[p.t] pab 1012 reservoir sections 1 3

8/8/2019 [p.T] Pab 1012 Reservoir Sections 1 3

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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009

Fundamentals of PetroleumFundamentals of PetroleumEngineeringEngineering

Reservoir EngineeringReservoir Engineering

ModuleModule

Prof. Dr. Birol M.R. DemiralSchlumberger Chair


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Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009

Introduction

Jan. 2007 Present Schlumberger Chair,Geosciences and Petroleum Engineering Department, UTP,Malaysia

May 2003 May 2006 Head of Department,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey

Oct. 2000 Jan. 2007 Professor,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU, Turkey

Mar. 1996 Jan. 2007 Assistant Director,PAL Petroleum Research Center, METU , Turkey

July. 1992 - Oct. 2000 Assoc. Professor,Dept. of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, METU , Turkey

Oct. 1988 - July. 1992 Post Doctoral Research Affiliate,Stanford University Petroleum Research Institute,Stanford, CA, USA

Oct. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assistant Head of Department,

Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , TurkeyApr. 1987 - Oct. 1988 Assist. Professor,

Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey

Aug. 1984 - Apr. 1987 Instructor,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey

May 1979 - Aug. 1984 Research Assistant,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey

Feb. 1979 - May 1979 Student Assistant,Dept. of Petroleum Engineering, METU , Turkey


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What have you learned till now?

Search for oil andgas wascompleted

A hole drilled tothe targeted field

Courtesy of Schlumberger



Fundamentals of Petr

oleum Engineering, UTP 2009


4/35Fundamentals of Petroleum Engineering, UTP 2009

Section 1Section 1

Reservoir EngineeringReservoir Engineering


Outcomes:Outcomes:

Students should be ableStudents should be able

to define the main tasks of Petroleum Reservoirto define the main tasks of Petroleum Reservoir

Engineering,Engineering,



Petroleum ReservoirPetroleum Reservoir

EngineeringEngineeringThe branch of petroleum engineeringwhich typically concerned withmaximizing the economic recovery of

hydrocarbons from the subsurface.





EngineersEngineersPetroleum Reservoir Engineers generally deals with

reserves estimation,

numerical reservoir modeling,

production forecasting,

well testing/analysis,

well drilling and workover planning,

economic modeling, andPVT analysis of reservoir fluids





EngineersEngineersReservoir engineers also play a central role in

field development planning,

recommending appropriate and cost effectivereservoir depletion schemes to maximize

hydrocarbon recovery such as1. waterflooding,

2. gas injection for pressure maintanence,

3. Enhanced Oil Recovery.




Section 2Section 2

Reservoir Rock PropertiesReservoir Rock Properties


Outcomes:Outcomes:


to define reservoir rock properties liketo define reservoir rock properties like

porosityporosity permeabilitypermeability

saturationssaturations

relative permeabilityrelative permeability


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Reservoir RockReservoir Rock

Porous

Porosity Storage Capacity

PermeablePermeability Production

Capacity



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PorosityPorosity

Wikipedia:

A measure of the void spaces in a material, andis measured as a fraction, between 01, or as apercentage between 0100%.

Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary:

The percentage of pore volume or void space, or

that volume within rock that can contain fluids.Any Reservoir Engineering Book:

A measure of the space available for storage of

petroleum hydrocarbon.(0.10


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Mathematical Expression ofMathematical Expression of

PorosityPorosity



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Example 1Example 1

What is the porosity of the rock sample with

bulk volume of 9.9 cm3, dry weight of thesample in air of 20 gr and sand grain densityof 2.67 gr/cm3?



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Types of Porosity (AccordingTypes of Porosity (According

to mode of origin)to mode of origin)Primary Porosity:

Formed at the time sediment was deposited



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Types of Porosity (AccordingTypes of Porosity (According

to connectivity)to connectivity)Absolute Porosity:

The ratio of the total void space in a rock to thebulk volume of that rock.

Effective Porosity:

The ratio of the interconnected void space in a

rock to the bulk volume of that rock.Important from the reservoir engineeringstandpoint!



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SaturationsSaturations


Fluid Saturation is the ratio of the volume of a

particular fluid occupying some portion of a coresample to the pore volume of that sample

V

V

So

o=

p

V

VS

p

w

w=

V

VS

p

g

g=

Oil Saturation

Water Saturation

Gas Saturation


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PermeabilityPermeabilityAPI Code 27:

A measure of the capacity of theporous medium to transmit fluids.



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DarcyDarcys Laws Law


L

PkAq=

P

L

q

A

A porous medium has 1 Darcy permeability

when a single phase fluid of 1 cp viscosity that

completely saturates the pores, flows underviscous flow conditions at a rate of 1 cm3/sec

across 1 cm2 cross-sectional area under a

pressure gradient of 1 atm/cm.


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Types of PermeabilityTypes of Permeability


Absolute Permeability

Effective Permeability

Relative Permeability


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Absolute PermeabilityAbsolute Permeability


P

L

qA

Flowing fluid is100% saturatingthe medium

LPkAq = Absolutepermeability


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Effective PermeabilityEffective Permeability

More than one fluidis saturating themedium. At leastone of them is

mobile (flowing)


LPAkq

i

ii

= Effectivepermeability

P

L

qo

A

qg

qw


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Relative PermeabilityRelative Permeability

More than onefluid is saturatingthe medium. Atleast two of them

are mobile(flowing)


LPAkkq

o

roo

= Relativepermeability

qo

P

LA

qg

qw

k

kk

i

ri=


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Relative PermeabilityRelative Permeability


kro krw

Sw

Oil-Water relative permeability behavior with respect

to Water saturation

1 .01 .0

Sw c

1 -Sor

0 1

S w m i nS w m a x


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General Classification ofGeneral Classification of

PermeabilityPermeability


Classification Permeability Range

Very Low < 1 mD

Low 1 10 mD

Medium 10 50 mD

Average 50 200 mD

Good 200 500 mD

Excellent > 500 mD


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Section 3Section 3

Reservoir Fluid PropertiesReservoir Fluid Properties


Outcomes:Outcomes:


to differentiate types of petroleum,to differentiate types of petroleum,

to explain common reservoir fluid propertiesto explain common reservoir fluid properties


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Crude Oil and GasCrude Oil and Gas

CompositionsCompositions


Petroleum (Crude Oil and Gas)

Hydrocarbons Inorganic Gases(CO

2

, H2

S, He, etc)Trace Elements(Hg, S, etc)

Saturated

Hydrocarbons(Alkanes CH4,C2H6, andCycloalkanes Napthenes,..)

Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons(Alkenes..)

The types and proportions ofhydrocarbons in the petroleum

determine if the fluid is oil, gas,heavy oil, sweet gas, sour gas,etc.


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Phase Diagram & Composition


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Change in Composition

Typical Composition of


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Typical Composition of

Petroleum Reservoirs


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Importance of Composition


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Reservoir vs. Surface Condition


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Compositions also affect

5.1315.141=

SGAPI

Categories by Types of Crude & Natural


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Categories by Types of Crude & Natural

Gas


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Water


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Questions?


[p.t] pab 1012 reservoir sections 1 3

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