State your general topic:

“Roofing Technology”

Narrowed topic:

“The Effectiveness of Multi-layered Roofing as Capacitor”

Research Question:

What is the significant effect of the type of electrolyte used to store amount of

energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor?

CHAPTER I

Problem and its Setting

INTRODUCTION:

Supercapacitors, also known as ultracapacitors or electrochemical capacitors,

utilize high surface area electrode materials and thin electrolytic dielectrics to achieve

capacitances several orders of magnitude larger than conventional capacitors. In doing

so, supercapacitors are able to attain greater energy densities while still maintaining

the characteristic high power density of conventional capacitors (Halper & Ellenbogen

(2006).

In addition, super-capacitor has speedy response and fast charging and

discharging capability compared to secondary battery to shorten the charging time and

rapidly supply high energy for load requirement. Applications of super-capacitors

include camera °ashlight, smart meter, toys, LED display, UPS, electric vehicle and so

on (S.W. Chieh, 2013).

But currently, super-capacitor faces an important issue, the smaller operating

voltage, and can't be used in the high voltage applications such that should be series

with many other super-capacitors generally.

This situation makes the super-capacitor string unfavorable because of

simultaneously charging to easy downgrade the super-capacitor property even lifetime.

Therefore, we need a balance charging and discharging control scheme to uniform the

charging state and to avoid over-charging phenomenon on some super-capacitors of

the series string.

A number of reviews have discussed the science and technology of

supercapacitors for various configurations and electrode materials. Carbon in its

various forms, is currently the most extensively examined and widely utilized electrode

material, achieving high surface-area with low matrix resistivity.

This paper’s topic captured our interest in response to the changing global

landscape, energy had become a primary focus of the major world powers and

scientific community. There has been great interest in developing and refining more

efficient energy storage devices. One such device, the supercacitor, has matured

significantly over the last decade and emerged with the potential to facilitate major

advances in energy storage.

OBJECTIVES:

The main objective of the study is to determine the significant effect of the type of

electrolyte used to store amount of energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. This

objective is assessed through performing research analysis on the type of electrolyte

used. Research was performed and provided significant effects of electrolytes as a

conductive connection between two electrodes.

HYPOTHESIS:

There is no significant effect in the type of electrolyte used to store amount of

energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. The electrolyte has no effect on the

performance of its conductivity as a conductive connection between two electrodes in a

super capacitor.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

The study of roofing technology using a super capacitor can be a learning model

to us as students to enhance our knowledge and our technical skills as well.

In addition, this study is a small contribution not only to our society as adapted new

technology but acquisition of learning skills and knowledge that will benefit us.

Students:

Use of super capacitor as roofing is meant to serve as a replacement for a

small battery or power supply specifically those used in charging devices. As part

of their continuous learning skills and knowledge, it helps the students also to

contribute to our society through contributing even a small contribution of research

regarding the given technology.

Researchers:

Increasing energy cost has resulted in researchers trying to find ways to save

energy whenever possible. This new approach of technology will secure as an

alternative source or back up power supply and continuous development of

technology.

SCOPE:

This study focuses on the significant effect different types of electrolyte that is

used to store amount of energy in a flat parallel plate capacitor. For some countries

work is being done on new materials for super capacitor electrodes and electrolytes to

increase its performance specifically in storing large amount of energy.

LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATONS:

LIMITATIONS:

The following limitations to the research are noted:

1. Only available materials or resources are part of the study. This may adversely

affect the output.

2. Only types of certain instruments are available to back-up the result of the

research study.

3. Other components such as chemicals will not be possible to acquire to enhance

the outcome to a more accurate research results.

DELIMITATIONS:

The following delimitations to the research are noted:

1. Some available materials are not provided and not affordable in the market.

2. The capacitor device selection was based upon availability that would best

match the component ratings required.

3. Actual survey is not conducted in this research study.

4. Actual test of materials were not conducted in this research study.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE:

Batteries and capacitors do a similar job storing electricity but in completely

different ways.

Batteries have two electrical terminals (electrodes) separated by a chemical

substance called an electrolyte. When you switch on the power, chemical reactions

happen involving both the electrodes and the electrolyte. These reactions convert the

chemicals inside the battery into other substances, releasing electrical energy as they

go. Once the chemicals have all been depleted, the reactions stop and the battery is

flat. In a rechargeable battery, such as a lithium-ion power pack used in a laptop

computer or MP3 player, the reactions can happily run in either direction so you can

usually charge and discharge hundreds of times before the battery needs replacing.

Capacitors use static electricity (electrostatics) rather than chemistry to store

energy. Inside a capacitor, there are two conducting metal plates with an insulating

material called a dielectric in between them it's a dielectric sandwich, if you prefer!

Charging a capacitor is a bit like rubbing a balloon on your jumper to make it stick.

Positive and negative electrical charges build up on the plates and the separation

between them, which prevents them coming into contact, is what stores the energy.

The dielectric allows a capacitor of a certain size to store more charge at the same

voltage, so you could say it makes the capacitor more efficient as a charge-storing

device.

Capacitors have many advantages over batteries: they weigh less, generally don't

contain harmful chemicals or toxic metals, and they can be charged and discharged

zillions of times without ever wearing out. But they have a big drawback too: kilo for

kilo, their basic design prevents them from storing anything like the same amount of

electrical energy as batteries.

Is there anything we can do about that? Broadly speaking, you can increase the

energy a capacitor will store either by using a better material for the dielectric or by

using bigger metal plates. To store a significant amount of energy, you'd need to use

absolutely whopping plates.

Thunderclouds, for example, are effectively super-gigantic capacitors that store

massive amounts of power and we all know how big those are! What about beefing-up

capacitors by improving the dielectric material between the plates? Exploring that

option led scientists to develop supercapacitors in the mid-20th century (Springer,

1999).

What is a Supercapacitor?

A supercapacitor (often called an ultracapacitor) differs from an ordinary capacitor

in two important ways: its plates effectively have a much bigger area and the distance

between them is much smaller, because the separator between them works in a

different way to a conventional dielectric.

Like an ordinary capacitor, a supercapacitor has two plates that are separated. The

plates are made from metal coated with a porous substance such as powdery,

activated charcoal, which effectively gives them a bigger area for storing much more

charge. Imagine electricity is water for a moment: where an ordinary capacitor is like a

cloth that can mop up only a tiny little spill, a supercapacitor's porous plates make it

more like a chunky sponge that can soak up many times more. Porous supercapacitor

plates are electricity sponges!

What about the separator between the plates? In an ordinary capacitor, the plates

are separated by a relatively thick dielectric made from something like mica (a

ceramic), a thin plastic film, or even simply air (in something like a capacitor that acts

as the tuning dial inside a radio).

When the capacitor is charged, positive charges form on one plate and negative

charges on the other, creating an electric field between them. The field polarizes the

dielectric, so its molecules line up in the opposite direction to the field and reduce its

strength. That means the plates can store more charge at a given voltage. That's

illustrated in the upper diagram you see here (Lu, Wiley & Sons, 2011).

In a supercapacitor, there is no dielectric as such. Instead, both plates are soaked

in an electrolyte and separated by a very thin insulator (which might be made of

carbon, paper, or plastic).

When the plates are charged up, an opposite charge forms on either side of the

separator, creating what's called an electric double-layer, maybe just one molecule

thick (compared to a dielectric that might range in thickness from a few microns to a

millimeter or more in a conventional capacitor). This is why supercapacitors are often

referred to as double-layer capacitors, also called electric double-layer capacitors or

EDLCs). If you look at the lower diagram in the artwork, you'll see how a

supercapacitor resembles two ordinary capacitors side by side.

The capacitance of a capacitor increases as the area of the plate increases and as

the distance between the plates decreases. In a nutshell, supercapacitors get their

much bigger capacitance from a combination of plates with a bigger, effective surface

area (because of their activated charcoal construction) and less distance between

them (because of the very effective double layer).

The first supercapacitors were made in the late 1950s using activated charcoal as

the plates. Since then, advances in material science have led to the development of

much more effective plates made from such things as carbon nanotubes (tiny carbon

rods built using nanotechnology), graphene, aerogel, and barium titanate (Springer,

1999).

RESEARCH LITERATURE:

A Study of Effect of Electrolytes on the Capacitive Properties of Mustard Soot

Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The effect of different electrolytes was carried out with respective aqueous solution

of five electrolytes viz. 1MK2CO3, 1M KCl, 1M NaCl, 1M Na2SO4 and 1M MgSO4 as

well as four sets of their binary mixtures, viz. 1M KCl - 1M K2SO4, 1M KCl - 1M

MgSO4, 1M KCl - 1M Na2SO4 and 1M NaCL - 1M Na2SO4, at varied scan rates from

10 to 1000 mVs-1. The voltammetric responses of MS-CNT electrode in 1M aqueous

solution with single electrolytes are shown in Fig.1. Nearly same profile was observed

for all the five samples showing the linear dependence of the voltammetric currents on

the scan rate of CV. The figure also represents the specific capacitances of MS-CNT

electrode as a function of the scan rate. As expected the capacitance decreases with

increasing scan rates. This phenomenon, in fact, is found in the case of all single and

binary mixtures of electrolytes indicating that the charge- discharge currents are

typically capacitive-like.

The decrease of capacitance value with the increase in scan rate has been attributed

to the resistance of ion diffusion with certain micropores (especially the micropore

surface partially accessible to electrolytes) which becomes significant under relatively

high scan rate due to the differential depletion of the electrolyte concentration. In

addition, the proportion of these inaccessible micropores also increased with

increasing the scan rate of CV, therefore a monotonous decrease in the specific

capacitance is observed accordingly.

In this case, the decrease is more pronounced, when the scan rate was increased

from 10 mVs-1 to 30 mVs-1. It is almost clear that a maximum capacitance value in the

case of all types of electrolytes (single or mixture) can be obtained at the lowest scan

rate of 10mVs-1. The specific capacitance value of a single electrolyte follows the order

1M MgSO4> 1M NaCl> 1M Na2SO4,> 1M KCl> 1M K2CO3 at the same scan rate.

Here the conductivity, mobility of cations and anions, and size of the hydration spheres

may be determining factors for such a behavior of MS-CNT electrode in different

electrolytes. A comparison of the specific capacitance of MS-CNT electrode in five

individual electrolytes indicates the lowest capacitance value in the case of 1 M

K2CO3. Since K2CO3 is a weak electrolyte hence ionic dissociation is also poor, which

is responsible for its lower ionic mobility, conductivity and hence it’s specific

capacitance (Res. J. 2011).

Synopsis:

Highly confined ions store charge more efficiently in supercapacitors

Liquids exhibit specific properties when they are adsorbed in nanoporous

structures. This is particularly true in the context of supercapacitors, for which an

anomalous increase in performance has been observed for nanoporous electrodes.

This enhancement has been traditionally attributed in experimental studies to the effect

of confinement of the ions from the electrolyte inside sub-nanometre pores, which is

accompanied by their partial desolvation. Here we perform molecular dynamics

simulations of realistic supercapacitors and show that this picture is correct at the

microscopic scale. We provide a detailed analysis of the various environments

experienced by the ions. We pick out four different adsorption types, and we,

respectively, label them as edge, planar, hollow and pocket sites upon increase of the

coordination of the molecular species by carbon atoms from the electrode. We show

that both the desolvation and the local charge stored on the electrode increase with the

degree of confinement (Conway, B. E. 1999).

Ionic liquid incorporated polymer eletrolytes for supercapacitor application

The study of the EMI, TFSI ionic liquid as a model electrolyte in a non-

associative environment in a 3-electrode configuration using microporous Ti-CDCs

electrodes with a narrow distribution of micropores produced results that are in

agreement with our previous study performed under a 2-electrode configuration and

have affirmed that maximum capacitance can be achieved when the carbon pore size

is in proximity of the ion size.

Extents of desolvation of the electrolyte ions upon adsorption into the pores under an

applied potential were established. From the CVs recorded at 100 mV/s, the effective

sizes of adsorbed ions are found to decrease in the order: TFSI− in AN> EMI+ in AN>

EMI+∼= TFSI−. This confirms that although the bare sizes of the neat electrolyte ions

(EMI+ and TFSI−) are fairly close, they have different affinities for the solvent

molecules (AN), hence resulting in different extent of solvation and therefore different

solvated ion sizes. The electrochemical kinetics study of the small pore size CDC

sample (0.68 nm) in AN+2M EMI+, TFSI− electrolyte showed that the TFSI− anion

adsorption in the pores was a diffusion-controlled process because of the lack of

accessibility due to size effect. When the carbon pore size was increase to be close the

ion size, for the 1nm CDC sample, a set of highly reversible peaks appear on the

capacitive CV leading to 25% extra-capacitance at 10mVs−1 scan rate. This reversible

extra-capacitance is suspected to be issued from an increase of the electrostatic

interactions between the ions and the carbon pore walls in this confined environment.

Further work is needed to fully characterize the ion transport and adsorption in these

sub-nanopores, but these new results confirm that matching the pore size of carbon to

the ion size of electrolyte is of vital importance for optimizing specific capacitance,

when using either solvated or solvent-free ionic liquid electrolytes (Lin, Huang and

Ségalini, Largeot, Taberna, Chmiola, Gogotsi, Simon, 2009).

DEFINITION OF TERMS:

AEROGELIt is a synthetic porousultralight material derived from agel, in which the liquidcomponent of the gel has been replaced with a gas.

ANODEIt is define as the electrode at which electrons leave the cell and oxidation occurs.

BARIUM TITANATEIt is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaTiO3.

BATTERYIt is a device consisting one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.

CARBON NANOTUBECarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.

CAPACITORIt is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electro statically in an electric field.

CATHODEAs the electrode at which the electrons enter the cell and reduction occurs.

CDCTiC-derived carbon (CDC) powders

CMECavity-MicroElectrode

DIELECTRICIt is an electrical insulator that can be polarized by an applied electric field.

EDLCElectrochemical Double Layer Capacitor

ELECTRODEIt is an electric conductor used to make contact with a non-metallic part of a circuit.

ELECTROLYTEIt is a compound that ionizes when dissolve in suitable ionizing solvents such as water.

EMIEthyl-methylimmidazolium-bisimide ionic liquid

ENERGY DENSITYIt is a measured either gravimetrically (percent mass) in watt-hours per kilogram (Wh/kg) or volumetrically (percent of volume) in watts hour per liter (Wh/L).

FARADIt is the SI derived unit of electrical capacitance. It is named after the English physicist Michael Faraday.

GRAPHENEIt is is a 2-dimensional, crystaline allotrope of carbon.

IONSIt is an atom or molecule or group that has lost or gained one or more electrons.

NANOTECHNOLOGYIt is the manipulation of matter on an atomic, molecular, and supramolecular scale.POWER DENSITY

It is measured either gravimetrically in KW per kg (KW/kg) or jn volumetrically in KW/L.

SUPERCAPACITORIt is formerly electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC), is the generic term for a

family of electrochemical capacitors. Supercapacitors, sometimes also called

ultracapacitors, don't have a conventional solid dielectric.

TFSITrifluoromethane- sulfonyl ionc liquid.

References:

1. Lin, R. and Huang , P. and Ségalini, J. and Largeot, C. and Taberna,Pierre-Louis and Chmiola, John and Gogotsi, Y. and Simon, Patrice ( 2009) Solvent effecton the ion adsorption from ionic liquid electrolyte into sub-nanometer carbon pores.Electrochimica Acta, vol. 54.

2. Conway, B. E. (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications Kluwer.

3. Res.J. (2011). A Study of Effect of Electrolytes on the Capacitive Properties of Mustard Soot Containing Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Research Journal of Chemical Science. Vol. 1(3).

4. B. E. Conway. Springer, (1999). Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Scientific Fundamentals and Technological Applications. Explains the basic science of double-layer capacitors and the differences between supercapacitors and batteries, before considering applications such as electric vehicles and computer memories.

5. Gao Qing Lu (ed). John Wiley & Sons, (2011). Comprehensive, current review of the science and applications of supercapacitors.

6. M.S. Halper & J.C. Ellenbogen (2006). Supercapactior: A Brief Overview. MITRE Nanosytems Group. Page 1.

7. S.W. Chieh (2013). Implementation and Study of Super-capacitor Cell Power Management System. Taiwan Textile Research Insitute. Progress in Electriomagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings. pp 705-708.

Rizal Technological University

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL

TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING AND

TECHNOLOGY

“The Effectiveness of Multi-layered Roofing as Capacitor”

SUBMITTED BY:

Bayan, Lean-Riz

Cagalingan, Marjun

Lumantas, Fiel Adonis

Ganchoon, Jonnie

Parambita, Rossana

Villanueva, Gemar

SUBMITTED TO:

Engr. Timajo