Complex, Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. Journal of basic and applied sciences. 6 (1): 63-67.

Rais, M., Abbass, D., Khan, M.Z., Khan, I.S., Ghalib, S.A., Tabbassum, F., Akber, G. and Nawaz, R. 2008. Changes in the avifauna of the wetlands of District Sanghar, Sindh, Pakistan. Berkut. 17 (1-2): 13-24

Rais, M., Khan, M.Z., Ghalib, S.A., Abbass, D., Khan, W.A., Islam, S. and

Husnain, A.2009. Recent records of smooth-coated otter form Sindh. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 41(5): 413-416. (Impact factor=0.145)

Other relevant papers= 08

Mahmood, T., Shah, S.M.A., Rais, M. and Nadeem, M.S. 2011. An Investigation of Animal species Trade at pet shops of Rawalpindi and Multan cities. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 21(4). (Impact Factor: 0.250).

Rais, M., Anwar, M., Mehmood, T. and Hussain, I. Bird diversity and conservation at Kallar Kahar Lake with special reference to water birds. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 43 (4): 673-681. (Impact factor=0.145).

Yousaf, S., Mahmood, T., Rais, M. and Qureshi, I. Z. 2010. Population variation and food habits of Ranid frogs in the Rice-based cropping system in Gujranwala Region. Asian Herpetological Research. 1(2): 123-130.

Rais, M., Kabeer, B., Anwar, M. and Mehmood, T. 2010. Effect of habitat degradation on breeding water birds at Kallar Kahar Lake, District

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Chakwal. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 20(4): 318-320. (Impact factor=0.250).

Mahmood, S., Mahmmod, T., Rais, M., Qureshi, I.Z. and Nadeem, M. S.

2010. A comparative study on the populations and habitats of the grey francolin and the black francolin in Lehri Nature Park, Punjab, Pakistan. Podoces. 5 (1): 42-53.

Abbass, D., Rais, M., Khan, M.Z. and Ghalib, S.A. 2010. New record of spotted munia (Lonchura punctulata) from Karachi. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 42 (4): 503-505. (Impact factor=0.145).

Ghalib, S.A., Rais, M., Abbass, D., Tabassum, F., Begum, A. and Jabeen,

T. 2009. An overview of the status of the shorebirds and internationally important sites of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology. 41(3): 165-172. (Impact factor=0.145).

Khan, M.Z., Rais, M. and Yasmeen, G. 2007. Inhibitory effects on

Cholinesterase activity produced by two different pesticides on brain, liver and kidney of Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis. Indian journal of Experimental Zoology India. 10 (1): 89-93.