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Psychology 320: Psychology of Gender and Sex Differences

Lecture 65

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Office Hour InvitationsApril 4th (WEDNESDAY), 11:30-12:30 Kenny 2517

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Exploitation, Violence, and Oppression:

1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

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2. discuss global efforts to eliminate gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression.

1. generate global examples of gender-based exploitation, violence, and oppression.

By the end of today’s class, you should be able to:

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Bangladesh: Each year, hundreds of Banladeshi females, most between 11 and 20 years of age, are the victims of acid attacks (Anwar, 1997).

What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)

Afghanistan: 400 females are currently imprisoned for “moral crimes” (i.e., refusing marriage, fleeing spousal assault; BBC News, 2012).

6Acid Attacks

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Canada: Domestic sex trafficking of aboriginal females is an increasing problem (Arthur, 2009).

With respect to international sex trafficking, RCMP estimates suggest that 600-800 individuals are smuggled into Canada each year (Arthur, 2009).

Globally, 600,000-800,000 people are trafficked each year; conservative estimates indicate that 3 million people are currently enslaved (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

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China: The sex ratio is “abnormal”: Among children aged 0-4, there are 120 boys for every 100 girls. The high male-to-female ratio is the result of sex-selective abortion, female infanticide, and neglect of young girls (Banister, 2004).

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Egypt: 97% of married women between the ages of 15 and 49 have undergone female genital mutilation (FGM, Lancaster, 1996).

Globally, 140 million women have been exposed to FGM. The procedure is most common in western, eastern, and north-eastern regions of Africa (WHO, 2012).

Estimates suggest that 3 million girls are cut each year (Kristof & WuDunn, 2009).

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Ethiopia: For every 100 boys who are enrolled in primary or secondary education, only 69 girls are (World Bank, 2002).

Estonia: 29% of women aged 18-24 and 52% of women aged 65 or older fear domestic violence (UN Children’s Fund, 2000).

India: Each year, approximately 5000 “dowry-deaths” of women occur (UN Children’s Emergency Fund, 2002).

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Exploitation, Violence, and Oppression:

1. What forms of exploitation, violence, and oppression occur within and beyond Canada’s borders? (continued)