psy 239 401 chapter 15 slides
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Personality PuzzleSixth Edition
by David C. Funder
Chapter 15:Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism
and Social Learning Theories
Slides created byTera D. LetzringIdaho State University 1
Objectives
• Discuss the two learning approaches to explaining personality: behaviorism and social learning theory
• Discuss the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS)
• Discuss the contributions and limitations of learning approaches to personality
2© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Learning-based Approaches
• Learning– Stimuli that occur close together in time will come
to elicit the same response– Behaviors followed by pleasant outcomes are
more likely to be repeated; behaviors followed by unpleasant outcomes are less likely to be repeated
• Explain personality in terms of learning principles
3© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Learning-based Approaches
• Emphasizes objectivity, publicly observable data, and tight theoretical reasoning
• Implies everyone should behave the same in the same environment/situation
4© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism
• Definition• People should be studied from the outside• Personality is the sum of everything a person
does• Belief that the causes of behavior can be
directly observed• Functional analysis
5© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism
• Empiricism– Experience is the direct product of reality– Reality determines personality, the structure of
the mind, and behavior– In opposition to rationalism – Implies that at birth the mind is essentially empty
• John Locke: tabula rasa, or blank slate
6© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Philosophical Roots of Behaviorism
• Associationism– Many things are associated because one causes
the other
• Hedonism– Explains the motivation for learning and behaving– Implications for values and morality
• Utilitarianism
7© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: Three Kinds of Learning
• Habituation– Simplest form of behavior change as a result of
experience– How to maintain the intensity of the original
response– It is possible to habituate to violence portrayed in
the media and video games, winning the lottery, and being paralyzed
8© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: Three Kinds of Learning
• Classical conditioning– Pavlov’s dog– One stimulus becomes a warning signal for
another stimulus– Physiology: classical conditioning affects
involuntary processes– Learned helplessness– Stimulus-response (S-R) connections in personality
9© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: Three Kinds of Learning
• Operant conditioning– Thorndike’s law of effect
10
Behaviorism: Three Kinds of Learning
• Operant conditioning– Techniques of operant
conditioning: Skinner• Skinner box• Reinforcement• Shaping
11
Behaviorism: Three Kinds of Learning
• Operant conditioning– People are not always aware of the causes of their
behavior.
12© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: Punishment
• Definition• Alternative: reward a response that is
incompatible with the one you want to prevent
13© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: Rules of Correct Application of Punishment
• Availability of alternative responses• Behavioral and situational specificity• Apply punishment immediately after the
behavior and every time it occurs• Condition secondary punishing stimuli• Avoid mixed messages
14© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism: The Dangers of Punishment
• Arousing emotion• It is difficult to be consistent• It is difficult to gauge the severity of
punishment• Teaches misuse of power• Motivates concealment• It is nearly impossible to use punishment
correctly15
© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Social Learning Theory
• Suspicion that behaviorism did not tell the whole story– Kohler’s chimpanzees
16© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Social Learning Theory
• Reaction to shortcomings of behaviorism– Ignores motivation, thought, and cognition– Primarily based on animal research– Ignores the social dimension of learning– Organisms are treated as essentially passive
17© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Habit hierarchy– The effect of rewards, punishments, and learning
is to rearrange the habit hierarchy– Learning does not change behavior—it changes
the hierarchy (i.e., personality)– Understand this to understand the person
18© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Motivation and drives– Primary drives– Secondary drives
• Drive reduction theory
19© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Frustration and aggression– The frustration-aggression hypothesis
• Psychological conflict – Approach-avoidance conflict
20© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Psychological conflict1. An increase in drive strength increases the
tendency for approach or avoidance2. When there are two competing responses, the
stronger response wins3. The tendency to approach increases as the
positive goal gets closer4. The tendency to avoid increases as the negative
goal gets closer
21© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
5. Tendency 4 is stronger than tendency 3• Avoidance gradient
22© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Dollard and Miller’s Social Learning Theory
• Psychological conflict predictions– People are willing to commit to behaviors that
produce conflict when they are far off in time– Regret will increase as the event gets closer in
time
23© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Rotter's Social Learning Theory
• Primary concerns of the theory• Expectancy value theory• Expectancy (for a behavior):
– Specific and general
• Locus of control– Internal vs. external– Domain-specific
24© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory
• Emphasizes the social nature of learning and the ways people interact with situations
• Efficacy expectations– Self-efficacy– Influenced by the self-concept– Influences motivation, and performance– How to change behavior
25© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory• Observational learning
– Bobo doll experiments
26© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Bandura's Social Learning Theory• Reciprocal determinism
– People are not passive– The self system affects behavior independent of
the environment
27© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
The Cognitive-Affective Personality System (CAPS)
• Mischel• Based on Kelly’s personal construct theory• The most cognitive version of social learning
theory• Combines two important ideas
– The individual’s interpretation of the world is all-important
– Thoughts proceed simultaneously on multiple tracks that occasionally intersect
28© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
CAPS: Interactions Among Systems
• The most important aspect of the many systems of personality and cognition is their interaction
• Definition of personality
29© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
CAPS: Cognitive Person Variables
• Cognitive and behavioral construction competencies
• Encoding strategies and personal constructs• Subjective stimulus values• Self-regulatory systems and plans• Affects
30© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
CAPS: If and Then
• If . . . then contingencies– Behavioral signature– Mischel wants these to replace traits as the
essential units for understanding personality differences
– Advantages: specificity, more sensitive to behavior change across situations
31© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Contributions of Learning Approaches to Personality
• Establishing psychology as an objective science
• Recognition that people’s behavior depends on the environment and even the specific, immediate situation
• A technology of behavior change– Used to treat phobias, addictions, and other
emotional and behavioral disorders
32© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Limitations of Learning Approaches to Personality
• Unclear whether behavioral therapies are generalizable and long-lasting
• Underappreciation of the degree to which the characteristic ways people think can cause them to respond differently to the same situation
33© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Behaviorism and Personality
• Behaviorism was too simple to account for the whole range of human and animal behavior
• Does what you do depend on rewards and punishments? What else does it depend on?
34© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Clicker Question #1
According to learning theorists, learning is the change in as a function of .a) behavior; experienceb) behavior; cognitionsc) personality; sensationsd) personality; associations
35© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Clicker Question #2
If a child is rewarded for saying thank-you after receiving a gift, then she will be more likely to say thank-you after receiving another gift. This change in behavior is the result of a) social learning.b) classical conditioning.c) operant conditioning.d) cognitive affect.
36© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
Clicker Question #3
The most cognitive of the social learning theories is from a) Bandura.b) Mischel.c) Rotter.d) Dollard and Miller.
37© 2013 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.