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Psychodynamic Workbook

Name:

Group:

Exam Dates:

King Edward VI Psychology Department1

ContentsSpecification..........................................................................................................................................2

Psychodynamic Approach...................................................................................................................5

Content – Personality............................................................................................................................8

Content – Psychosexual development.................................................................................................10

Content – Gender Development..........................................................................................................11

Studies in detail – Freud (1909)...........................................................................................................13

Studies in detail: Other study (choice).........................................................................................15

Key issue.............................................................................................................................................17

Methodology.......................................................................................................................................18

Methodology – Case Studies...............................................................................................................22

Methodology – Correlational design...................................................................................................25

Evidence of Practice: short analysis task.............................................................................................28

Past Paper Questions...........................................................................................................................32


Specification1 – Definition of the approach

1a:Define the psychodynamic approach showing understanding that it is about the influence of unconscious processes on behaviour, and the importance of early childhood.

1b:Define and use psychological terminology accurately and appropriately including:i id, ego, superego, ii stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital),iii repression, iv Oedipus complex, v defence mechanisms, vi conscious, preconscious, unconscious.

2 – Methodology/How Science Works2a:

Describe and evaluate the case study as a research method used in psychology and as used in the psychodynamic approach.

2b:Describe, assess and apply issues of reliability, validity, subjectivity, objectivity and generalisability in the analysis of qualitative data.

2c:Evaluate Freud’s theory in terms of credibility (eg Masson, 1989).

2d:Describe, assess and apply the terms ‘cross-sectional’ and ‘longitudinal’ as applied to research methods.

2e:Describe, assess and apply issues of ethics and issues of credibility with regard to using personal data from methods such as case studies (eg should such data be in the public domain?).

2f:Describe and evaluate the correlational method/design.

2g:Identify, describe and apply a positive and a negative correlation, and a strength (eg +0.87) of correlation.

2h:Identify, describe and apply different sampling techniques including random sampling, stratified sampling, volunteer and self-selected sampling, and opportunity sampling, including advantages and disadvantages of each technique.

3 - Content3a:

Describe and evaluate Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, including the five stages of development, the Oedipus complex, and the parts of personality associated with the first three stages, and including focusing on the explanation of gender development/behaviour.

3b:Describe defence mechanisms including repression, and one other. Suitable examples: displacement, denial, projection and regression.

3c:Evaluate Freud’s theory as an explanation of gender development/behaviour, including comparison with explanations from the Biological and Learning Approaches.

4 – Studies in detail


4a:Describe and evaluate two studies in detail relating to Freud’s theory. One study must be Freud’s study of Little Hans (1909) and one other study. This must be selected from the following:

Axline V (1964/1990) Dibs: Personality Development in Play Therapy Bachrach et al (1991) Effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapies Cramer P (1997) Identity, personality and defence mechanisms

5 – Key issue5a:

Describe one key issue of relevance to today’s society and apply concepts, theories, and/or research (as appropriate) from the Psychodynamic Approach to explain the issue.Suitable examples:

effectiveness of psychoanalysis in treating abnormal and normal clients debate concerning the issue of false memory and repression debate concerning relationship of early childhood experience to later sexual

orientation debate about whether dreams have meaning.

Note: in the examination paper, students may be given stimulus material from a key issue to explain using concepts, theories and/or research (as appropriate) from the Psychodynamic Approach.

6 - Evidence of practice: short analysis task6a:

Devise and conduct one practical, which must be use a correlational design, using two rating scales and self-report data. Class data collection is acceptable.Suitable examples:

collection of self-reports of own tidiness and own parent strictness self-reports using other sets of data such as obstinacy, orderliness and parsimony.

6b:Draw a scattergram of the results.

6c:Carry out a Spearman’s test on the data and interpret the finding (eg +0.87 is a strong correlation).Note: with regard to inferential tests, no calculations will have to be carried out in the examinations and formulae do not have to be learnt.

6d:Write a short report of the procedure, sample, apparatus and results.

6e:Assess the correlation as a research tool in terms of advantages and limitations.

Note: students must be prepared to answer examination questions focused on practical work, which will include questions about the practical exercises themselves and questions about the general methodological issues that are specified for this particular unit. This will include the following requirement.

a Identify, describe and apply: i self-report, ii scattergram, iii correlation, iv positive and negative correlation , v procedure, vi rating scales, vii Spearman’s test, viii cross-sectional and longitudinal.


Psychodynamic ApproachWhat is the Psychodynamic approach?

What are the assumptions of the psychodynamic approach?

History of the psychodynamic approach:

Applications of the psychodynamic approach:


Glossary of terms

Id

Ego

Superego

Oral stage

Anal stage

Phallic stage

Latency stage

Genital stage

Repression

Oedipus complex

Defence mechanisms

Conscious

Preconscious

Unconscious

Complete the table with the definitions of the words listed and add any other words as you learn more about the psychodynamic approach.


Sigmund Freud

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Carl Jung


Content – Personality

Id:

Superego:

Ego:

Conscious:

Preconscious:

Unconscious:

Describe Freud’s theory of personality. (5 marks).


Personality – Defence Mechanisms

What are defence mechanisms?

Why do we have them?

Repression Example:

Displacement Example:

Denial Example:

Projection Example:

Regression Example:

Evaluation of Freud’s theory of personality

Strengths Weaknesses


Content – Psychosexual developmentWhat is Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?

Stages

Description PersonalityOral

Anal

Phallic

Latency

Genital

Evaluation of Freud’s theory of psychosexual develeopment



Content – Gender Development

Psychodynamic approach as an explanation for gender development

The story of Oedipus

Oedipus Complex

Electra Complex


Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach as an explanation for gender development


Comparison with biological explanation Comparison with learning explanation


Studies in detail – Freud (1909)

Case study of Little Hans

Aim

Procedure

Findings

Conclusions


Evaluation of Freud (1909)

GRAVE

Generalisability

Reliability

Application

Validity

Ethics


Studies in detail: Other study (choice)Name:

Aim

Procedure

Findings

Conclusions


Evaluation of other study (choice). Name:

GRAVE

Generalisability

Reliability

Application

Validity


Ethics

Key issueSuitable examples from the spec: effectiveness of psychoanalysis in treating abnormal and normal

clients, debate concerning the issue of false memory and repression, debate concerning relationship of

early childhood experience to later sexual orientation, debate about whether dreams have meaning.

Describing the issue…

One key issue from the psychodynamic approach is ...

What exactly is this issue all about?

Who does this issue impact upon? Where this is issue most relevant?


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Why should we care?! Why is this important to society?

Methodology

Longitudinal study

What is a longitudinal study? Example:

Evaluation of longitudinal studies



Cross-sectional study

What is a cross-sectional study? Example:

Evaluation of cross-sectional studies



How science works

Inferential statistics

Levels of measurementNominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Statistical significanceDefinition Levels Link to hypotheses


Types of inferential statisticsChi-squared

When?

Spearman

When?

Mann-Whitney U

When?

Critical value tableDefinition

Critical value Observed value


Link to hypotheses

Methodology – Case Studies

What is a case study?

Qualitative data

Analysis of qualitative data

Evaluation of case studies

Strengths WeaknessesKing Edward VI Psychology Department

22

Freud’s use of case studies

Dream analysis

What is the difference between the manifest content and the latent content?

Free association


Slips of the tongue

Evaluation of Freud’s case studies


Credibility


Methodology – Correlational design

What is a correlational design?

Positive correlation

+ve

Example:

Negative correlation

-ve

Example:


Positive correlation (graph) Negative correlation (graph)

Evaluation of correlational design

Strengths

Weaknesses


Spearman’s Rank

What is the equation used in the spearman’s rank statistical test?

What level(s) of data can be used in this test?

Practice


Evidence of Practice: short analysis taskYou must complete a correlation. You must collect your data through the use of self reports, using rating scales.

Introduction: Title and background research:

Research aim:

Variables:

1 –

2 –

Alternative hypothesis (one or two-tailed):


Null hypothesis:

Sample (including target population & sampling method with justification):

Examples of rating scales used:

Results of pilot study and solutions:

Controls:

Ethical considerations:

Procedure:


Results:

Scatter graph:


Conclusion:

Link to aim and theory:

Evaluation of analysis task. Title:

GRAVE

Generalisability

Reliability


Application

Validity

Ethics

Past Paper Questions

1 Robyn has just studied Freud in her psychology class. She realises her friend Liz maybe stuck in one of Freud’s stages as Liz bites her nails, smokes and is cynical. Whichstage might Liz be fixated in?

A The oral stage.B The anal stage.C The phallic stage.D The latency period stage.

2 Repression is a defence mechanism that

A directs hatred at someone elseB acts in a way to make a person look goodC motivates us to forgetD expresses the opposite of what we really feel

6 While at school Thomas noticed an increase in aggressive behaviour at break time


when more people were outside. This is an example of

A negative correlationB no correlationC positive correlation

12 Researchers carried out a correlational study to see if there was a relationshipbetween eating breakfast and students’ scores on a maths test. They carried out aSpearman’s rho test on the data and found that the observed value of rho was +0.519,N = 20.

Table to show the critical values for Spearman’s test.p ≤ 0.05 p ≤ 0.025

N = 20 0.380 0.447 (The observed/calculated value of rho must be equal to or greater than the critical/tablevalue to be significant.)

(a) What is meant by the term p ≤ 0.05?(2)

(b) (i) State whether the researchers would reject their null hypothesis.(1)(ii) Explain your answer to (b)(i).(2)

13 Oedipus was a man who had been raised by foster parents and did not know his realparents. He killed his father during a battle, and, as the victor, married his mother.

(a) Describe Freud’s theory of how boys develop through the Oedipus Complex. (4)

(b) Evaluate Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. (5)You may find it helpful to include:• application to real life• comparison with other explanations• methodology• research evidence.

*17 For part of your course you will have carried out a practical in the PsychodynamicApproach using a correlation.When evaluating your practical you may look at:

• validity• reliability• credibility• generalisability.

Describe the procedure of your practical, and evaluate your practical.Title of your investigation (10)King Edward VI Psychology Department

33

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