public disclosure authorized chad - world bank · 2016. 7. 17. · through colong/cilong, a...

E-202VOL.21 CHAD

EXPORTPROJECT

VOLUME 3

Compensation &Resettlement Plan

ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENT PLAN

CHADPORTION

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ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTEXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND UPDATE

Envirornmental Suprtn EnvironmentalManagement Plan - Documents Management Plan -

Chad Portion Cameroon PortionVOLUME I VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1

* Base Document * Project Description * Base Document* Management Plan for Cultural Properties * Decommissioning * Induced Access Management Plan* Handbook for Site-Specific * List of StudieslReports * Management Plan for Cultural Properties

Environmental Mitigation Actions - List of Consultants/Experts * Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental* Environmental Monitoring Plan VOLUME 2 Mitigation Actions

VOLUME 2 - Alternatives Analysis * Environmental Monitoring Plan* Biophysical/SocioeconomictHealth VOLUME 3 VOLUME 2

Technical Requirements and * Consultation and Public Review Program * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/HealthSpecifications Technical Requirements and Specifications

VOLUME 4VOLUME 3 * Oil Spill Response: Preliminary VOLUME 3

Compensation & Resettlement Plan Approach * Compensation Plan

VOLUME 4 VOLUME 5 VOLUME 4* Regional Development Plan: * Chad Biological Studies * Environmental Foundation Plan

Near Term Measures * Cameroon Biological Studies * Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program* Revenue Management Plan * Indigenous Peoples Plan* Institutional Capacity Building VOLUME 6

*Chad Public Health VOLUME 5VOLUME 5 * Cameroon Public Health * Waste Management Plan

* Waste Management Plan VOLUME 6

VOLUME 6 * Environmental Line List* Environmental Line List * Environmental Alignment Sheets* Environmental Alignment Sheets

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS

4/29/99

The following document is available in both English and French.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

CHAD PORTION

VOLUME 3

CHAD COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT PLAN

May 1999

06-99

CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENWRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

CHAD EXPORT PROJECT CHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EEPCI and TOTCO would like to extend their appreciation to the following individuals andorganizations for their contributions, reviews, and comments on the Chad Compensation andResettlement Plan.

* Government of Chad:

- National Committee for Technical Monitoring and Supervision (CTNSC)

- Ministry of Mines and Petroleum

- Ministry of Environment and Tourism

- Ministry of Agriculture and ONDR

- Members of COLONG

* Members of CILONG

* CEFOD

* CIRAD-CA, Bebedjia

* Other Local and International NGOs

* Local populations of villages and cantons who contributed ideas, energy, and comments

* Assistants to the senior consultant: Gos Ngoniri Mbayro and Belyo Jean-Pierre, and driverDaniel

* Staff at the Kome Base Camp

In late January and early February of 1998, a brief study was conducted by a joint group ofEEPCI and/or TOTCO representatives, Govemment of Chad (CTNSC), NGO representativesthrough COLONG/Cilong, a representative of CIRAD, and representatives of EEPCI and/orTOTCO. While all members of this group contributed to the data collection and ideas forcompensation, EEPCI and/or TOTCO assumes responsibility for the content. EEPCI andTOTCO express its appreciation to members of the joint study for their contributions.

* Govemment of Chad (CTNSC)

- Mr. Gag Bagdra, Adjunct Director for Water Resources and Meteorology

- Mr. Paul Francis Ngaradoumri, CTNSC and Ministry of Agriculture

* NGOs Proposed by COLONG

- Mr. Miankeol Djeralar, ASSAILD

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- Mr. Pascal Service, BELACD-Moundou

* CIRAD

- Mr. Jean Ngamine, Project Head, Land Management Project

LIST OF EEPCI and/or TOTCO CONTRIBUTORS

* Senior Consultant and Advisor: Dr. Ellen Patterson Brown, Independent SocioeconomicConsultant, Chevy Chase, MD

* Chad Compensation and Resefflement Plan Editor: Dr. Pandora E. Snethkamp,Independent Socioeconomic Consultant, Houston, TX

* On behalf of EEPCI and/or TOTCO: Mr. Ulrich Sellier, Mr. Clayton Kaul, Ms. PatriciaCabada, and Etienne Alingue

* Overall Chad Compensation and Resefflement Plan Manager on behalf of EEPCIand/or TOTCO: Mr. Mel Benson

Others: Mr. Alan Khatib, Ms. Claire Preece, Mr. Valentin Koibe (Translator)

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CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ........... 1-11.1 INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1-1

1.2 ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN .................................................. 1-2

1.3 PROPOSED PROJECT .................................................. 1-3

1.4 SUPPORTING STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS .................. 1-3

1.5 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT .................................................. 1-4

1.6 COMPENSATION FOR CUSTOMARY RIGHTS .............................................. 1-5

1.7 RESETTLEMENT, RESETTLEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND RELOCATION .. .1-6

1.7.1 Early Project Planning for Resettlement and ResettlementAlternatives ............................................ 1-6

1.7.2 Early Project Planning for Relocation ............................................ 1-7

1.7.3 Status of Resettlement and Relocation Cases (15 September 1998 -20 March 1999) ............................................ 1-8

2.0 DATA COLLECTION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION . . .................................... 2-1

2.1 INTRODUCTION .................................. . 2-1

2.1.1 Resettlement .................................. 2-1

2.1.2 Compensation for Assets .................................. 2-1

2.1.3 Valuation of Assets .................................. 2-1

2.2 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION (1995-1996) ................................ 2-2

2.2.1 Introduction .................................. 2-2

2.2.2 Review of Public Records .................................. 2-2

2.2.3 NGO Consultation .................................. 2-2

2.2.4 Urban Focus Groups .................................. 2-2

2.2.5 Local Authorities Consultation .................................. 2-3

2.2.6 Consultation on Pastoralist Issues .................................. 2-3

2.2.7 Community Consultation ................................... 2-3

2.2.8 Individual Questionnaires .................................. 2-4

2.2.9 Market Survey Questionnaires .................................. 2-5

2.3 RESETTLEMENT .................................. . 2-6

2.3.1 Traditional Individual Resettlement .................................. 2-6

2.3.2 Traditional Group Resettlement .................................. 2-7

2.3.3 Resettlement Data .................................. 2-7

2.3.4 Social Meaning of Resettlement .................................. 2-9

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2.3.5 Zone Destined for Resettlement .......................................................... 2-9

2.4 ONGOING DATA COLLECTION AND CONSULTATION EFFORTS .............. 2-10

2.4.1 Recent Data Collection (1998-1999) ................................................... 2-11

2.4.2 Compensation Consultation .......................................................... 2-12

2.4.3 In-kind Compensation ........................ .................................. 2-12

2.4.4 Cash Compensation ........................................................................ 2-13

2.4.5 Project Database ......................... 2-13

2.4.6 Villages Potentially Affected by Pipeline and InfrastructureImprovements ......................... 2-13

3.0 PROJECT LAND NEEDS ... .................... 3-1

3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 3-1

3.2 TYPES OF LAND NEEDS AND USES .......................................................... 3-1

3.3 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ........................ .................................. 3-2

3.4 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA .......................................................... 3-3

3.5 RECLAIMED LAND MADE AVAILABLE TO PRE-CONSTRUCTION USERS .. 3-5

3.6 COMPENSATION AND THE DURATION/TYPES OF PROJECT LANDNEEDS ................................... 3-5

3.6.1 Permanent Uses ................................... 3-5

3.6.2 Temporary Uses ................................... 3-6

4.0 LEGAL AND CUSTOMARY LAND RIGHTS . . ....................... 4-1

4.1 INTRODUCTION .. 4-1

4.2 LAND TENURE AND OWNERSHIP .4-1

4.2.1 National Domain .4-1

4.2.2 Privately Owned Land .4-2

4.3 LAND OCCUPATION -- OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA .4-2

4.4 LAND OCCUPATION -- TOTCO TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM .4-3

4.5 LAND TENURE UNDER CUSTOMARY RIGHTS .4-4

4.5.1 Customary Rights over Land Use .4-4

4.5.2 Traditional Categories of Land .4-5

4.5.3 Religious Oversight .4-6

5.0 COMPENSATION VALUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL AND HOUSEHOLDASSETS HELD BY CUSTOMARY RIGHTS .5-1

5.1 INTRODUCTION .5-1

5.2 COMPENSATION PAYMENTS AND RELATED CONSIDERATIONS .5-1

May 1999 iv Chad CRP Eng 05-05.doc



5.2.1 Local Inflation ................................................ 5-2

5.2.2 Lack of Banking Facilities ................................................ 5-2

5.2.3 Location and Timing of Payments ................................................ 5-2

5.3 COMPENSATION FOR FIELDS .......................................... 5-2

5.3.1 Field Measurement ................................................ 5-3

5.3.2 Calculation of Field Compensation Rate ............................................... 5-3

5.3.3 Payment of Field Compensation ................................................ 5-6

5.4 COMPENSATION FOR BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES . ..................... 5-6

5.5 COMPENSATION FOR SACRED SITES ................................... 5-8

5.5.1 Ritual Sites ................................................ 5-9

5.5.2 Objects ................................................. 5-9

5.5.3 Locations ................................................ 5-9

5.5.4 Tombs and Cemeteries ................................................ 5-9

5.6 COMPENSATION FOR KITCHEN GARDENS AND BEEHIVES .................. 5-9

5.6.1 Kitchen Gardens ................................................ 5-9

5.6.2 Beehives ................................................ 5-10

5.7 COMPENSATION FOR TREES ..................... ........................... 5-10

5.7.1 Mango Trees ................................................ 5-10

5.7.2 Other Domestic Fruit and Shade Trees ............................................... 5-13

5.7.3 Individually Owned Wild, Productive Trees .......................................... 5-14

5.8 COMPENSATION FOR FISHERIES ...................................... 5-14

5.9 SEMI-SEDENTARY AND TRANSHUMANT PASTORALISTS ................... 5-14

6.0 INDIVIDUALIHOUSEHOLD COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT ..... 6-1

6.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................. 6-1

6.2 TYPE OF IMPACTS ............................................. 6-1

6.3 RESETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT ALTERNATIVES . .................... 6-3

6.4 ELIGIBILITY FOR RESETTLEMENT AND ALTERNATIVES .. 6-4

6.5 RESETTLEMENT .............................................. 6-4

6.6 IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES ................................ 6-5

6.7 OFF-FARM INCOME ............................................. 6-6

6.8 MONITORING RESETTLEMENT .................... ......................... 6-7

6.9 STEPS IN COMPENSATION/RESETTLEMENT PROCESS . .................... 6-8

6.9.1 Notification ............................................. 6-8

6.9.2 Documentation of Holdings and Assets ............................................. 6-8

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6.9.3 Agreement on Compensation and Preparation of Contracts .................. 6-9

6.9.4 Compensation Payments ........................... ............................. 6-9

6.9.5 Grievance Procedure ........................................................ 6-9

6.9.6 Compensation of Chiefs, Secretaries, and Elders ................................. 6-9

7.0 COMMUNITY COMPENSATION . .............................. 7-1

7.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 7-1

7.2 RESOURCES FOR WHICH COMPENSATION WILL BE PAID ................... 7-1

7.2.1 Permanent Loss of Communal Land ..................................................... 7-1

7.2.2 Impacts on Community Social and Economic Structure ........................ 7-1

7.3 COMMUNITY COMPENSATION TO ALWAYS BE IN-KIND . .................... 7-2

7.4 ELIGIBILITY FOR VILLAGE-LEVEL COMPENSATION . ........................ 7-2

7.4.1 Loss of Communal Land ..................................................... 7-2

7.4.2 Community Social and Economic Structure .................................... ...... 7-2

7.4.3 Village Compensation at the Canton Level ............................................ 7-3

7.4.4 Village Compensation at the Sub-Prefecture Level ............................... 7-3

7.5 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN DETERMINING COMPENSATION ... 7-4

7.6 REUSE OF TEMPORARILY USED LANDS ..................................................... 7-5

8.0 IMPLEMENTATION, MONITORING, AND EVALUATION . ................................ 8-1

8.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................... 8-1

8.2 ACTIVITIES LEADING TO COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT ............ 8-1

8.2.1 Public Consultation Program ............................ ......................... 8-1

8.2.2 Training and Cultural Awareness Program ............................................ 8-2

8.2.3 Improved Agriculture Techniques ..................................................... 8-2

8.2.4 Activities in the Oil Field Development Area .......................................... 8-3

8.2.5 Land Easement/Centerline Survey ..................................................... 8-3

8.3 ORGANIZATIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES . ........................ 8-3

8.3.1 EEPCI and/or TOTCO ..................................................... 8-4

8.3.2 National Committee for Technical Monitoring and Supervision(CTNSC) ..................................................... 8-5

8.4 MONITORING COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT . ..................... 8-5

8.4.1 EDR Milestones ..................................................... 8-5

8.4.2 Compensation and Resettlement Program Monitoring Group ............... 8-5

8.4.3 Government of Chad Monitoring ..................................................... 8-6

8.4.4 World Bank Monitoring ..................................................... 8-6

May 1999 vi Chad CRP Eng 05-05.doc



8.5 SOCIOECONOMIC MONITORING PARAMETERS . ........................... 8-6

8.5.1 Verifiable Indicators and Timelines: .................................................. 8-7

8.6 RECORD-KEEPING REQUIREMENTS ..................................... 8-8

8.7 CHANGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS ...................................... 8-9

8.7.1 Introduction .................................................. 8-9

8.7.2 Grievance Procedures for Compensation and Resettlement ............... 8-10

8.7.3 Grievance Procedures for Damages .................................................. 8-11

8.7.4 Implementing Changes in Compensation and Resettlement ............... 8-11

8.8 MAKING RECLAIMED LANDS AVAILABLE TO COMMUNITIES ................. 8-11

8.9 FINAL EVALUATION .................................................. 8-12

8.9.1 Compensation and Resettlement Plan Monitors .................................. 8-12

8.9.2 World Bank Project Completion Report .8-12

8.9.3 EEPCI Review .8-12

8.10 OPERATIONS-PHASE COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT ............... 8-12

APPENDICES

Appendix A GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Appendix B ELIGIBILITY FOR RESETTLEMENTIntroductionEconomic Viability and Need for ResettlementSocioeconomic Data AnalysisNeed for ResettlementVulnerable HouseholdsRecording Data on Eligibility

Appendix C IMPLEMENTATION OF IMPROVED AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES IN THEOIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREAIntroductionBackground Information on Agriculture in Southern ChadOFDA Improved Agricultural Techniques

Appendix D VILLAGE AND INDIVIDUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIESIntroductionProject Employment Opportunities for IndividualsLabor-Intensive Village Employment

Appendix E SUMMARY OF COMPENSATION AND RESETTLEMENT ACTIVITIESAS OF FEBRUARY 1999

Chad CRP Eng 05-05.doc vii May 1999


TABLES

Table 1-1 Compensation and Resettlement Goals

Table 1-2 World Bank Directives Related to Resettlement

Table 2-1 Public Consultation and Socioeconomic Data Collection

Table 2-2 Market Surveys Completed

Table 2-3 Traditional Resettlement

Table 3-1 Types of Land Needs and Uses

Table 3-2 Summary of Estimated Project Land Needs

Table 5-1 Individual Compensation Rates

Table 6-1 Timing of Compensation and Resettlement Activities

Table 8-1 World Bank Monitoring Requirements

Table B-1 Number of Cordes in Cultivation

Table B-2 Ratio of Fields to Fallow

Table C-1 Improved Agricultural Techniques

Table D-1 Individual Employment

Table E-1 Status of Resettlement Alternatives, Resettlement and Relocation Dossiers as ofJanuary 20, 1999

Table E-2 Options Selected by Households Eligible for Resettlement

Table E-3 Resettlement by Relocation

Table E-4 Summary of Individuals Needing to Relocate Houses

Table E-5 Summary of Land Acquired and Compensation Paid for Crops by Village(OFDA - PPE)

Table E-6 Individual Questionnaire (Visit)

Table E-7 Individual Questionnaire (Concession - Habitation)

Table E-8 Individual Questionnaire (Construction -1)

Table E-9 Community Compensation

Table E-10 Community Compensation (Infrastructure Communautaire)

Table E-1 1 Example of Completed Individual Compensation Dossier

Table E-12 Number of Mango Trees Compensated

Table E-1 3 Number of Fruit and Shade Trees Compensated by Village

Table E-14 Number of Individually Owned Wild, Productive Trees Compensated by Village

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CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSA TON PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


FIGURES

Figure 1-1 Overview Map

Figure 1-2 Administrative Boundaries of Logone Oriental Prefecture

Figure 1-3 Land Acquisition Process

Figure 1-4 Compensation for Sacred Sites

Figure 2-1 Location of Villages Sampled

Figure 3-1 Oil Field Development Area

Figure 4-1 Land Occupation: EEPCI Oil Field Development Area

Figure 4-2 Land Occupation: TOTCO Transportation System

Figure 4-3 Ethnic Groups

Figure 5-1 Transhumant Pastoralists Routes

Figure 6-1 Compensation Process

Chad CRP Eng 05-05.doc ix May 1999

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CHAD RESErTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The Chad Export Project Compensation and Resettlement Plan was developed to meet WorldBank Directives on compensation and involuntary resettlement. The Plan's basic goals andprinciples (Table 1-1) are shared by Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc. (EEPCI), TchadOil Transportation Company (TOTCO), its co-venturers, the World Bank, and the Government ofChad, and are intended to minimize disruption to local peoples. This philosophy considersresettlement as the last resort to Project-driven changes in land use. The Plan calls for fair,adequate, and monitored compensation for adversely affected individuals, households, andcommunities. The disruption of local peoples is to be minimized, and the social fabric of Projectarea communities respected.

An earlier version of the Plan entitled Chad Compensation and Resettlement Plan, Chad ExportProject, dated February 1998 was distributed both nationally and internationally for comments.In addition, extensive consultation has occurred in rural communities concerning the Plan during1998. Comments received were assessed and adjustment made to the Plan as needed.

Between February 1998 and February 1999, the following have been accomplished on theChad Compensation and Resettlement Plan:

* The Transportation System Centerline Survey (CLS) was completed in December 1998.

* All individual files for the Oil Field Development Area (OFDA) and the pipeline easementwere completed in January 1999, including 126 files in the OFDA, 456 files in the pipelineeasement, and 26 infrastructure files.

* All cash compensation to individuals affected by the Project has been paid in the OFDA andalong the pipeline easement.

* All in-kind compensation requests have been filled out by the affected individuals, andEEPCI and/or TOTCO are ordering the compensation goods for delivery over the next fewmonths.

* All resettlement and relocation cases in the OFDA have been identified, and families havegiven their consent. There are no such cases along the pipeline easement.

* A road survey was carried out in January-February 1999.

An estimated total of 2124 hectares (ha) of land will be needed, most only temporarily, duringconstruction. Of this total, 203 ha (10 percent) was acquired during exploratory and delineationdrilling through 1994. The remaining 90 percent of the land needs will be acquired in twophases:

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Phase l: A compensation process has been underway since September 1998 to acquire 890 ha(42 percent) for the permanent production facilities and related infrastructure (337 ha) and thepipeline easement (553 ha).

Phase II: The remaining 48 percent will be acquired over a period of three years, for drillingwells and for the construction of flow lines, manifolds, trunk lines, power lines and secondaryroads leading to the well sites.

At the end of construction and development drilling, only about 457 ha (22 percent of the total2124 ha) will be permanently closed to public use during EEPCI and/or TOTCO's operationsphase. To accomplish this, when economically and technically feasible, land neededtemporarily during construction will be made available to communities either as publicimprovements or reclaimed land.

The following sections present procedures for determining eligibility for compensation,resettlement, and resettlement alternatives. Implementation procedures and the basis on whichcompensation is calculated are explained. The Plan was based on Project design andscheduling as of the first quarter of 1998. Section 8.0 sets forth procedures for managingchanges that may occur as the Project or local conditions evolve.

1.2 ELEMENTS OF THE PLAN

Key elements include:

* Minimizing Project land use, reclaiming land after construction, and making as much landavailable as possible to customary users.

* Designing the Project to avoid village relocation.

* Meeting the intent of World Bank guidelines on reseKtlement and all local laws.

* Recognizing Chad's unique cultural and legal issues.

* Minimizing potential resettlement estimated to affect approximately 80 households.However, the Plan allows for a maximum of 150 households to be resettled.

* Modeling resettlement on the existing cultural institution of resettlement, common amongethnic groups in the area.

* Determining compensation values based on extensive data collection and socioeconomicanalysis in the area.

* Providing for EEPCI and/or TOTCO payment for compensation and resettlement at currentmarket values.

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* Incorporating preferences voiced during extensive consultation with local peoples, Non-

Governmental Agencies (NGOs), and other stakeholders.

* Providing compensation for both private landowners and customary users.

1.3 PROPOSED PROJECT

The Chad Export Project will produce, transport, and sell oil to world markets in a manner that

balances Chad's environmental, economic, and social needs. Three oil fields in LogoneOriental Prefecture will be developed and a pipeline Transportation System built acrossCameroon to a floating offshore storage facility in southwestern Cameroon (Figure 1-1).

In Chad, most activity will occur in the Oil Field Development Area (OFDA) in the Cantons of

Bero, Kome, and Miandoum (Figure 1-2), where plans call for constructing production facilitiesand for drilling about 300 wells. Facilities have been sited to avoid settlements and include anoperations center, storage areas, roads, an airfield, and housing. Placement of facilities is

known except for well drill pads and associated lines. Wells will be sited over a period ofseveral years as data are collected and analyzed from initial test and production wells.

1.4 SUPPORTING STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTS

The 1997 version of the Environmental Assessmente (EA) of the Chad Export Project was

prepared to meet World Bank guidelines. The EA identified physical, biological, and humansocioeconomic environmental issues in order to avoid adverse impacts or to minimize throughredesign early in the Project planning process and adoption of mitigation measures for the

environment.

The 1997 version of the Environmental Management Plan2 (EMP) to meet World Bankguidelines was also prepared. The EMP provides summaries of specific biophysical,socioeconomic, and health-related Project expectations and issues, along with associatedProject mitigation and monitoring actions. Other elements of the EMP include discussion ofroles and responsibilities of key participants (e.g., EEPCI and/or TOTCO and the Government of

Chad), oversight organizations, and environmental management tools.

Socioeconomic studies related to potential Project impacts and resettlement were completed insupport of the EA and preparation of this Plan. Field studies are continuously being conductedby Dr. Ellen Brown who has 30 years of research experience in Chad. In her first study for theProject in 1995-96, Dr. Brown and her team of Chadian sociological assistants completed over

Dames & Moore, October 1997, Environmental Assessment, Chad Export Project: Chad Portion, Esso Explorationand Production Chad, Inc.

2 Chad Export Project, Environmental Management Plan, Exxon Production Research Company, 1997.


CHAD RESErLEMENTrAND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

13 work months of on-the-ground research and extensive public consultation. Appendix B,"Human Environment," of Environmental Assessment contains the full 140-page text of Dr.Brown's research report.

Consultation was carried out in 61 communities (villages and towns), where residents proposedideas and debated propositions about resettlement and compensation (Section 2.0). Many planrecommendations were advanced by the people potentially impacted, the local populations inthe OFDA cantons. Compensation valuations evolved out of the population's previousexperiences with compensation and their judgment of what is fair, both for individuals and forthe community.

Dr. Brown also studied current and on-going increases in pressure on land in the local slash andburn/mulch farming system. This increased pressure has resulted in decreasing soil fertility. Tominimize the potential impact of project land needs, early Project redesign resulted in asignificant reduction in Project land needs.

Community consultation and a Public Consultation Program have provided, and will continue toprovide, information on the scope and nature of Project activities, and issues of concern, suchas the availability of jobs, and updates on the Project's progress. Village meetings andconsultations were held on several occasions in almost 100 villages. Villages in the Projectvicinity were informed of possible land needs and resettlement options during Phase I (1998-1999), the pre-construction period. Likewise, village meetings and consultations will be heldduring Phase II of the Project, the pre-drilling stage.

Additional socioeconomic information was collected during the 1998 Centerline survey.Ongoing consultation and "effect monitoring" throughout Project construction will indicate thedegree to which EEPCI and/or TOTCO socioeconomic goals are achieved (Section 8.0).

1.5 SOCIAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXT

Social-cultural values molded the compensation principles.

VALUE RESPONSE

A village has a powerful attachment to Facilities were sited to avoid villages; minimize land needs;its location. and make reclaimed land available to communities.People attach both emotional and Individuals will be compensated for their labor investment, aseconomic value to the labor they well as for materials.invest in their fields and homes.Community-wide agreement is the Community-wide support was solicited for the Plan and will bebasis for all action. sought throughout the compensation and resettlement

process.


CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENW!RONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

CHADEXPORTPROJECT CHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3

VALUE RESPONSE

Equality is highly valued. There is a Community compensation avoids creating "haves" and "have-

strong cultural bias against creating nots," and allows strong and positive social ties and"haves" and "have-nots." integration into a host community.

A cultural value of people living in the The compensation process for directly affected peoples will bearea is that any act of giving or taking open and transparent.involves not equal treatment, but . Compensation rates will be simple and straightforward, to

preference and discrimination. make it easy for the local population to recognize thatTaking land from one person or compensation has been fairly paid.village, compensating some a Public consultation in affected areas will clearly explain

individuals or groups and not others is what will and will not be compensated for and whenlikely to be viewed as discrimination someone is eligible for compensation.

or preference. . The goal is to have one person see that the same standard

l__________________________________ applies to him as to others.

Even though the Plan contains compensation and resettlement processes and valuations

proposed and agreed to by most of the population, it is inevitable that some individuals in this

culture will perceive partiality and favoritism. Social-cultural values were followed throughout

the compensation process. The overall compensation process was simple and straightforward

and all affected individuals were treated with the same high-level standards set by EEPCI

and/or TOTCO. Public consultation and transparency is important, but will not completely avoid

dissent and dissatisfaction. EEPCI and/or TOTCO continues to be proactive with their public

consultation program.

1.6 COMPENSATION FOR CUSTOMARY RIGHTS

Land acquisition and compensation will meet Chadian law (Section 4.0) and World Bank

compensation principles and will recognize customary rights. This procedure is illustrated in

Figure 1-3.

Since most land needed by EEPCI and/or TOTCO is held by customary rights, this Plan

addresses a number of issues related to these rights, including the following.

ISSUE RESPONSEEstablishing a generous net land yield Establishing a value for the net yield of the land so farmers

can purchase replacement staples even when market pricesmay be at their peak.

Including value of labor in valuation of Setting the value of farmland at the monetary equivalent offarmland labor invested in preparing and cultivating a field, allowing the

user to reestablish an equivalent field elsewhere.

Moving cultural sites and burial places Moving sites, when possible and providing compensation as

per mutual agreement between EEPCI and/or TOTCO and thelocal population concerned (Figure 1-4).



ISSUE RESPONSERecognizing that customary rights Many people depend on land to which they do not have legalmay exist on titled lands title for their livelihood. In rural areas customary users

sometimes continue to use land, unaware that it has beenacquired legally by someone else. In such cases, both thelegal titleholder and the customary rights user will becompensated

Importance of bush Recognizing that bush is in fact extremely valuable to thecommunity, compensation will be paid as part of communitycompensation.

Compensation valuations are discussed in Section 5.0 and include a combination of cash, in-

kind compensation, and technical assistance. Both individual and community compensation will

be provided.

* Individuals will receive compensation for customarily held investments and assets thatcovers the replacement cost of such investments which have been surrendered orabandoned because of direct Project activity or resettlement (Sections 5.0 and 6.0).

* In-kind community compensation will be paid to villages that undergo significant impacts as

a result of Project resettlement (Section 7.0).

- Information pertaining to individual compensation is discussed in Section 2.4.1 and

Appendix E.

1.7 RESETTLEMENT, RESETTLEMENT ALTERNATIVES AND RELOCATION

World Bank Guidelines require that the potential for involuntary resettlement be considered asper World Bank Operational Directive 4.30. This resettlement policy addresses bothresettlement of families to new locations, as well as relocation of family structures and fieldswithin the same community. This plan provides for resettlement modeled on traditional existingsocial institutions.

1.7.1 Early Project Planning for Resettlement and Resefflement Alternatives

Early Project planning minimized the potential for resefflement. The number of individuals orhouseholds who are at risk of no longer being economically viable because of Project landneeds was evaluated on the basis of Project land needs, the average surface area used by a

farmer, and the fact that almost half of households have two independent farmers with their ownfields. It is estimated that, at maximum, 150 households will be eligible for resettlement. Up to31 January 1999, with 42 percent of the land needs filled, 18 households in the OFDA wereeligible for resettlement (Table E-1). Six out of the 18-chose off-farm income training as an

altemative option (Table E-2).




The Plan proposed that families who resettle would be given technical support, advice, andassistance during their move and transition period in addition to compensation for anyinvestments surrendered or abandoned. Resettlement plans include mitigation measures suchas improved agriculture. A latrine will be included as part of any new house construction.Therefore, the environmental impact of resettlement activities is expected to be no greater orless than the traditional resettlement on which it is modeled. All these measures are beingfollowed closely in the resettlement process.

In addition, EEPCI and/or TOTCO offers two alternatives to resettlement following a facilitateddecision-making process. This decision process will help households decide which decision,resettlement or an altemative fits their particular circumstances. If individuals opt not to resettle,they may choose one of the following options:

* Improved Agricultural Techniques: Individuals may choose to learn improved agriculturaltechniques facilitated by EEPCI and/or TOTCO and to receive one year of agriculturalcredits (Section 6.6).

* Off-Farm Income: Individuals who have some off-farm skills or realistic businessopportunities may choose to receive a year's tuition for approved local skills-trainingprograms, and low-interest loans for tools or materials needed (Section 6.7).

* Subsistence farming is likely to remain the major livelihood of most people in the area. Butthe EA, supported by other studies, has shown that the current agricultural system -- withoutthe Project -- is not sustainable in the longer term. Because EEPCI and/or TOTCO landneeds will increase village land pressure, the Project will facilitate improved agriculturaltechniques that attempt to slow the decline in local soil fertility, promote the growth of highyield/high value crops, and lower the rate at which bush land is cleared and cultivated.

1.7.2 Early Project Planning for Relocation

Farmers often build adjunct structures in their fields, especially fields that are distant from theirmain homestead. They build these structures for storage of their seeds and harvested cropsand for convenience. If land needed by the Project contains such structures, compensation willprovide for the replacement of these structures in different, but nearby locations. In otherwords, the structures will be relocated within the community the household currently resides.

People also construct temporary shelters or housing in their distant fields. They live in thesedistant fields during part or all of the rainy season and return to their villages once work in thosefields has been accomplished. If Project land requirements affect these structures during therainy season, the housing will be relocated. The family is assisted in moving their effects, as isthe case with resettlement. As the family retains a viable amount of agricultural land, onlyrelocation in a convenient place is necessary.


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION- VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

1.7.3 Status of Resettlement and Relocation Cases (15 September 1998 -20 March 1999)

All individuals and households who will be relocated (within the current village they reside in) orresettled (in the villages other than those they to reside in) during Phase I have been identifiedand have given their consent (Table E-1). All homesteads and fields that will be abandonedbecause of resettlement have been identified, measured and catalogued. Procurement ofconstruction materials for reconstruction of homesteads began in December 1998. Resettlershave identified and gained access to replacement fields. Everyone who is being resettled hasdecided on and gained access to a destination village.

There are 18 cases in the OFDA who qualify for resettlement. Five individuals have decided toresettle (Table E-3). They have picked their resettlement locations and have establishedresettlement timelines. Six others have already made replacement fields and/or moved on theirown. Seven have acquired additional land from relatives and will continue to farm in theirpresent area, without resettling. Six individuals have opted for the off-farm income option andhave chosen a profession in keeping with their abilities and their present situation and,therefore, will not be resettled. There are no resettlement cases along the pipeline easement.

There are 21 relocation cases in the OFDA. Relocation files have been opened for 17 cases.All information on current housing has been gathered for relocation. Individuals have madedecisions as to where they will relocate their homes. (Table E-4). Each affected individual haschosen a new house site and has indicated its location to EEPCI and/or TOTCO in order forconstruction of replacement housing to take place. All houses to be relocated are in the Cantonof Bero, in two administrative villages, Bero 2 and Dildo, and in two geographic villages,Dodangti (quarter of Bero 2) and Mbayande (quarter of Dildo). There are no relocation casesalong the pipeline easement.


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


Table 1-1 Compensation and Resettlement Goals

PHILOSOPHY

* The local population sees the compensation as fair and equitable based on:

- local African cultural values,

- people receiving what is perceived as fair.

* Compensation is as transparent as possible.

* The compensation process treats people and resources in exactly the same way wheneverpossible.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

COMPENSATION

* Affected people's standard of living will not be less than their current conditions whencompensation is complete.

- Both holders of legal title to land and traditional land users are compensated.

- Project is conducted in a manner that assures the land is available for use when needed forproject construction and operations.

* Compensation is perceived as fair by the local population.

RESETTLEMENT

* Need for resettlement is limited through Project design.

* Desirable alternatives to resettlement are provided to affected people.

* Affected people have adequate time and resources to reestablish themselves.

* Resettlement follows traditional procedures of local culture.

* Compensation and resettlement do not create dissension within local population.

* Compensation and resettlement activities are fair.

CONTINUING SUPPORT

* People in both impacted and surrounding areas continue to be supportive of the ChadDevelopment Project.



Table 1-2 World Bank Directives Related to Reseftlement

Operational Directive 4.30 entitled Involuntary Resettlement (June 1990)

The Directive describes:

Resefflement Objectives Contents of a Resettlement Plan. Resettlement is avoided or minimized. . Community participation. Resettled persons reestablish their former . Socioeconomic survey

standard of living. . Environmental protection and management. Community participation and resettlement are . Land tenure, acquisition, and transfer

modeled on existing social institutions of . Legal frameworkresettlers and hosts when possible. . Valuation of and compensation for lost assets

. Absence of legal title to land is not a bar to * Shelter, infrastructure, and social servicescompensation. a Access to training, employment, and credit

. Local populations should be compensated with . Alternative sites and selection and integrationadequate new land. with host populations

* Organizational responsibilities. Implementation schedule, monitoring, and

evaluation.

Resettlement Review by the Evaluations Department (1993), andRegional Remedial Action Planning for Involuntary Resettlement (1 995)

Indicate that effective resettlement involves:

- Compensation for lost assets in full consultation with affected families

* Assistance with resettlement and support during the transition period

* Assistance in re-establishing or improving the former standard of living

* Sufficient community participation to protect social fabric

Operations Manual Statement 2.33

Establishes two important goals:

* Resettled population should at least regain its prior socioeconomic status within a

reasonable transition period.

* No environmental degradation ensues from the resettlement process.


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSA T7ON PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


Operations Policy Note 10.08

Gives supplemental guidelines for the financial/economic aspects of resettlement:

* Resettlers should benefit from any economic development brought about by the Project thatled to resettlement.

* Options should be offered to enable people to enhance, not just replace theirproductive/income-earning opportunities.


THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

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Figure 1-3: Land Acquisition Process

Legal Ownership (Titre Fon9ier) Customary Rights

* Land needed identified * Land needed identifiedthrough government through government

Consult with: Consult with:* Village chief * Canton chief* Landowner * Village chief

* Negotiate amicable settlement Consult with:* Determine economic viability * Customary user if individual

if owner is user * Village if community user

*Compensate _ __* If eligible, resettle or select

resettlement alternative * Negotiate with individual using * Negotiate with village* Document crop/field labor value process * Consult with canton chief

* Compensate individual * Compensate village* If eligible, resettle or select * Document

resettlement alternative^ Document

97-4925-001

Figure 1-4: Compensation for Sacred Sites

Consult with:* Canton chiefs* Village chiefs/elders/religious officials* Individuals

Identify nature of sacred site

Negotiate with:* Individuals for personal sites* Religious officials representative of spiritual community

Movable Not movable

Negotiate compensation with: ,* Individuals for personal sites Negotiate compensation with:* Religious officials representative Renividus forersonalasite

of sprta comnt * Religious officials representativeof spiritual community of spiritual community

Pay compensation or modifyProject land need to avoidsacred site

97-4925-005



2.0 DATA COLLECTION AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This Plan is based on extensive socioeconomic fieldwork and data analysis initiated in 1995.The following Section summarizes data collection methods and conclusions drawn from thesedata. Summary information on data collection, field studies, and village consultation visits andresults of the in-depth socioeconomic survey can be found in the 1997 version of theEnvironmental Assessment, Chad Export Project: Chad Portion, Appendix B, HumanEnvironment (Dames & Moore, 1997).

The following key conclusions were drawn from the data collection and analysis effort and formthe basis of this Plan.

2.1.1 Resettlement

* Is a common local response to internal social problems and land availability,

* Has been experienced by most people,

* Methods have been devised by local cultures to deal with resettlement and integrateresettlers,

* In its traditional form is an excellent model for this Plan.

2.1.2 Compensation for Assets

e Most resources and investments are held by customary right.

* Includes compensation for a broad range of resources upon which people depend, and willnot be limited to those normally compensated under Chadian law.

* Bush is a community asset as a source of food, medicine, construction materials, and futurefarmland. Loss of bush is a community loss and will be compensated for by communitycompensation.

2.1.3 Valuation of Assets

* Will be based on replacement cost as preferred by the local population and will permitindividuals and households to recreate existing circumstances,

* Covers field labor, since labor is the most valuable investment that farmers make in theirfields, and

* Will be based on highest valuation of staple crops used for feeding families.



2.2 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION (1995-1996)

2.2.1 Introduction

In 1995, a Project socioeconomic data collection program was initiated by Dr. Ellen PattersonBrown (See Section 1.4). Most of the baseline research was conducted in the OFDA cantons ofBero, Kome, and Miandoum, while more limited research was conducted in cantons and majortowns along the proposed Transportation System and roadways. Qualitative and quantitativedata were collected through:

* Review of public records,

* Consultation with NGOs,

* Urban focus groups,

* Meetings with local authorities,

* Meetings on pastoralist issues,

* Community consultation,

- Administration of individual questionnaires, and

- Conduct of market surveys.

The results of consultation can be found in the supporting document EAESU consultation andthe public review program report.

2.2.2 Review of Public Records

Area historical trends were assessed through review of National Office for Rural Development(ONDR) annual reports, NGO reports, and personal archives. Researchers at the InternationalCenter for Agricultural Research and Development--Annual Crops (CIRAD), who have beenresearching land management and land pressure in the Project area, were also consulted.

2.2.3 NGO Consultation

Local and national NGOs were consulted by Dr. Brown to review their activities and experiencesin the Project area and their opinions concerning Project impacts on local populations.

2.2.4 Urban Focus Groups

Local ward chiefs in urban areas were requested to invite people to focus groups to discussjobs, rental housing and lodging, prostitution, small business opportunities, and oil development.The chiefs also designated ward members for interviews and questionnaires.




2.2.5 Local Authorities Consultation

Frequent meetings were held with regional and local officials and influential citizens. Thesecretary of the canton chief attended most meetings in his canton. Subsequently the cantonchiefs and their secretaries met with Dr. Brown to cover issues that had emerged. Theydiscussed resettlement and compensation solutions proposed by villages and other problemsthat the chiefs wished to raise. At the end of each meeting all issues and agreements reachedwere orally reviewed, so that all the canton chiefs were clear on what had been agreed.

2.2.6 Consultation on Pastoralist Issues

Dr. Brown talked with semi-sedentary groups of herders in the OFDA and Fulani and Arabtranshumant groups passing through the OFDA area. She met with pastoralists' leaders inDoba, near the Project area, and in Chari-Baguirmi, transhumant herders' point of origin eachyear. Veterinarians in the OFDA, along the Transportation System route, and upstream anddownstream of the Project area shared their knowledge of transhumant routes. The Ministry ofLivestock evaluated the number of animals that might pass through the Project area.

Mitigation measures in the 1997 version of the Environmental Assessment were developed inconsultation with traditional leaders and the Ministry of Livestock, who proposed methods ofcommunicating with pastoralists during construction of the Transportation System.

2.2.7 Community Consultation

Community consultation focused on people's ideas conceming the Project and pastcompensation experiences. Consultation included one or more meetings in 61 communities in1995 (Table 2-1; Figure 2-1). The target sample of communities included:

* Ten percent random sample in OFDA cantons of Bero, Kome, and Miandoum,

* One percent random sample in the contiguous cantons of Bebedjia and Mbikou,

* One control community in each canton sampled,

* Other communities in the OFDA. These communities were included in the publicconsultation effort because of their proximity to the OFDA and potential Project impacts.

Either individual questionnaires were administered in each community or focus groupdiscussions were conducted. Analysis of questionnaire data provided the quantitativeinformation necessary to develop this Plan, including establishment of an economic viabilitythreshold. Individuals who fall below this threshold will become eligible for resettlement.

Meetings which included elders, women, youth, and socially active and religious groups, wereopen-forum discussions covering:


CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

* The present economic and social situation of the community,

* The level of community development,

* The potential for protecting community interests and for implementing change without

outside assistance,

* Previous contacts with oil companies' personnel (issues, criticisms, commendations),

* Questions about the future development of the Project, and

* Issues of compensation and resefflement.

Communities asked numerous questions about resettlement, pollution, compensation, andespecially fair job opportunities. These comments led to discussion of what villages wouldconsider acceptable responses. People openly stated their opinions, sometimes critical, of the

past behavior of local authorities or oil companies. Meetings were not "Question and Answer"sessions, nor confined to set topics, although Dr. Brown covered all her agenda items.

All groups, including less vocal groups, not just the local power structure, had manyopportunities to ask questions and state their ideas. Since Dr. Brown and her assistants spokethe local languages, they captured for the record most nuances, contentious issues, andinformal comments, as well as commendations and recommendations.

Meetings lasted about four to five hours and became arenas for public discussion and debate inwhich Dr. Brown acted as a facilitator and referee. The meetings were ended, by the peopleattending, when they felt they had adequately expressed their ideas and opinions.

In many cases communities requested subsequent meetings to discuss issues on which theywished to reflect. Discussion and reflection on issues in small groups are a fundamentalelement in the local political system. Consensus and public support are developed through thisprocess. Thus traditional political processes generated the conclusions and recommendationsshaped over the course of these meetings and contained in this Plan.

2.2.8 Individual Questionnaires

Questionnaires on individuals' socioeconomic situation were administered after village meetings

in the random sample and control communities. At the beginning of each meeting Dr. Brownexplained how the community was chosen at random. She illustrated this by selecting a five

percent random sample (based on 1993 census figures) of the adult men and women on the tax

rolls. These individuals were then asked to complete a questionnaire with the assistance ofliterate village volunteers. Questions included:

* Origins and likely places for relocation,




* Household size and composition,

* Household's economic and material resources and income,

* Household's land holdings and available land,

* Household's dependence on bush resources,

* Woman's economic status and land resources,

* Interactions with pastoralists,

* Individual's and household members' education,

* Individual's understanding of the oil project,

* Personal experiences and evaluation of past interactions with oil exploration, and

* Expectations about the oil project.

Analysis of completed questionnaires provided data on:

* Individual and household economic viability,

* Pressure on land resources,

* Importance of bush resources,

* Past resettlement, and

* Off-farm income and activities.

The random sample questionnaire data were used to assess resettlement issues andcompensation costs. The original sample design called for administration of 502 questionnaires(Table 2-1). Forty-two questionnaires were not included because of: insufficient information orbecause individuals declined to participate; this left 460 random sample questionnaires. Insome communities, people not selected as part of the random sample asked to participate in thesurvey; this increased the number of questionnaires by 37 to 497 (Table 2-1). These data werecollected but not included in the statistical analysis.

2.2.9 Market Survey Questionnaires

Market surveys on prices and availability were carried out in OFDA local and regional marketsand were the basis upon which compensation values were calculated. To assess fair monetaryand in-kind compensation, data on markets, prices, and marketing constraints were gathered inboth the dry season and during harvest in 1995. Data were collected on:

* Crops and cropping patterns,

* Rules of land inheritance,


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT

* Income,

* Experiences with development organizations, and

* Presence of savings and loans in the past or present.

Analysis of data from the 84 market questionnaires administered in the eight local and regionalmarkets (Table 2-2) provided data for:

* Setting compensation rates,

* Estimating compensation and resettlement costs, and

* Establishing market rates to evaluate future Project impacts.

These prices were updated by using the findings of the September 1998 Market Survey whichtook place just prior to initiation of compensation payment. Prices will continue to be adjusted,as necessary, to account for inflation and changes in local market conditions.

2.3 RESETTLEMENT

Analysis of fieldwork and questionnaire data made it clear that voluntary resettlement occursfrequently in the local culture. Resettlement occurs at two levels, individual and group.

2.3.1 Traditional Individual Resettlement

There is considerable movement of individuals between communities. Individuals leave for awide variety of reasons and usually join relatives or friends in other existing communities. Uponarrival, the resettler borrows or permanently takes over cultivated or recently followed land, or,once accepted into the community, clears fields on communal lands. Most movement occurswithin a limited geographical area, since most marriages occur within villages and betweenneighboring communities.

Leaving one's present location is the accepted way for an individual to resolve problemsincluding:

* Lack of fertile land,

* Sibling rivalry,

* Need for bride wealth,

* Illness,

* Accusations of sorcery and witchcraft,

* Poor social skills, or




* New adventure.

Some people resettle many times. Women may move to other communities to marry, but upondivorce -- which is common -- they often return, with their children, to their home and kin. Someof these children may move back to their paternal kin when their mother dies. For some ofthese people the reasons that drove them to move initially, become less important than theirfamily ties. As a result, they return to their old village.

2.3.2 Traditional Group Resettlement

A group of individuals and/or households may leave a village to form a new hamlet elsewhere.Usually they move to an area closer to uncultivated bush or more convenient to their fields.Less often, a group may move into a different canton.

Many splits occur because of land availability. Where households create new hamlets becauseof sibling rivalry, to escape witchcraft and sorcery, or to gain political power, these splits are thefirst move in achieving political independence and power.

In either case, geographical separation is the first step by which emigrants gain managerialindependence over most of their affairs. Men who are only ward heads, or chefs de carr6, in theadministrative hierarchy, act effectively as village chiefs. For purposes of the Compensationand Resettlement Plan, separate geographical units will be recognized as de facto independentunits.

2.3.3 Resettlement Data

Most individuals in the OFDA have resettled or know people who have resettled. Manyrespondents in the sample reported having left their natal village (Table 2-3). In many instancesrespondents had moved multiple times.

It is common for individuals to leave home villages and set up new offshoot hamlets. In order toassess the historical frequency of these movements in the OFDA, the administrative history of32 official villages was studied. Official villages are those recognized on the Republic of Chad1993 census list. Villages selected had geographical boundaries (including cultivated fields)overlapping either the Bero, Kome, or Miandoum oil field boundaries.

DEFINITION OF OFFICIAL VILLAGEA village officially recognized on All 32 villages selected for studythe 1993 census list. were official villages.



In order to evaluate the historical frequency of splits, and the relative size of "home" and"offshoot" villages, Republic of Chad 1993 census data were analyzed. As part of the study theofficial villages can be further subdivided into:

SUBTYPES OF OFFICIAL VILLAGESJ1. Home village A village from which individuals Sixteen of the 32 villages had

forming the new offshoot hamlet individuals leave to form newhad left since 1993. offshoot hamlets.

2. Village with no offshoot A village from which no Five of the 32 villages had nohamlets offshoots were recorded. This offshoot hamlets or no

category also includes villages information.for which the Census did notinclude information on thevillage's original "home" village.

3. Offshoot hamlet A village formed since 1993 as a Eleven of the 32 villages areresult of individuals leaving a offshoot hamlets."home" village.

By further studying the census information administrative links were established between theoriginal 32 OFDA villages and 22 others in the OFDA cantons for a total of 54 villages. Reviewof the Census data indicated that of the 54 villages, 28 were offshoot hamlets, 18 were "home"villages, and eight were villages with no recorded offshoot hamlets. Formation of offshootswere frequent. Twelve "home" villages had at least one offshoot, while seven "home" villageshad two to four offshoots.

This information further revealed that:

* Small groups often set up independent offshoot hamlets while remaining administrativelyattached to a "home" village.

* Offshoot hamlets could become as large, or larger than, the original "home" village, yet stillreport to it administratively.

* Almost all offshoot hamlets are established in the same canton as the "home" village, butnot always. Of the 54 villages studied only three had splintered from a village in anothercanton.

- A Canton Bero administrative village was originally from Moyen-Chari Prefecture.

- A Canton Miandoum offshoot hamlet is still administratively dependent on Canton Kome.

- A Canton Bero offshoot hamlet was settled just over the border in Canton Miandoum.

3 The above categories are for purposes of sociological analysis of resettlement only.




* New hamlet formation is linked to the need for more fertile land.

* Some settlements studied in the 1993 census illustrate resettlement at work.

* Some villages have a small number of people who have moved. These tend to be very oldvillages with a strong emotional and cultural hold on their inhabitants. At Dildo, in CantonBero, only 10 percent resettled, and at Bolobo 11 in Canton Kome only 14 percent.

* In contrast, the entire population of Mekab 11, a tiny hamlet in Canton Miandoum, comesfrom another village in the same canton. Forced to spend substantial time traveling greatdistances to get to their fields, they finally decided to relocate nearer their existing fields.

* At Bemou, in Canton Kome, not only are 91 percent of the questionnaire respondentsresettled from a nearby village, but individuals had already left Bemou to form the offshoothamlet of Mouarom.

Although individuals often join kin in another canton, especially a mother's canton, it isinfrequent for a group to splinter off and reestablish itself in another canton. Sanaga, in CantonBero, was founded by people originally from the Prefecture of Moyen-Chari. The entirepopulation moved during the 1983 - 1986 famine.

Moving from one canton to another can provoke conflict between the canton chief losinginhabitants/taxpayers and the host canton, as is the case with the Kome and Bero hamletslocated in Canton Miandoum. During the joint discussions for developing this Plan, the threeOFDA canton chiefs discussed the possibility that groups might resettle in one another's canton,in places where land is more readily available. They jointly worked out a mutually acceptablesystem for transferring populations and authority.

2.3.4 Social Meaning of Reseftlement

During consultation, individuals often mentioned the strong emotional loyalty people have totheir natal village and its territory. Being buried in one's native soil lies at the center of a nexusof ideas about religion, place, and identity. But this real and powerful aKtachment does notprevent large numbers of people from leaving their villages. The seeming contradictionbetween emotion and behavior is resolved by funeral rites, which involve mourning, removal ofthe body to its natal village, and burial there. Proposing resettlement touches on potentemotional themes; however, reseKtlement does not pose any new issue which the culture hasnot already resolved.

2.3.6 Zone Destined for Resettlement

Permanent facilities and roads wili require about 675 hectares for the lifetime of the Project. Asa result, it is estimated that a maximum of 150 farmers may be unable to find replacement fieldsin their present place of residence in the OFDA. These people will be offered the opportunity to


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENWRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

select among three alternatives. They can participate in training and receive credits forimproved agriculture, participate in training and receive credits for off-farm income opportunities,or reseKtle (Section 6.3).

If an individual decides to resettle, he or she can resettle in a place of their own choosing withProject assistance. The individual will also decide which family members should resettle alongwith him/her. Leaving the decision where to resettle up to the individual does not mean that the"resettlement area" has not been identified and studied. The sociological studies for the Projecttargeted the three cantons in the OFDA as not only the region of origin of resettlers, but as theirlikely destination. In the past, although large numbers of individuals resettled (Table 2-3), about93 percent of them moved to villages within the same canton. The initial individuals eligible forresettlement, as a direct result of Project's activities, have all resettled on lands belonging to theadministrative village to which they already belong. Only one individual has resettled outsidethe canton in which she was residing, a widow who has rejoined her paternal relatives in thecanton where she was born.

Since the sociological study included all three cantons in the OFDA, the potential environmentaland social impact of resettlement on the host area is already known. After an individual hasexercised his or her freedom of choice about where to move, that choice will be recorded.Before resettlement occurs, the Project will assess the need for additional infrastructure andcommunity compensation for the villages to which people are moving and from which they areleaving (see Section 7.4). The impact of resettlement will be mitigated as a function of thenumber of resettlers and the current infrastructure of the host village.

2.4 ONGOING DATA COLLECTION AND CONSULTATION EFFORTS

All information necessary to develop this Plan has been collected. Initial studies provided datasufficient for the following:

* Establishment of resettlement and compensation principles,

* Design of a Compensation and Resettlement Plan,

* Determination of compensation values,

* Establishment of the initial situation in the area, and

* Preparation of a timeline for compensation and resefflement activities.

Additional information has been gathered from the OFDA and pipeline easement surveys, publicconsultations, September 1998 Market Survey, and continuing socioeconomic data collection.Section 8.0 contains information from studies on individuals affected by the Project or specificland users, locations of sacred sites, and on current prices to use for compensation values.


CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


2.4.1 Recent Data Collection (1998-1999)

2.4.1.1 Individual cases in the OFDA and along the pipeline easement

As of 31 January 1999, 608 individual cases have been handled by EEPCI and/or TOTCO(Table E-5). Team members gathered data on each affected individual (household) (Tables E-6to E-8). A series of individual and community questionnaires (Tables E-9, E-10) was developedto suit the comprehension levels and the lifestyles of the affected individuals and communities.The questionnaires were tested on various individuals from the OFDA.

2.4.1.2 Field survey team

A field survey team accompanied the individual data survey team, measured the affectedindividual's field, and marked it with survey stakes. Verification of field limits was alwaysobtained from local village authorities and the individual affected by the Project. Data weregathered on the types of crops being grown, along with the state of the field in question, whetherit was in preparation, in cultivation, or cultivated during last year's growing season.

2.4.1.3 Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

All fields and concessions were measured using the Global Positioning System (GPS)technology. The GPS technical specialist then took exact measurements from the field stakes,placed earlier by the field survey crew and complied with the land requirements for the OFDAand the 30-meter easement requirements for the pipeline. The GPS data were downloaded intoAutoCAD, computer software, and drawings of each field were generated.

2.4.1.4 Trees, kitchen gardens and beehives

All trees and any other elements, i.e. kitchen gardens and beehives, were also taken intoaccount for each individual file in the OFDA and along the pipeline easement.

2.4.1.5 Summary files

When all the information for each individual's file had been obtained, a summary file wascompleted (Table E-1 1). The file contained tabulated information and the AutoCAD drawings fortheir fields. This allowed the affected individual to review all the information gathered, and tostate his/her agreement or disapproval. If the affected individual was in agreement, theinformation was processed in the database for the next step in the compensation process:compensation payment options.

If the individual still did not agree, a verification team, comprised of members of the individualdata survey team and the field survey team, visited the area in question. In some cases, theOperations Manager visited the site to rectify the issue with the affected individual, the village


CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

and canton chiefs and the other team members. All issues were successfully resolved beforethe summary files were completed.

2.4.2 Compensation Consultation

During the period of formal public consultation following release of the EA, EMP andCompensation and Resettlement Plan, all villages within the Project Area were invited to publicmeetings at which the compensation method for valuing fields, fruit trees and non-domesticproductive trees was explained. Indicative prices, based on the 1995 market survey, weregiven, with the commitment that these prices would be up-dated before compensation was paid.The population agreed with the method for valuing fields and mango trees, expressed somereservations on the valuation of wild trees, and disagreed with the valuation of banana trees.

The rates used for the compensation cash payments were established in the September 1998Market Study, which EEPCI and/or TOTCO carried out with GEPF, CIRAD and Focus. The

team found that the 1995 rates proposed in the 1998 Compensation and Resettlement Plan forlabor invested in the fields were still valid. However, the new rates for subsistence cropsneeded to be raised. The study also included the valuation for non-domestic productive trees,

and concluded that the rates proposed during the Public Information Campaign were valid. Themethods for valuing bananas and papayas were changed, and these resulted in higher

compensation rates.

In a series of meetings with affected individuals, information pertaining to the up-datedvaluations of the compensation was explained. Each individual reviewed the calculation of his

or her compensation based on the up-dated rates. Information on the various choices ofcompensation, specifically cash, in-kind and assistance was also discussed. It was found that ifthis information was conveyed to the recipients on several occasions, their appreciation for theircompensation grew. It also gave them time to think about their compensation options.

2.4.3 In-kind Compensation

As compensation is available in cash, in-kind and assistance, a study was conducted to find outthe types of in-kind articles required by the individuals affected by the Project. From the study'sfindings, a booklet was generated which showed a picture of each available article - plows,

carts, mills, sewing machines, bicycles, and so forth.

Village meetings were held on in-kind assistance to explain the rationale and importance of in-kind compensation. Each affected individual was then informed in private about the amount of

compensation he or she would receive, and given information about the in-kind compensationarticles. This allowed him/her to have a clearer understanding of the benefits of in-kindassistance, and to have more time to make a decision.



CHADEXPORTPROJECT CHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3

Some individuals surrendered such small parcels of land that they could not afford any of theitems offered in-kind. But 81 percent of those affected had enough to invest, if they so wished.68 percent of those who could afford in-kind compensation selected one or more items.

2.4.4 Cash Compensation

All cash compensation was paid out to individuals affected by the Project in the OFDA andalong the pipeline corridor in December 1998 and January 1999.

A random survey of the recipients of cash compensation, done in January 1999, indicated that85 percent had already invested some of their cash in productive property and 24 percent weresaving some of the money for future projects. Moreover, 84 percent of the recipients wereplanning to use some of their money to put more land into production. 64 percent of theinvestment money had been spent in the local area, and almost all of it within the recipient'ssub-prefecture. Only a few reported that they had already spent all of their cash.

2.4.5 Project Database

It should also be made clear that the Project has an extensive database that was specificallydeveloped for the various requirements of the Project. Information pertaining to each individualaffected by the Project and each parcel of land acquired along with all the trees, kitchengardens, and beehives are all included in the database.

2.4.6 Villages Potentially Affected by Pipeline and Infrastructure Improvements

Information on Mboum land tenure and compensation issues related to payment for manioc wasgathered during 1998, as early data-gathering efforts were limited because of security concerns.Ethnographically, this area is fairly similar to villages in the OFDA. Data gathering andevaluation focused on:

* Issue: Mboum land tenure, and whether it is different enough to affect the way temporaryland use is handled, and land is made available in these communities;

Response: It was found that Mboum land tenure is not different enough to affect the waytemporary land use is handled, and how land is made available in these communities. Thisissue was brought up during the Public Consultation Program and it was not viewed as anissue for the villagers. It was found that there was no merit in handling Mboum land tenuredifferently from other established regional land tenures.

* Issue: Whether compensation values should be modified in this area because manioccultivation is more common.

Response: Dr. Ellen Brown completed a brief rural assessment regarding manioc cultivationin the Mboum area. Although there is more manioc cultivation in the southern part of the


CHAD RESETrLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

Project area, the price of manioc there was substantially lower. Upon reviewing the pricesfor millet and sorghum (subsistence crops), and for manioc along the southern part of thepipeline easement, it was found that all prices balanced out. It was more beneficial for theindividuals affected by the Project in the Mboum area to use the September 1998 MarketSurvey prices set for subsistence crops, as opposed to setting separate prices for manioc.


CHAD RESETrLEMENT AND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


Table 2-1 Public Consultation and Socioeconomic Data Collection

RANDOM SAMPLE IN OFDANo. of 5 Percent No. of

Village or Town Canton Type of Sample Visits Taxpayers QuestionnairesDangdin Bebedjia Control 1 21 20Bendjeri Bero Control 2 18 17

Mako Kome Control 1 9 0 (Note 1)

Gomon Mbikou Control 1 14 14Mekapti Miandoum Control 2 2 1

Subtotal 7 64 52Note 1: Not accessible at time of fieldwork. Future work during public consultation.

Bengaouda Bebedjia Random 1 45 33

Donara Bebedjia Random 1 12 12Bero 2 Bero Random 2 41 40

Bero I Bero Random 2 25 25Dildo Bero Random 4 31 29

Madjo Bero Random 4 27 17

Miarom Bero Random 1 2 3Missamadji Bero Random 3 5 6Moundanromkagiti Bero Random 2 6 7Sananga Bero Random 2 6 6Takouti Bero Random 1 4 3Bebe Kome Random 2 4 5Begada Kome Random 3 12 11Bemou/Mouarom Kome Random 4 12 12Beto 2 Kome Random 1 6 5Bolobo Kome Random 1 19 34Bongbeti Kome Random 2 3 8Kayaraal Kome Random 2 6 9

Kome Ndolebe Kome Random 2 19 19Madana Natphor Kome Random 2 10 11Mayongo Kome Random 1 3 12

Mbanga Kome Random 3 27 26Naikam/Bedia Kome Random 1 5 5Madana Mbikou Random 2 8 10

Bendoh Miandoum Random 3 12 12Maikeri Miandoum Random 2 24 22

Manboy Miandoum Random 3 22 22Ngalaba Miandoum Random 2 42 41

Sub-Total 59 438 445

ITOTAL SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRES IN OFDA 66 502 497


CHAD RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSA77ON PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANCHAD PORTION - VOLUME 3 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT

Table 2-1 Public Consultation and Socioeconomic Data Collection (continued)

RANDOM SAMPLE ON PIPELINENo. of Type of

Village or Town Canton Type of Sample Visits QuestionnairesMadog Bessao Random I Focus GroupBenarbe Gadjibian Random 1 Focus GroupDonara Gadjibian Random 1 Focus GroupKagbeti/Kayrati Kome Random 1 Focus GroupBingo Mbassay Random 1 Focus GroupMbikou Mbikou Random 3 Focus GroupDiba/Lima Mont de Lam Random 1 Focus GroupOuao Timberi Random 1 Focus GroupSubtotal 10

OTHER VILLAGES CONSULTEDNo. of Type of

Village or Town Canton Type of Sample Visits QuestionnairesBebedjia Bebedjia Other 5 Focus GroupDoungabo Beboni Other 1 Focus GroupBekoto Bero Other 1 Focus GroupKayaraal Bero Other 3 Focus GroupBedouada Bodo Other 1 Focus GroupBebala Boro Other 1 Focus GroupBoro Boro Other 1 Focus GroupDoba Doba Urbain Other 9 Focus GroupGore Gore Other 1 Focus GroupBela Kome Other 2 Focus GroupMainani Kome Other 1 Focus GroupMoundou Logone Oriental Other 2 Focus GroupKayrati Miandoum Other 2 Focus GroupKome Mbairabetole Miandoum Other 1 Focus GroupMekab 2 Miandoum Other 1 Focus GroupMeou Miandoum Other 1 Focus GroupMiandoum Miandoum Other 2 Focus GroupMont de Lam Mont de Lam Other 1 Focus GroupSubtotal 36




Table 2-2 Market Surveys Completed

MARKET SURVEYSCanton Market Town (N=13) No. of Questionnaires

B6b6djia Bebedjia 11Beboni Doungabo 4Bero Dildo 2Boro Boro 2Doba Urbain Doba 29Kome Kayaraal 8Kome Kome 4Kome Kome-Base 4Mbikou Mbikou 4Mbikou Kome Mbairabetole 1Mbikou Mbikou 5Moundou Koyom 1Moundou Moundou 9Total 84

Chad CRP Eng 05-05-doc 2-17 May 1999


Table 2-3 Traditional Resettlement

PAST RESETTLEMENT REPORTED BY SAMPLENo. No. Report No. Percent

Canton Villages Village Resettled Questionnaires ResettledB6b6djia 1 Dangdin 14 20 70N=69 2 Donara 6 12 50

3 Bengadoua 15 33 454 Bedaninga 1 4 25

52% of Canton Resettled Total 36 69

Bero 5 Miarom 3 3 100N= 179 6 Sananga 6 6 100

7 Missamadji 12 13 928 Takouti 2 3 679 Madjo 10 17 59

10 Bendjeri 8 17 4711 Bero lI 12 40 3012 Bero I 6 25 2413 Mbanga 12 26 4614 Dildo 3 29 10


Kome 15 Bemou 11 12 92N= 132 16 Beto 4 5 80

17 Bongbeti 5 7 7118 Mayongo 8 12 6719 Bebe 3 5 6020 Madana Natphor 6 11 5521 Kayaraal 5 10 5022 Kome 9 19 4723 Begada 5 11 4524 Naikam 2 5 4025 Bolobo 5 36 14


Mbikou 26 Gomon 12 14 86N= 24 27 Madena 7 10 7079% of Canton Resettled Total 19 24

Miandoum 28 Mekab li 1 1 100N= 97 29 Manboy 14 22 64

30 Ngalaba 19 40 4831 Mainkeri 10 22 4532 Bendoh 5 12 42



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CHAD RESETTLEMENTAND COMPENSATION PLANENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN


3.0 PROJECT LAND NEEDS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

This Section describes Project land needs associated with construction and operations of theChad Export Project. During early Project planning, facilities we