Psychology 100:11Psychology 100:11

Chapter 11: Part IIChapter 11: Part II

Development Development

Outline

Socialization Parenting styles

Cognitive development Piaget Information Processing

Language acquisition

Study Questions:

• Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive (mental) development

Quiz 1Question A B C D E Answer

1 1 47 2 1 13 A2 2 38 5 9 11 A3 3 53 0 3 7 A4 4 6 3 4 49 D5 5 8 35 1 19 B6 6 51 7 3 2 A7 7 43 14 3 3 A8 8 51 11 0 1 A9 9 1 37 14 11 B

10 10 52 2 3 6 A11 11 3 7 5 48 D12 12 34 1 1 27 A13 13 10 10 1 42 D14 14 35 5 21 2 A15 15 6 51 1 5 B16 16 0 37 12 14 B17 17 20 1 37 5 C18 18 7 3 3 50 D19 19 36 21 6 0 A20 20 41 11 8 2 A

Quiz 1Question A B C D E Answer

21 21 49 1 6 7 A22 22 39 19 1 4 A23 23 36 19 8 0 A24 24 3 7 49 4 C25 25 11 26 18 8 B26 26 0 35 20 8 B27 27 1 3 55 4 C28 28 1 9 4 48 D29 29 1 8 50 4 C30 30 14 0 48 1 C31 31 5 49 6 3 B32 32 47 8 3 5 A33 33 30 6 25 2 C34 34 11 7 3 42 D35 35 0 2 40 21 D36 36 46 3 7 7 A37 37 17 4 41 1 C38 38 37 5 19 2 A39 39 7 21 33 2 C40 40 61 0 1 0 A

Development

• Socialization: Parenting styles– Securely attached babies-> Moms respond

quickly

– Attachment to dads>Approximately the same time as attachment to

moms>Develops differently

Moms: Comfort Dads: Play

Development

• Socialization: Parenting styles– Parenting styles

>Autocratic (Authoritarian): Abide by strict standards

>Permissive: Parents do not assert their authority

>Authoritative-reciprocal: Parents exercise their power and accept obligation to respond to child’s point of view

>Cause and effect in parenting styles and children’s behaviour.

Socialization is a two way street

• Piaget’s stages of development– Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 yrs)

>Internalize schemes of action.>Object Permanence: understanding that objects exists

even though it can no longer be seen. Objects become assimilated into schemes Simple hiding (9 months) Changing hiding place

Development

Jean Piaget

Development • Piaget’s stages of development

– Preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs)> Egocentrism> No conservation of quantity.> Do not appreciate change> Moves away from the here and now

– Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 yrs)> Conservation of number, mass, volume, and weight> Schemes involve operations performed on objects> Ends egocentricism> Understands categorization and classification

Development

Jean Piaget

DevelopmentDevelopment

Jean Piaget

• Piaget’s stages of development

– Formal operational stage (12 yrs - )>Ability to think in the abstract>hypothetico-deductive reasoning

E.g., Mixing colourless liquids School curriculum

Development • Challenges to Piaget’s theory

– Problems with object permanence studies> Selective looking and habituation studies

– Problems with conservation studies> Mehler & Bever’s (1967) M&Ms study

Development

DevelopmentDevelopment • Challenges to Piaget’s theory

– Problems with egocentricism> Development of a “theory of mind” (TOM)>The Sally/Anne problem

Solved by four years age Simpler forms of TOM appear earlier

• Lying

Development • Information processing approach

– Development of the components of info processing>Memory stores>Control Processes (e.g., attention)>Acquisition of processing rules

Example: “M-space” (R. Case)• Increasing Capacity/Speed in STM• Importance of working memory storage• Pascual-Leone’s hypothesis• Digit span development

Development

Which Way will it tilt?

Development

• Information processing approach– Acquiring Specific Rules

> Balancing Problem > Weight and Distance Problems> Four rules people follow

1) Only Weight

2) Weight unless equal - then use distance

3) Both weight and distance, unless in conflict - then guess

4) weight X Distance

Development

Development • Lev Vygotsky

– Additional emphasis on interaction with the social world

– Cultural context to cognitive developmentAmericans -> “American Mind”; Russians -> “Russian Mind”

– Challenged Piaget’s notion of egocentric speech>Piaget -> interaction with the physical world>Vygotsky -> interaction with the social world

DevelopmentLev Vygotsky

• Language acquisition in children– Perception of speech sounds by infants

>Newborn: Startle response to loud noise Orients head towards sound Calmed by human voice Prefers mother voice over stranger Can discriminate between many speech sounds.

>1-2 months: Smiles when spoken to

>3-7months: Responds differently to different intonations

Language

• Language acquisition in children– Perception of speech sounds by infants

>8-12 mo Responds to name Responds to ‘no’ Recognizes phrases (Peekaboo, patty cakes, etc.) Recognizes some words (bye-bye, bottle, Elmo,

etc.)

Language

Language • Language acquisition in children

– Prespeech period and first words>Newborn: Crying>1-2 months: Cooing>6 months: Babbling>10 - 12 mo: Nonreduplicative babbling>12 mo: First words - dada, baw-baw

Protowords- Kii, brrrr, caw

• Language acquisition in children– The two-word stage

>18-24 mos: Da-da bye-bye, laa laa ball, kiit door

– Acquisition of adult rules of grammar>Inflections: -ing, -s, -ed>Function words: to, of, in, on, etc.>Overextension: e.g., snow -> kii>Underextension: e.g., Kitty -> only “Puddin

Head”>Overregularization: Daddy goed to work.

Language