pta gruesa (ex67) april-june 2009 report

8/4/2019 Pta Gruesa (EX67) April-June 2009 Report

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Global Vision International,2009 Report Series No. 002

ISSN 1748-9369 (Print)

GVI Mexico

Punta Gruesa Marine Conservation

Expedition, Q Roo, Mexico

Phase Report 092

April June 2009


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Table of ContentsExecutive Summary .........................................................................................................ii

Table of Contents.............................................................................................................iiiList of Figures...................................................................................................................vList of Tables....................................................................................................................v

1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................62. Synoptic Monitoring Programme.................................................................................8

2.1 Aim.....................................................................................................................82.2 Introduction.........................................................................................................8

2.2.1.Benthic Cover............................................................................................82.2.2 Fish Populations........................................................................................102.2.3 Physical Parameters..................................................................................14

2.3 Methodology and Training...............................................................................143. Results ........................................................................................................................19

3.1 Fish ...................................................................................................................193.1.1 Adult fish.................................................................................................193.1.2 Juvenile Fish............................................................................................21

Figure 3.5 shows the relationship between Acanthuridae and Turf Algae. As with thesame period last year there has been a slight decrease in the abundance of both Surgeonfishand Turf Algae for the phase 092. ....................................................................................24

3.2 Discussion.........................................................................................................243.2.1 Adult Fish................................................................................................24

A total of 843 adult fish were recorded in phase 092, the highest number since monitoring began at Punta Gruesa. During this period the families Acanthuridae and Haemulidae havedominated the adult fish data. Once again in 092 these familes made up a large proportionof the total fish observed, with the Haemulidae accounting for over 50% of the total fishspecies. At present the reasons for the dramatic increase in adult fish biomass whencompared to the previous three phases is unclear. However, it is likely that the recording of a number of schools of the species Haemulon carbonarium and Haemulon sciuruscontaining over twenty individuals at the sites CN10 and LM10 may have contributed

partly to the increased fish numbers. Due to the design of the methodology used, fishspecies are only recorded if they pass through an estimated 2m box in front of themonitoring diver, remaining unrecorded if they linger outside this area. Another possibilityfor the increased biomass is a higher accuracy in fish sizing by volunteers. ....................24

The number of adult fish recorded for the remaining families remained relatively constantwith that of previous phases. Furthermore, the continued close correlation between theabundance of Acanthuridae and Turf algae indicates a balanced equilibrium within the reef ecosystem...........................................................................................................................24

There have been no reports of members of the family Sphyraenidae for the past five phases. These results are misleading and can once again be attributed to the monitoringmethodology employed. Sphyraena barracuda (Great Barracuda) spend much of their timehigh in the water column and rarely cruise close to the reef benthos. For this reason they aeunlikely to swim into the divers 2m box and remain unrecorded. Due to this inconsistency,

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GVI Punta Gruesa has included Great Barracuda as part of the Incidental Sightings program (Section 4) and will look to monitor population numbers in the area.................25

3.2.2 Juvenile Fish.............................................................................................25Juvenile fish numbers peak as coastal waters warm during the first six months of the year.

In 092 an average of 17.96 juvenile fish were recorded per transect compared with 5.74 inthe previous phase. Adult T.bifasciatum and H.garnoti usually spawn in the spring or earlysummer with juveniles of the species recruiting to the dermal population in summer. Withthis in mind the increase in juvenile numbers was expected. However, coinciding with theadult fish recorded, the scale of the increase in phase 092 when compared with the previoustwo phases can not be attributed to this alone. Currently the reasons for this significantincrease are unknown and will require further investigation. ...........................................25

3.3 Coral..................................................................................................................253.3.1 Point Intercept transects............................................................................25

3.3.2 Coral Community Transects....................................................................283.4 Discussion.........................................................................................................31

With further study, more trends will become aparent and with the socioeconomicinformation surrounding the area and knowledge of development and activities pertainingto the reef, strategies can be suggested for management of the area to ensure the reef issustained or allowed to recover from previous factors. ...................................................31

4. Incidental Sightings Programme................................................................................324.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................324.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................324.3 Results...............................................................................................................334.4 Discussion.........................................................................................................35

5. Coral Disease Monitoring Programme ......................................................................375.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................375.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................37

5.3 Results & Discussion........................................................................................386. Community Work Programme....................................................................................40

6.1 English Language Programme .........................................................................416.2 Environmental Education.................................................................................416.3 Other Programmes and Activities.....................................................................41

6.3.1 Dive into Earth Day.................................................................................417. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme........................................................................43

7.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................437.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................447.3 Results...............................................................................................................447.4 Discussion.........................................................................................................45

8. Bird Monitoring Programme.......................................................................................477.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................478.2 Methodology.....................................................................................................488.3 Results...............................................................................................................488.4 Discussion.........................................................................................................488.5 Limitations and error........................................................................................49

9. References...................................................................................................................5110. Appendices................................................................................................................53

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Apendix A SMP Methodology Outlines..............................................................53Appendix B. Species List of adult fish that are recorded during monitoring dives.

..................................................................................................................................57Appendix C - Juvenile Fish Indicator Species List.................................................58Appendix D - Coral Species List ...........................................................................59

List of FiguresFigure 2.1 Map of the monitoring (yellow) and training (green) sites for GVI Mahahual15Figure 3.2 Total fish biomass per phase............................................................................19Figure 3.3 Adult fish familiy percentage abundance by phase..........................................20Figure 3.4 Percentage abundance of adult fish families per site during 092.....................21Figure 3.5 Percentage abundance of juvenile fish families by phase................................22Figure 3.6 Percentage abundance of Surgeonfish and Turf Algae by phase.....................23Figure 3.7 Frequency of species by site on PI transects....................................................26Figure 3.8 Abundance of algaes recorded on PI transects.................................................27Figure 3.9 Comparison of algae presence in 082 and 092.................................................28Figure 3.10 Presence of disease recorded during CC transects.........................................29Figure 3.11 Frequency of Bleaching recorded during CC transects..................................30Figure 3.12 Frequency of predation recorded on CC transects.........................................30Figure 4.13 Recorded sightings of sharks and rays from 084 to 092................................33Figure 4.14 Turtle sightings by phase................................................................................34Figure 4.15 Sphyraena barracuda sightings by site...........................................................35Figure 5.16 Siderastrea siderea with areas of full bleaching.............................................39Figure 5.17 Diploria strigosa with red band disease..........................................................40Figure 6.18 Earth day activities Figure 6.19 Bubble maker..........................................42Figure 6.18 Earth day activities Figure 6.19 Bubble maker..........................................42

List of TablesTable 2.1 Name, depth and GPS points of the first monitoring sites (SMP).....................16Table 3.2 Number of transects/adult fish recorded per phase............................................19Table 3.3 Number of transects/juvenile fish recorded per phase.......................................21

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1. Introduction

The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS) extends from Contoy island at the Northof the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, to the Bay Islands of Honduras through Belize andGuatemala and is the second largest barrier reef in the world.

The GVI Marine Programme within Mexico initiated the running of its first base, Pez Maya,in the Sian Kaan Biosphere Reserve in 2003. Since then the programme has flourished,with a sister site being set up in the south of the Yucatan at Mahahual. The currentprojects of GVI Pez Maya and Mahahual are assisting Amigos de Sian Kaan (ASK) andComisin Nacional de reas Naturales Protegidas (CONANP) to obtain baseline data byconducting marine surveys along the coast of Quintana Roo. By obtaining this data, ASKand its partners can begin to focus on the areas needing immediate environmentalregulation depending on susceptibility; therefore, implementing management protectionplans as and when required. Surveys using the same methodology are being conductedby a number of bodies through the entire Mesoamerican Barrier Reef, in Belize, Hondurasand Guatemala, coordinated by the MBRS project group.

Such a project is especially significant in current times of rapid development along thesmall fishing village coast of the Mahahual area, due to the tourism industry generated bythe cruise ship pier that was built near the town in 2002.

The cruise ship pier was badly damaged following Hurricane Dean in August 2007 andremained out of operation until October 2008 when Mahahual again began to receive thefirst cruise ships. The current terminal can berth 3 cruise ships with, on average, 12arrivals per week during high season. The cruise ships bring a flood of tourists in to theMahahual region, an area that, at present, only has a limited infrastructure for dealing with

large numbers of people. Furthermore, plans are underway to increase the number of cruise ships in port, and on land, develop the roadway through the mangrove system,increasing access to vacation homes and hotels. There are also plans to re-open the smallairport about 10 km from Mahahual in an effort to get more people to the area. Suchdevelopment invites degradation of other ecosystems contributing to the health of the reef,as well as activities directly disturbing the reef, such as wave runners and environmentally

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unaware tourists, increasing the pressure on marine resources. Consequently, effectivemonitoring is becoming ever more important. By assessing the health of the marineenvironment, new policies can be formulated and environmental degradation prevented if

the appropriate measures are taken to advocate long-term, sustainable ecotourism.

The collaboration between ASK, UQROO and GVI in Mahahual was finalised in early2004, contributing in part to the Programa de Manejo Integrado de Recursos Costeros(MIRC),with the Estacin Costa Maya (ECM) base running as a fully functional researchstation from April 2004. Expeditions ran on a 10 week basis until June 2007, working onmarine and littoral studies and focusing on local community development. 5 weeks beforeHurricane Dean, GVI briefly moved to Sol y Mar, a site north of Mahahual town from where

the monitoring in Mahahual continued to be monitored. The last phase of 2007 was held inthe badly damaged ECM before arriving to Punta Gruesa in January 2008. Punta Gruesais located approximately 40km north of Mahahual and 12 km south of the southern tip of the Sian Kaan Biosphere. The area is, at present, relatively unpopulated although manyplots of land in the locality are currently in the hands of foreign investors to eventually besold or in the process of development.

This expedition is the second of GVIs second year at Punta Gruesa. By using divers with

appropriate training, GVI has demonstrated how Mexico can benefit from GVIs work. Thedata provided by large numbers of rigorously trained researchers will be extremely usefulfor the decision makers for effective coastal zone management and provide a comparisonwith data collected inside the Sian Kaan Biosphere at Pez Maya.



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2. Synoptic Monitoring Programme

2.1 Aim

The projects at Punta Gruesa and Pez Maya aim to identify species and their resilience toenvironmental stressors. The projects also aim to ascertain areas of high species diversity,areas of high algal mass, fish species and abundance.

2.2 Introduction

2.2.1.Benthic Cover Caribbean reefs were once dominated by hard coral, with huge Acropora palmata stands

on the reef crests and Acropora cervicornis and Montastraea annularis dominating the forereef. Today, many reefs in the Caribbean have been overrun by macroalgae during aphase shift which is thought to have been brought about by numerous factors including adecrease in herbivory from fishing and other pressures, eutrophication from land-basedactivities and disease (McClanahan & Muthiga, 1998).

One of the Caribbeans key reef herbivores, the long-spined sea urchin Diademaantilarium, suffered mass mortalities during 1983-84, resulting in a reduction in number of

approximately 90% (Deloach, 1999). This has resulted in a large amount of grazingpressure being removed, providing algae with an opportunity to increase in abundance.Fishing pressures, and the subsequent removal of herbivorous fish such as Parrotfish, hasfurther reduced grazers.

The main coral family in the Caribbean was once the Acroporidae which includes the Acropora cervicornis and palmata. In the mid 1980s this family suffered from whatdeveloped into a massive reduction in abundance, which can be clearly seen on many

sites in the area by the rubble of dead skeletons of the above species. This decline hassubsequently been attributed to both White Band disease and natural factors, and haslead to A. palmata and A. cervicornis being added to the US Endangered Species list asthreatened (NOAA, 2006). The removal of the Acroporids lead to a change in dominanceto the lesser reef building families Poritidae and Agaricidae and it had been found thatsites across the Caribbean have decreased in hard coral coverage by as much as 80%



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over the last 30 years (Gardener et al., 2003). With the reduction in Acropora sp ., thedecimation of the Diadema population and continued fishing pressures, algal species havebeen able to flourish, and combined with increasing eutrophication, the shift to algal

dominance has taken root.

Benthic transects record the abundance of all benthic species as well as looking at coralhealth. The presence of coral on the reef is in itself an indicator of health, not only becauseof the reefs current state, but also for its importance to fish populations (Spalding & Jarvis,2002). Coral health is not only impacted by increased nutrients and algal growth, but byother factors, both naturally occurring and anthropogenically introduced. A report producedby the United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre

(UNEP-WCMC) in 2004 stated that nearly 66% of Caribbean reefs are at risk fromanthropogenic activities, with over 40% of reefs at high to very high risk (UNEP-WCMC,2006).Naturally occurring events such as hurricanes can have devastating effects on coral reefsin very short periods of time (Gardener et al., 2005). The impact of a hurricane can be feltfor some time after the initial strike due to increased sedimentation and nutrient load aslow turbidity and low nutrient levels are required for coral growth and health. An increasein sedimentation has been found to increase mortality rates due to impeded

photosynthesis and increased energy required to remove sediment from colony surfaces(Nuges & Roberts, 2003; Yentsch et al., 2002). Sediment levels can increase after stormsand hurricanes and also as a result of anthropogenic activities such as deforestation,dredging and coastal construction. Hurricanes can also damage reefs through increasedwave action, which physically destroys more fragile species resulting in a phase shift of dominant corals.

Different coral families have differing resistances to stress. However, with multiple

stressors present (sediment, removal of herbivores, disease) even the most hardy cansuccumb to the pressure, resulting in loss of coral coverage (Kenyon et al., 2006; Yentschet al., 2002). The measurement of percentage coral mortality provides a way of determining the state of health for the colony and these measures are taken during benthicmonitoring (Nuges & Roberts, 2003).



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As a result of the phase shift on Caribbean reefs, the abundance and type of algae presentare of particular interest. It has been found that some macroalgae and cyanobacteria donot simply occupy space on the reef, but can actively inhibit coral recruitment (Kuffner et al., 2006). Of those algae present on the reef, two key genera are particularly observed,Halimeda and Dictyota. Halimeda is an important genera due to its calcified structureproviding large amounts of calcium carbonate that contributes greatly to beaches and addsto the structure of the reef (Littler et al., 1989). Dictyota spp. have been found to not onlyinhibit the growth of Halimeda spp. through its epiphytic nature, but also certain specieshave been found to be able to kill coral recruits in ways other than by simply shading thelight or taking the available space (Beach et al., 2003; Kuffner et al., 2006). Due to their opportunistic nature, ability to deal with stress and mechanisms for out-competing coral for

space, algae has been able to maintain the coral-algae phase shift.

It is not confirmed what the major culprit for these phase shifts is, but it is believed that thereversal of one or more causative factor could lead to a shift back to coral dominance(Edmunds & Carpenter, 2001). In the Caribbean the decrease in coral coverage isbelieved to be slowing (Gardener et al., 2003). Studies in Jamaica have found areas of Diadema resurgence and within these areas, macroalgae coverage has been found tohave reduced and the number of young corals has increased (Edmunds & Carpenter,

2001).

Through monitoring the abundances of hard corals, algae and various other key benthicspecies, as well as numbers of Diadema urchin encountered, we aim to determine not onlythe current health of the local reefs but also to track any shifts in phase state over time.

2.2.2 Fish Populations

Large numbers of fish can be found on and around coral reefs. These fish are associatedwith the reef for a variety of reasons. The structural complexity of coral reefs providesshelter for fish, a quick refuge from predators during the day or a safe place to sleep atnight. Others rely on the reef directly for food, be they corallivores, such as Butterflyfish,Chaetodontidae or territorial herbivores like some Damselfish,Pomacentridae . The reef



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also indirectly provides food for predatory fish, both those that are site attached likeScorpion fish and pelagic predators such as Bar Jacks.

Fish surveys are focused on specific species (see Appendix B) that play an important rolein the ecology of the reef as herbivores, carnivores, commercially important fish or thoselikely to be affected by human activities (AGRRA, 2000).

The most important herbivorous fish on the reef are the Parrotfish, Scaridae, and theSurgeonfish, Acanthuridae (AGRRA, 2000).

Parrotfish feed primarily on uncalcified algae and seagrasses. However, they are more

widely known for scraping algal turf from dead coral heads with their fused front teeth,which form a beak like structure. Live coral is rarely eaten by parrotfish, with the exceptionof the Stoplight Parrotfish, Sparisoma viridae, and the Queen Parrotfish, Scarus vetula,which often feed on livingMontastrea annularis colonies. Parrotfish also utilise the caves,overhangs and crevices in the reef for protection at night from predators (Deloach, 1999).

Surgeonfish often feed in large mixed aggregations on the reef, descending upondamselfish gardens and decimating them before moving on. Feeding continues all day,

with Blue Tangs and Doctorfish concentrating their activities on the reef itself, while theOcean Surgeonfish tend to forage over the sand. All surgeonfish play an important role inlimiting the growth of algae on the reef (Deloach, 1999).

The importance of other fish can be determined by commercial fishing pressure. Manycarnivores on the reef such as Groupers and Snappers are important predators and their presence denotes a balanced food chain and also low levels of fishing. Snappers feednocturnally on crustaceans and small fish and inhabit the reef in daylight hours. Groupers

occaisonaly feed during the day, but mainly at dusk and dawn, drawing their prey of fish,crustaceans and cephalopods into their mouths by simply opening them wide, creating asuction effect (Deloach, 1999).

Unlike the groupers and snappers, Bar Jacks and Barracuda are pelagic predators and areconsidered top-level carnivores feeding mainly on fish. They are also commercially



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important fish and their removal has knock on effects to the balance of the food chain(Deloach, 1999).

Other predatory fish recorded during fish surveys and which are susceptible to fishingpressures are the many Grunt species, often the most abundant fish on many Caribbeanreefs, which spend their days around the reef and feeding at night on sea grass beds, andHogfish, a favourite target for spear fishers, Spanish Hogfish and Triggerfish (Lee &Dooley, 1998; Deloach, 1999).

Fish such as Butterflyfish and Angelfish are also commercially important, but for removalfor the aquarium trade rather than for commercial fishing. Butterflyfish are coralivores,

eating polyps from both hard corals and gorgonians and are considered to be a generalindicator of good coral health. Angelfish, once thought to belong to the same family as theButterflyfish, can also be coralivores, but have evolved over time to feed on sponges,possibly to avoid increased competition for food (AGRRA, 2000 & Deloach, 1999).

All reef fish play an important role in maintaining the health and balance of a reef community. Fishing typically removes larger predatory fish from the reef, which not onlyalters the size structure of the reef fish communities, but with the reduction in predation

pressure, the abundance of fish further down the food chain is now determined throughcompetition for resources (AGRRA, 2000).

Although each fish is important, the removal of herbivores can have a considerable impacton the health of the reef, particularly in an algal dominated state, which without their presence has little chance of returning to coral dominance. Through the monitoring of these fish and by estimating their size, the current condition of the reef at each site can beassessed, any trends or changes can be tracked and improvements or deteriorations

determined.

Population abundances are determined to an extent by larval recruitment. The vastmajority of reef fish are pelagic spawners, releasing their gametes into the water columnwhere they are under the influence of water flow for several weeks. Other forms of spawning include benthic egglaying, which is common among Damselfish and Triggerfish.



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Despite the fertilised eggs being laid in nests and protected by diligent parents, oncehatched, even these larvae have a pelagic period where their distribution is also controlledby water movement. During this time the fish larvae can travel hundreds of miles from

where they were originally spawned, occasionally, however, due to specific oceanographicinfluences, larvae may be held close to their site of origin (Deloach, 1999).

For larvae which survive their pelagic existence, when they eventually settle, they may bea considerable distance from where they were spawned. Recruitment of these larvae intothe populations of the different sites has been found to vary. There are several theoriesabout the difference in recruitment levels between sites, even those which are closelysituated. Some believe that each reef has a specific carrying capacity and recruitment is

based on existing adult abundances. Others believe that abundance of larval recruits isdetermined after they have settled on a site when competition for resources such as food,space and shelter begin. Rates of predation at specific sites will also play their part in thesurvival of larval recruits. Recruitment has also been found to vary seasonally (Deloach,1999).

The monitoring of juvenile fish concentrates on a few specific species. The presence andnumber of larvae at different sites can be used as an indication of potential future

population size and diversity. Due to the extensive distribution of larvae, however,numbers cannot be used to determine the spawning potential of a specific reef. Theremoval of fish from a population as a result of fishing, however, may influence spawningpotential and affect larval recruitment on far away reefs. The removal of juvenile predatorsthrough fishing may also alter the number of recruits surviving to spawn themselves(AGRRA, 2000).

Together with the information collected about adult fish a balanced picture of the reef fish

communities at different sites can be obtained.



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2.2.3 Physical Parameters

For the optimum health and growth of coral communities certain factors need to remain

relatively stable. Measurements of turbidity, water temperature, salinity, cloud cover, andsea state are taken during survey dives. Temperature increases or decreases cannegatively influence coral health and survival. As different species have different optimumtemperature ranges, changes can also influence species richness. Corals also requireclear waters to allow for optimum photosynthesis. The turbidity of the water can beinfluenced by weather, storms or high winds stirring up the sediment, or anthropogenicactivities such as deforestation and coastal construction. Increased turbidity reduces lightlevels and can result in stress to the coral. Any increase in coral stress levels can result in

them becoming susceptible to disease or result in a bleaching event.

In the near future, GVI Punta Gruesa hopes to be able to use this data for analysis of temporal and seasonal changes and try to correlate any coral health issues with sudden or prolonged irregularities within these physical parameters.

2.3 Methodology and Training

The Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System Synoptic Monitoring Programme methodologyhas been followed in the monitoring of this phases sites. At each site transects wereundertaken at a depth of 10m, which corresponds with the reef crest at each site.

The sites that are monitored as part of the MBRS programme at GVI Mahahual werechosen through discussions with ASK, the Programa de Manejo Integrado de RecursosCosteros (MIRC, a subsidiary of UQROO) and discussions with local fishermen.

The established sites currently cover the immediate vicinity to Punta Gruesa but moresites are looking to be added to the monitoring programme. Seven of these are currentlymonitored annually with a range covering 6.5 km of the coast.



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Figure 2.1 Map of the monitoring (yellow) and training (green) sites for GVI Mahahual



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Table 2.1 lists the locations of the monitoring sites. GPS points are listed here in theWGS84 datum.

Table 2.1 Name, depth and GPS points of the first monitoring sites (SMP).

The methods employed for the underwater visual census work are those outlined in theMBRS manual (Almada-Villelaet al ., 2003), but to summarise, GVI use three separatemethods for buddy pairs:

o Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organismso Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fisho Buddy Method 3: Coral Rover and Fish Rover diver

The separate buddy pair systems are outlined in detail in Appendix A.


Location Site ID Depth Latitude LongitudeLos Boyos LB10 10m 19.02 21.8 087.33 54.8Las Joyas LJ10 10m 19.01 53.0 087.34 07.6Los Milagros LM10 10m 19.01 35.6 087.34 13.3Costa Norte CN10 10m 19.01 31.0 087.34 16.5Las Delicias LD10 10m 19.01 24.7 087.34 20.2Las Palapas LP10 10m 19.01 55.8 087.34 05.0Flor De Caon FDC10 10m 19.02 04.4 087.34 03.4Sol Naciente SN10 10m 19.00 36.0 087.34 33.0Delicias Profundas DP30 30m 19.91 24.7 087.34 20.2

Los Gorditos LG25 25m 18.59 37.6 087.34 51.9


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2.4 Synoptic Monitoring ProgrammeTraining

The non-specialist volunteers recruited by GVI all undergo a rigorous training programmeprior to taking part in monitoring surveys. There are four expeditions a year, each identifiedby a three digit code incorporating the year and phase period, i.e. the first phase of 2009then becomes 091, the second 092 and so on. During each phase, EMs are trained in 5week periods. During the first 3 weeks, a series of theory and practical sessions are heldto develop each EMs knowledge and skills to a standard level, which is necessary toobtain reliable data. Each EM focuses on the knowledge and skills required to conducteither fish or coral MBRS SMP transects.

The lecture series builds on basic concepts of coral reef ecology and introduces issuesthat are relevant to marine research monitoring.

Hazards of the Reef Classification and TaxonomyGoals of the Station Monitoring Methods and Lecture DemonstrationIntroduction to Coral Reefs Marine Plants and AlgaeIntroduction to Fish and Coral Coral DiseasesIntroduction to Coral Identification Marine TurtlesIntroduction to Fish Identification Development of the Quintana Roo CoastThreats to the Reef General Oceanography

In addition to these lectures, volunteers take part in a number of coral or fish identificationworkshops with staff members, before taking a computer exam that requires a minimum95% score to pass.

Underwater training focuses first on developing the necessary dive skills, with anemphasis on high levels of buoyancy control and diving safety procedures. EMs thenundergo a series of spots, covering either hard coral and benthic species identification, aswell as coral health monitoring techniques, or adult and juvenile fish identification, sizeestimation exercises and practice transect work. EMs are tested by experiencedmonitoring staff at each stage, with 100% required before being approved for monitoring.

Physical Parameters



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In addition to the dive survey reports collected at each site, measurements of the followingphysical parameters are collected on each dive survey made at the permanent SMP

monitoring sites:

Sea state SalinityCloud Cover Bottom and surface temperatureTurbidity

Sea state is recorded using a modification of the Beaufort scale for wind.

Cloud density is recorded through a visual estimation of the cover above the site bydividing the sky into eight and establishing how many sections have 60% or greater coverage.

Turbidity is recorded using a Secchi disk marked in half metre intervals, which is loweredinto the water until no longer visible. The length of line is then established whilst the diskis reeled in.

Salinity samples are taken at the surface of the survey site by the captain from the boatand on the reef itself by one of the survey divers. The samples are tested using arefractometer to obtain direct salinity measurements in parts per thousand (PPT).

Surface temperature is recorded using a handheld depth sounder with built in temperaturegauge. Bottom temperature is collected from a survey diver using a dive computer.



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3. Results

3.1 Fish

The numbers of transects per phase and total fish seen per transect are listed in Table 3.1.In 092 there was a significant increase in the number of fish recorded per transectcompared with 091.

Phase

TotalTransects in

Phase Total fish in phase Fish per transect

081 30 391 13.03

082 54 649 12.02

083 49 280 5.79

084 40 321 8.03

091 39 334 8.56092 48 843 17.56

Table 3. 2 Number of transects/adult fish recorded per phase.

3.1.1 Adult fish

Figure 3.2 Total fish biomass per phase

Adult fish biomass witnessed a dramatic increase in 092 compared with the previous threephases. At 3.86kg 100m-2 this is an increase of 1.8kg and the highest level recorded since



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Figure 3.4 Percentage abundance of adult fish families per site during 092.

Figure 3.3 shows the percentage abundance of fish families for each of the survey sitesmonitored. The two dominant fish families recorded were the grunts (Haemulidae ) and theSurgeonfish ( Acanthuridae ). As with phase 091, the grunts were the more abundant familyobserved at all sites except Flor de Canyon (FDC10). Transects undertaken at CN10 andLP10 recorded higher numbers of Snapper than at other sites, while Parrotfish were mostfrequently observed at FDC10 and LB10.

3.1.2 Juvenile Fish

Phase

TotalTransects in

Phase Total fish in phase Fish per transect

081 30 302 10.06

082 54 809 14.98083 49 605 12.35

084 40 308 7.70

091 39 224 5.74092 48 862 17.96

Table 3.3 Number of transects/juvenile fish recorded per phase


Site


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Figure 3.6 Percentage abundance of Surgeonfish and Turf Algae by phase


Phase

% Abundance


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Figure 3.5 shows the relationship between Acanthuridae and Turf Algae. As with thesame period last year there has been a slight decrease in the abundance of both

Surgeonfish and Turf Algae for the phase 092.

3.2 Discussion

3.2.1 Adult FishA total of 843 adult fish were recorded in phase 092, the highest number sincemonitoring began at Punta Gruesa. During this period the families Acanthuridae andHaemulidae have dominated the adult fish data. Once again in 092 these familes

made up a large proportion of the total fish observed, with theHaemulidae accountingfor over 50% of the total fish species. At present the reasons for the dramatic increasein adult fish biomass when compared to the previous three phases is unclear.However, it is likely that the recording of a number of schools of the speciesHaemulon carbonarium and Haemulon sciurus containing over twenty individuals atthe sites CN10 and LM10 may have contributed partly to the increased fish numbers.Due to the design of the methodology used, fish species are only recorded if theypass through an estimated 2m box in front of the monitoring diver, remaining

unrecorded if they linger outside this area. Another possibility for the increasedbiomass is a higher accuracy in fish sizing by volunteers.

The number of adult fish recorded for the remaining families remained relativelyconstant with that of previous phases. Furthermore, the continued close correlationbetween the abundance of Acanthuridae and Turf algae indicates a balancedequilibrium within the reef ecosystem.



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There have been no reports of members of the family Sphyraenidae for the past fivephases. These results are misleading and can once again be attributed to themonitoring methodology employed.Sphyraena barracuda (Great Barracuda) spend

much of their time high in the water column and rarely cruise close to the reef benthos. For this reason they ae unlikely to swim into the divers 2m box and remainunrecorded. Due to this inconsistency, GVI Punta Gruesa has included GreatBarracuda as part of the Incidental Sightings program (Section 4) and will look tomonitor population numbers in the area.

3.2.2 Juvenile FishJuvenile fish numbers peak as coastal waters warm during the first six months of theyear. In 092 an average of 17.96 juvenile fish were recorded per transect comparedwith 5.74 in the previous phase. Adult T.bifasciatum and H.garnoti usually spawn inthe spring or early summer with juveniles of the species recruiting to the dermalpopulation in summer. With this in mind the increase in juvenile numbers wasexpected. However, coinciding with the adult fish recorded, the scale of the increase inphase 092 when compared with the previous two phases can not be attributed to thisalone. Currently the reasons for this significant increase are unknown and will requirefurther investigation.

3.3 Coral

The coral health and biodiversity of benthic species is an important indicator for reef health. The PI (Point Intercept) and CC (Coral Communities) transects offer data to assessthese indicators over the monitoring period.

3.3.1 Point Intercept transectsThe PI transect gives an overview of the benthic cover of the monitoring sites. Below is thebreakdown of these results for 092 by site.



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Frequency of species by site on PI transects

0

50

100

150

200

250

CN FDC LB LJ LM LP

Site

F r e q u e n c y

Hermatypic Coral

Bryozoan

Blue Green Algae

Coralline Algae

Dictyota

Gorgonians

Halimeda

Lobophora

Macroalgae

Sand

Sponge

Turf algae

Zoanthid

Tunicate

Figure 3.7 Frequency of species by site on PI transects

The overall most common species according to the figure is Macroalgae. The algae, ingeneral, are abundant, which is in line with the phase shift that has occurred throughoutthe Caribbean whereby coral cover has reduced, and alga has become dominant. Thechanges are thought to be related to anthropogenic influences such as fishing pressures,coastal development and climate changes that have changed the environment andtherefore affected the balance of species thriving there.Hermatypic corals are relatively consistent over the sites, and appear to be equalcoverage to some algae species.

The algae are separated below, illustrating the dominance of macroalage in comparison tothe other species. Blue-green algae appear to be the least common amongst the group,with the larger, more aggressive growth types taking over the space.



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Comparison of algae presence in 082 and 092

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

B l u e g

r e e n

C o r a l l i n e

D i c t y o

t a

H a l i m

e d a

L o b o

p h o r a

M a c r o T u

r f

Algae

F r e q u e n c y

082

092

Figure 3.9 Comparison of algae presence in 082 and 092

3.3.2 Coral Community TransectsThe CC transects offer a view of the health of the corals themselves by recording disease,predation and bleaching presence on the reef. By far the most common disease on allphases is Dark Spot Disease, which is illustrated by the results of the figure below. It wasthe only disease recorded during 092, with the exception of a few cases of unknowndiseases that were found along transects. This can be taken as a good sign, with the

presence of only one disease rather than abundance of the more aggressive diseasessuch as White Band and Yellow Blotch that kill large sections or all of a colony, comparedto Dark Spot that is far less aggressive.



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Presence of disease recorded on CCtransects

05

10152025303540

Dark spot Other

Disease

F r e q u e

Figure 3.10 Presence of disease recorded during CC transects

Bleaching follows a similar pattern to other phases, with the three types in proportion incomparison. Pale bleaching is an overall lightening of the colony, full is the complete lossof zooxanthellae over a significant proportion of the coral, and partial being small area of full bleaching. Pale is the most common due to the prevelance on a certain species that isvery abundant in the area; Sidersatrea siderea. This species often presents with palebleaching, and therefore due to the abundance, pale is often high in proportion to the other types.



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Figure 3.11 Frequency of Bleaching recorded during CC transects

Finally, the CC transects monitor predation on corals such as overgrowth and other reef creatures that eat the polyps. The figure below shows the breakdown of this for 092.Sponge overgrowth, namely Cliona , is the most common source of predation, with theremainder presenting only once or twice. The numbers are relatively low, which, for thevolume of corals recorded overall, is positive for the health of the reef.

Frequency of predation recorded on CCtransects

02468

1012

Damselfish Fireworm Gorgonian Short coralsnail

Spongeovergrowth

Tunicateovergrowth

Predation type

F r e q u e n c y

Figure 3.12 Frequency of predation recorded on CC transects


Frequency of bleaching recorded on CCtransects

020406080

100120140160

Full Pale Partial

Bleach type

Frequency


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3.4 Discussion

The data in general is showing little in the way of degredation or recovery. The reef

appears to be fairly stable overall, with the algae trend and coral cover remaining constant.The presence of diseases and predation is in line with previous phases, showing little or no increase that would suggest the health and resislience of corals to be changing.

With further study, more trends will become aparent and with the socioeconomicinformation surrounding the area and knowledge of development and activitiespertaining to the reef, strategies can be suggested for management of the area toensure the reef is sustained or allowed to recover from previous factors.



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For the first time in 092 GVI Punta Gruesa began recording Sphyraena barracudasightings.

4.3 ResultsA total of 170 incidental sightings (excludingS.barracuda ) were recorded during 092.Sharks rays and eels were once again the most commonly observed species (130individuals).

Rays are the most commonly observed members of the Sharks, rays and eels categoryacross the past three phases, with the Southern Stingray the most common of the rays(Figure 4.1) 092 provided the highest number of Southern stingray, Spotted Eagle ray andYellow stingray observations.

Figure 4.13 Recorded sightings of sharks and rays from 084 to 092


Phase

Numberofindividuals recorded


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Six sharks were observed this phase. This is an increase on the previous two phases with

the most common species remaining the nurse shark. Two Caribbean reef sharks werealso recorded.

Figure 4.14 Turtle sightings by phase

A total of twenty-six turtles were recorded in 092 which is nine more than the previousphase. A significant increase in observations of Hawksbill and Loggerhead turtles over theprevious two phases contrasted with an absence in Green turtle recordings for 092 (Figure4.2).

For the first time in 092Sphyraena barracuda (Great Barracuda) sightings were recorded.A total of 158 individuals were observed across all the sites (Figure 4.3) with the highest

number observed (44 individuals) at the site Las Palapas.


Numberofindividuals recorded


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Figure 4.15 Sphyraena barracuda sightings by site

4.4 Discussion

Incidental sightings of large marine creatures are often good indicators of a healthyecosystem. These species are highly mobile animals and therefore their movementsdepend on a range of external factors.At present with a limited amount of data available few obvious trends are visible. It isexpected that the collection of additional data over future phases will allow for further investigation of temporal trends.

The reasons for a lack of Green turtle sightings in 092 are unclear and require further investigation. Unlike Green turtles, recordings of Hawksbill and Loggerhead turtles haveincreased significantly over the past two phases. This may perhaps be attributed to the



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discovery of the new dive site Los Gorditos (LG) which was dived over twenty times lastphase. A spur and groove site with a bottom depth of around 28m, and many crevices andoverhangs favoured by Hawksbill turtles, LG provided six of the total of eleven Hawksbill

sightings.

A significant increase in the number of eel and ray sightings can perhaps be attributed tomore accurate recording of megafauna sightings. The appointment of a monitor ensureddata was collected after each dive and snorkel. Despite this, sightings of Aetobatusnarinari (the spotted eagle ray is a species that has traditionally been recorded accuratelyover previous phases) have increased dramatically. A total of eighteen were identified in092 compared with eleven in 091 and four in 084. Furthermore, in 091 all eleven Spotted

Eagle Ray sightings took place in the Lagoon while in 092 ten of the eighteen observationstook place on different dive sites. The reason for the increase in Aetobatus narinari sightings over the last three phases is unclear but may bare some relation to the breedingseason of Strombus gigas (Queen conch), one of the rays preferred food items.

The sites dived around Punta Gruesa appear to support a healthy Sphyraena barracudapopulation. An important apex predator alongside sharks, S.barracuda populations help tomaintain a healthy equilibrium within coral reef ecosystems. The reefs in the area are

subjected to low level fishing pressure from a group of six to ten spear fishermen. Thefishermen fish the reef on average once a week targeting Great barracuda alongside other fish species. In addition to spearfishing, the coastline also plays host to sporadic gamefishing tournaments during whichS. barracuda are one of the species caught.Sphyraena barracuda is a circumtropical, diurnal species, hunting along coral reefs andseagrass beds from just after sunrise until before sunset.The site Las Palapas accounted for the highest number of sightings with an average of 4.89 barracuda observed on each visit to the site. On six occasions during 092 S.

barracuda was observed schooling in groups of between eight and twenty individuals. Thisschooling behaviour is frequently seen in subadults and is thought to be a behaviouraladaptation aimed and prey capture and predator avoidance. However, the schoolingbarracuda observed over the phase 092 were predominantly large adults ranging from 1.3-1.7m in size. Further monitoring over the coming phases will determine whether thisbehaviour is common in the local area.



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5. Coral Disease Monitoring Programme

5.1 Introduction

In phase 092 GVI Punta Gruesa implemented a coral disease, predation and bleachingmonitoring program. Globally coral reefs are under severe pressure from a series of natural and anthropogenic impacts including overfishing, disease, pollution, sedimentation,climate change and unsound tourism practices. The prevalence of disease may be higher

in corals stressed by human impacts such as mechanical damage and pollution (Bryant et al. , 1998). As sea temperatures continue to rise and the seas become more polluted theoccurrence of disease is likely to become more frequent. Through an integrated coraldisease, predation and bleaching monitoring program, GVI Punta Gruesa hopes toobserve how different species of coral are affected by stressors and investigate whether recovery, if it occurs, is driven by the coral species or physical parameters.

5.2 Methodology

Individual coral colonies affected by disease or bleaching were identified, tagged andphotographed at the site Los Milagros (LM). Polystyrene markers attached to 1m lengthsof string provided a visual tag. The coral colony is photographed and physical parametersrecorded. A coral cover pole was used to provide scale and measure the extent of disease/predation/bleaching. The colonies were then revisited at five-week intervals andfurther photographs taken to monitor the stressors.

Four colonies were tagged on May 20st 2009 and photographs taken for further analysis.LM1 =Diploria strigosa with encrusting gorgonianLM2 =Siderastrea siderea affected by white plague.LM3 =Siderastrea siderea with partial bleaching.LM4 =Diploria strigosa affected by red band disease.



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The site was revisited on July 3rd 2009 and additional photographs taken for comparativeanalysis.

5.3 Results & Discussion

Encrusting Gorgonian (LM1)

The encrusting gorgonian Erythropodium caribaeorum is known to overgrow and killhermatypic corals. A colony of Diploria strigosa was identified at the site Los Milagros ata depth of 10m with approximately 60% of the coral covered by a layer of E.caribaeorum .The coral colony was revisited after a five week period and further photographs andmeasurements taken. Initial observations point towards little if any change in thepercentage of the colony encrusted.

White Plague (LM2)

The identified colony of Siderastrea siderea has a diameter of 18cm and a height of 10cm.It is located at a depth of 12m. When observed on May 20st 2009 it exhibited a thin circular band of white plague approximately 8cm in diameter on the top of the colony. Uponreturning to the coral on June 3rd 2009 further observations indicate that there had beenminimal if any progress regarding the spread of the disease. The water temperature onboth occasions was 28 degrees centigrade.

Partial Bleaching (LM3)

Once again a colony of Siderastre siderea was selected on this occasion displaying partialbleaching. The colony located at a depth of 11m is 22cm in diameter with a height of 2cm.Accross one side it is in competition with another S. siderea.



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Figure 5.16 Siderastrea siderea with areas of full bleaching.

Figure 5.1 displays partial bleaching on a colony of Siderastrea siderea over a period of approximately five weeks. The photograph taken on July 3rd clearly shows a return of thezooxanthellae to many areas of the colony, particularly in the centre and the bottom leftcorner. However, further bleaching appears to have occurred in the area towards the rightof the colony (as seen in the photographs). The reason for an increased bleaching in thisarea is likely to be the stress related resulting from the competing S.siderea .

Red Band Disease (LM4)

Diploria strigosa is a species of brain coral that is commonly affected by red band disease(RBD). In the colony identified as part of the monitoring program, RBD was already wellestablished. Located at a depth of 10.5m, the colony has a diameter of 100cm and aheight of 80cm. Upon first observation of the approximately 70% of the colony was deadwith the disease working its way from the top of the coral towards the bottom. The colonywas visited again after three weeks at which point only 10-15% remained healthy andagain after five weeks by which time the entire coral was dead (Figure 5.2). Theobservations show that red band disease moves quickly destroying 30% of a large coralcolony in less than six weeks. In future GVI Punta Gruesa will look to identify a colonyexhibiting early signs of the disease to obtain an improved idea of the timescale betweendisease appearance and coral mortality.


20/05/20092 03/07/20092


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Figure 5.17 Diploria strigosa with red band disease.

Over the coming phases the programme will continue to monitor the marked colonies LM2& LM3 while looking to tag and monitor further corals exhibiting signs of stress. Through

the ongoing identification and monitoring of coral disease and predation and the earlydetection of coral bleaching GVI Punta Gruesa hopes to build up a better understanding of the factors affecting differing coral colonies.

6. Community Work Programme

GVI is committed to working with the local communities, assisting them to guide Mahahuals development towards a sustainable future. For that, we center our activities in two mainaspects: English and Environmental Education.

GVI hopes to provide locals in Mahahual with the tools to develop the area beneficially for themselves, their professions and needs, whilst protecting it for the future. Consequently,during both the child and adult education programs, wherever possible an environmentaltheme has been included within the structure of the lessons.

EMs appreciate the opportunity to participate in the teaching experience and are happy tointeract with and contribute directly to the community and children, either teaching in aclassroom or playing outdoors in addition to researching data.


20/05/09 11/06/09 03/07/09


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The program is carried out in two main areas: English for adults and children in threelevels (basic, intermediate and advanced) during the afternoons; and Environmentaleducation for primary and secondary school during the mornings every Thursday.

6.1 English Language Programme

This has been the second phase of the new format: only Thursday afternoons from 4:30 to6:00pm and 6:30 to 8:00pm. This new formats worked quite well. We had a very goodattendance. Unfortunately, the H1N1 Influenza situation dramatically affected the wholecountry in general, but specifically Mahahual due to the lack of tourism which is the baseof economy. Without cruise ships, there is little local employment, so members of the localpopulation returned to family homes (often Chetumal), schools were closed and largegatherings of people were forbidden. This resulted in poor attendance for the lessons bythe end of the phase. We hope next phase brings the success weve had in previousphases.

6.2 Environmental Education

This program takes place in the primary school every Thursday from 9:30 to 10:30am and,in the secondary school from 11:30 to 12:30pm. As mentioned above, schools wereclosed, so we were not able to reach the students for several weeks until the schoolreopened.

6.3 Other Programmes and Activities

6.3.1 Dive into Earth Day

On April 22nd, GVI joins many other people around the globe celebrating Earth day. Thisannual event was instated to raise awareness and demonstrate the importance of theenvironment by providing activities with insightful information, promoting terrestrial andmarine conservation. Since its presence in Mahahual, GVI has organized events for thisday, last year and this year being one of our most successful ones, offering diving and



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snorkelling to the school children of Mahahual, and also spent the morning playingeducational games on the beach with some of the students, whilst others attended apuppet show regarding the importance of the symbiosis of zooxantheli algae and polyps of

the corals.There was also a Bubble Maker session for the older children given by the GVI scubainstructors and the help of EMs. This last activity took place at Matan Kaan hotel, which,since last year has kindly lent us their facilities. This was a very special and successful dayfor all of us. Expectations were exceeded by EMs, staff and school teachers alike.

Figure 6.18 Earth day activities Figure 6.19 Bubble maker



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7. Marine Litter Monitoring Programme

7.1 Introduction

Phase 092 saw the beginning of the marine litter collection program at Punta Gruesa.Marine litter is prevalent along the Caribbean coast and is not only unsightly but a healthhazard to marine life and humans alike. In order to collect more data on this issue a beachclean program will be conducted every phase. This is part of a worldwide program and is

just one method of investigation to discover where marine litter originates from and whichmaterials are most common.

Figure 7.1 Marine litter washed up on the beach at Punta Gruesa

Objectives of the beach clean programme

1. Quantified data and photographic evidence as to the extent of marine litter.

2. Conservation of terrestrial and marine fauna threatened by litter.

3. Improvement of beach aesthetics.



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7.2 Methodology Marine litter is collected weekly on a 200 metre stretch of beach north of base. Thetransect is cleared one week prior to the commencement of the monitoring program, in

order that only a weekly amount of debris is recorded. Materials are collected from thetidemark to the vegetation line to eliminate waste created by inland terrestrial sources.

The waste is separated, weighed and recorded by the categories below: Fabric

Glass

Plastic

Polystyrene Metal

Natural material (modified)

Medical waste

Rubber

Rope

Other

7.3 ResultsSeven beach cleans were conducted this phase. The highest percentage of litter by weightcollected was plastic (53%) with the next largest group other (21%). There was no fabricor medical waste collected, and only a small amount of metal, polystyrene andpaper/cardboard (Figure 7.3-1).



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Figure 7.2 Marine litter collected as % of total weight

Table 7.1 represents the total litter collected by each category weight. As shown in the

previous graph plastic again accounts for the greatest weight of litter collected.

Total fish in phase Fish per transect

Fabric (0kg) Natural material (modified) (4.1kg)

Glass (4.08kg) Medical waste (0kg)

Plastic (41.95kg) Rubber (3kg)

Polystyrene (1.29kg) Rope (7.07kg)Metal (0.12kg) Other (16.85kg)

Table 7.1 Marine litter collected as actual weight (kg)

7.4 Discussion



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8. Bird Monitoring ProgrammeA bird monitoring programme was initiated in April 2009 at GVI Punta Gruesa.

Objectives Develop a species list for the area

Gain an idea of the abundance and diversity of bird species. Long-term bird datagathered over a sustained period could highlight trends not noticeable to short-termsurveys.

Educate the expedition members in bird identification techniques, expanding ontheir general identification skills. The birding project also provides a goodopportunity to obtain a better understanding of area diversity and the ecosystem asa whole.

7.1 Introduction

With regard to avi-fauna, Mexico, Central and South America can be divided into three

distinct regions separated by mountain ranges: the Pacific slope, the Interior and theAtlantic slope. These regions can be further divided into other sub-zones, based on avariety of habitats.The Yucatan Peninsula lies on the Atlantic slope and is geographically very different fromthe rest of Mexico: a low-level limestone shelf on the east coast extending north into theCaribbean. The vegetation ranges from rainforest in the south to arid scrub environmentsin the north. The coastlines are predominantly sandy beaches but also include extensivenetworks of mangroves and lagoons, providing a wide variety of habitats capable of

supporting large resident populations of birds.Due to the location of the Yucatan peninsula, its population of resident breeders issignificantly enlarged by seasonal migrants. There are four different types of migratorybirds: Winter visitors migrate south from North America during the winter, from August toMay. Summer residents live and breed in Mexico but migrate to South America for thewinter months. Transient migrants are birds that breed in North America and migrate to



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South America in the winter but stop or pass through Mexico. Pelagic visitors are birds thatlive offshore but stop or pass through the region.Punta Gruesa is located near the town of Mahahual close to the Mexico/Belize border

between a network of mangrove lagoons and the Caribbean Sea. The local area containsthree key ecosystems; wetland, forest and marine environments.

8.2 Methodology Bird monitoring surveys are conducted using a simple methodology based on the birdmonitoring program at Pez Maya. A member of staff and one or two EMs monitor one of four transects daily between 6 and 7a.m. There are four transects - Beach south, Beachnorth, Road south and Road north. These transects were selected to cover a range of habitats, including coastline, mangroves, secondary growth and shrub. The transects arecompleted in around 30 minutes to allow for consistency of data. To reduce duplication of data, recordings are taken in one direction only to avoid double-counting where individualsare very active or numerous. Birds are identified using binoculars, cameras and a range of bird identification books. If the individual species cannot be identified then birds arerecorded to family level (eg.Oriole sp.). Each survey records the following information -location, date, start time, end time, name of recorders and number of each species seen.Wind and cloud cover have also been recorded to allow consideration of physicalparameters.

8.3 Results

In total 737 birds were recorded to species level and 29 birds to genus level in the 092phase. A total of 21 species were seen. 60% of the total birds seen were the Great TailedGrackle. Aside from the Grackle the most commonly seen birds (with over 20 individuals

seen) were the Tropical Mockingbird, Brown Pelican, Magnificent Frigatebird, Royal Ternand the Golden Fronted Woodpecker.

8.4 Discussion



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The Great Tailed Grackle, Brown Pelican and Magnificent Frigate were the most frequentlysighted birds on the transect. However, they are also the most visible and easilyidentifiable species. The large Grackle population is centered around base and is attracted

by the organic waste produced. Therefore, it would be expected that a high proportion of birds sighted would be the Grackle. In addition the Punta Gruesa base is located next to afishermens recidence. Frigate birds often feed on the fishermans discarded fish entrailsleading to higher numbers in the local area.The most commonly sighted birds are resident breeders in the area so a stable populationof these year round would be expected. Data collection in future phases will allow for acomparison of their prescence throughout the year. Further data is also needed to enablestudies of resident and migratory populations in the area which will be possible over future

phases.Wind and cloud conditions were recorded on the transects to allow for comparison of thephysical parameters with the data collected. During the first five weeks of the phase therewas high wind and dense cloud cover on most transects conducted. These conditionshamper data collection as visual and audible identification is made more difficult. Withimproved weather conditions it would be expected that more birds will be recorded.The current transects do not allow for access to the lagoon system behind the mangrovestherefore the wading birds are not accurately represented in the data. In future phases

attempts will be made to create a transect through the mangrove to provide access to thelagoon.

8.5 Limitations and error

Following staff attendance at a bird identification course revision of the data wasnecessary as mis-identification had previously occurred. For example, the Couch andTropical Kingbird have virtually identical plumage and can only be identified from eachother by their call. In consequence, all Tropical Kingbirds that had been recorded werealtered to Kingbird sp. Also in light of this course other members of staff and EMs receivedextra training and advice to encourage them to identify species accurately.One of the greatest variables on this program is the experience level of the observers.Initially they are inexperienced and are likely to mis-identify species, as they gain more



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knowledge they will become more familiar with them and more capable of recordingaccurately. It is imperative therefore that their original identifications are correct otherwisemis-identification could continue throughout the phase.

At present the data set is not sufficiently accurate and the program has not been runningfor a necessary period of time to obtain scientifically valid information regardingpopulations in the area. It has achieved the goal of providing an idea of species diversityin the area, improving identification skills, and increasing awareness of the ecosystemamong the EMs.Further workshops and courses with local bird experts will be undertaken to improve theaccuracy of data collected. An improvement in the recording of bird species combined witha longer period of monitoring should allow for the analysis of more valid data in future

phases.



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9. ReferencesAGRRA (2000) Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA). The AGRRA RapidAssessment Protocol. http://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htm

Almada-Villela P.C., Sale P.F., Gold-Bouchot G. and Kjerfve B. (2003)Manual of Methods for theMBRS Synoptic Monitoring System: Selected Methods for Monitoring Physical and Biological Parameters for Use in the Mesoamerican Region. Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Project(MBRS).http://www.mbrs.org.bz.

Aronson R.B. and Precht W.F. (2001) White-band disease and the changing face of Caribbeancoral reefs.Hydrobiologia 460: 25-38.

Beach, K., Walters, L, Borgeas, H, Smith, C., Coyer, J., Vroom P. (2003) The impact of Dictyota

spp. on Halimeda populations of Conch Reef, Florida Keys. Journal of Experimental Marine Biologyand Ecology 297: 141-159.

Bezaury, J.C., C.L. Sntos, J. McCann, C. Molina Islas, J. Carranza, P. Rubinoff, G. Townsend,et al. 1998. Participatory Coastal and Marine Management in Quintana Roo, Mexico.Proceedings: International Tropical Marine Ecosystems Management Symposium (ITMEMS). 9.

Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs.Science 199 :13021310.

Deloach, N. (1999) Reef fish behaviour: Florida, Caribbean, Bahamas. New World Publications.Artegrafica. Verona, Italy.

Edmunds, P.J. and Carpenter, R.C. (2001) Recovery of Diadema antillarum reduces macroalgalcover and increases abundance of juvenile corals on a Caribbean reef. PNAS 98(9): 5067-5071.

Gardener, T.A., Cote, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A., Watkinson, A.R. (2005) Hurricanes and CaribbeanCoral Reefs: Impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecology 86(1): 174-184.

Gardener, T.A., Cote, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A., Watkinson, A.R. (2003) Long-term region-widedeclines in Caribbean corals. Science 301: 958-960.

Humann, P. and Deloach, N. (2003) Reef Fish Identification: Florida, Caribbean Bahamas. NewWorld Publications.Star Standard Industries, Jacksonville, FL.

Kenyon, J.C., Vroom, P.S., Page, K.N., Dunlap, M.J., Wilkinson C.B., Aeby, G.S. (2006)Community Structure of Hermatypic Corals at French Frigate Shoals,NorthwesternHawaiianIslands: Capacity for Resistance and Resilience to Selective Stressors. Pacific Science 60(2): 153-175.

Kuffner, I.B., Walters, L.J., Becerro, M.A., Paul, V.J., Ritson-Williams, R. and Beach, K.S. (2006)Inhibition of coral recruitment by macroalgae and cyanobacteria. Marine Ecology Progress Series323: 107-117

Lee, A.S. and Dooley, R.E. (1998) Coral Reefs of the Caribbean, The Bahamas and Florida.Macmillan Education Ltd, London.

http://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htmhttp://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htmhttp://www.mbrs.org.bz/http://www.mbrs.org.bz/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)http://www.agrra.org/method/methodhome.htmhttp://www.mbrs.org.bz/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)


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Littler, D.S, Littler, M.M, Bucher, K.E. and Norris, J.N. (1989) Marine Plants of the Caribbean: AField Guide from Florida to Brazil. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

McClanahan, T.R. and Muthiga, N.A. (1998) An ecological shift in a remote coral atoll of Belize over 25 years. Environmental Conservation 25: 122-130.

NOAA, 2006.NOAA Fisheries Office of Protectedresources. http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/

Nugues, M.M, and Roberts, C.M. (2003) Partial mortality in massive reef corals as an indicator of sediment stress on coral reefs. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 314-323.

Spalding, M.D. and Jarvis, G.E. (2002). The impact of the 1998 coral mortality on reef fishcommunities in the Seychelles. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 309-321.

UNEP-WCMC (2006). In the front line: shoreline protection and other ecosystem services frommangroves and coral reefs. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK.

Yentsch, C.S., Yentsch, C.M., Cullen, J.J., Lapointe, B., Phinney, D.A., Yentsch, S.W. (2002)Sunlight and Water Transparency: cornerstones in coral research. Journal of Experimental MarineBiology and Ecology 268: 171-183.

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/species/esa/


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10. Appendices

Apendix A SMP Methodology Outlines

Buddy method 1: Surveys of corals, algae and other sessile organisms

At each monitoring site five replicate 30m transect lines are deployed randomly within100m of the GPS point. The transect line is laid across the reef surface at a constantdepth, usually perpendicular to the reef slope. The recent discovery of two Spur andGroove sites (DP & LG) at a depth of 20m will allow for additional future monitoring. Inkeeping with Scuba diving profiles at such depths, 10m transect lines will be used in order to provide sufficient time to successfully complete monitoring surveys and return to the

surface safely. Owing to the nature of the Spur and Groove reef orientation, transects willbe laid perpendicular to the shoreline.

The first diver of this monitoring buddy pair collects data on the characterisation of thecoral community under the transect line. Swimming along the transect line the diver identifies, to species level, each hermatypic coral directly underneath the transect that is atleast 10cm at its widest point and in the original growth position. If a colony has beenknocked or has fallen over, it is only recorded if it has become reattached to the

substratum. In addition to identifying the coral to species level, the diver also records thewater depth at the top of the corals, at the beginning and end of each transect. In caseswhere bottom topography is very irregular, or the size of the individual corals is veryvariable, water depth is recorded at the top of each coral beneath the transect line at anymajor change in depth (greater than 1m).

The diver then identifies the colony boundaries based on verifiable connective or commonskeleton. Using a measuring pole, the colonies projected diameter (live plus dead areas) in

plan view and maximum height (live plus dead areas) from the base of the coloniessubstratum are measured.

From plane view perspective, the percentage of coral that is not healthy (separated intoold dead and recent dead) is also estimated.



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The first diver also notes any cause of mortality including diseases and/or predation andany bleached tissue present. The diseases are characterised using the following tencategories:

o Black band disease o Red band diseaseo White band disease o Hyperplasm and Neoplasm (irregular growths)o White plague o Predation and typeo Yellow blotch disease o Bleaching and type

o Dark spot disease o Unknown

The second diver measures the percentage cover of sessile organisms and substratealong the 30m transect, recording the nature of the substrate or organism directly every

25cm along the transect. Organisms are classified into the following groups:

Coralline algae - crusts or finely branched algae that are hard (calcareous) and extend nomore than 2cm above the substratumTurf algae - may look fleshy and/or filamentous but do not rise more than 1cm above thesubstrateMacroalgae - include fleshy and calcareous algae whose fronds are projected more than1cm above the substrate. Three of these are further classified into additional groups,

which includeHalimeda, Dictyota , and LobophoraGorgoniansHermatypic corals - to species level, where possibleBare rock, sand and rubbleAny other sessile organisms e.g. sponges, tunicates, zoanthids, hydroids and crinoids.Where possible, these are recorded to order or family.

Buddy method 2: Belt transect counts for coral reef fish

At each monitoring site 8 replicate 30m transects lines are deployed randomly within 100mof the GPS point. The transect line is laid just above the reef surface at a constant depth,usually perpendicular to the reef slope. The first diver is responsible for swimming slowlyalong the transect line identifying, counting and estimating the sizes of specific indicator



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fish species (Appendix B) in their adult phase. The diver visually estimates a two metre bytwo metre corridor and carries a one meter T-bar divided into 10cm graduations to aid theaccuracy of the size estimation of the fish identified. The fish are assigned to the following

size categories:

0-5cm 20-30cm5-10cm 30-40cm10-20cm >40cm (with size specified)

The buddy pair then waits for three minutes at a short distance from the end of thetransect line before proceeding. This allows juvenile fish to return to their original positions

before they were potentially scared off by the divers during the adult transect. The seconddiver swims slowly back along the transect surveying a one metre by one metre corridorand identifying and counting the presence of newly settled fish of the target species(Appendix C). In addition to rolling in the tape, it is also the divers responsibility to identifyand count the Banded Shrimp, Stenopus hispidus. This is a collaborative effort with UNAMto track this species as their population is slowly dwindling due to their direct removal for the aquarium trade. The adult diver also counts any Diadema antillarum individuals foundon the transects whilst rolling in the tape. This is aimed at tracking the slow come back of

these urchins.

Buddy Method 3: Coral & Fish Rover divers

At each monitoring site the third buddy pair completes a thirty minute survey of the site inan expanding square pattern, with one diver recording all adult fish species observed. Theapproximate density of each fish species is categorised using the following numerations:

Single (1 fish)Few (2-10 fish)Many (11-100 fish)Abundant (>100 fish)



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Appendix B. Species List of adult fish that are recorded during monitoring dives.


Scientific Name Common Name Scientific Name Common Name Acanthurus coeruleus, Blue Tang Scarus guacamaia Rainbow Parrotfish Acanthurus bahianus, Ocean Surgeonfish Scarus vetula Queen Parrotfish Acanthurus chirurgus, Doctorfish Sparisoma viride Stoplight ParrotfishChaetodon striatus, Banded Butterflyfish Scarus taeniopterus Princess ParrotfishChaetodon capistratus, Four Eye Butterflyfish Scarus iserti Striped ParrotfishChaetodon ocellatus, Spotfin Butterflyfish Sparisoma aurofrenatum Redband ParrotfishChaetodon aculeatus, Longsnout Butterflyfish Sparisoma chrysopterum Redtail ParrotfishHaemulon flavolineatum French Grunt Sparisoma rubripinne Yellowtail ParrotfishHaemulon striatum Striped Grunt Sparisoma atomarium Greenblotch ParrotfishHaemulon plumierii White Grunt Sparisoma radians Bucktooth ParrotfishHaemulon sciurus Bluestriped Grunt Epinephelus itajara Goliath Grouper Haemulon carbonarium Caesar Grunt Epinephelus striatus Nassau Grouper Haemulon chrysargyreum Smallmouth Grunt Mycteroperca venenosa Yellowfin Grouper Haemulon aurolineatum Tomtate Mycteroperca bonaci Black Grouper Haemulon melanurum Cottonwick Mycteroperca tigris Tiger Grouper Haemulon macrostomum Spanish Grunt Mycteroperca interstitialis Yellowmouth Grouper Haemulon parra Sailors Choice Epinephelus guttatus Red HindHaemulon album White Margate Epinephelus adscensionis Rock Hind

Anisotremus virginicus Porkfish Cephalopholis cruentatus Graysby Anisotremus surinamensis Black Margate Cephalopholis fulvus ConeyLutjanus analis Mutton Snapper Balistes vetula Queen TriggerfishLutjanus griseus Gray Snapper Balistes capriscus Gray TriggerfishLutjanus cyanopterus Cubera Snapper Canthidermis sufflamen Ocean TriggerfishLutjanus jocu Dog Snapper Xanithichthys ringens Sargassum TriggerfishLutjanus mahogoni Mahaogany Snapper Melichthys niger Black DurgonLutjanus apodus Schoolmaster Aluterus scriptus Scrawled FilefishLutjanus synagris Lane Snapper Cantherhines pullus Orangespotted FilefishOcyurus chrysurus Yellowtail Snapper Cantherhines macrocerus Whitespotted FilefishHolacanthus ciliaris Queen Angelfish Bodianus rufus Spanish HogfishPomacanthus paru French Angelfish Lachnolaimus maximus HogfishPomacanthus arcuatus Grey Angelfish Caranx rubber Bar JackHolacanthus tricolour Rock Beauty Microspathodon chrysurus Yellowtail DamselfishScarus coeruleus Blue Parrotfish Sphyraena barracuda Great BarracudaScarus coelestinus Midnight Parrotfish


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Appendix D - Coral Species List

Family Genus Species Family Genus Species Acroporidae Acropora cervicornis Meandrinidae Dendrogyra cylindrus Acroporidae Acropora Palmata Meandrinidae Dichocoenia stokesii Acroporidae Acropora prolifera Meandrinidae Meandrina meandrites Agariciidae Agaricia agaricites Milliporidae Millepora alcicornis Agariciidae Agaricia Fragilis Milliporidae Millepora complanata

Agariciidae Agaricia grahamae MussidaeIsophyllastrea rigida

Agariciidae Agaricia lamarcki Mussidae Isophyllia sinuosa Agariciidae Agaricia tenuifolia Mussidae Mussa angulosa Agariciidae Agaricia Undata Mussidae Mycetophyllia aliciae Agariciidae Helioceris cucullata Mussidae Mycetophyllia ferox

Antipatharia Cirrhipathes Leutkeni Mussidae Mycetophyllialamarckiana

AstrocoeniidaeStephanocoeni a intersepts Mussidae Mycetophyllia Res

Caryophylliidae Eusmilia fastigiana Mussidae Scolymia sp.Faviidae Colpophyllia Natans Pocilloporidae Madracis decactisFaviidae Diploria clivosa Pocilloporidae Madracis formosaFaviidae Diploria labrynthiformis Pocilloporidae Madracis mirabilisFaviidae Diploria strigosa Pocilloporidae Madracis pharensisFaviidae Favia Fragum Poritidae Porites astreoides

pta gruesa (ex67) april-june 2009 report

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