psychometricians: develop tests -try to make constructs measurable and quantifiable -purpose is to...
TRANSCRIPT
PSYCHOMETRICIANS: develop tests-try to make constructs measurable and
quantifiable-purpose is to differentiate between test-
takers
3 Qualities of Tests:1. Standardized2. Reliable3. Valid
TEST CONSTRUCTION:
-administered the same every time, to every person
-so can compare scores among test-takers
-NORMS: established scores-usually graded on normal curve-compares
you to others performance-STANDARDIZATION SAMPLE: representative
sample of test takers who establish norms
STANDARDIZATION:
RELIABILITY:
-consistent scoresWays to measure: -Test-retest reliability: take the same test,
high positive correlation between scores-Split-half reliability: score on half is
correlated with score on other half-Equivalent-form reliability: score on 2
different versions of a test have high correlation
-accuracy, measures what it is supposed toWays to measure: -Content validity: measures all of the
skills/knowledge it’s supposed to-Criterion-related validity: test correlates
with other ways to measure what’s being tested
-Predictive validity: how well it measures a future result
-Construct validity: how well it measures the construct for which it is designed
VALIDITY:
-is a construct, so hard to define-can only be defined by the behaviors that
indicate intelligence, usually what enables success in that culture
-is intelligence one underlying capacity or is it different abilities?
THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Men_in_Paris_park_playing_chess.jpg/640px-Men_in_Paris_park_playing_chess.jpg
-one important factor underlies all intelligence
g : general intelligence
-used factor analysis: statistical technique that finds correlations between different items to narrow down items
-high degree of correlation between all mental tasks= one factor
CHARLES SPEARMAN:
-disagreed-used factor analysis with college students-7 primary mental abilities:
1. Inductive reasoning2. Word fluency3. Perceptual ability4. Verbal comprehension5. Spatial visualization6. Numerical ability7. Associative memory
LOUIS THURSTONE:
2 factors of intelligence:
1. Crystallized intelligence: learned knowledge over time (vocabulary, facts) that increases with age
2. Fluid intelligence: ability to solve problems and pick up skills (puzzles) that tends to decrease with age
RAYMOND CATTELL:
HOWARD GARDNER-Multiple Intelligences:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Multipleints.jpg
8 specific intelligences -represent differentindependent abilities-broadens traditional definition of intelligence
-savants: with exceptionalskills show intelligence is not single factor
-highest IQ not always=success
-interpersonal skills: ability to get along and be thoughtful of others
-intrapersonal skills: understand self and have self-control, and delay of gratification
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ):
3 types of intelligences
ROBERT STERNBERG-Triarchic Theory:
Analytical intelligence: traditional abilities
Practical intelligence: “street smarts”
Creative intelligence: think in new ways
-must try to make intelligence concrete-way to assess mental aptitudes and compare
them with others numerically
MEASURING INTELLIGENCE:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-11344%2C_Intelligenzpr%C3%BCfung_schulentlassener_M%C3%A4dchen.jpg
ALFRED BINET:
-created 1st intelligence test-compulsory public education in France at
turn of the 20th century-needed to identify students who would need special attention-created test to measure Mental age: abilities should have for chronological age
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Binet.jpg
Louis Terman: professor at Stanford revised Binet’s test
IQ=intelligence quotient
IQ= mental age x100chronological age
STANFORD-BINET IQ TEST:
-most commonly used IQ tests today-measured on deviation IQ-compared to others taking the test-100=average IQ-68%=85-115-95%=70-130-99%=55-145FLYNN EFFECT: Increasing IQ, means must restandardize
WECHSLER INTELLIGENCE SCALES:
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_deviation_diagram.svg
-both are important in intelligenceNature:-MZ twins, even separated at birth, have very
similar IQs-heritability: extent to which trait is inherited
is 50-75% Nurture: Flynn Effect: increasing IQs over 3
generations-school, better nutrition, technology, other
environmental factors
NATURE v. NURTURE: