pserc seminar: real time monitoring of cascading events

PSERC

Real Time Monitoring of Real Time Monitoring of Cascading EventsCascading Events

Mladen KezunovicMladen KezunovicNan Zhang, Hongbiao SongNan Zhang, Hongbiao Song

Texas A&M University Texas A&M University PSERC TelePSERC Tele--Seminar, March 28, 2006Seminar, March 28, 2006

©2006 Mladen Kezunovic. All rights reserved.

©©2006 Mladen Kezunovic. All rights reserved.2006 Mladen Kezunovic. All rights reserved.22

PSERCProject Reports (SProject Reports (S--19)19)

M. Kezunovic, H. Song and N. Zhang, “Detection, prevention and mitigation of cascading events: Part I of final project report,” Power Systems Engineering Research Center, 2005, [Online] Available: http://www.pserc.org. (Texas A&M University)

V. Venkatasubrimanian and J. Quintero, “Detection, prevention and mitigation of cascading events: Part II of final project report,” Power Systems Engineering Research Center, 2005, [Online] Available: http://www.pserc.org. (Washington State University)

V. Vittal and X. Wang, “Detection, prevention and mitigation of cascading events: Part III of final project report,” Power Systems Engineering Research Center, 2005, [Online] Available: http://www.pserc.org. (Iowa State University)


PSERCOverviewOverview

BackgroundBackgroundProblems to be SolvedProblems to be SolvedOur SolutionOur SolutionImplementation IssuesImplementation IssuesConclusion and Future Work Conclusion and Future Work



BackgroundBackgroundProblems to be SolvedProblems to be SolvedOur SolutionOur SolutionImplementation IssuesImplementation IssuesConclusion and Future WorkConclusion and Future Work


PSERCTypical Cascading BlackoutTypical Cascading Blackout

TriggeringEvents

Faults, Frequency ChangesPower Swings, Overloads,

Voltage problems

Protection Relays Trip Lines, Generators,

Transformers or Loads

System switching, Generator reject., Load shed. Instability, Voltage Collapse

BlackoutState

The events are sequential and iterative


PSERCTypical Cascading BlackoutTypical Cascading Blackout

TriggeringEvents

Faults, Frequency ChangesPower Swings, Overloads,

Voltage problems

Protection Relays Trip Lines, Generators,

Transformers or Loads

System switching, Generator reject., Load shed. Instability, Voltage Collapse

BlackoutState

Relay operation is a major contributing factor


PSERCCascading Blackouts Cascading Blackouts vsvs TimeTime

tPreconditions TriggeringEvents

SlowProgression

FastProgression

FinalBlackout

An Example: Tripped elements vs time (from Aug. 14, 2003 blackout final report)

Prevent blackout by acting as early as possible

The slow pace in theInitial stages allows the

time for remedial actions


PSERCExample on IEEE 39 bus SystemExample on IEEE 39 bus System

Scenarios

Relay at Line 26-29, its Zone 3 setting over-reaches line 29-28 to provide back-upprotection

Sequential faults occuron Line 21-22 and 28-29


PSERCRelay at Line 26Relay at Line 26--29 (Security 29 (Security Issue)Issue)

After the two faults are cleared by removing 21-22 and 28-29, the Power swing that follows may cause relay at

line 26-29 to operate in Zone 3 although there is no fault on that line.

This is a typical relay misoperation mode!!


PSERCAnother Case (Dependability Another Case (Dependability Issue)Issue)

The Same Events as theprevious one. But the fault clearance for the second fault in 28-29 byrelay 28-29 fails due tothe relay or CB physical failure.

Relay 26-29 and 26-28 have to operate as backup, causing blackout of the circled area.


PSERCProblems to be SolvedProblems to be Solved

Local LevelLocal Level

The dependability and security need to The dependability and security need to be improved simultaneously.be improved simultaneously.

A real time monitoring tool to assess the A real time monitoring tool to assess the relay failure/relay failure/misoperationmisoperation is needed.is needed.

A realA real--time fault analysis tool as a time fault analysis tool as a reference for relay operation verification is reference for relay operation verification is a necessity. a necessity.


PSERCProblems to be SolvedProblems to be SolvedSystem LevelSystem Level

Improve situational awareness of system Improve situational awareness of system operators during the dynamic changing operators during the dynamic changing conditions conditions

Provide effective interaction between the Provide effective interaction between the systemsystem--wide and local level analysis wide and local level analysis

Implement operator decisionImplement operator decision--making making support tools during emergency support tools during emergency


PSERCInteraction between SystemInteraction between System--wide wide and Local Monitoring and Controland Local Monitoring and Control

System Monitoring and Control

Security Analysis

Routine-based

Event-based

Security Control

Steady-State

Transient Stability

Local Monitoring and Control

Real-time Fault Analysis

Neural Network

Synchronized Sampling

Relay Operation Monitoring

Event Tree Analysis

System Status

Disturbance Report

Measurements Control ControlMeasurements

Power System and Protection System

Local Monitoring


PSERC

Local Monitoring and ControlLocal Monitoring and Control


PSERCReal Time Fault Analysis ToolReal Time Fault Analysis Tool

Current operational issues:Current operational issues:-- Performance of a conventional distance relay Performance of a conventional distance relay depends on accuracy of depends on accuracy of phasorphasor measurements and measurements and appropriateness of relay settings. appropriateness of relay settings. -- In some extreme conditions (i.e. overload, system In some extreme conditions (i.e. overload, system stability oscillation), the measurements may be stability oscillation), the measurements may be inaccurate and/or settings may be inappropriate inaccurate and/or settings may be inappropriate causing relay causing relay misoperationmisoperation..-- Relay Relay misoperationmisoperation may be due to either a loss of may be due to either a loss of selectivity or physical failure of the relay or circuit selectivity or physical failure of the relay or circuit breaker.breaker.


PSERCReal Time Fault Analysis ToolReal Time Fault Analysis Tool

Our solution:Our solution:-- Fault analysis tool uses timeFault analysis tool uses time--domain signals domain signals directly (not directly (not phasorsphasors) and stays away from the ) and stays away from the concept of traditional fixed settings. concept of traditional fixed settings.

-- A very accurate fault analysis is achieved as a A very accurate fault analysis is achieved as a result of providing a reference for evaluation of the result of providing a reference for evaluation of the correctness of conventional relay operation. correctness of conventional relay operation.


PSERCLocal Monitoring and ControlLocal Monitoring and Control


Security Analysis

Routine-based

Event-based

Security Control

Steady-State

Transient Stability



Neural Network



Event Tree Analysis

System Status

Disturbance Report



Local Monitoring


PSERCNeural Network Based Fault Neural Network Based Fault DiagnosisDiagnosis

Overall Scheme


PSERCTraining and Testing ProcessTraining and Testing Process

Input Pattern (using normalized raw samples)

Pattern Space

Training (Self-Organized Clustering Technique)Testing (Fuzzy K-nearest neighbor classifier)

(2-D demo)


PSERC

BenefitsBenefitsNo No phasorphasor calculation, time domain samples onlycalculation, time domain samples onlyNo relay settingsNo relay settingsMore accurate under complex situations because of More accurate under complex situations because of

the extensive training processthe extensive training processSignal preprocessing eliminates the impacts from Signal preprocessing eliminates the impacts from

power swing and prepower swing and pre--fault loadingfault loadingUse of multiple neural networks enhances the Use of multiple neural networks enhances the

capability of dealing with large data set capability of dealing with large data set

Neural Network based approach provides a more Neural Network based approach provides a more accurate fault detection and classification by using the accurate fault detection and classification by using the same data inputs as distance relay same data inputs as distance relay




Security Analysis

Routine-based

Event-based

Security Control

Steady-State

Transient Stability



Neural Network



Event Tree Analysis

System Status

Disturbance Report



Local Monitoring


PSERCSynchronized Sampling based Synchronized Sampling based Fault DiagnosisFault Diagnosis


PSERCFault Detection FeatureFault Detection Feature

Short Line ModelShort Line Model

Long Line ModelLong Line Model

When no internal fault, those features equal to zero; When there is an internal fault, those features are related to fault current

Extremely accurate fault location is achieved


PSERC

BenefitsBenefits

Complete solution of fault detection, classification, Complete solution of fault detection, classification, and fault location. and fault location.

TimeTime--domain calculation, no domain calculation, no phasorphasor computation or computation or relay setting issues.relay setting issues.

No assumptions about fault parameters and system No assumptions about fault parameters and system conditions. conditions.

Immune from power swing, overload, and other Immune from power swing, overload, and other nonnon--fault situation.fault situation.

Synchronized Sampling based fault diagnosis using Synchronized Sampling based fault diagnosis using data from two ends provides a very high accuracy in data from two ends provides a very high accuracy in fault detection, classification, and location.fault detection, classification, and location.


PSERCReal Time Fault Analysis Tool Based on Real Time Fault Analysis Tool Based on Combination of the Two AlgorithmsCombination of the Two Algorithms

Used as a reference for evaluation of conventional relay operation


PSERCBenefitsBenefits

Neither of the two techniques uses the Neither of the two techniques uses the phasorphasormeasurement of fixed relay setting concepts.measurement of fixed relay setting concepts.

The two techniques combined offer a superior fault The two techniques combined offer a superior fault classification and fault location classification and fault location

The two techniques complement each other assuring The two techniques complement each other assuring redundant fault analysis result for verifying relay redundant fault analysis result for verifying relay operation. operation.

Two techniques can share the same hardware for a Two techniques can share the same hardware for a reduced cost.reduced cost.

The accuracy of Integrated fault analysis is very high The accuracy of Integrated fault analysis is very high based on simulation results. Dependability and Security based on simulation results. Dependability and Security could be improved simultaneously.could be improved simultaneously.


PSERCPerformance at a GlancePerformance at a Glance

Comprehensive simulation studies has been conducted Comprehensive simulation studies has been conducted using using CenterPointCenterPoint SKYSKY--STP system and WECC 9STP system and WECC 9--bus bus system. Simulation results have been reported in system. Simulation results have been reported in several references listed at the end.several references listed at the end.Both neural network and synchronized sampling based Both neural network and synchronized sampling based fault diagnosis offer significant improvement over fault diagnosis offer significant improvement over related functions of a distance relay.related functions of a distance relay.Neural network is especially good at fault classification Neural network is especially good at fault classification and synchronized sampling is good at internal/external and synchronized sampling is good at internal/external fault discrimination and fault location. fault discrimination and fault location. The combination of the two techniques takes The combination of the two techniques takes advantage of the benefits of each technique. advantage of the benefits of each technique. Our simulation results show that the power swing Our simulation results show that the power swing and/or overload do not confuse either technique.and/or overload do not confuse either technique.




Security Analysis

Routine-based

Event-based

Security Control

Steady-State

Transient Stability



Neural Network



Event Tree Analysis

System Status

Disturbance Report



Local Monitoring


PSERCMonitoring of Relay OperationMonitoring of Relay Operation

The existing analysis tools for monitoring The existing analysis tools for monitoring relay operation are used offrelay operation are used off--line. The line. The analysis result offanalysis result off--line tools may not not be line tools may not not be helpful in mitigating power system helpful in mitigating power system disturbance in realdisturbance in real--time.time.We propose a real time relay monitoring tool We propose a real time relay monitoring tool using event tree analysis. The previously using event tree analysis. The previously described fault analysis tool will provide the described fault analysis tool will provide the reference for evaluation of relay operation. reference for evaluation of relay operation.


PSERCEvent Tree Analysis for relay Event Tree Analysis for relay operation monitoringoperation monitoring

t

Real time Monitoring

Misoperation Alarms (Red Nodes)


PSERC

Event Tree AnalysisEvent Tree Analysis

Be informed about relay misoperations and suggested remedial actions


PSERCBenefitsBenefits

A selfA self--explainable, userexplainable, user--friendly tool for online friendly tool for online monitoring of relay operations.monitoring of relay operations.

Provide informed suggestion of remedial actions for Provide informed suggestion of remedial actions for the relay the relay misoperationsmisoperations..

The generic design of event trees is distributed to The generic design of event trees is distributed to each single relay system (for each relay, there are each single relay system (for each relay, there are three types of events: no fault, fault in primary zone, three types of events: no fault, fault in primary zone, fault in backup zone). The number of event trees is fault in backup zone). The number of event trees is finite and the design is feasible.finite and the design is feasible.

Event Tree Analysis provides an efficient way for real Event Tree Analysis provides an efficient way for real time observation of relay operations and an effective time observation of relay operations and an effective local disturbance diagnostic support.local disturbance diagnostic support.


PSERC

System Monitoring and ControlSystem Monitoring and Control


PSERCSystem Monitoring and ControlSystem Monitoring and Control


Security Analysis

Routine-based

Event-based

Security Control

Steady-State

Transient Stability



Neural Network



System Status

Disturbance Report



Event Tree Analysis

Local Monitoring


PSERCFunctions at a GlanceFunctions at a Glance

Security analysisSecurity analysisRoutineRoutine--based: for expected events based: for expected events (contingency analysis, vulnerability analysis)(contingency analysis, vulnerability analysis)EventEvent--based: for unexpected eventbased: for unexpected eventSecurity controlSecurity controlSteady state control: solve overload, low/high Steady state control: solve overload, low/high voltage problemvoltage problemTransient stability control: solve stability Transient stability control: solve stability problemproblemBoth for expected and unexpected eventsBoth for expected and unexpected events


PSERCUse of Local Information at Use of Local Information at the System Levelthe System Level

Know exact local disturbance information in realKnow exact local disturbance information in real--timetimeObtain local diagnostic support and predict future Obtain local diagnostic support and predict future events (i.e., line overload, relay events (i.e., line overload, relay misoperationmisoperation))Make better control decision based on correct Make better control decision based on correct local informationlocal informationEvaluate system security and take actions to Evaluate system security and take actions to preserve itpreserve it

Benefits: Help operators have good situational awarenessBenefits: Help operators have good situational awarenessProvide operators with decisionProvide operators with decision--making supportmaking support


PSERCUse of System Information at Use of System Information at the Local Levelthe Local Level

Identify threatening contingenciesIdentify threatening contingenciesIdentify vulnerable parts (lines and relays) and Identify vulnerable parts (lines and relays) and initiate local tool for careful monitoringinitiate local tool for careful monitoringBlock relay Block relay misoperationmisoperation during extreme during extreme conditions or make correction after systemconditions or make correction after system--wide wide analysisanalysisFind and store emergency control means ready Find and store emergency control means ready for expected contingenciesfor expected contingenciesFind emergency control means for real time Find emergency control means for real time unexpected eventsunexpected events

Benefits: Effective interaction between system and local Benefits: Effective interaction between system and local actions and operator decision making support actions and operator decision making support


PSERCPotential InfrastructurePotential Infrastructure


PSERCOnline ImplementationOnline Implementation

Step 1Step 1:: Routine security analysis performed by the system tool: (a) Routine security analysis performed by the system tool: (a) decides security level and finds vulnerable elements, then sendsdecides security level and finds vulnerable elements, then sendsmonitoring command to the local tool; (b) identifies critical monitoring command to the local tool; (b) identifies critical contingencies, and starts associated control schemes to find thecontingencies, and starts associated control schemes to find thecontrol means for those expected events.control means for those expected events.

Step 2Step 2:: Local monitoring performed by the local tool: (a) starts Local monitoring performed by the local tool: (a) starts analysis when disturbance occurs; (b) if it finds relay analysis when disturbance occurs; (b) if it finds relay misoperationmisoperation, it makes correction or receives system control , it makes correction or receives system control command for better control; (c) reports disturbance information command for better control; (c) reports disturbance information and analysis to the system tool.and analysis to the system tool.

Step 3Step 3:: EventEvent--based security analysis performed by the system based security analysis performed by the system tool: (a) if it finds a match with expected event, activates thetool: (a) if it finds a match with expected event, activates theemergency control; (b) if it does not find a match, analyzes if emergency control; (b) if it does not find a match, analyzes if the system is secure or not; (c) if it is not, finds new emergenthe system is secure or not; (c) if it is not, finds new emergency cy control and activates it. control and activates it.

Step 4Step 4:: Update information and go to Step 1.Update information and go to Step 1.


PSERCGraphic DemonstrationGraphic Demonstration

Routine-based Security Analysis

Event-based Security Analysis

Candidate control means

Selected control means

Local Monitoring Tool



System Level Substation Level

Substation 1

Substation 2

Substation n

Expected Unexpected

System Status& Monitoring command

Disturbance Report


PSERCData Measurements Data Measurements RequirementRequirement

Local Monitoring ToolLocal Monitoring ToolSynchronized sampling based approach: Synchronized sampling based approach: SynchronizedSynchronized raw samples ofraw samples of voltage and current from both voltage and current from both ends of transmission line, sampling rate in the order of 20KHz. ends of transmission line, sampling rate in the order of 20KHz. The Data source can be PMU or DFR.The Data source can be PMU or DFR.

Neural network based approach:Neural network based approach:Raw samples ofRaw samples of vvoltage and current from local end, sampling oltage and current from local end, sampling rate in the order of 16rate in the order of 16--32 samples/cycle. The data source can 32 samples/cycle. The data source can be share with synchronized sampling based approach.be share with synchronized sampling based approach.

Event Tree Analysis:Event Tree Analysis:Relay trip signal, circuit breaker Relay trip signal, circuit breaker ““aa’’ and and ““bb”” contact signal.contact signal.


PSERCData Measurements Data Measurements RequirementRequirement

System Monitoring ToolSystem Monitoring ToolFor static analysis of routineFor static analysis of routine--based and based and eventevent--based studies, as well as steady based studies, as well as steady state control scheme:state control scheme:-- Voltage, current and power flow Voltage, current and power flow phasorsphasors from PMU, or SCADA, from PMU, or SCADA, State Estimation, power flow analysis.State Estimation, power flow analysis.-- Topology information from SCADA or State Estimation.Topology information from SCADA or State Estimation.

For dynamic analysis of routineFor dynamic analysis of routine--based based and eventand event--based studies, as well as based studies, as well as transient stability control scheme:transient stability control scheme:Event information from contingency list, relay, DFR, SCADA.Event information from contingency list, relay, DFR, SCADA.


PSERCPotential UsesPotential Uses

Local Monitoring Tool to be used in SubstationsLocal Monitoring Tool to be used in SubstationsNeural network and synchronized sampling based approaches Neural network and synchronized sampling based approaches can be used as relay operation reference for enhanced can be used as relay operation reference for enhanced transmission line fault analysis. They can also be used as transmission line fault analysis. They can also be used as specific fault analysis functions in specific fault analysis functions in IEDsIEDs. . Event tree analysis can be used for real time monitoring of Event tree analysis can be used for real time monitoring of relay operations to provide a local event analysis support.relay operations to provide a local event analysis support.

System Monitoring Tool to be used in Control CenterSystem Monitoring Tool to be used in Control CenterRoutineRoutine--based security analysis can be used for enhanced view based security analysis can be used for enhanced view of system vulnerability and security.of system vulnerability and security.EventEvent--based security analysis can be used for timely solution based security analysis can be used for timely solution for early detection, prevention and mitigation of possible for early detection, prevention and mitigation of possible cascading events. cascading events. Staged control means are selected for the different violations Staged control means are selected for the different violations of the system status.of the system status.


PSERCConclusionsConclusions

Monitoring relay operations in real time and providing system Monitoring relay operations in real time and providing system situational awareness are very important for detecting and situational awareness are very important for detecting and preventing cascading events. preventing cascading events. Proposed local monitoring tool enables a superior real time Proposed local monitoring tool enables a superior real time fault analysis tool by using combined neural network and fault analysis tool by using combined neural network and synchronized sampling technique. The proposed event tree synchronized sampling technique. The proposed event tree analysis is an efficient approach for monitoring relay operationanalysis is an efficient approach for monitoring relay operations.s.The role of system monitoring and control tool is providing the The role of system monitoring and control tool is providing the system status in a dynamic situation and selecting the system status in a dynamic situation and selecting the appropriate appropriate control knowing the exact disturbance information control knowing the exact disturbance information from the local monitoring tool.from the local monitoring tool.Interactive systemInteractive system--wide and local schemes can prevent and wide and local schemes can prevent and mitigate the cascading blackouts effectively at the early stage.mitigate the cascading blackouts effectively at the early stage.Extensive studies have been implemented both at the local Extensive studies have been implemented both at the local substation level and system level. The simulation result substation level and system level. The simulation result demonstrated the excellent performance of both toolsdemonstrated the excellent performance of both tools


PSERCFuture WorkFuture Work

ResearchResearch

Algorithm improvement and integration for both system and Algorithm improvement and integration for both system and local tools.local tools.LargeLarge--scale system simulation for system monitoring tool.scale system simulation for system monitoring tool.Study of the communication scheme between system and local Study of the communication scheme between system and local monitoring tools.monitoring tools.

DeploymentDeployment

Field data test for local fault analysis algorithms.Field data test for local fault analysis algorithms.Study of effect from data measurements devices (PMU, DFR) Study of effect from data measurements devices (PMU, DFR) and transducers.and transducers.User interface development for both system and local tools; User interface development for both system and local tools; Development of demonstration software.Development of demonstration software.


PSERCPublicationsPublications

1.1. M. Kezunovic, B. Perunicic, and J. M. Kezunovic, B. Perunicic, and J. MrkicMrkic, , ““An accurate fault location An accurate fault location algorithm using synchronized samplingalgorithm using synchronized sampling””, Electric Power Systems , Electric Power Systems Research Journal, vol.29, no.3, pp. 161Research Journal, vol.29, no.3, pp. 161--169, May 1994.169, May 1994.

2.2. M. Kezunovic, B. Perunicic, M. Kezunovic, B. Perunicic, ““Automated transmission line fault Automated transmission line fault analysis using synchronized sampling at two ends.analysis using synchronized sampling at two ends.”” IEEE Trans. IEEE Trans. Power Systems. vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 441Power Systems. vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 441--447, Feb. 1996 447, Feb. 1996

3.3. A. A. GopalakrishnanGopalakrishnan, M. Kezunovic, , M. Kezunovic, ““Fault location using distributed Fault location using distributed parameter transmission line modelparameter transmission line model””, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, , IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol.15, no.4, pp.1169vol.15, no.4, pp.1169--1174, Oct. 2000. 1174, Oct. 2000.

4.4. S. Vasilic, M. Kezunovic, S. Vasilic, M. Kezunovic, ““Fuzzy ART neural network algorithm for Fuzzy ART neural network algorithm for classifying the power system faults classifying the power system faults ””, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, , IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 20, no. 2, pp.1306vol. 20, no. 2, pp.1306--1314, Apr. 20051314, Apr. 2005

5.5. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““Verifying the Protection System Operation Verifying the Protection System Operation Using an Advanced Fault Analysis Tool Combined with the Event Using an Advanced Fault Analysis Tool Combined with the Event Tree Analysis Tree Analysis ””, NAPS2004, 36th Annual North American Power , NAPS2004, 36th Annual North American Power Symposium, Moscow, Idaho, August, 2004Symposium, Moscow, Idaho, August, 2004

6.6. H. Song, M. Kezunovic, H. Song, M. Kezunovic, ““Relieving Overload and Improving Voltage Relieving Overload and Improving Voltage by the Network Contribution Factor (NCF) Methodby the Network Contribution Factor (NCF) Method””, NAPS2004, 36th , NAPS2004, 36th Annual North American Power Symposium, Moscow, Idaho, August, Annual North American Power Symposium, Moscow, Idaho, August, 20042004


PSERCPublications (ContPublications (Cont’’d)d)

7.7. H. Song, M. Kezunovic, H. Song, M. Kezunovic, ““A Comprehensive Contribution Factor A Comprehensive Contribution Factor Method for Congestion ManagementMethod for Congestion Management””, 2004 Power Systems , 2004 Power Systems Conference & Exposition, New York, October, 2004Conference & Exposition, New York, October, 2004

8.8. H. Song, M. Kezunovic, H. Song, M. Kezunovic, ““Stability Control using PEBS method and Stability Control using PEBS method and Analytical Sensitivity of the Transient Energy MarginAnalytical Sensitivity of the Transient Energy Margin””, 2004 Power , 2004 Power Systems Conference & Exposition, New York, October, 2004Systems Conference & Exposition, New York, October, 2004

9.9. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““ Coordinating Fuzzy ART Neural Networks Coordinating Fuzzy ART Neural Networks to Improve Transmission line Fault Detection and Classificationto Improve Transmission line Fault Detection and Classification””, , 2005 IEEE PES General Meeting, San Francisco, June 2005.2005 IEEE PES General Meeting, San Francisco, June 2005.

10.10. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““ A Study of Synchronized Sampling Based A Study of Synchronized Sampling Based Fault Location Algorithm Performance under Power Swing and OutFault Location Algorithm Performance under Power Swing and Out--ofof--step Conditionsstep Conditions””, 2005 IEEE St. Petersburg , 2005 IEEE St. Petersburg PowerTechPowerTech, St. , St. Petersburg, Russia, June 2005. Petersburg, Russia, June 2005.

11.11. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““Implementing an advanced simulation tool Implementing an advanced simulation tool for advanced fault analysisfor advanced fault analysis””, 2005 IEEE PES T&D Asia & Pacific , 2005 IEEE PES T&D Asia & Pacific Conference, Conference, DalianDalian, China, Aug. 2005, China, Aug. 2005

12.12. H. Song, M. Kezunovic, H. Song, M. Kezunovic, ““Static Security Analysis based on Static Security Analysis based on Vulnerability Index (VI) and Network Contribution Factor (NCF) Vulnerability Index (VI) and Network Contribution Factor (NCF) MethodMethod””, 2005 IEEE PES T&D Asia Pacific, , 2005 IEEE PES T&D Asia Pacific, DalianDalian, China, August, , China, August, 20052005


PSERCPublications (ContPublications (Cont’’d)d)

13.13. N. Zhang, N. Zhang, H.SongH.Song, M. Kezunovic, , M. Kezunovic, ““New monitoring and control New monitoring and control scheme for preventing cascading outagescheme for preventing cascading outage””, NAPS2005, Ames, Iowa, , NAPS2005, Ames, Iowa, Oct. 2005 Oct. 2005

14.14. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““Improving RealImproving Real--time Fault Analysis and time Fault Analysis and Validating Relay Operations to Prevent Cascading BlackoutsValidating Relay Operations to Prevent Cascading Blackouts””, , 2005/2006 IEEE PES T&D Conference, Dallas, May 20062005/2006 IEEE PES T&D Conference, Dallas, May 2006

15.15. H. Song, M. Kezunovic, H. Song, M. Kezunovic, ““Static Analysis of Vulnerability and Static Analysis of Vulnerability and Security Margin of the Power SystemSecurity Margin of the Power System””, 2005/2006 IEEE PES T&D , 2005/2006 IEEE PES T&D Conference, Dallas, May 2006Conference, Dallas, May 2006

16.16. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““Complete Fault Analysis for Long Complete Fault Analysis for Long Transmission Line using Synchronized Sampling,Transmission Line using Synchronized Sampling,”” IFAC Symposium IFAC Symposium on Power Plants and Power Systems Control, on Power Plants and Power Systems Control, KananaskisKananaskis, Canada, , Canada, June 2006. June 2006.

17.17. N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, N. Zhang, M. Kezunovic, ““A Real Time Fault Analysis Tool for A Real Time Fault Analysis Tool for Monitoring Operation of Transmission Line Protective RelayMonitoring Operation of Transmission Line Protective Relay””, , Electric Power Systems Research Journal, (Accepted, In Press).Electric Power Systems Research Journal, (Accepted, In Press).

pserc seminar: real time monitoring of cascading events

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