ps 199 - report modernization

Main Source: Black, Cyril. Comparative Modernization

General Theory of Modernization

By: MSBontuyan

• There is greater control which modern person has over his natural and social environment based on the expansion of scientific and technological knowledge.

TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN SOCIETY

Source: Huntington, Samuel. ‘Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25

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According to Marion Levy:☼Members of a modernized society use inanimate sources of power and / or use tools to multiply the effects of their effortsAccording to Cyril Black☼Results from adaptation of “historically evolved institutions… to the rapidly changing functions that reflect the unprecedented increase in man’s knowledge, permitting control over his environment, and scientific revolution.According to Dankwart Rustow☼Rapidly widening control over nature through closer cooperation among men


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Traditional Modern♦ Passive and acquiescent♦ expects continuity in nature

and society ♦ doesn’t believe in the capacity

of humans to change or control

• Believes in the desirability and possibility of change

• Has confidence in the ability to control change and accomplish his/her purposes

TRADITIONAL VS. MODERN PERSON


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• Characterized by tremendous accumulation of knowledge about human’s environment and the diffusion of this knowledge through society by means of literacy, mass communications and education.

THE MODERN SOCIETY


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• Involves much better health, longer life expectancy and higher rates of occupational and geographical mobility. Predominantly urban rather than rural.

THE MODERN SOCIETY


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SOCIALLY:•The family and other primary groups having diffuse roles are supplemented in modern society by consciously organized secondary associations having more specific functions.

ECONOMICALLY: •There is a diversification of activity as a few simple occupations give way to many more complex ones.•The level of occupational skill and the ratio of capital to labor are much higher than traditional society.

THE MODERN SOCIETY


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• Commercial and industrial rather than subsistence agriculture

• Economic activity has a greater scope• There is centralization of such activity at the national level

with the emergence of the national market, national sources of capital and other national economic institutions.

THE MODERN SOCIETY


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According to Robert Ward and Rustow:1.Highly differentiated and functionally specific system of governmental organization.2.A high degree of integration within the governmental structure3.Prevalence of rational and secular procedures for the making of political decisions4.Large volume, wide range, and high efficacy of its political and administrative decisions5.A widespread and effective sense of popular identification with the history, territory and national identity of the state6.Widespread popular interest and involvement in the political system7.Allocation of political roles by achievement rather than ascription8.Judicial and regulatory techniques based upon a predominantly impersonal system of law.

MODERN POLITY


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Generally:A modern polity is characterized by rationalized authority,

differentiated structure, mass participation and a consequent capability to accomplish a broad range of goals


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1. As a revolutionary process2. As a complex process3. As a systemic process4. As a global process5. As a lengthy process6. As a phased process7. As a homogenizing process8. As a irreversible process9. As a progressive process

CHARACTERISTICS OF MODERNIZATION AS A PROCESS


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Source: Wucherpfennig, Julian. “Modernization and Democracy: Theories and Evidence Revisited”. Center for Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

• for any democratic regime to survive, it must provide sufficient legitimacy as perceived by its citizens which is typically achieved by continuous economic development (effectiveness).

• emphasized the strengthened role of the middle class in a modernized society by pointing towards the social mechanisms. Here equality is central, both in socio-political terms and in economic terms.

• modernization according to Lipset manifests itself largely through changing social conditions that foster a democratic culture.


• Stronger in human capital, especially education, and exposed to wider and more diverse audiences (e.g., within voluntary associations), workers in developed countries are more receptive towards democratic values of tolerance and less so towards regime-hostile ideologies.

• This is especially true when workers are granted economic and political rights.

• Indeed, modernization increases the receptiveness to the type of norms and values that mitigate conflict, penalize extremist groups, and reward moderate democratic parties.


In this context, it is particularly

redistribution and citizenship that prevent workers

from revolutionary

struggle and the resulting

economic equality that allows for

effective democracy.

Modernization Theory according to Lipset


“A society divided between a large impoverished mass and a small favored elite would result either in oligarchy (…) or in

tyranny” - Lipset


Modernization, therefore, is a series of transitions from primitive, subsistence economies to technology intensive, industrialized

economies; from subject to participant political cultures; from closed, ascriptive

status systems to open, achievement – oriented systems; from religious to secular

ideologies and so on.


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• Main Source: Black, Cyril. ‘Comparative Modernization’. - Huntington, Samuel. ‘Change to Change:

Modernization, Development, and Politics. pp 25 – 37• Wucherpfennig, Julian. “Modernization and Democracy:

Theories and Evidence Revisited”. Center for Comparative and International Studies. < http://democracy.livingreviews.org>

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ps 199 - report modernization

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