psychology 415; social basis of health behavior attitudes & self-regulation 1 opening issue: if...
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Attitudes & self-regulation 1
Opening
Issue: if health behavior is related to some stable attribute of the person, what is that? How is it changed? “Personality”: stable (unlearned?) trait
“Attitude”: Learned evaluative response
Attitudes: Core evaluation of an object
[Context dependent] Behavioral disposition
Attitude theory core issue: Attitude behavior consistency
Beliefs v. affect?
Conflicting beliefs?
Habit?
Self-efficacy?
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Attitudes & self-regulation 2
Core constituents: Attitude Models
Knowledge Information re: health practices
Awareness of health related stimuli ► “Cues to action”
Attitudes and Beliefs Preferences or evaluations: e.g., consumer preferences.
Beliefs, ► Perceived vulnerability, ► Outcome expectancies
Affect , e.g., depression / anxiety & information seeking
► “Affect as information” models
Behavior Behavioral history; ► habit formation
Behavioral intentions; context & behavior -specific cognitive “set”
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Attitudes & self-regulation 3
Some basic attitude elements
Context dependence Potentially multiple attitudes
Context dependency attitude – behavior inconsistency
Accessibility & strength priming effects
speed of recall
Ambivalence cognition v. affect
Approach avoidance
Anchoring effects
Value congruence “Instrumental” attitudes; functional in predicting outcomes of
behavior, modifiable via information or direct experience...
“Value expressive”; expression of basic ideology or principles...less responsive to experience or information.
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Attitudes & self-regulation 4
Basic attitude elements, 2
Primacy of affect & evaluation Affect >> cognition when they are in conflict
Congruent affect & cognition strong / change resistant attitude
Affective / evaluative Rx precedes cognitive processing
Affective priming independent of cognitive processes
sleeper effect?
Expectancy x value: core underpinning of attitude models Attitude = [belief1 x value1] + [belief2 x value2] + …
Key variables:
# & nature of key beliefs,
direction & strength of valuation (affective response).
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Attitudes & self-regulation 5
Basic attitude elements, 3
Cognitive accessibility of beliefs Cs goals and motivations accessibility
Arousal & accessibility (Oxytocin & sexual stimuli)
Positive goal features accessible for long-term decisions
Negative goal features accessible for short term decisions
Key approach avoidance conflict:
Long-term self-regulation (approach health goal) more effortful & cognitive demanding
Short-term affective coping (avoidance) less effortful.
Key approach avoidance conflict:
Long-term self-regulation (approach health goal) more effortful & cognitive demanding
Short-term affective coping (avoidance) less effortful.
Attentional “narrowing” and lessening accessibility
Alcohol / drug effects
Cognitive avoidance
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Attitudes & self-regulation 6
Attitude change/formation/Persuasion
Consistency theories dissonance theory value -- attitude congruence consistency & attraction averaging models (v. “tipping point” perspective)
Exposure / conditioning Simple repetition, pairing of attitude with existing positive response.
Heritability Happiness set point? Affectivity? Other set points; substance use, temperament, food. Tolerance for ambiguity?
Heuristic - systematic models of persuasion Motivated; argument strength predicts (strong & enduring) attitude
change Non-motivated: peripheral / heuristic elements predict less strong /
enduring change
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Attitudes & self-regulation 7
Attitude change
Receiver characteristics “Involvement” --> greater motivation...
Personal relevance
Defending pre-existing attitude
Express values
Intermediate levels of self-esteem --> change
Mood
Source characteristics Message clarity x source credibility (interaction with
‘motivation’)
In group v. out group
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Attitudes & self-regulation 8
Attitude change, 2
Message characteristics
Fear arousal: Rogers’ protection motivation theory
Basic message x receiver effects:
Seriousness of message;
personal susceptibility;
outcome expectancies;
efficacy expectancies
Framing;
Context effects
Gain v. loss & reflection effect
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Basic models
Triandis
[belief x affect] + belief 2 x affect 2].... = behavioral disposition
Fishbein
[belief x value] + [belief2 x value2]....
[norm x value] + [norm2 x value2]....
Ajzen; theory of Planned Behavior
Behavioral intention
Behavioral disposition
Habit
Self efficacy
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Psychosocial challenges for health behavior:Informational / Cognitive
Complexity and non-stability of health related information “Press conference” science
Food industry influence on HHS information
“Food pyramid” complexity
Credibility of multiple information sources The WEB and informational tunneling
Powerful cognitive message effects Framing: (in)congruence with approach / avoidant attitudes
Gain / loss: gain framing >> loss framing.
Cognitive salience of competing messages
Powerful anchoring effects of even trivial information
Social norms “Fat” norms
Culturally – specific norms; e.g., Gay community & drug use.
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Attitudes & self-regulation 11
Psychosocial challenges for health behavior:Affective
“Hot” information and cognitive or behavioral avoidance Cf: Miller C-SHIP model
HIV testing data, cancer screening, etc.
Cognitive avoidance in chronic disease
Self-efficacy: Fear of difficulty of behavioral change
“Demotivating” effects of negative mood “Strategic” use of negative health behavior to enhance mood
enhancing
“Denial” of health threat via group membership
Outgroup stereotypes and perceived non-vulnerability
Peer & cultural conformity pressure toward (or ‘not against’) health threats
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Attitudes & self-regulation 12
Psychosocial challenges for health behavior:Behavioral
Difficulty of delaying gratification, decreasing “stimulus boundedness”
“Automaticity”, cognitive capacity, and real limitations on cognitive control over behavior Self-monitoring and self-regulation needed to process and follow
health information
“Self-regulation capacity” models
7 +2 informational capacity
Real difficulty of health alternatives “Food deserts”
Violent neighborhoods / build environment & exercise availability
American industrial food system
Outcome & efficacy expectancies
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Attitudes & self-regulation 13
Self-Regulation
Core elements:
1.Goal setting
2.Self-evaluative reactions
3.Self-efficacy for goal-related behavioral performance
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Attitudes & self-regulation 14
Self-regulation elements: 1. Goal setting
Stable “action schema” or “script”
Abelson: “automatic” behavioral scripts
Higgins: discrepancies between “actual”, “ideal” & “ought” selves
Modest ideal actual: intrinsic motivation for goals
Modest ought actual: extrinsic motivation for goals
Strong ideal actual: guilt, anxiety
Strong ought actual: depression, helplessness
Goals as preferences: Ajzen attitude models
Goals and Action Identification
Higher-order identification: generalized values
Lower-order ID: concrete behaviors
Houston: shifts in ID to serve self-regulation
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Attitudes & self-regulation 15
Goals, 2: Action Identifications
HighHigh
LowLow
Abstract & longer-term, end states Difficult to monitor: slow-moving & non-specific Typically “approach” oriented / positive affect.
Concrete & immediate, behavioral intentions Specific, easier to monitor Mix of approach & avoidant (+ & - affect).
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Attitudes & self-regulation 16
Self-regulation: Basic cybernetic frame
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
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Attitudes & self-regulation 17
Potential self-regulation failures
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
Loose linkage between attitude / intention behavior Role of habit / “automaticity,” contextual constraints Social network press for behavioral consistency Ambivalence: affective attraction of bad behavior v. pallid, high-
level action identification of being good Mixed, complex attitudes
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Attitudes & self-regulation 18
Potential self-regulation failure, 2
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
Clarity & specificity of behavioral standards Concreteness & specificity of behavioral plans Extrinsic v. intrinsic motivation & standards
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Attitudes & self-regulation 19
Potential self-regulation failure, 3
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
Quality & amount of feedback Frequency & visibility of target behaviors Availability of feedback from others Simple attention, memory capacity
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Attitudes & self-regulation 20
Effortful self-awareness of behavior Automaticity of target behavior – Monitoring is…
Productive for initiating behaviors Disruptive for automatic behaviors
Effortful monitoring “Coping fatigue”, generally aversive Tediousness of formal monitoring
Potential self-regulation failure, 4
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
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Attitudes & self-regulation 21
Potential self-regulation failure, 5
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
Quality & nature of comparison Self-focused attention as prerequisite for comparator Clarity & specificity of behavioral standards Cognitive avoidance of “hot” information (i.e., failure)
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Attitudes & self-regulation 22
Potential self-regulation failure, 6
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
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Attitudes & self-regulation 23
Potential self-regulation failure, 7
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral intentions
Behavioral standards
Behavioral standards
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Self-monitoring of ongoing behavior
Actual behaviorActual
behaviorAvailable feedbackAvailable feedback
Behavioral “Comparator”
Behavioral “Comparator”
Lowering standards in the face of failure Motivated downward comparison processes “What the hell” phenomenon Cognitive escape / “defensive” self-evaluation