psychology …and medicine zsolt b. major - [email protected] 2nd lecture
TRANSCRIPT
THE SUBJECTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Just like…
…marbles…
General psychology
• Detection/Sensation
• Perception• Attention• Memory• Learning• Imagination• Thinking
Prove me absolute clearly, objectively,
that you really exists…
Synaptic gap
Neurotransmitters(Stimulators/facilitators vs. Inhibitors)
+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -+ + + + + + +
- - - - - - -
I/0 (basic) Information
Neurons–
& it’s network
Units – eg. areas in brain
Biological funds
Detection/Sensetion - Perception
Physical stimuli:
- luster(light) (electrometic radiation)
- sound wave
- pressure
- heat
- chemical substances
Sensory-organs
(Special receptors)
- eg. rods,
- hair cells
- etc.
Transduction
Perception
1 / 0 Information&
MEANING
Detection/Sensation
• Seeing• Hearing• Smelling• Tasting• Skin sensation
(pressure and temperature)
• Pain• Body Sense
Modalities
Sensations are psychological experiences associated with simple stimuli, that have not, as yet, been endowed with meaning
ABSOLU THRESHOLD = the minimum amount of stimulus energy reliably registers on the sensory organs
DIFFERENCE THRESHOULD = the minimum difference between two stimuli that can be reliably distinguished by the sensory organ
Perception – …Meaning - for survive…
TOP-DOWN PROCESSES:
(came from previous experience, knowledge,
expactations…)
Let’s find examples!
Signal-detection theory
Is there a blob, or not…?!
Sensation is often viewed as the process of detecting a signal that is embedded in noise.
In some case, a signal may be „falsly” detected even when only noise is present. (False alarm or
hit)The difference between hits and false alarms is a measure of the magnitude of the stimulu’s effect
on the sensory organ.
The use of signal-detection theory allows the processes of detecting a stimulus to be separated
into two numbers:Representing the observer’s sensitivity to the
signal representing the observer’s bias to respond
that the signal is present
Perception …Meaning - for survive…
• Foreground-Background• Figure&ground• Grouping (good
continuation, proximity, similarity)
Lokalization (Gestalt) the slave market with a disappearing bust of Voltaire
To localize objects, we must first separate them and organize them into groups
Distance perception
• Monocular (relative size, cover, relative height, linear perspective, motion parallax = looking out the train window: distant object’s picture move more slowly on the retina)
• Binocular
Perception …for survive…
Another example for complex top-down precesses…:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9uwB9lPJ5Y
TOP-DOWN PROCESSES – practical benefits:
Do not rely to our memory, that we left the 1 mg syringe in the drawer when we need it, but verify it!
We jot down the medical history immediately , because our memory is constructive .
Exact asking when getting medical history („bump” or „collision” remembering to an accident – see open-closed questions in practice!)
The patients forget the drug doses for the same reason, follow the instructions inaccurately – to prevent this see also the practice!
„Positive benefit”: Differential diagnosis = constructive thinking!!
Social psychology
Social psychologyPerception of social environment
• PERCEPTION BY SCHEMAS (Through schematic processing, we percieve and interpret incoming information in terms of simplified memory structures called schemas. Schemas are mini-theories about everyday objects and events that allow us to process information efficiently not have to built up in every moment the perception by bottom up processes…)– („top-down process” = constructive…, and allow us making mistakes, misunderstandings in social perception)
• FIRST IMPRESSIONThe first information we recieve (in the first 7 second…!) an initial schema and, hence, becomes more powerful in determining our impression than does later informations…
• HALO EFFECTEg. We see a Blonde, cute little girl, and we suppose that she is smart too – coming from the „Cute, blonde little girls are good girls, so often smart” schemas…
STEREOTYPEis a constant schema, usually schema of groups of peopleNeed for predictability…
They are toughs
Self-protecting mechanism…
SELF FULFILLING PROPHECYOnce activated, stereotypes can set in motion a chain of behavioral processes that serve to draw out from ourselves and others behavior that confirms the initial stereotype.The other poeple starts to behave that way, what we were thinkinkg about him, how he would…
ATTRIBUTIONS(internal – external factors):
Attribution is the process by which we interpret and explain the behavior of other poeple.
One major attribution task is to decide wether someone’s action should be attributed to dispositional (person’s personality or attitudes) or to
situational causes (social forces, or other external circumstances)
• Fundamental attribution error – we are inclined attaches more significance on internal, dispositional factors…(eg. Recruitment exam to university)
• See: Constructive perception – self-fulfilling processes…
INDIVIDUATION= the possible solution
Although streteotypes are activated automatically, under the right conditions they can be controlled through effortful thinking.
INDIVIDUATION is the process of forming impressions of others by assessing their personal qualities in a step-by-step checking process, which is about to check out if our stereotype corresponde or not with the person’s real behavior?
STEREOTYPES, ATTRIBUTIONS – practical benefits:
Consciously pay attention to our appearance – first impression…(To prevent the fundamental attributional error by the patients…)!
Let us be able to leave our streotypes – do not mistake the fundamental atrributional error
eg. With a homeless patient…!)or with an angry patient – may be he/she has been waiting for 3 hours… - self-fulfilling processes: if we are hideous,
agressive with him/her, he/she will became really it…
Questions…?
END of the 2nd lecture
Thank you for your attention!
Litterature:
Atkinson & Hilgard.: Psychologyp.110-118., 157-167.
650-662.
Always the related content to the lecture’s theme!
• Induced movement (the moon „moves” behind the clouds)
• Stroboscopic motion• Real movement
Motion perception
Perception …for survive…