psy i: winter 2016: chpt 4 lecture

mastering the world ofpsychology

CHAPTER

fifth edition

Copyright © 2014, © 2011, © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved

Consciousness

4

Mastering the World of Psychology, Fifth EditionSamuel Wood | Ellen Green Wood | Denise Boyd

Learning Objectives

4.1 How do psychologists view consciousness?4.2 What is the connection between altered

states of consciousness and culture?4.3 How do circadian rhythms affect physiological

and psychological functions?4.4 How do disruptions in circadian rhythms

affect the body and mind?4.5 How do the restorative and circadian theories

explain sleep?4.6 What types of sleep occur during a typical

night of sleep?


Learning Objectives

4.7 How does age influence sleep patterns?4.8 What are the effects of sleep deprivation?4.9 What are the various sleep disorders?4.10 What have researchers learned about

dreams?4.11 How do the various theorists explain dreams?4.12 What are the benefits of meditation?4.13 How and why does hypnosis influence the

body and mind?


Learning Objectives

4.14 How do drugs affect the brain's neurotransmitter system?

4.15 How do physical and psychological drug dependence differ?

4.16 How do stimulants affect behavior?4.17 How do depressants affect behavior?4.18 How do hallucinogens affect behavior?


Overview

• What Is Consciousness?• Circadian Rhythms• Sleep• Dreams• Meditation and Hypnosis• Psychoactive Drugs


What is Consciousness?Changing Views of Consciousness• Consciousness

– everything of which we are aware at any given time thoughts, feelings, sensations, and

external environment• Early Psychologists

– saw consciousness as psychological in nature

LO 4.1


What is Consciousness?Changing Views of Consciousness• Today's Psychologists

– think about consciousness in neurobiological terms due to recent scientific advances

LO 4.1


What is Consciousness? Culture and Altered States of Consciousness

• Altered State of Consciousness– a change in awareness produced by

sleep, meditation, hypnosis, or drugs• Religious and Cultural Traditions

– often have supernatural explanations for altered states of consciousness

– Many have rituals that intentionally induce altered states of consciousness.

LO 4.2


What is Consciousness? Culture and Altered States of Consciousness

• There may be a universal human need to produce and maintain varieties of conscious experiences.

LO 4.2


Circadian Rhythm: The Influenceof Circadian Rhythms

• Circadian Rhythm regular fluctuation from high to low

points of certain bodily functions and behaviors within a 24-hour cycle

regulate all vital life functions More than 100 bodily functions and

behaviors follow circadian rhythms.

LO 4.3



• Suprachiasmatic Nucleus – structure in the hypothalamus– body's biological clock– controls timing of circadian rhythms– signals pineal gland to secrete or

suppress melatonin

LO 4.3



• The ebb and flow of circadian rhythms is not strictly biological.– Photoreceptors in retinas respond to the

amount of light reaching the eye, affecting rhythms.

LO 4.3



• Two Important Circadian Rhythms– body temperature

sleep best when body temperature is lowest

most alert when body temperature is at daily high point

LO 4.3



• Two Important Circadian Rhythms– alertness

follows a circadian rhythm separate from sleep/wakefulness cycle

less alert between 2:00 and 5:00 p.m., 2:00 and 7:00 a.m.

LO 4.3


Circadian Rhythms: Disruptions in Circadian Rhythms• Jet lag and working during subjective

night disrupt circadian rhythms.– can lead to sleep difficulty, reduced

alertness, memory deficits– Melatonin supplements are helpful in

alleviating jet lag.

LO 4.4


Circadian Rhythms: Disruptions in Circadian Rhythms• Subjective Night

– time during a 24-hour period when the biological clock tells a person to go to sleep

LO 4.4


Sleep:Why We Sleep

• Two complementary theories have been advanced to explain the need to sleep.– restorative theory of sleep

The function of sleep is to restore body and mind.

Restoration of energy and the consolidation of memory do occur during sleep.

LO 4.5


Sleep:Why We Sleep

• Two complementary theories have been advanced to explain the need to sleep.– circadian theory of sleep

Sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the night.

also known as evolutionary or adaptive theory

LO 4.5


How We Sleep:Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM)• Stage 1: transition from waking to

sleeping; irregular waves with occasional alpha waves

• Stage 2: transition from light to deeper sleep; sleep spindles (waves with alternating periods of calm and flashes of intense activity) appear

LO 4.6


How We Sleep:Non-Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM)• Stage 3: deeper sleep; slow-wave sleep

begins when EEG shows that 20 percent of brain waves are delta waves

• Stage 4: deepest sleep; Stage 4 sleep begins when 50 percent of waves are delta waves

LO 4.6


Figure 4.1 Brain-Wave Patterns Associated with Different Stages of SleepBy monitoring brain-wave activity on an EEG throughout a night’s sleep, researchers have identified the brain-wave patterns associated with different stages of sleep. As sleepers progress through the four NREM stages, the brain-wave pattern changes from faster, smaller waves in Stages 1 and 2 to the slower, larger delta waves in Stages 3 and 4.


How We Sleep:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)• During REM, the brain is highly active.• Epinephrine is released into the

system.– Blood pressure rises.– Heart rate and respiration become

faster and less regular.• Most vivid dreams occur during REM.

LO 4.6


How We Sleep:Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)• REM sleep may be critical to the

consolidation of memories.• REM Rebound

– increase in REM sleep after REM deprivation

LO 4.6


Variations in Sleep

• Infants and Young Children – sleep the longest– have largest percentage of REM and

slow-wave sleep• Children from 6 to Puberty

– sleep best– most consistent sleepers and wakers

LO 4.7


Variations in Sleep

• Adolescents– sleep patterns influenced by schedules– Insufficient sleep may contribute to poor

school performance.• Older Adults

– more difficulty falling asleep; sleep more lightly

– spend more time in bed, but less time asleep

LO 4.7


Figure 4.2 Average Hours of Daily Sleep across the Life Span.The number of hours devoted to sleep in each 24-hour period decreases dramatically across the life span.Sources: Foley, Ancoli-Israel, Britz, & Walsh, 2004; Iglowstein, Jenni, Molinari, & Largo, 2003; Hansen, Janssen, Schiff, & Zee, 2005; Millman, 2005; Mindell, 1999; Ohayan, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004.


Sleep Deprivation

• Effects of Sleep Deprivation– difficulty concentrating– impaired learning– negative mood

LO 4.8


Sleep Deprivation

• Effects on the Brain– decreased activity in temporal lobes

during verbal learning tasks– increased activity in prefrontal cortex

and parietal lobes compensates for decreased temporal

lobe activity

LO 4.8


Parasomnias and Dyssomnias

• Parasomnia behaviors and physiological states that

normally occur only in the waking state take place during sleep

• Dyssomnia – sleep disorder in which the timing,

quantity, or quality of sleep is impaired

LO 4.9


Sleep Disorders


The Content of Our Dreams

• REM Dreams– have a story-like quality– more visual, vivid, and emotional than

NREM dreams• NREM Dreams

– occur during NREM sleep– less frequent and memorable than REM

dreams

LO 4.10


The Content of Our Dreams

• Lucid Dreaming– set of techniques that enable dreamers

to control the content of dreams– Lucid dreams about exercise actually

seem to improve heart function.

LO 4.10


Interpreting Dreams

• Freud believed that dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires.– These desires are unacceptable to the

dreamer and must be disguised in symbolic forms.

LO 4.11


Interpreting Dreams

• Freud believed that dreams satisfy unconscious sexual and aggressive desires.– manifest content

content of a dream as recalled by the dreamer

– latent content the underlying meaning of a dream

LO 4.11


Interpreting Dreams

• Activation-Synthesis Theory– Dreams are the brain's attempt to make

sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep.

• Evolutionary Theory– Vivid REM dreams enable people to

rehearse skills needed to deal with threatening events.

LO 4.11


Meditation

• Techniques used to:– Block out distractions and achieve an

altered state of consciousness – Focus attention on an object, word,

one's breathing, or body movements• Can be helpful for physical and

psychological problems– controlling emotions– lowering blood pressure

LO 4.12


Meditation

• Neuroimaging studies suggest that some areas of brain may be permanently changed by long-term meditation practice.

LO 4.12


Hypnosis

• Procedure through which a hypnotist uses suggestion to change thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in the subject

• Some people cannot be hypnotized.• Viable technique used in medicine,

dentistry, psychiatry• Used in surgical pain management

LO 4.13


Table 4.1 What Do You Know about Hypnosis?


Theories of Hypnosis


Psychoactive Drugs

• Any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought– controlled substances

approved for medical use– illicit substances

illegal

LO 4.14


Psychoactive Drugs

• Many over-the-counter drugs are psychoactive.– antihistamines, decongestants

• Certain foods (such as chocolate) may alter mood.

LO 4.14


How Drugs Affect the Brain

• Psychoactive drugs create a sense of pleasure by increasing availability of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, a part of the brain's limbic system.

• How drugs affect neurotransmission:– Opiates mimic the effects of endorphins.– Depressants act on GABA receptors.– Stimulants mimic the effects of

epinephrine.

LO 4.14


Substance Abuse and Addiction

• Substance Abuse– continued use of a substance that

negatively affects an individual's work, education, and social relationships

• Physical Drug Dependence– User develops:

drug tolerance – becomes less affected by drug, needs

more for same effect

LO 4.15


Substance Abuse and Addiction

• Physical Drug Dependence– User develops:

withdrawal symptoms– physical and psychological symptoms that

arise when use is discontinued• Psychological Drug Dependence

– a craving or irresistible urge for the drug's pleasurable effects

LO 4.15


Stimulants

• Speed up activity in the central nervous system– suppress appetite– User feels more awake, alert, and

energetic.

LO 4.16


Stimulants

• Stimulants include:– Caffeine– Nicotine– Amphetamine– Cocaine

LO 4.16


Depressants

• Decrease activity in the central nervous system– slow down bodily functions– reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation

• Categories:– Sedative-hypnotics

alcohol barbiturates minor tranquilizers (benzodiazepines)

LO 4.17


Depressants

• Categories:– Narcotics (opiates)

morphine, heroin OxyContin, Vicodin

LO 4.17


Hallucinogens

• Alter and distort perceptions of time and space

• Cause hallucinations– have no basis in external reality

• Magnify the mood of the user at the time the drug was taken

LO 4.18


Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens include:– Marijuana

impairs attention and coordination and slows reaction time

smaller brain volume and a lower percentage of gray matter in the brain's cortex in users starting before age 17

LO 4.18


Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogens include:– Marijuana

appears to permanently stunt the development of neurons in the hippocampal regions of the brains of young users

LO 4.18


Hallucinogens

• LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)– Average "trip" lasts 10 to 12 hours– Usually produces extreme perceptual

and emotional changes visual hallucinations and feelings of

panic

LO 4.18


Hallucinogens

• LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)– Some users develop hallucinogen

persisting perception disorder (HPPD) visual cortex highly stimulated whenever

individual shuts eyes chronic visual hallucinations when trying

to sleep

LO 4.18


Hallucinogens

• Designer Drugs– Attempt to mimic effects of other drugs

without negative effects– All are derived from amphetamine.– STP (Serenity, Tranquility, Peace) and

Ecstasy (MDMA)

LO 4.18


The Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms of Some Psychoactive Drugs


The Effects and Withdrawal Symptoms of Some Psychoactive Drugs (continued)