psyllid attack on us black ash resourcenorthern treasure - fraxinus x ‘northern treasure’*...
TRANSCRIPT
Psyllid Attack on North
Dakota Black Ash Resource
Pest Survey Outreach Series
Presented by:
Dr. Phillip Mason, Pest Survey Specialist
USDA, APHIS, PPQ - North Dakota & Montana
United States Department of Agriculture
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Plant Protection and Quarantine
Exotic Pest Alert:
The Psyllid Pest on Black Ash
Justin Knott, NDDA Justin Knott, NDDA
The Current Situation Report
Jeff Heintz, forester from the city of Bismarck, ND contacted the USDA, APHIS, PPQ Bismarck, ND office with an inquiry about the psyllid pest, and the damage the pest was inflicting on Black Ash and Manchurian Ash throughout Bismarck. The pest has since been found in eastern ND, following contact with Fargo agricultural officials.
The psyllids appear to be causing dieback, and predisposing the Ash to decline and premature death.
Similar infestations have been reported in western Canada, specifically Edmonton & Calgary, Alberta, in years dating back to 2000.
Psyllid Species Identified
The psyllids were tentatively identified as Psyllopsis
discrepans by Dr. Gerry Fauske, entomologist at the
NDSU Systematic Entomology Lab, Fargo, North
Dakota.
The psyllid identification has since been confirmed
by psyllid expert Douglass Miller at the USDA
Systematic Entomology Lab in Beltsville, Maryland.
Reports of Psyllids on Black Ash
Based on internet reports, Dr. Fry, entomologist with the Alberta Research Council, has likewise identified this same pest in Edmonton and Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The pest is believed to have been in Canada since 2000. In the Canadian infestations, the psyllid has also been attacking Black and Manchurian Ash.*
As listed in the book Psyllids of North America, a single report of Psyllopsis discrepans is listed as collected from Nova Scotia, Canada in 1921.
In addition to the above report, Douglass Miller at the SEL lab in Beltsville, MD reports that the psyllid has also been reported at various time this past century in Minnesota, New York and Rhode Island, although dates on specimens are sketchy, possibly 1907.
European Distribution of
Psyllopsis discrepans
Distribution Map Above Prior to Canadian and US Infestation.
Presence
Absence (or not yet reported)
Justin Knott, NDDA
Fauna Europea
Herbarium specimens indicate that this species has
been collected in US, (Circa 1907) in MN, NY, & RI.
Source: Douglass Miller, USDA, ARS SEL lab.
The Cottony Ash Psyllid Lifecycle Psyllopsis discrepans
From Canadian Reports:
There are two generations of this insect a year in Calgary, with
overwintering eggs hatching in late June. First generation
nymphs feed until about mid-July until reaching the adult
stage. Second generation eggs will be deposited in late July or
early August and a second generation of nymphs will feed
until late August. Second generation adults appear about this
time and females will deposit eggs on tree twigs to
overwinter*. Development times will differ in US, perhaps as much as thee
weeks. In ND adults began appearing in mid-June, suggesting a hatch around last
week of May to first week of June.
* City of Calgary Forestry Report
Psyllid Facts
Psyllids are homopteran insects and thus have tubular, sucking mouthparts, and are commonly referred to as jumping plantlice. Mature psyllids commonly jump when disturbed.
Psyllids are similar in appearance to cicadas, only in miniature.
Adults size is ~ 2 to 3 mm in length. Wings are held roof-like over the body of the psyllid. Nymphs are flattened and less active than adults, and are found on the underside of the leaves in a cotton like substance secreted by the psyllid.
Damage to the Ash leaves is primarily caused by feeding nymphs.
Adult females lay eggs that hatch and develop through about five wingless, immature nymphal stages before becoming winged adults.
Nymph Exhibiting Cottony Flocculent
Black Ash Distribution
Native Range of Black Ash
USFS
Photos: Dale Herman, ND Tree Handbook
Mancana Ash
Fraxinus mandshurica
Mancana Ash and Black Ash are widely planted as
boulevard trees throughout the region.
ND Tree Handbook, Dale Herman
Photos: Dale Herman, ND Tree Handbook
Susceptible Cultivars
Fall Gold Black Ash - Fraxinus nigra ‘Fallgold’
Mancana Ash - Fraxinus mandshurica ‘Mancana’
Northern Gem - Fraxinus x ‘Northern Gem’*
Northern Treasure - Fraxinus x ‘Northern Treasure’*
(*Cross between native Black Ash with the Manchurian Ash).
To date there are no reports of this psyllid feeding on Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica)
or any of its cultivars.
Mancana Ash
Healthy vs Damage
Healthy Infested
Infested Black Ash Visible from the street, with
greatly thinned crowns, and clumped foliage
from the twisted and gnarled infested foliage.
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ND Tree Handbook, Dale Herman
Psyllid Feeding Damage
Psyllid nymphs can be found in the cottony material (produced
by the feeding insect) on the underside of the curled leaf. Dave Nelson, NDDA
Dave Nelson, NDDA
Adults can be seen on top of this highly distorted foliage, along
with many nymphal castings from previous molts.
Adults
Nymphal Castings
Locating Adult Psyllids
While many adults can be
found on the foliage, the
majority of adults can be
found on the main stems and
trunk, as they seek mating
partners, as seen below.
Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune
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Various Life Stages of
Psyllopsis disrcepans
1st generation adults lay 2nd
generation eggs on the mid-rib.
Eggs
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Nymphal stage found in cottony mass on
underside of leaves. Nymphal molts can be
found on either top or bottom of leaf.
Nymphal Castings
Mating Adults on Trunk
Tom
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Justin Knott
Justin
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Psyllid Damage on Black Ash
Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Dave Nelson, NDDA
Dave Nelson, NDDA
More Psyllid Damage on Ash
Dave Nelson, NDDA Dave Nelson, NDDA
Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Degree of Damage on Foliage
Serious Feeding Damage Healthy
Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Evidence of Presence in 2004
Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ Examination of some infested trees
indicates that the psyllid pest has
been present prior to 2005, possibly
2003.
The photos reveal evidence of prior
infestation. Previous years growth
is stunted from a heavy infestation.
Phil Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ
Pests Causing Similar Damage
James S
olo
mon
, US
FS
James S
olo
mon
, US
FS
Woolly Ash Aphid Damage
Ash Flower Gall Mite
Other pests cause similar damage on the
foliage and floral parts, so isolation of the
pest is essential for identification.
Information Sources
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Herman, D.E. et al. 1996. North Dakota tree handbook. USDA NRCS ND State Soil
Conservation Committee; NDSU Extension and Western Area Power Admin., Bismarck, ND.
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7423.html
http://content.calgary.ca/CCA/City+Hall/Business+Units/Parks/Urban+Forestry/Elm+Scale+and+Ash+Psyllid.htm
http://www.faunaeur.org/index.php
http://www.iCanGarden.com
http://www.edmonton.ca/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_238_214_0_43/http%3B/CMSServer/COEWeb/hous
ehold/pest+management/CottonyPsyllidsonAsh.htm
http://www.bismarcktribune.com/news/topnews/top01.txt
Douglass Miller, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA, ARS, PSI, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
Photo Contributors
Dr. Phillip Mason, USDA, APHIS, PPQ
David Nelson, North Dakota Dept of Agriculture
Justin Knott, North Dakota Dept of Agriculture
Dr. Dale Herman, North Dakota State University
Fauna Europea (Map)
USGS, Plants Database (Map)
USFS (Map)
James Solomon, USFS
Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune
Justin Knott, NDDA
Dave Nelson, NDDA
Tom Stromme, Bismarck Tribune