PsychologyPsychology

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Psychological MethodsPsychological Methods

Bell WorkBell Work

Task # 1 Ch. 2Task # 1 Ch. 2– Read pg. 25 Vignette; put down 2 personal Read pg. 25 Vignette; put down 2 personal

thoughtsthoughts– Read/Write down Truth/Fiction of pg. 26Read/Write down Truth/Fiction of pg. 26

These will be revisted throughout chapterThese will be revisted throughout chapter Those who need to take tests, before school or Those who need to take tests, before school or

study hallstudy hall TodayToday

– Bell workBell work– Scientific researchScientific research– ExamplesExamples

Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch1)1) Forming a research QuestionForming a research Question

1)1) Most come from everyday lifeMost come from everyday life2)2) Vignette ExampleVignette Example

1)1) What do fighting fish placed together do to What do fighting fish placed together do to each other?each other?

2)2) Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis1)1) HypothesisHypothesis: an educated guess based : an educated guess based

on research question; can be testedon research question; can be tested1)1) Vignette Example:Vignette Example:

1)1) That the fighting fish (b/c of name or sales guy) That the fighting fish (b/c of name or sales guy) would fightwould fight

Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch Test the HypothesisTest the Hypothesis

– Hypothesis cannot be considered Hypothesis cannot be considered correct until it has been testedcorrect until it has been tested

– How did the guys test their How did the guys test their hypothesis?hypothesis? By placing mirror up to tankBy placing mirror up to tank

– What could be another way?What could be another way? By placing two fighting fish in the tank By placing two fighting fish in the tank

togethertogether

Steps of Scientific Steps of Scientific ResearchResearch Analyze the ResultsAnalyze the Results

– Attempts to determine what their findings Attempts to determine what their findings mean?mean?

– Vignette Example?Vignette Example? Todd interpreted the fish’s actions as aggressionTodd interpreted the fish’s actions as aggression

Draw a conclusionDraw a conclusion– Psychologist must draw a conclusion about Psychologist must draw a conclusion about

whether or not their question was answered whether or not their question was answered and their hypothesis right/wrongand their hypothesis right/wrong

Keep an open mind, might have to adjust Keep an open mind, might have to adjust hypothesis.hypothesis.

Vignette:Vignette:– Boys hypothesis was correct and sufficient b/c they Boys hypothesis was correct and sufficient b/c they

deemed the action of the fish to be aggressivedeemed the action of the fish to be aggressive

ConclusionConclusion

Two extra things need to be done to Two extra things need to be done to make the question/hypothesis be make the question/hypothesis be confirmedconfirmed

ReplicateReplicate– Study/steps must be repeated and it must Study/steps must be repeated and it must

produce same results to be confirmedproduce same results to be confirmed– What would be another way to replicate What would be another way to replicate

the vignette?the vignette? Put two fish together in tankPut two fish together in tank

ConclusionConclusion

New QuestionsNew Questions– Whether the hypothesis is supported or Whether the hypothesis is supported or

contradicted, new questions will emergecontradicted, new questions will emerge– Vignette example when proven?Vignette example when proven?

Why do they fight, are there certain reasons, Why do they fight, are there certain reasons, etc.etc.

– Vignette example if proven wrong?Vignette example if proven wrong? Would they fight a real fish?Would they fight a real fish? If not, why are they called fighting fishIf not, why are they called fighting fish

Once new questions are formed Once new questions are formed psychologists go back to what?psychologists go back to what?– Forming a hypothesis!Forming a hypothesis!

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Task #2Task #2– Complete Thinking about psychologyComplete Thinking about psychology

PsychologyPsychology

Section 2Section 2

Bell WorkBell Work

Grab Book:Grab Book: Fill out survey for me, anonymously, Fill out survey for me, anonymously,

turn overturn over Task #3!Task #3!

– List/Describe the 5 steps that Scientists List/Describe the 5 steps that Scientists follow in conducting researchfollow in conducting research

– Why is replication of a research study Why is replication of a research study important?important?

– What are two questions the boys from the What are two questions the boys from the vignette could have asked had their vignette could have asked had their hypothesis been proven wronghypothesis been proven wrong

Bell Work AnswersBell Work Answers

5 Steps of Research Method5 Steps of Research Method– Form research question, form hypothesis, Form research question, form hypothesis,

test hypothesis, analyze results, draw test hypothesis, analyze results, draw conclusionconclusion

Replication important?Replication important?– Can confirm or un-confirm a study’s resultsCan confirm or un-confirm a study’s results

Two new QuestionsTwo new Questions– Would the fighting fish fight a real fish? Would the fighting fish fight a real fish?

Instead of mirror?Instead of mirror?– If they don’t fight, why are they called If they don’t fight, why are they called

fighting fish?fighting fish?

Surveys, Samples, Surveys, Samples, PopulationsPopulations Survey MethodSurvey Method

– When people are asked to respond to a When people are asked to respond to a series of questions about a particular series of questions about a particular subjectsubject

– What could some examples of this be?What could some examples of this be? How they feel about the presidentHow they feel about the president Would they support a black president?Would they support a black president? Would they support a female vice-president?Would they support a female vice-president?

– Conducted by asking people to fill out Conducted by asking people to fill out questionnaires, and by interviewing orallyquestionnaires, and by interviewing orally

Calvin & Hobbs Calvin & Hobbs ExampleExample Read the ComicRead the Comic What does this comic suggest What does this comic suggest

about Surveys?about Surveys?– They may elicit false informationThey may elicit false information

Why might a magazine survey not Why might a magazine survey not produce reliable results?produce reliable results?– Some people completing the survey Some people completing the survey

might not take it seriously might not take it seriously

Cooperative LearningCooperative Learning

Tally Stats for SurveyTally Stats for Survey Tally stats for oral questioning?Tally stats for oral questioning? Compare/ContrastCompare/Contrast Why could/did the numbers Why could/did the numbers

differ?differ?

Populations and Populations and SamplesSamples Researchers must consider the group or Researchers must consider the group or

group of people they wish to examine group of people they wish to examine and how that group will be selectedand how that group will be selected

Target Population:Target Population:– The whole group you want to study or The whole group you want to study or

describedescribe– It can often be hard to interview or It can often be hard to interview or

question every member of a target question every member of a target populationpopulation

Populations and Populations and SamplesSamples Sample:Sample:

– Only a part of the target population Only a part of the target population studied, studied, done by researchers if they done by researchers if they can’t cover entire population.can’t cover entire population.

Selecting Samples:Selecting Samples:– Must represent the target population Must represent the target population

as much as possibleas much as possible

Types of SamplesTypes of Samples

Random Sample:Random Sample:– All of the individuals in a population group All of the individuals in a population group

have an equal chance of being selected. have an equal chance of being selected. Increasing the likelihood that the sample Increasing the likelihood that the sample group is representative of the populationgroup is representative of the population

Stratified SampleStratified Sample– Sub-groups in the population are Sub-groups in the population are

represented proportionally in the samplerepresented proportionally in the sample 12% of nation is African American; if we did a 12% of nation is African American; if we did a

study with 100 people how many African study with 100 people how many African Americans would be represented?Americans would be represented?

– 12!12!

Classroom ExampleClassroom Example

How many students are in classHow many students are in class Male/FemaleMale/Female Sample group of 10 would have how Sample group of 10 would have how

many boys and how many girls?many boys and how many girls?– Any combinationAny combination

Stratified Sample would have what?Stratified Sample would have what?– Representative proportion of girls/boysRepresentative proportion of girls/boys

Determining Determining Populations/Samples Populations/Samples

ExampleExample West Point is West Point is

about to try and about to try and enact a 10 pm enact a 10 pm curfew for people curfew for people under the age of under the age of 18. They want to 18. They want to know if the act know if the act would pass.would pass.

Task #4: Answer these in Task #4: Answer these in journaljournal

What would their Target What would their Target Population be?Population be?– All Voters in West PointAll Voters in West Point

What could a Sample of that What could a Sample of that Target be?Target be?– Any # of people that voteAny # of people that vote

What would be a random What would be a random sample of 100?sample of 100?– 35 women/65 male voters35 women/65 male voters

What would a stratified What would a stratified sample consist of if men sample consist of if men outnumber women 3-2?outnumber women 3-2?– 60% men/40% women60% men/40% women

Lesson Closing: Skip Lesson Closing: Skip 20102010 Task #4Task #4

– Read Exploring Diversity on pg. 32Read Exploring Diversity on pg. 32– Write down 3 ways under “Think Write down 3 ways under “Think

about it”about it”– Answer 1Answer 1stst two of True/False two of True/False

statements as a class (pg.26/28)statements as a class (pg.26/28)

Bell WorkBell Work

Read pg. 33 and 34 up to Read pg. 33 and 34 up to Thinking about psychologyThinking about psychology

Task #5Task #5– Answer Thinking about Psych in Answer Thinking about Psych in

foldersfolders

Generalizing ResultsGeneralizing Results

Because taking perfect sample Because taking perfect sample groups may be impractical or groups may be impractical or impossible, researchers may not use impossible, researchers may not use them all the timethem all the time

In this case it is important that they In this case it is important that they are cautious about generalizing their are cautious about generalizing their findings to groups other than those findings to groups other than those from which their samples were from which their samples were drawn.drawn.

Generalizing ResultsGeneralizing Results

GeneralizingGeneralizing– Means to make vague or indefinite Means to make vague or indefinite

statements about an entire group, statements about an entire group, when should be particularwhen should be particular

Examples: Study over car Examples: Study over car preferences: Sample made up of preferences: Sample made up of only men should be avoided b/c only men should be avoided b/c why? why? – Men may have different preferences Men may have different preferences

than women for cars. than women for cars.

Volunteer BiasVolunteer Bias

B/C researchers have little control over B/C researchers have little control over who actually fills out their questionnaire.who actually fills out their questionnaire.

Psychologists must take into account who Psychologists must take into account who is actually participatingis actually participating

Volunteer BiasVolunteer Bias– Idea that the people who volunteer to Idea that the people who volunteer to

participate in the studies are often different participate in the studies are often different than the people who don’t.than the people who don’t.

– Read Magazine example from bottom of 33-34Read Magazine example from bottom of 33-34

M & M Activity; vol.4 M & M Activity; vol.4 pg. 66-68pg. 66-68 Separate and only take your Separate and only take your

journal!journal!

Record everything in your journal Record everything in your journal under Task #5under Task #5

After record yours, pool w/3 After record yours, pool w/3 o’clocko’clock

Brown Green Orange Red Yellow

Observed

Predicted

Survey Project: Survey Project: Results (25 points)Results (25 points) Find a partner, group of 3 if ok’dFind a partner, group of 3 if ok’d Create a simple survey about something Create a simple survey about something

around the school you are interested inaround the school you are interested in Administer the survey throughout the rest Administer the survey throughout the rest

of the day, and we will report our findings of the day, and we will report our findings tomorrow (make sure appropriate)tomorrow (make sure appropriate)

No more than 10 no less than 5 questionsNo more than 10 no less than 5 questions Identify your target population. Identify your target population. Identify if stratified or random sampleIdentify if stratified or random sample Any ProblemsAny Problems Turn in Draft to look at tomorrow.Turn in Draft to look at tomorrow.

FridayFriday

11stst Twenty Minutes Twenty Minutes– Work on developing a good survey Work on developing a good survey

to hand out to students to completeto hand out to students to complete– Have completed (pref. typed) by Have completed (pref. typed) by

MON. and I’ll make copies for you to MON. and I’ll make copies for you to hand outhand out

22ndnd half of class half of class– Good Will HuntingGood Will Hunting

Methods of Methods of ObservationObservation

Ch. 2 Section 3Ch. 2 Section 3

Bell: Books/FoldersBell: Books/Folders

Finish up Survey. Hand Finish up Survey. Hand in to me.in to me.

Quick ReviewQuick Review What are two different ways by which surveys What are two different ways by which surveys

are conducted?are conducted?– Written Questionnaires and orally (questions)Written Questionnaires and orally (questions)

Explain importance of random and stratified Explain importance of random and stratified samplingsampling– Random= everyone is target population has an Random= everyone is target population has an

equal chance of being includedequal chance of being included– Stratified= respondents randomly selected to Stratified= respondents randomly selected to

represent their proportion w/in the target represent their proportion w/in the target populationpopulation

Example of SurveyExample of Survey– Indiv.’s who volunteered to participate in a study of Indiv.’s who volunteered to participate in a study of

depression could be more likely to have a personal depression could be more likely to have a personal or professional interest, whereas random selecting or professional interest, whereas random selecting might not.might not.

Group Activity: vol. 4 Group Activity: vol. 4 pg.53pg.53 2 Volunteers2 Volunteers

– QuicklyQuickly Purpose of ActivityPurpose of Activity

– To show some of the difficulties observation To show some of the difficulties observation methods can have!methods can have!

What is a fidget?What is a fidget? How did you record your data, observers?How did you record your data, observers? How was your vision?How was your vision? You guys knew you were being observed! Did that make a You guys knew you were being observed! Did that make a

difference?difference?

Methods of Methods of ObservationObservation Everyone observes behavior and Everyone observes behavior and

makes generalizations. But to draw makes generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of follow carefully structured methods of observationobservation

6 main types6 main types– Create a chart separated into 4 columns Create a chart separated into 4 columns

across the topacross the top Research method, Description, adv.’s, Research method, Description, adv.’s,

disadv.’sdisadv.’s

Testing MethodTesting Method

Differing Types, used to measure Differing Types, used to measure elements of human behavior like elements of human behavior like abilities, interests, and personalityabilities, interests, and personality

Advantages:Advantages:– Helps to gain insight to Helps to gain insight to certaincertain aspects of aspects of

persons abilities or behaviorspersons abilities or behaviors Disadvantages:Disadvantages:

– Doesn’t always provide complete Doesn’t always provide complete representation of person’s ability or representation of person’s ability or personalitypersonality

Case-StudyCase-Study

Conduct in-depth investigations of Conduct in-depth investigations of people or small groupspeople or small groups

Advantages:Advantages:– Helps to give insight into specific Helps to give insight into specific

casescases DisadvantagesDisadvantages

– May focus on isolated eventsMay focus on isolated events– Interviewed may distort answersInterviewed may distort answers

Longitudal MethodLongitudal Method

Group of participants are Group of participants are observed at intervals over an observed at intervals over an extended period of timeextended period of time

AdvantagesAdvantages– Helps researchers see how people Helps researchers see how people

change over timechange over time DisadvantagesDisadvantages

– Time-consuming and expensiveTime-consuming and expensive

Cross-SectionalCross-Sectional

Researchers compare the Researchers compare the differences/similarities among people in differences/similarities among people in different age groups at a given timedifferent age groups at a given time

AdvantagesAdvantages– Less time-consuming for studying changes Less time-consuming for studying changes

over timeover time DisadvantagesDisadvantages

– Differences b/t the members of the sample Differences b/t the members of the sample can’t always be attributed to can’t always be attributed to age/developmentage/development

Naturalistic-Naturalistic-ObservationObservation Observe behavior of Observe behavior of

people/animals in natural habitatpeople/animals in natural habitat AdvantagesAdvantages

– Helps researchers see behavior in Helps researchers see behavior in real settingsreal settings

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– No control over the setting or eventsNo control over the setting or events

Laboratory-Laboratory-ObservationObservation Participants are observed in a lab Participants are observed in a lab

settingsetting AdvantagesAdvantages

– Researchers can control certain Researchers can control certain settings/aspectssettings/aspects

DisadvantagesDisadvantages– Can’t duplicate real-life environmentCan’t duplicate real-life environment

Analyzing Analyzing ObservationsObservations Once Psychologists have made their Once Psychologists have made their

observations, they must do what?observations, they must do what?– Analyze and interpret them.Analyze and interpret them.

Correlation = one methodCorrelation = one method– Measure of how closely one thing is related to Measure of how closely one thing is related to

another. another. – Psychology ExamplePsychology Example

Are people w/ a stronger need for achievement Are people w/ a stronger need for achievement more likely to advance faster in jobsmore likely to advance faster in jobs

What is relationships b.t. grades earned by students What is relationships b.t. grades earned by students and extra-curricular activitiesand extra-curricular activities

CorrelationCorrelation

Positive CorrelationPositive Correlation– A relationship b.t. variables in which one A relationship b.t. variables in which one

variable increases as the other also variable increases as the other also increasesincreases Example:Example:

– Higher need for achievement and job advancementHigher need for achievement and job advancement

Negative CorrelationNegative Correlation– An unpleasant stimulus b.t. two variables in An unpleasant stimulus b.t. two variables in

which one variable increases as the other which one variable increases as the other decreasesdecreases Example:Example:

– Stress and health; as stress goes up, health goes downStress and health; as stress goes up, health goes down

Limit of CorrelationLimit of Correlation

Can only describe relationshipsCan only describe relationships Cannot explain cause and effectCannot explain cause and effect Grades/Extra-Curricular involvementGrades/Extra-Curricular involvement

– Study finds that there is a positive Study finds that there is a positive correlation b.t. the two meaning?correlation b.t. the two meaning? As one goes up, so does the otherAs one goes up, so does the other

– Does this mean one causes the other; vice Does this mean one causes the other; vice versa?versa? No, but there could be other factors like their No, but there could be other factors like their

desire to succeed.desire to succeed.

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Task #6:Task #6:– Complete thinking about Psych on Complete thinking about Psych on

page 40page 40 Video: “Critical Video: “Critical

Thinking/Research”Thinking/Research”

Bell WorkBell Work

Get books, folders, unit reviewGet books, folders, unit review Go over answers to Task #6Go over answers to Task #6 Leave Candy on DeskLeave Candy on Desk SurveysSurveys

– Extra Credit: Complete survey hand Extra Credit: Complete survey hand outs by Friday!outs by Friday!

– Have results by Friday! Extra credit Have results by Friday! Extra credit if you interpret the results too!if you interpret the results too!

Group ActivityGroup Activity

4 Volunteers4 Volunteers– Two male; 2 female to leave roomTwo male; 2 female to leave room

ObservationObservation Purpose of 1Purpose of 1stst Activity Activity

– Everyone observes behavior and makes Everyone observes behavior and makes generalizations. But to draw scientific generalizations. But to draw scientific conclusions, psychologists follow carefully conclusions, psychologists follow carefully structured methods of observationstructured methods of observation

Purpose of 2Purpose of 2ndnd Activity? Activity?– To Demonstrate the 5 goals of psychology!!To Demonstrate the 5 goals of psychology!!

Experimental Method: Experimental Method: VocabVocab Population: Population:

– anyone that could possibly be selected to anyone that could possibly be selected to be in the samplebe in the sample

Hypothesis: Hypothesis: – Testable prediction that expresses Testable prediction that expresses

relationship between two variablesrelationship between two variables Validity:Validity:

– Extent to which a test/experiment Extent to which a test/experiment measures/predicts what it is supposed tomeasures/predicts what it is supposed to

Participants: Participants: – Individuals selected to be in studyIndividuals selected to be in study

Experimental MethodExperimental Method

Independent Variable:Independent Variable:– Variable that is manipulated (changed): Variable that is manipulated (changed):

the thing that causes the change!!the thing that causes the change!! Dependant Variable:Dependant Variable:

– Depends on the indep. VariableDepends on the indep. Variable– Where the Change/action is measuredWhere the Change/action is measured

Control GroupControl Group– In experiment is the group where indep. In experiment is the group where indep.

Variable is not manipulatedVariable is not manipulated Experimental GroupExperimental Group

– Group in experiment where manipulatedGroup in experiment where manipulated

Example: Task #7Example: Task #7

Hypothesis: Women who consume more than Hypothesis: Women who consume more than 4 alcoholic drinks are more likely to be a 4 alcoholic drinks are more likely to be a victim of date rapevictim of date rape

Setting: Real SettingSetting: Real Setting Exp. Group: Exp. Group:

– Women consuming more than 4 alcoholic drinksWomen consuming more than 4 alcoholic drinks Control Group: Control Group:

– No drinking: given non-alcoholic drinksNo drinking: given non-alcoholic drinks Independent Variable: Independent Variable:

– Amount of AlcoholAmount of Alcohol Dependant Variable: Dependant Variable:

– Likelihood they are more susceptible to date rapeLikelihood they are more susceptible to date rape

Quick ActivityQuick Activity

Leave Candy on Desk until Leave Candy on Desk until instructed!instructed!

Class ExampleClass Example

Hypothesis:Hypothesis:– That people knowing their candy will be removed That people knowing their candy will be removed

prior will react more positive than unknowing prior will react more positive than unknowing participantsparticipants

Indep. VariableIndep. Variable– CandyCandy

Dependent VariableDependent Variable– ReactionReaction

Control GroupControl Group– Group that knows priorGroup that knows prior

Experimental GroupExperimental Group– Unknowing groupUnknowing group

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Complete some of Chapter 2 Complete some of Chapter 2 Review on page 49 Review on page 49 – Task #8 (review 1-10 T/C, 1-4 C/T)Task #8 (review 1-10 T/C, 1-4 C/T)

Quiz MondayQuiz Monday Unit Test (1 and 2) next week!!!!Unit Test (1 and 2) next week!!!!

Bell Work Sept. 16Bell Work Sept. 16

Task #9 leave room to finish #8Task #9 leave room to finish #8– Come up with a personal experiment Come up with a personal experiment

that you could conduct around your that you could conduct around your home or schoolhome or school Identify the hyp., ind/dep variables, as Identify the hyp., ind/dep variables, as

well as population and samplewell as population and sample

– Extra points if you actually do it!Extra points if you actually do it!

Practice WorkPractice WorkTexting ExperimentTexting Experiment Identify the hypothesis, control group, Identify the hypothesis, control group,

experimental group, indep. Variable, and experimental group, indep. Variable, and dep. variable of this experiment as well as dep. variable of this experiment as well as the population, and sample.the population, and sample.

What are two things the boys could have What are two things the boys could have thought to do if they wanted to really see if thought to do if they wanted to really see if the results, and if texting did affect the the results, and if texting did affect the grades?grades?– Check grades prior to that time, maybe ½ Check grades prior to that time, maybe ½

quarter, then do their experiment the 2quarter, then do their experiment the 2ndnd ½ of ½ of the quarter.the quarter.

Placebo EffectPlacebo Effect

Is a substance or treatment that Is a substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a has no effect apart from a person’s belief in it.person’s belief in it.

Example:Example:– Testing a new drug, give some the Testing a new drug, give some the

drug and other maybe just an advil drug and other maybe just an advil or something.or something.

Single-Blind StudySingle-Blind Study

Participants do not know if they Participants do not know if they are receiving the treatment or are receiving the treatment or not.not.

Drug Example:Drug Example:– One group given drug, other One group given drug, other

placebo; and neither group knows placebo; and neither group knows which got whichwhich got which

Double-Blind StudyDouble-Blind Study

Where both the participants and Where both the participants and the experimenters are unaware of the experimenters are unaware of who is getting the treatment and who is getting the treatment and who is getting the placebo.who is getting the placebo.

EthicsEthics

EthicsEthics– Standards for proper and Standards for proper and

responsible behaviorresponsible behavior Informed ConsentInformed Consent

– When people agree, or consent, to When people agree, or consent, to participate in a study after being participate in a study after being given an overview of given an overview of purpose/practices of studypurpose/practices of study

Lesson ClosingLesson Closing

Finish any of chapter 2 reviewFinish any of chapter 2 review Work on Personal Experiment Work on Personal Experiment

(Quick explanation due tomorrow)(Quick explanation due tomorrow) Quiz before movie tomorrow!Quiz before movie tomorrow!