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Pruning Wine Grapes Mark L. Chien Statewide Viticulture Extension Educator Penn State Cooperative Extension

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Page 1: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Pruning Wine Grapes

Mark L. Chien

Statewide Viticulture Extension Educator

Penn State Cooperative Extension

Page 2: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Our hosts: Jan and Kim Waltz

Vineyard manager Jeff Zick

Page 3: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Workshop Goals

• Teach how to prune the two primary commercial vineyard

systems:

– Head trained/cane pruned

– Cordon trained/spur pruned

• Trellis and training systems

• Vine size and balance and balanced pruning

• Pruning equipment and supplies

• You cannot learn to prune a vine by reading a book or

coming to a 3 hr workshop. Learn by doing!

Page 4: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Temperance Hill Vineyard

105 acres: 85,000+ vines

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Key Viticulture Goals

• Ripen grapes to optimal maturity

• Ripen wood to maximum maturity for cold

hardiness

• Keep grapes free of disease and pests

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Proper Pruning Begins Before Vines are

Planted

• Decide what kind of wine is being grown

• Choose a site to support that decision and create a balanced

vine

• Correct vineyard design and installation to achieve a

balanced vine

• Apply proper vineyard management to encourage vine

balance each year

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Why We Prune

• The big decisions have been made

Now you have to live with them!

• Size and shape the vine

for performance and

management

• Balance the vine for optimal vegetative growth and amount of fruit (reproductive function), first attempt at crop and canopy management

• Create as strong and healthy vine

• Select nodes/shoots for best possible quality and position

• Fill trellis space for optimal production and profit

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Pruning Grapes

• Hard Work

• Cold Work

• Requires a firm back

• Require the right equipment

• Requires skill, knowledge,

creativity, experience and

patience

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Getting Ready to Prune…

• Use the right equipment, it needs to be comfortable

• Quality of work and comfort are directly related: wear the right

gear according to the conditions

• Stay warm and dry, especially the hands, head and feet

• Learn while you work: NPR, books, etc.

• Take breaks. Have hot drinks and water available

• Sharpening stones and oil

• Flagging material, ties, note pad, etc.

• First-aid supplies available

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How to

avoid carpal

tunnel syndrome

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Keys to Pruning Success

• How to sharpen loppers and shears

– In the field

– In the shop

• Strip them down and oil them

• Always have replacement parts on hand

• Be careful. Emphasize safety, especially with non-manual systems!

• Work with and supervise your crew. Only you can assess the quality of

the work!

Keep ‘em sharp

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Suppliers

http://www.orchardvalleysupply.com/

http://www.gemplers.com/

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Vine Size and Balance and Balanced Pruning

• The concept of vine size and balance

• What is the ideal vine size and balance for your vineyard?

• A balanced vine begins before vines are planted with proper soil

evaluation

– soil capacity: water and nutrients

– vine vigor: variety, clone, rootstock

• Balancing mature vines.

• Making adjustments in the vineyard

– Extra buds (high vigor): kicker canes, more/longer spurs, divided

canopies

– Fewer buds (low vigor): smaller vine

• Benefits

– Disease control

– Improved fruit quality and quantity

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Smart’s Golden Rules

• 12-16 nodes per pound of pruning weight

• 5-10 lb of fruit per pound of pruning weight

• 0.2-0.4 pounds of pruning weight per linear

foot of trellis

• 4-5 shoots per linear foot of trellis (super

high quality vinifera 2.5-4)

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From: Intrieri and Filipetti American Journal of Enology and Viticulture, 50th Anniversary

Interpretive Pruning

• based on experience

• visual adjustment

• shoot length and canopy fill

tell the story of balance

• why is vine too big or

too small?

Page 19: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Mark’s Golden Rules

• Have a concept of what you are pruning towards visually, philosophically

and economically

• Keep trellis full, vines in full production for maximum balance yield,

quality and profit

• Prune for production first, then position and shape

• Anticipate. If something goes away how will you most quickly replace it

• Efficiency: prune well to maximize all vineyard operations and practices

• Experience: get the same people to prune every year

Page 20: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Classic cordon training

with spur pruning

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Jonata Vineyard in Santa Barbara County

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Beckstoffer To Kalon in Napa Valley

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Araujo Eisele in Napa Valley

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Too many nodes, too little space

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The shoot crowding that results from incorrect vine spacing

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Pruning Guidelines

• Prune for crop first, position second and always for vine shape

• Stop, look and think and select and check fruiting wood first then prune around it

• Measure twice, cut once rule. Once you cut it’s gone.

• Prune for sun canes

• Do not use laterals for fruiting wood

• Make clean cuts, close to the old wood

• Check wood quality, especially in cane pruning for dead wood

• Use the right tool for the right cut

• Leave 1” from tips of canes and spurs

• Cut with angle down and away from tip

• Do not let spurs get too long

• Leave 6” between end of shoots and canes

• Prune to 5/8 inch or pencil diameter

• Vigorous vines: more buds. Weak vines: fewer bud

• Check for trunk diseases: Eutypa, Botryosphaeria, Petri disease

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Guidelines, continued…

• Keep pruning tool clean, sharp and oiled

• Sanitize if there is disease: clorox in a spray bottle

• Do not cut wires or stakes

• Leave extra canes or spurs, double prune, insurance

• Tendrils – cut now or later

• Old ties and junk on the trellis

• Mark vines that need to be revisited

Page 29: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Classic head training with cane pruning

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2 cane, no renewal

pruning at Karamoor

Vineyard

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Cane vs. Spur Pruning?

Spur

• Easier?

• Faster?

• Less labor – no tying

• More uniform shoot growth

across a longer vine spacing

• Double pruning for frost

avoidance

• Easier to mechanize and pre-prun

Cane

• Fewer pruning cuts

• Better bud fertility

• Less shoot thinning

• Don’t have to renew spur positions

• Less permanent wood, possibly less

disease pressure and fewer problems

with trunk diseases

• Less perennial wood may reduce

overall vine vigor

Page 33: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Antinori in Tuscany

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New and Young Vine Pruning and Training

It’s all about…

• root development and establishment

• developing permanent vine superstructure

• a straight trunk(s) and well-established cordon arms

• the right vine spacing to achieve a balanced vine

• 2 buds or wire?

• …are you going to crop in 2nd or 3rd year?

• relative vine vigor

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Pruner’s Worst Enemy: Winter Injury

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Winter and Frost Injury to Vines

• Information resources

– Bob Pool’s web site:

http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/pool/GrapePagesIndex.html

– Winter Injury and Methods of Protection. Zabadal, et. al.

• Prune according to cold hardiness of varieties and value

– Native > white hybrid > red hybrid > white vinifera > red vinifera

• Double prune vines

• Assessing bud and vine damage

• Leave extra buds – long spurs or extra canes

• Do extra trunks help?

• Keep your vines in balance and in good health

• Site selection

– Soil effects

– Climate effects

Page 39: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Pulling Brush

• Removing 90+ percent of previous year’s growth

• Teams of 2 – one cut, one pull and switch

• Cut tendrils and remove brush

• Pull down and away on VSP

• Safety glasses

• Pull into every other row

• Remove or burn in place or chop?

– Disease

– fertilizer

Page 40: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Brush Disposal/Sanitation

• Burn in or out of vineyard

• Chop it

• Fungal diseases

Page 41: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Tying and Training Vines

• Use the right tying material

– Agtyes for trunks and cordons

– Tytape for canes and shoots

– Bread ties for fruiting canes

• Timing: when the sap flows but well before bud break

• Cracking cold weather canes

• Leave extra nodes then prune to correct length

• Do not over-wrap canes on fruiting wire

• Tie off the ends securely, leave 6-8” between canes or cordons

• Kicker canes

Page 42: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Trellis and Training Systems for Wine Grapes

• Single, vertical canopy

– Vertical Shoot Position

– High wire cane or cordon (hanging

• Divided vertical canopies

– Scott Henry

– Smart-Dyson

• Divided horizontal canopies

– Geneva Double Curtain

– Lyre

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Head Trained –Spur Pruned Vines

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Vertically divided Scott Henry at Paradocx Vineyard in Chester County

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Smart-Dyson

Training at

Mica Ridge

in Chester

County

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Lyre Trained Vines

At Horton Vineyards

In Virginia

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Invented by Dr. Nelson Shaulis

at Cornell University

Page 56: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Great shoot positioning on GDC

at Chrysalis Vineyard in Virginia

Page 57: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Cane and spur pruning videos for Oregon State University

http://wine.oregonstate.edu/vineyard

Start by reading then ….

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…learn by doing !!!

• Get a job or volunteer at a good vineyard

• Find someone knowledgeable to train you

• Don’t pick up bad habits

• Practice (preferably on someone else’s vines)

• Understand the principles and practices

• Do it right from the start: vine training and pruning

• Visit vineyards in the winter and summer and observe, remember and learn

• Ask good questions

Page 59: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

If your vines look like this it’s time for a career change!

Page 60: Pruning Winegrapes_Mark Chien

Mark L. Chien

State-wide Viticulture Extension Educator

Penn State Cooperative Extension

Lancaster, PA

717 394-6851

[email protected]

Any Questions??