public administration 2

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Public administration

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Public administration is both an academic discipline and a field of practice; the latter is depicted

in this picture of US federal public servants at a meeting.

Public administration houses the implementation of government policy and an academic

discipline that studies this implementation and that prepares civil servants for this work.[1]

As a"field of inquiry with a diverse scope" its "fundamental goal... is to advance management andpolicies so that government can function."[2]Some of the various definitions which have been

offered for the term are: "the management of public programs";[3]

the "translation ofpoliticsinto

the reality thatcitizenssee every day";[4]

and "the study of government decision making, theanalysis of the policiesthemselves, the various inputs that have produced them, and the inputs

necessary to produce alternative policies."[5]

Public administration is "centrally concerned with the organization of government policies and

programmes as well as the behavior of officials (usually non-elected) formally responsible for

their conduct"[6]

Many unelectedpublic servantscan be considered to be public administrators,

including heads of city, county, regional, state and federal departments such as municipal budgetdirectors,HRadministrators,city managers,Censusmanagers, state [mental health]directors, and

cabinet secretaries.[7]

Public administrators arepublic servantsworking in public departments

and agencies, at all levels of government.[8]

In the US, civil servants and academics such asWoodrow Wilsonpromoted American civilservice reform in the 1880s, moving public administration intoacademia.[9]However, "until the

mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologistMax Weber's theory of

bureaucracy" there was not "much interest in a theory of public administration."[10]

The field is

multidisciplinaryin character; one of the various proposals for public administration's sub-fieldssets out five pillars, includinghuman resources,organizational theory,policy analysisand

statistics,budgeting, andethics.[11]

Contents

[hide]

1 Definitions
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ia.org/wiki/Ethicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budgethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statisticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multidisciplinarityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Weberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_secretarieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_managerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_servanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policy_analysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-0


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2 History

o 2.1 Antiquity to the 19th century

o 2.2 US in the 1940s

2.2.1 PostWorld War II to the 1971s

o 2.3 1980s1990s

3 Core branches 4 Decision-making models

o 4.1 Niskanen's budget-maximizing

o 4.2 Dunleavy's bureau-shaping

5 As an academic field

o 5.1 Comparative public administration

o 5.2 Master's degrees

o 5.3 Doctoral degrees

o 5.4 Notable scholars

6 International public administration

7 See also

o 7.1 Societies for public administration 8 References

9 External links

10 Suggested reading

[edit] Definitions

Even in the digital age, public servants tend to work with both paper documents and computer

files (pictured here is Stephen C. Dunn, Deputy Comptroller for the US Navy)

One scholar claims that "public administration has no generally accepted definition", because the

"scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define" .[12]

Public administration is a field of study (i.e., a discipline) and an occupation. There is muchdisagreement about whether the study of public administration can properly be called a

discipline, largely because of the debate over whether public administration is a subfield of

political scienceor a subfield ofadministrative science".[13]

Scholar Donald Kettl is among those

who view public administration "as a subfield within political science".[14]

TheNorth American Industry Classification Systemdefinition of the Public Administration(NAICS 91) sector states that public administration "... comprises establishments primarily
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_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administration_%28government%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administration&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Suggested_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Societies_for_public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#International_public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Notable_scholarshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Doctoral_degreeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Master.27s_degreeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Comparative_public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#As_an_academic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Dunleavy.27s_bureau-shapinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Niskanen.27s_budget-maximizinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Decision-making_modelshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Core_brancheshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#1980s.E2.80.931990shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Post.E2.80.93World_War_II_to_the_1971shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#US_in_the_1940shttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#Antiquity_to_the_19th_centuryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_administration#History


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engaged in activities of a governmental nature, that is, the enactment and judicial interpretation

of laws and their pursuant regulations, and the administration of programs based on them". Thisincludes "Legislative activities, taxation, national defense, public order and safety, immigration

services, foreign affairs and international assistance, and the administration of government

programs are activities that are purely governmental in nature".[15]

From the academic perspective, the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) in the

United States defines the study of public administration as "A program that prepares individualsto serve as managers in the executive arm of local, state, and federal government and that focuses

on the systematic study of executive organization and management. Includes instruction in the

roles, development, and principles of public administration; the management of public policy;executive-legislative relations; public budgetary processes and financial management;

administrative law; public personnel management; professional ethics; and research methods."[16]

[edit] History

[edit] Antiquity to the 19th century

Dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and taxcollectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing

of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, which

was often referred to as a "spoils system". Public administrators have been the "eyes and ears" ofrulers until relatively recently. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add and subtract

were as dominated by the educated elite as public employment. Consequently, the need for

expert civil servants whose ability to read and write formed the basis for developing expertise in

such necessary activities as legal record-keeping, paying and feeding armies and levyingtaxes.As the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over

other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew.

The eighteenth-century noble,King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in

Cameralismin an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of

Frankfurt an der OderandUniversity of HallewerePrussianinstitutions emphasizing economicand social disciplines, with the goal of societal reform.Johann Heinrich Gottlob Justiwas the

most well-known professor of Cameralism. Thus, from a Western European perspective, Classic,

Medieval, and Enlightenment-era scholars formed the foundation of the discipline that has cometo be called public administration.

Lorenz von Stein, an 1855 German professor fromVienna, is considered the founder of the

science of public administration in many parts of the world. In the time of Von Stein, publicadministration was considered a form of administrative law, but Von Stein believed this concept

too restrictive. Von Stein taught that public administration relies on many prestablished

disciplines such associology,political science,administrative lawandpublic finance. He calledpublic administration an integrating science, and stated that public administrators should be

concerned with both theory and practice. He argued that public administration is a sciencebecause knowledge is generated and evaluated according to the scientific method.
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Modern American public administration is an extension of democratic governance, justified by

classic and liberal philosophers of the western world ranging fromAristotleto John Locke[17]

toThomas Jefferson[18][19]

Woodrow is

In theUnited States of America,Woodrow Wilsonis considered the father of public

administration. He first formally recognized public administration in an 1887 article entitled

"The Study of Administration." The future president wrote that "it is the object of administrative

study to discover, first, what government can properly and successfully do, and, secondly, how itcan do these proper things with the utmost possible efficiency and at the least possible cost either

of money or of energy."[20]

Wilson was more influential to the science of public administration

than Von Stein, primarily due to an article Wilson wrote in 1887 in which he advocated four

concepts:

Separation of politics and administration

Comparative analysis of political and private organizations Improving efficiency with business-like practices and attitudes toward daily operations

Improving the effectiveness of public service through management and by training civil

servants,merit-based assessment

The separation of politics and administration has been the subject of lasting debate. The differentperspectives regarding this dichotomy contribute to differentiating characteristics of the

suggested generations of public administration.

By the 1920s, scholars of public administration had responded to Wilson's solicitation and thus

textbooks in this field were introduced. A few distinguished scholars of that period were,Luther

Gulick,Lyndall Urwick,Henri Fayol,Frederick Taylor, and others. Frederick Taylor (1856-1915), another prominent scholar in the field of administration and management also published a

bk etited The Pricipes f Scietific Maagemet (1911). He beieved that scietificaaysis wud ead t the discvery f the e best way t d thigs ad /r carryig ut a

perati. This, accrdig t him cud hep save cst ad time. Tayrs techique was aterintroduced to private industrialists, and later into the various government organizations (Jeong,

2007).[21]
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Taylor's approach is often referred to as Taylor's Principles, and/or Taylorism. Taylor's scientific

management consisted of main four principles (Frederick W. Taylor, 1911):

Replace rule-of-thumb work methods with methods based on a scientific study of the

tasks.

Scientifically select, train, and develop each employee rather than passively leaving themto train themselves.

Prvide Detaied istructi ad supervisi f each wrker i the perfrmace f that

wrker's discrete task (Mtgmery 1997: 250).

Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply

scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually performthe tasks.

Tayr had very precise ideas abut hw t itrduce his system (apprach): It is y thrugh

enforced standardization of methods, enforced adoption of the best implements and workingconditions, and enforced cooperation that this faster work can be assured. And the duty of

enforcing the adoption of standards and enforcing this cooperation rests with managementae.[22]

TheAmerican Society for Public Administration(ASPA) the leading professional group for

public administration was founded in 1939. ASPA sponsors the journalPublic AdministrationReview, which was founded in 1940.[23]

[edit] US in the 1940s

The separation of politics and administration advocated by Wilson continues to play a significant

role in public administration today. However, the dominance of this dichotomy was challenged

by second generation scholars, beginning in the 1940s.Luther Gulick's fact-value dichotomy wasa key contender for Wilson's proposed politics-administration dichotomy. In place of Wilson's

first generation split, Gulick advocated a "seamless web of discretion and interaction".[24]

Luther Gulick (18921993) was an expert on public administration.

Luther Gulick andLyndall Urwickare two second-generation scholars. Gulick, Urwick, and the

new generation of administrators built on the work of contemporary behavioral, administrative,and organizational scholars includingHenri Fayol,Fredrick Winslow Taylor, Paul Appleby,
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Frank Goodnow, and Willam Willoughby. The new generation of organizational theories no

longer relied upon logical assumptions and generalizations about human nature like classical andenlightened theorists.

Gulick developed a comprehensive, generic theory of organization that emphasized the scientific

method, efficiency, professionalism, structural reform, and executive control. Gulicksummarized the duties of administrators with an acronym;POSDCORB, which stands for

planning, organizing, staffing, directing, coordinating, reporting, and budgeting. Fayol developeda systematic, 14-point, treatment of private management. Second-generation theorists drew upon

private management practices for administrative sciences. A single, generic management theory

bleeding the borders between the private and the public sector was thought to be possible. Withthe general theory, the administrative theory could be focused on governmental organizations.

[edit] PostWorld War II to the 1971s

The mid-1940s theorists challenged Wilson and Gulick. The politics-administration dichotomy

remained the center of criticism. In the 1960s and 1970s, government itself came under fire asineffective, inefficient, and largely a wasted effort. The costlyAmerican intervention in Vietnam

along with domestic scandals including the bugging of Democratic party headquarters (the 1974

Watergatescandal) are two examples of self-destructive government behavior that alienated

citizens.

The costly Vietnam War alienated US citizens from their government (pictured isOperation Arc

Light, a US bombing operation)

There was a call by citizens for efficient administration to replace ineffective, wasteful

bureaucracy. Public administration would have to distance itself from politics to answer this call

and remain effective. Elected officials supported these reforms. The Hoover Commission,chaired by University of Chicago professorLouis Brownlow, to examine reorganization of

government. Brownlow subsequently founded the Public Administration Service (PAS) at the

university, an organization which has provided consulting services to all levels of government

until the 1970s.[citation needed]

Concurrently, after World War II, the whole concept of public administration expanded to

include policy-making and analysis, thus the study f admiistrative picy makig ad

aaysis was itrduced ad ehaced it the gvermet decisi-making bodies. Later on,

the human factor became a predominant concern and emphasis in the study of Public
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Administration. This period witnessed the development and inclusion of other social sciences

knowledge, predominantly, psychology, anthropology, and sociology, into the study of publicadministration (Jeong, 2007).[25]Henceforth, the emergence of scholars such as, Fritz Morstein

Marx with his bk The Eemets f Pubic Admiistrati (1946), Pau H. Appeby Picy

ad Admiistrati (1952), Frak Marii Twards a New Pubic Admiistrati (1971), ad

others that have contributed positively in these endeavors.

[edit] 1980s1990s

In the late 1980s, yet another generation of public administration theorists began to displace the

last. The new theory, which came to be calledNew Public Management, was proposed by David

Osborne and Ted Gaebler in their bookReinventing Government.[26]

The new model advocatedthe use of private sector-style models, organizational ideas and values to improve the efficiency

and service-orientation of the public sector. During theClinton Administration(19932001),

Vice PresidentAl Goreadopted and reformed federal agencies using NPM approaches. In the

1990s, new public management became prevalent throughout the bureaucracies of the US, the

UK and, to a lesser extent, in Canada.

Some modern authors define NPM as a combination of splitting large bureaucracies into smaller,more fragmented agencies, encouraging competition between different public agencies, and

encouraging competition between public agencies and private firms and using economic

incentives lines (e.g., performance pay for senior executives or user-pay models).[27]

NPM treatsindividuals as "customers" or "clients" (in the private sector sense), rather than as citizens.[28]

Some critics argue that the New Public Management concept of treating people as "customers"

rather than "citizens" is an inappropriate borrowing from the private sector model, because

businesses see customers are a means to an end (profit), rather than as the proprietors of

government (the owners), opposed to merely the customers of a business (the patrons). In NewPublic Management, people are viewed as economic units not democratic participants.

Nevertheless, the model is still widely accepted at all levels of government and in many OECD

nations.

===Late 1990s2000 In the late 1990s, Janet and Robert Denhardt proposed a new public

service model in response to the dominance of NPM.[29]

A successor to NPM isdigital eragovernance, focusing on themes of reintegrating government responsibilities, needs-based

holism (executing duties in cursive ways), and digitalization (exploiting the transformational

capabilities of modern IT and digital storage).One example of this isopenforum.com.au, an

Australian non-for-profit eDemocracy project which invites politicians, senior public servants,

academics, business people and other key stakeholders to engage in high-level policy debate.

Another new public service model is what has been called New Public Governance, an approachwhich includes a centralization of power; an increased number, role and influence of partisan-

political staff; personal-politicization of appointments to the senior public service; and, the

assumption that the public service is promiscuously partisan for the government of the day[30]

[edit] Core branches
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In academia, the field of public administration consists of a number of sub-fields. Scholars have

proposed a number of different sets of sub-fields. One of the proposed models uses five"pillars":[31]

Human resource managementis an in-house structure that ensures that public service

staffing is done in an unbiased, ethical and values-based manner. The basic functions ofthe HR system are employee benefits, employee health care, compensation, etc.

Organizational Theory in Public Administrationis the study of the structure ofgovernmental entities and the many particulars inculcated in them.

Ethics in public administrationserves as a normative approach to decision making.

Policy analysisserves as an empirical approach to decision making.

Public budgetingis the activity within a government that seeks to allocate scarce

resources among unlimited demands.

[edit] Decision-making models

This section does notciteanyreferences or sources. Please help improve this sectionby adding citations toreliable sources. Unsourced material may bechallengedandremoved.(March 2010)

Given the array of duties public administrators find themselves performing, the professionaladministrator might refer to a theoretical framework from which he or she might work. Indeed,

many public and private administrative scholars have devised and modified decision-making

models.

[edit] Niskanen's budget-maximizing

In 1971, ProfessorWilliam Niskanenproposed arational choicevariation which he called the

"budget-maximizing model". He claimed that rational bureaucrats will universally seek to

increase the budgets of their units (to enhance their stature), thereby contributing to state growthand increased public expenditure. Niskanen served on President Reagan's Council of Economic

Advisors; his model underpinned what has been touted as curtailed public spending and

increased privatization. However, budgeted expenditures and the growing deficit during the

Reagan administration is evidence of a different reality. A range of pluralist authors havecritiqued Niskanen's universalist approach. These scholars have argued that officials tend also to

be motivated by considerations of the public interest.

[edit] Dunleavy's bureau-shaping

Thebureau-shapingmodel, a modification of Niskanen, holds that rational bureaucrats only

maximize the part of their budget that they spend on their own agency's operations or give tocontractors and interest groups. Groups that are able to organize a "flowback" of benefits to

senior officials would, according to this theory, receive increased budgetary attention. For

instance, rational officials will get no benefit from paying out larger welfare checks to millionsof low-income citizens because this does not serve a bureaucrats' goals. Accordingly, one might
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instead expect a jurisdiction to seek budget increases for defense and security purposes in place

programming. If we refer back to Reagan once again, Dunleavy's bureau shaping model accountsfor the alleged decrease in the "size" of government while spending did not, in fact, decrease.

Domestic entitlement programming was financially de-emphasized for military research and

personnel.

[edit] As an academic field

See also:Master of Public AdministrationandDoctor of Public Administration

In theUnited States, the academic field of public administration draws heavily onpoliticalscienceandadministrative law. Some MPA programs include economics courses to give

students a background in microeconomic issues (markets, rationing mechanisms, etc.) and

macroeconomic issues (e.g., national debt). Scholars such asJohn A. Rohrwrite of a long history

behind the constitutionallegitimacyof governmentbureaucracy. In Europe (notably inBritainandGermany), the divergence of the field from other disciplines can be traced to the 1720s

continentaluniversity curriculum. Formally, official academic distinctions were made in the1910s and 1890s, respectively.

The goals of the field of public administration are related to thedemocraticvalues of improving

equality,justice, security, efficiency, effectiveness of public services usually in a non-profit,non-taxable venue;business administration, on the other hand, is primarily concerned with

taxableprofit. For a field built on concepts (accountability,governance,decentralization,

clientele), these concepts are often ill-defined and typologies often ignore certain aspects of these

concepts (Dubois & Fattore 2009).[32]

One minor tradition that the more specific term "public management" refers to ordinary, routine

or typical management concerns, in the context of achievingpublic good. Others argue that"public management" refers to a newer, market-driven perspective on the operation of

government. This latter view is often called "new public management" by its advocates. New

Public Management represents a reform attempt, aimed at reemphasizing the professional natureof the field[citation needed]. This will replace the academic, moral or disciplinary emphasis. Some

theorists advocate a bright line differentiation of the professional field from related academic

disciplines like political science and sociology; it remains interdisciplinary in nature.

One public administration scholar, Donald Kettl, argues that "...public administration sits in a

disciplinary backwater", because "...[f]or the last generation, scholars have sought to save or

replace it with fields of study like implementation, public management, and formal bureaucratic

theory".[33]Kettl states that "public administration, as a subfield within political science...isstruggling to define its role within the discipline".

[34]He notes two problems with public

admiistrati: it "has seemed methdgicay t ag behid" ad "the fieds theretica wrktoo often seems not to define it"-indeed, "some of the most interesting recent ideas in public

administration have come from outside the field".[35]

Public administration theoryis the domain in which discussions of the meaning and purpose of

government, the role of bureaucracy in supporting democratic governments, budgets,
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governance, and public affairs takes place. In recent years, public administration theory has

periodically connoted a heavy orientation toward critical theory andpostmodernphilosophicalnotions of government, governance, and power. However, many public administration scholars

support a classic definition of the term emphasizing constitutionality, public service, bureaucratic

forms of organization, and hierarchical government.

[edit] Comparative public administration

Comparative public administration is defined as the study of administrative systems in a

comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries.[36]Another

definition for "comparative public administration" is the "quest for patterns and regularities in

administrative action and behavior".[37]

There have been several issues which have hampered thedevelopment of comparative public administration, including: the major differences between

Western countries and developing countries; the lack of curriculum on this subfield in public

administration programs; and the lack of success in developing theoretical models which can be

scientifically tested.[38]

Comparative public administration studies can compare different types of states at the same time,

such as religious states vs. secular states or authoritarian states vs. democratic states. Eventhough public administration systems vary a great deal, there are some common elements which

they all share which can be compared, such as the recruitment of bureaucrats and common

programs which all governments have (e.g., a taxation regime) and common roles (e.g., rule-making).[39]

[edit] Master's degrees

The Knapp-Sanders Building, the home of the School of Government at the University of NorthCarolina.

As a field, public administration can be compared tobusiness administration, and the master of

public administration (MPA) viewed as similar to a master of business administration (MBA) forthose wishing to pursue governmental or non-profit careers[citation needed]. An MPA often

emphasizes substantially different ethical and sociological criteria that are traditionally

secondary to that of profit for business administrators. The MPA is related to similar graduatelevel government studies including MA programs in public affairs,public policy, and political

science. Differences often include program emphases onpolicy analysistechniques or other

topical focuses such as the study ofinternational affairsas opposed to focuses on constitutional
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issues such asseparation of powers,administrative law, problems of governance and power, and

participatory democracy.

[edit] Doctoral degrees

There are two types of doctoral degrees in public administration: the Doctor of PublicAdministration and the Ph.D. in Public Administration. The Doctor of Public Administration

(DPA) is an applied-research doctoral degree in the field of public administration, focusing onpractice. The DPA requires a dissertation and significant coursework beyond the Masters level.

Upon successful completion of the doctoral requirements, the title of "Doctor" is awarded and

the post-nominals of D.P.A. are often added. Some universities use the Ph.D. as their doctoral

degree in public administration (e.g., Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada).

[edit] Notable scholars

Notable scholars of public administration have come from a range of fields. In the period before

public administration existed as its own independent discipline, scholars contributing to the fieldcame from economics, sociology, management, political science, administrative law, and, other

related fields. More recently, scholars from public administration and public policy havecontributed important studies and theories. For a longer list of academics and theorists, see the

List of notable public administration scholarsarticle.

[edit] International public administration

There are several organizations that are active. The oldest is the International Association of

Schools and Institutes of Administration (IASIA). Based in Brussels, Belgium, IASIA is anassociation of organizations and individuals whose activities and interests focus on public

administration and management. The activities of its members include education and training of

administrators and managers. It is the only worldwide scholarly association in the field of publicmanagement.[40]Also the International Committee of the US-based National Association of

School of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) has developed a number of

relationships around the world. They include sub regional and National forums like CLAD,INPAE and NISPAcee, APSA, ASPA.[41]

The Center for Latin American Administration for Development (CLAD), based in Caracas,Venezuela, this regional network of schools of public administration set up by the governments

in Latin America is the oldest in the region.[42]

The Institute is a founding member and played a

central role in organizing the Inter-American Network of Public Administration Education

(INPAE). Created in 2000, this regional network of schools is unique in that it is the onlyorganization to be composed of institutions from North and Latin America and the Caribbean

working in public administration and policy analysis. It has more than 49 members from top

research schools in various countries throughout the hemisphere.[43]

NISPAcee is a network of experts, scholars and practitioners who work in the field of public

administration in Central and Eastern Europe, including the Russian Federation and the Caucasusand Central Asia.[44]The US public administration and political science associations like
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NASPA, American Political Science Association (APSA)[45]

and American Society of Public

Administration (ASPA).[46]

These organizations have helped to create the fundamentalestablishment of modern public administration.

[edit] See also

FAQs About Public Administration

Q1. What is the basic reason for Public Administration becoming so popular among the

aspirants of Civil Services and State Services ?

Ans. Public Administration is pragmatic in nature dealing also with Indian Administrative

System, which facilitates the success of candidates at each and every stage of examination,

that is, Preliminary, Mains and Interview. As compared to other social sciences,

humanities, Public Administration is more dependable and manageable within a specified

time period subject to the condition that a systematic approach is adopted during the

course of preparation to meet the requirements of the examination.

Q.2. What is the best way to understand the contributions of the thinkers in a right

perspective?

Ans. Learn basic theories and techniques of Managements relevant to the subject matter of

Public Administration. This is important because most of the thinkers have been primarily

concerned with developing theories to improve the management of private sector. First of

all, try to understand the essential ingredients of any theory and also understand the

contemporary socio-eco-political conditions prevailing at the time of the crystallization of

the theories.After this, the second step should be to understand the contributions of

respective thinkers under specific theories.

Q.3. What specific suggestions you can offer to prepare the Mains with PublicAdministration?

Ans. (a) The syllabus comprises of two papers, but it is never desirable to prepare the two

papers separately. The integrated approach to the completion of syllabus is always

desirable. This saves time and provides in-depth understanding of the subject matter in a

realistic manner.

(b) The main examination is generally considered to be highly subjective in nature. But

through objective preparation the zone of subjectivity can be reduced to a great extent.
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(c) Conceptual topics, like Theories of Administration, Administrative Behaviour,

Comparative and Development Administration, require extra effort but are scoring at the

same time.

(d) Comments, statements and observations by eminent thinkers, scholars and

administrators should be analysed with due emphasis to grasp their substantive meaning.

Q.4. What should be the best way to present answers in the examination ?

Ans. On completion of the textual readings, writing practice is must. Try to attempt the

answers in an orderly, effective and exact expression, combined with due economy of

words. In comment type questions your attempt should be to answer well within the

prescribed limits. For medium and long questions the answers should be written in about

300 and 500700 words respectively. To conclude, it can be suggested that the consultation

of authentic standard reference books is crucial in the success-oriented preparation of

Public Administration.

Q.5. I do not have any background in Public Administration (henceforth PA). Will I be

able to cope?Ans. PA is the only subject in which almost all the students choosing it as an optional

subject are without any formal background whatsoever. It attracts students of

backgrounds as diverse as Engineering, MBBS, MBA, pure science students as well as

social science ones..

PAPER IAdministrative Theory

1. Introduction:

Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration; Wilsons vision of

Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its present status; NewPublic Administration; Public Choice approach; Challenges of liberalization,Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance: concept and application; NewPublic Management.

2. Administrative Thought:

Scientific Management and Scientific Management movement; Classical Theory;

Webers bureaucratic model its critique and post-Weberian Developments;Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett); Human Relations School (Elton

Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive (C.I. Barnard); Simons decision-

making theory; Participative Management (R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).

3. Administrative Behaviour:


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Process and techniques of decision-making; Communication; Morale; Motivation

Theories content, process and contemporary; Theories of Leadership:

Traditional and Modern.

4. Organisations:

Theories systems, contingency; Structure and forms: Ministries and

Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and Commissions; Ad hoc andadvisory bodies; Headquarters and Field relationships; Regulatory Authorities;Public - Private Partnerships.

5. Accountability and control:

Concepts of accountability and control; Legislative, Executive and Judicial control

over administration; Citizen and Administration; Role of media, interest groups,voluntary organizations; Civil society; Citizens Charters; Right to Information;

Social audit.

6. Administrative Law:

Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on Administrative law; Delegatedlegislation; Administrative Tribunals.

7. Comparative Public Administration:

Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems;Administration and politics in different countries; Current status of ComparativePublic Administration; Ecology and administration; Riggsian models and theircritique.

8. Development Dynamics:

Concept of development; Changing profile of development administration; Anti-

development thesis; Bureaucracy and development; Strong state versus themarket debate; Impact of liberalisation on administration in developing countries;Women and development - the self-help group movement.

9. Personnel Administration:

Importance of human resource development; Recruitment, training, career


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advancement, position classification, discipline, performance appraisal,promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-employee relations, grievanceredressal mechanism; Code of conduct; Administrative ethics.

10. Public Policy:

Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of conceptualisation,planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review and their limitations;State theories and public policy formulation.

11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement:

Organisation and methods, Work study and work management; e-governanceand information technology; Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS,PERT, CPM.

12. Financial Administration:

Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings and public debt Budgets - typesand forms; Budgetary process; Financial accountability; Accounts and audit.

PAPER - II

Indian Administration

1. Evolution of Indian Administration:

Kautilyas Arthashastra; Mughal administration; Legacy of British rule in

politics and administration - Indianization of public services, revenueadministration, district administration, local self-government.

2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government:

Salient features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture;

Bureaucracy and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.

3. Public Sector Undertakings:

Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public Sector Undertakings; Problems ofautonomy, accountability and control; Impact of liberalization and privatization.


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4. Union Government and Administration:

Executive, Parliament, Judiciary - structure, functions, work processes; Recent

trends; Intragovernmental relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Ministers

Office; Central Secretariat; Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions;Attached offices; Field organizations.

5. Plans and Priorities:

Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions of the Planning

Commission and the National Development Council; Indicative planning;

Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; ConstitutionalAmendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development andsocial justice.

6. State Government and Administration:

Union-State administrative, legislative and financial relations; Role of theFinance Commission; Governor; Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; ChiefSecretary; State Secretariat; Directorates.

7. District Administration since Independence:

Changing role of the Collector; Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of

development management and law and order administration; Districtadministration and democratic decentralization.

8. Civil Services:

Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and capacity-building;Good governance initiatives; Code of conduct and discipline; Staff associations;Political rights; Grievance redressal mechanism; Civil service neutrality; Civilservice activism.

9. Financial Management:

Budget as a political instrument; Parliamentary control of public expenditure;Role of finance ministry in monetary and fiscal area; Accounting techniques;Audit; Role of Controller General of Accounts and Comptroller and AuditorGeneral of India.

10. Administrative Reforms since Independence:


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Major concerns; Important Committees and Commissions; Reforms in financialmanagement and human resource development; Problems of implementation.

11. Rural Development:

Institutions and agencies since independence; Rural development programmes:foci and strategies; Decentralization and Panchayati Raj; 73rd Constitutionalamendment.

12. Urban Local Government:

Municipal governance: main features, structures, finance and problem areas;74th Constitutional Amendment; Global-local debate; New localism;Development dynamics, politics and administration with special reference to citymanagement.

13. Law and Order Administration:

British legacy; National Police Commission; Investigative agencies; Role ofcentral and state agencies including paramilitary forces in maintenance of lawand order and countering insurgency and terrorism; Criminalisation of politicsand administration; Police-public relations; Reforms in Police.

14. Significant issues in Indian Administration:

Values in public service; Regulatory Commissions; National Human RightsCommission; Problems of administration in coalition regimes; Citizen-administration interface; Corruption and administration; Disaster management.

public administration 2

Documents