PSY 245: Drugs and BehaviorM-Th- 2:45pm-4:50pm

Dr. Robert HakanS&BS 105HOffice Hours:M-Th@ 9:15-10amE-mail: Hakanr@uncw.eduWeb: http://people.uncw.edu/hakanr/index.html

Drugs and BehaviorGeneral Issues

WHAT ARE DRUGS?

Drug – A Definition• A chemical or mixture of chemicals that alters

biological function when administered

Psychoactive drugs (also known as psychotropic drugs)

• Drugs that influence psychological processes– mood– emotion– perception– cognition– behavior

• Psychoactive drugs produce their effects by exerting direct action on the brain

The Science of Drugs• Pharmacology – The scientific study of drugs

and drug action

• Psychopharmacology – The subfield of pharmacology concerning the effects of drugs on behavior, emotion, and cognition

History of drug use and abuse

• Early drug use

Drugs Are Old

Drugs have been around since the dawn of time… probably

Coming on the Scene

• Alcohol as early as 6400 years BC • (Middle East-beer and huckleberry wine)• Opium 5000 BC (mesopotamia) “Joy plant”• Cannabis 3000 years BC (India/China-tea)• Coca 3000 BC (south America- chewing coca

leaves)• Tobacco 100 BC (Mexico)

• Use Spread mainly by explorers, trade or wars.

History of drug use and abuse in the U.S.

• Before the 1800s, drug use was generally unregulated

• Patent medicines

Early Use of Opiates in the U.S.

• Dover’s Powder (Thomas Dover) -introduced to U.S. in 1709.– For treatment of disease– Started a trend?..many other patent medicines

were marketed– Widely available at grocery stores, by mail etc..as

well as by physicians prescription.

Patent Medicines-cocaine

Patent Medicines-unregulated use of psychoactive substances in the 1800’s• Laudnum• Godfrey’s Cordial• Mrs. Wilson’s Soothing Syrup• Dr. Bruess’ Powerful Penetrating Peerless Remedy• Ayers Cherry Pectoral• McMunn’s Elixir• And many others

All contained significant amounts of opium, morphine and other psychoactive substances…

Chinese immigrants and Opium Dens

• Opium addiction in China was very high due to British trade and advocation of opium use in China

• Chinese immigrants were brought to U.S. most commonly to work on railroad construction– Many migrated back to San Fransisco and established

Opium Dens..introducing opium smoking to the U.S.

Opium Dens were demonized relatively early..places where all sorts of depravity

occurred and where innocent people (women) were lead toward a life of sin

Post Civil War: Soldier’s disease( morphine addiction)

Early Use of Cannabis Sativa (Marijuana) in the U.S.

• Imported from Europe by early settlers. Mostly used for its’ material properties.

• 1800s- Physicians used Extracts of the Sativa plant as an all purpose medicine.

• Recreational use appears to have developed only much later (1920’s) probably as a reaction to prohibition of alcohol.

• Minor use in the 1930s-1950s until demonizing propaganda in the 50s and 60’s produced an unintended soar in popularity of its’ nonmedical use

Patent medicines-heroin

??

Problems with Patent medicines

• They were not patented..contents were not described but were considered proprietary information

• Increasing concerns about Addictions and side-effects.

Problems with Patent Medicines cont’

• Samuel M. Kier’s “Rock Oil” – marketed petroleum as a cure all!

• Upton Sinclairs’ “The Jungle.” – Lived for 7 weeks in stockyard meatpacking

district of Chicago and published an expose.– Meat contamination was horrifying

A Brief History of U.S. Drug Laws

• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act–Made non-medical use of opiates and cocaine a

crime• Did not generally apply to patent medicines!

• Erroneously Included cocaine as a narcotic

• Did initiate opening of treatment centers

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• 1920 Prohibition Amendment– Over the period consumption dropped on average to 1.6

gal/year per capita.

Was Prohibition Successful?

Perhaps initially, but the effect was short lived. Other problems also emerged.

An interesting parallel

Clear drop in number of cirrhosis deaths during prohibition

Change in consumption of distilled liquor

There was a shift from beer to hard liquors.

Effectiveness of “Prohibition?”

Prohibition is a likely factor in the increased crime of this era.

commercial trade in marijuana for recreational use sprang up

• New York City, where marijuana "tea pads" were established about 1920. They resembled opium dens or speakeasies except that prices were very low; a man could get high for a quarter

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• 1920 Prohibition Amendment–Prohibition repealed by the 21st

amendment in 1933

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• 1920 Prohibition Amendment• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act

• In 1926 the New Orleans Item and Morning Tribune, two newspapers under common ownership, published highly sensational exposés of the "menace" of marijuana. 2 They reported that it was coming into New Orleans from Havana, Tampico, and Vera Cruz in large quantities, plus smaller amounts from Texas.

• Mr. Eugene Stanley, at that time District Attorney, declared that many of the crimes in New Orleans and the South were thus committed by criminals who relied on the drug to give them a false courage and freedom from restraint. Dr. George Roeling, Coroner, reported that of 450 prisoners investigated, 125 were confirmed users of marihuana. Mr. W. B. Graham, State Narcotic Officer, declared in 1936 that 60 percent of the crimes committed in New Orleans were by marihuana users." 9

?

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• 1920 Prohibition Amendment• 1937 Marijuana Tax Act• 1965 Drug Abuse Control

Amendment

1965 law controls:

• “Any substance having potential for abuse because of stimulant, depressant or hallucinogenic effects”

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act• 1914 Harrison Act• 1920 Prohibition Amendment• 1965 Drug Abuse Control

Amendment• 1970 Controlled Substances Act

Schedule of Controlled Substances

• Current schedule system has 5 schedules based on:– Safety– Medical use– Abuse potential

Schedule I

• Includes heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA– The drug or other substance has a high potential for

abuse.– The drug or other substance has no currently accepted

medical use in treatment in the United States.– There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or

other substance under medical supervision.

Schedule II

• Includes morphine, cocaine, Ritalin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, OxyContin – The drug or other substance has a high potential for

abuse.– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted

medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions.

– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence.

Schedule III

• Includes anabolic steroids and Marinol.– The drug or other substance has a potential for abuse less

than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II.– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted

medical use in treatment in the United States.– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to

moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.

Schedule IV

• Includes most benzodiazepines (Valium, Xanax, Ativan) and prescription sleep aids– The drug or other substance has a low potential for abuse

relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted

medical use in treatment in the United States.– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited

physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III.

Schedule V

• Includes codeine-containing cough medicines and some antidiarrheals.– The drug or other substance has a low potential for

abuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.

– The drug or other substance has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States.

– Abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV.

NC Schedule VI

• No currently accepted medical use in the United States

• Relatively low potential for abuse in terms of risk to public health and potential to produce psychic or physiological dependence liability based upon present medical knowledge

• Need for further and continuing study to develop scientific evidence of its pharmacological effects.

1970 Schedule System

Schedule Medical Abuse Potential

I NO High HeroinLSD

II YES High MorphineCocaine

III YES Some Barbs

IV YES Low ValiumXanax

V YES Very Low Coughmeds

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1986 Analogue Act

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1986 Analogue Act• 1988 Chemical Diversion and

Trafficking Act

• DEAs current tables of controlled substances

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1986 Analogue Act• 1988 Chemical Diversion and

Trafficking Act• 1996 Comprehensive

Methamphetamine Control Act

The Evolution of Drug Laws• 1986 Analogue Act• 1988 Chemical Diversion and

Trafficking Act• 1996 Comprehensive

Methamphetamine Control Act• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I

The Evolution of Drug Laws

• 1986 Analogue Act• 1988 Chemical Diversion and

Trafficking Act• 1996 Comprehensive

Methamphetamine Control Act• 2000 GHB placed in Schedule I• 1996 Compassionate use act

More History of Drug Laws in the US

For more legal information visit:http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives/law/law.s

html

For your consideration:Extended Synopsis of Drug Law history in the US

(not including the 18th Amendment) 1906-Pure food and Drug Act

1914 Harrison Act. Outlaws opiates, cocaine.

1915 First anti-marijuana law passed in Utah by the state legislature dominated by Mormons.

1922 Narcotic Drug Import and Export Act -intended to eliminate narcotics except in medicine.

1937 Marihuana Tax Act. The legislation extends controls over marijuana modeled on the control of other narcotics.

1942 Opium Poppy Control Act -licenses growing the poppy.

1951 Harrison Act Amendment -imposes mandatory sentences for narcotics violations.

1956 Narcotics Control Act — increases penalties for violation of narcotics laws.

A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’

1965 Drug Abuse Control Amendments (DACDA) — bring LSD, barbiturates, amphetamines under control.

1966 Narcotic Addict Rehabilitation Act — treatment permitted as alternative to incarceration.

1968 DACDA Amendments. Liberalizes punishments for non-repeaters.

1970 Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act (CDACA)— includes Controlled Substances Act. "No-knock" searches authorized.

1971 Nixon declares "War on Drugs," creates the Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention (SAODAP).

A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’

1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act — introduces Federal prevention, treatment programs.

1973 Methadone Control Act, Heroin Trafficking Act. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) established.

1974 Drug Abuse Treatment and Control Amendments.

1978 Alcohol and Drug Abuse Education Amendments. Department of Education gets a role. CDACA amendments allow authorities to seize drug traffickers' assets.

1980 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation Amendments — expands education and treatment programs.

1984 Drug Offenders Act — authorizes special offender treatment programs.

A History of Drug Laws in the US-cont’1986 Analogue (Designer Drug) Act — makes illegal substances that mimic in

effect or function natural drugs.

1988 Anti-Drug Abuse Act — establishes an oversight policy for the National Drug Control Policy.

1989 America's first Drug Czar is William Bennett under the first Bush administration.

1992 ADAMHA Reorganization. New organization is Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). From Uncle Adam to Uncle Sam?

1995 Congress overrides U.S. Sentencing Commission recommendation to correct racial imbalances in white/black sentencing for cocaine, crack.

1996 General Barry McCaffrey as new drug czar under the Clinton administration.

Anonymous survey Anyone?- You may choose not to participate. Provide no identifying information , but be

as accurate and honest as possible. Copy this table and fill in each cell as well as you can.

Ever in the last year?

In the past month? In the past week?

Today?

Alcohol

Marijuana

Hallucinogens

Cocaine or amphetamines

XTC

Opiates

Benzodiazepines