THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA

PRODUCTIVE SAFETY NETPROGRAMME

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIALMANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

NESCANNER FILE 20 4= ate 77'-7 o No.

Accession No. IBox No.CabinetVDrawer/Folder/Subfolder:

NOVEMBER 27, 2004

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----(Pa,.,2.5 . 2004.n&li ty >flYD/ 'VIi KSI|7f'L&Q 6^lti Date

A Q(i L A At. (j(1A A t,) PC rc 7 v a ........The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AUTHORITY Ref. No.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentFood Security Coordination BureauAddis Ababa

The Environmental Protection Authority of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has

reviewed the. Environmental and Social Management Framework of the Productive Safety Net

Progamme.

We are pleased to inform you the fact that the Framework is in line with the Environmental

Policy and Conservation Strategies of Ethiopia as well as the relevant environmental laws and

impact assessment guideline. We, therefore, express our consent for the implementation of the

Environmental and Social Management Framework for Productive Safety Net Programme.

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LIST OF ACRONYMS

BOARD Bureau of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentCSE Conservation Strategy of EthiopiaCFSTF Community Food Security Task ForceCFU Counterpart Fund UnitDA Development AgentsDPPC Disaster Preparation and Preparedness CommissionEA Environmental AssessmentEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEPA Environmental Protection AuthorityESMF Environmental and Social Management FrameworkFSCB Federal Food Security Coordination BureauFFSSC Federal Food Security Steering CommitteeFSP Food Security ProgrammeGOE Government of EthiopiaKFSTF Kebele Food Security Task ForceMOARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural DevelopmentMOFED Ministry of Finance and Economic DevelopmentPSNP Productive Safety Net ProgrammeRFSCO Regional Food Security Coordination OfficeRFSSC Regional Food Security Steering CommitteeSOE Statement of ExpendituresToT Training of TrainersWFSD Woreda Food Security DesksWFSTF Woreda Food Security Task ForceWOFED Woreda Office of Finance and Economic DevelopmentWRDO Woreda Rural Development OfficeUSD United States Dollars

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary 3

1. INTRODUCTION 5

2. PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION 62.1 Public Works Projects: Eligibility Criteria 62.2 Planned Location of Projects 62.3 Types of Project 62.4 Projects in Pastoralist Areas 72.5 Institutional Arrangements 82.6 Project Planning Process 102.7 Analysis of Alternatives 1 12.8 Implementation Challenges 11

3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT AND BASELINE CONDITIONS 133.1 Overview of PSNP Regions 133.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the PSNP regions 14

4. LEGAL FRAMEWORK 154.1 Relevant Legislation and Policy 154.2 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management 17

5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS 19

6. CAPACITY BUILDING 196.1 Institutional Capacity for ESMF Implementation 196.2 Proposed Training and Technical Assistance 20

7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 227.1 Strategy 22

7.1.1 Irrigation Projects: Integrated Pest Management 247.1.2 Health Clinic Projects: Waste Management 257.1.3 Projects Involving Dams 257.1.4 Projects Involving Asset Acquisition or Loss of Access 26

7.2 Implementation of Mitigating Measures 267.3 HIV/AIDS 26

8. MONITORING 288.1 Process Monitoring 288.2 Impact Monitoring 288.3 Design and Implementation 29

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ANNEXES

Page

ANNEX 1: Institutional Roles and Responsibilities for the PSNP 30

ANNEX 2: Potential Project Impacts 36

ANNEX 2: Guidelines for Screening Projects 40

ANNEX 3: Typical Mitigating Measures 44

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) includes a community 'public works'component aimed at developing communal infrastructure and assets in areas of chronic foodshortage. The programme will make food or cash payments for labour provided bycommunity members in the implementation of the projects.

The selection of the public works projects will be driven by the local planning process. Theymay include, for example, hillside terracing, land reclamation, improvement of roads orbridges, improved access to water, or repair of health facilities. In the case of p astoralistareas, it is to be expected that they may include projects such as development of water points,agroforestry, or initiatives related to livestock.

The PSNP is expected to serve some 260 woredas, in which public works will be conductedover a five-year period in an estimated 3,000 - 5,000 kebeles, involving in excess of anestimated 22,000 communities.

Given the nature and large number of these public works, it is important that their design andimplementation follow good practice, in order to manage any potentially adverse impacts.While it is acknowledged that many of the public works will themselves be intended torehabilitate the natural resource base, it is equally important that such projects be welldesigned and executed, to ensure that undesirable impacts are avoided or mitigated.

Ethiopia's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) proclamation and international standardssubscribed to by the development partners in the PSNP are applicable to the PSNP. Inkeeping with Ethiopia's Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation, the term'environment' in this context covers biophysical, social and cultural heritage impacts.

In the case of the PSNP, where individual projects are small, numerous, community-basedand not known in advance of the beginning of the programme, it is unrealistic to executeproject EIAs. In such cases, the approach adopted by the Government is simple and practical:an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) has been developed, settingout in simple terms:

* Criteria for project selection;* Basic checklists for preliminary project assessments, to avoid 1 ocation or

project design which might give rise to undesirable impacts; and* Lists of mitigating measures to be adopted for various types of project

during project implementation.

The preliminary project assessment will be conducted at woreda level, and compliance withthe recommended mitigating measures will be monitored at kebele level, by the concernedDevelopment Agent (DA). Only in exceptional cases will it be necessary for a project to bereviewed at a higher level, in which case under Ethiopia's Environmental Managementproclamation, the regional Environmental Bureau, or equivalent office, will be theresponsible authority.

It is proposed that for the sake of simplicity, the standard mitigating measures for each typeof project be incorporated into the technical specifications, work norms and information kitsrelated to implementation of the public works under the PSNP.

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It is not intended that the PSNP will include any public works activities necessitating aseparate EIA under Ethiopia's Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation. However, thethe Regional Environmental Protection Authority projects will be notified of any projectsinvolving water supply or irrigation, or health clinic rehabilitation, and based on anyfeedback, may result in project modification, a project management plan, or disapproval.

The relevant laws of the Republic of Ethiopia are:* the 'Environmental Impact Assessment' (EIA) proclamation;* the 'Environmental Management' proclamation; and* the 'Pollution Control' proclamation

Despite the fact that each public works project will be small and may have only limitedimpacts, the nature of the public works programme and the number of projects are such thatEthiopia's Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) proclamation is applicable to the PSNP.It is intended that the provisions of this ESMF will meet the requirements of the section ofthis proclamation dealing with EIA of programmes. The environmental management processand guidelines developed in this ESMP for the PSNP will be subject to approval by theEnvironmental Protection Authority of Ethiopia.

In the case of any projects involving abstraction of rivers draining into the Nile Basin, anyrelevant international agreements under the Nile Basin Initiative will be applicable.

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1. INTRODUCTION

Food insecurity has become one of the defining features of rural poverty, particularly indrought-prone areas of Ethiopia. Poverty is widespread in both rural and urban areas.However, the magnitude is much greater in drought-prone rural areas than in urban areas.The problem of food insecurity has worsened in recent years, with around 14 million peoplerequiring emergency food aid.

The Government of Ethiopia has decided that there is an urgent need to address the basicfood needs of food insecure households via a productive safety net system financed throughmulti-year predictable resources, rather than through a system dominated by emergencyhumanitarian aid. Moreover, the Government seeks to shift the financing of the programmefrom food aid to c ash. On this b asis, within the framework oft he national Food SecurityProgramme, which emphasizes the three interrelated pillars of food security that address foodavailability, access to food and utilization, the Government has decided to develop a newProductive Safety Net Programme.

The objectives of the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) are to provide transfers tothe food insecure p opulation in chronically food insecure woredas in a way that preventsasset depletion at the household level and creates assets at the community level.

The PSNP is targeted to 262 woredas identified as being chronically food insecure. For thepurposes of the Safety Net, a woreda is considered chronically food insecure if it (a) is in oneof 8 regions (Tigray, Amhara, Oromiya, SNNP, Afar, Somali, rural Harari and Dire Dawa),and (b) has been a recipient of food aid for a significant period, generally for at least each ofthe last 3 years.

The beneficiaries of the Programme are the food insecure population living in rural areas inthese chronically food insecure woredas. This figure is currently estimated to be about 5-6million people. The beneficiaries of the programme are resource-poor and vulnerable toshocks, and often fail to produce enough food even at times of normal rains in the country.

The major causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia include land degradation, recurrent drought,population pressure and subsistence agricultural practices characterized by low input and lowoutput. Many of the public works activities, which will constitute a portfolio of severalthousand community-level projects, are intended to address this situation, by creatingcommunity-level assets, avoid household asset depletion and contributing to ruraltransformation. Thus a large proportion of the projects will be aimed at enhancing theenvironment and increasing the productive capacity of the natural resource base.

However, the projects will also have the potential for adverse environmental impacts onhuman populations or the biophysical environment, particularly if their location and designdo not follow good environmental practices. Thus it is expected that the impacts of theprogramme will be for the most part site-specific; few if any of them will be irreversible, andin most cases mitigating measures can be readily designed.

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2. PROGRAMME DESCRIPTION

The PSNP consists of two components:(i) A labour-intensive Public Works component;(ii) A Direct Support component to ensure support to those households who have nolabour at all, no other means of support, and who are chronically food insecure.

The majority of the programme budget will be spent in payment for the labour contributing tothe public works. It is the public works component that gives rise to the potential for negativeenvironmental impacts.

2.1 Public Works Projects: Eligibility Criteria

The Public Works projects are labour intensive community-based activities designed toprovide e mployment for chronically food insecure people who have "able-bodied" labour.The Programme Implementation Manual (PIM) requires that to be eligible for financingunder the PSNP, the projects must be environmentally sound. It also specifies that projectsshould be adapted to local conditions and protect the environment. They should be based onsound technical advice, and adequate technical supervision should be available to ensure thequality of work.

The projects are also required to meet the following criteria:. Labour intensity: Works must be labour-intensive and use simple tools as much as

possible.* Communal benefits: The a ctivities must benefit t he community as w hole or g roups o f

households within a given area.* Community acceptance: Activities must be accepted and approved by the c ommunity.

They should have active community support and commitment.. Feasibility and sustainability: Works must be feasible technically, socially and

economically. They should be simple and manageable in implementation and also in on-going maintenance in order to be sustainable.

* Productive: Public work projects should create durable community assets which shouldcontribute to reducing severe food problems.

* Gender sensitivity: Priority should be given to activities which are assigned to enablewomen to participate and which contribute to reducing women's regular work burden andincrease access to productive assets.

2.2 Planned Location of Projects

Projects will be implemented in rural areas, within the identified regions. In cropping areas,they are expected to be within around 5 kilometres of the homes of the intended beneficiaries,or less in areas of steep or difficult terrain.

In pastoral areas, projects will be organized at strategic locations to which families can moveor send selected able-bodied members.

2.3 Types of Project

The selection of activities to be undertaken under the public works component will be drivenby the local planning process, which will include input from both men and women as well as

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representatives from vulnerable groups, in order to identify community needs and prioritiseactivities b ased on those needs. This will allow a pipeline of public works projects to b edeveloped. Although the principal level of decision-making for determining appropriateactivities will be the community, projects determined to be priority by the woreda level mayalso be included in the pipeline of planned public works projects.

Priorities, desirable outcomes and connected activities will vary based on location. Examplesof outcomes and activities in settled cropping areas such as are typically found in Tigray,Amhara, Oromiya and SNNPR, are outlined in the Table below.

Table 1: Examples of Public Works Projects and Expected Outcomes

Typical Projects * Expected Outcomes• Area closures/wood lots Improved land productivity and soil• Multi-layered/storied agro-forestry fertility restoration

Physical conservation measures, e.g. hill sideterracing.Micro-niche developmentBiological measuresMulching of degraded areasGully control Increased land availabilityLand reclamation of extremely degraded landRoads and bridges Improved market infrastructureMarket yards and storageStock routesStream diversion Improved access to drinking and irrigationSpring development waterShallow wellsSmall damsWater pondsDrainage and water canals/conduitsInfiltration pits

• Seepage control measures• Vegetative fencing and fodder belts Increased availability of foddera Conservation measures• Fodder seed collectionD Paddock systems• Water logging control• Multi-purpose nurserieso Repairing classrooms and health facilities Improved school and health facilitieso Build latrines• Build classrooms and health facilities.• Build child care centre Improved child care-crecheso Run child care centre

2.4 Projects in Pastoralist Areas

In p astoral a reas, which are found especially in Afar and Somali regions, the emphasis isexpected to be on interventions that reduce risk and increase the resilience of communities toshocks, such as:

Development of water points (using both traditional and innovative methods);

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* Reclamation and rehabilitation of grazing areas and creation of grazing reserves throughimproved water harvesting and conservation-based activities (rainfall multiplier systemsfor improved pastures, agro-pastoralist systems, irrigation, etc.);

* Agro-forestry systems in grazing reserves to improve aerial pasture and multipurposespecies, and access to fruits, dyes and gums;

* Other initiatives related to livestock trade and livestock health;* Development of sustained agro-pastoral systems through rehabilitation of crusted and

desertified areas (use of run-off/run-on systems integrated with dry-land conservationmeasures); and

* Windbreaks and fodder belts in protected areas.

2.5 Institutional Arrangements

The PSNP is a component of the larger Food Security Programme. Under the overallsupervision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Food Security lineagencies at every level of Government will be accountable for the oversight and coordinationof the programme, with implementation of programme activities being undertaken byworedas and kebeles, line ministry/agencies and other partners. The roles and responsibilitiesenvisaged for the key institutions at each level are set out in summary form in Annex 1.

Those roles and responsibilities which relate to public works project planning andimplementation and which have a potential bearing on the question of environmental andsocial impacts are shown in Figure 1 below. These are limited to operational tasks, so Figure1 does not show, for example, the role of some of the approving councils/cabinets or steeringcommittees, nor the overseeing, guiding and supporting role of the Regional Bureaus ofAgriculture and Rural Development.

The preparation of the proposed projects identified as priorities by the community is carriedout at kebele level, usually by the Development Agent (DA). Where technical inputs notavailable at the kebele level are required, these are to be provided by the woreda line, orsector, offices concerned.

The Regional line bureaus will be responsible for ensuring that the standards published in theTechnical Materials are maintained as required.

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Figure 1: Roles and Responsibilities Directly Related to the Planning andImplementation of Public Works Projects

(The principal institutions providing technical input at each level are shaded)

| Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development l* Technical support for planning and implementation l

Federal Food Security Coordination Bureau* Coordinate and oversee PSNP* Technical support to Regional FSOs* Mobilise Technical Assistance (TA) from sectoral agencies

and coordinate production of Technical Materials

Regional Line Bureaus Regional Food Security Coordination Office* Provide TA to RFSCO and woreda line * Develop and consolidate annual regional PSNP

offices in planning and impl. of projects plans and budgets* Review tech. specifications of PSNP * Mobilise TA as required

projects * Disburse PSNP budget to woredasI I

Woreda Food Security Woreda Food Woreda Rural Woreda Line OfficesTask Force Security Desk Development Office * Provide planning &

* Review & recommend * Coordinate PSNP * Ensure provision impl. TA to kebeleskebele and PSNP project activities of tech. input from * Consolidate andplans for approval * Ensure prep. of woreda sectoral ........... compile proposals of

* Consolidate project pipeline offices to PSNP KFSTF for woreda* Submit resource * Mobilise TA as impl. agencies PSNP plan;

allocation required * Prepare activity impl.requirements to plans and requestworeda council budget for impl.

Kebele Food Security Task Force * Implement PSNPKebele Council/Cabinet * Assist in mobilizing community to identify ........... projects at kebele* Oversee PSNP cmuiyneeds and communitycommunity levels* Help to identify PSNP * Plan activities with community members levels

projects * Prepare kebele PSNP plan in consultation with* Approve PSNP plan woreda sectoral desks

* Identify need for TA

Community Food Security Task Force* Mobilise community for PSNP planning exercise* Prepare proposed pipeline of projects* Monitor public works projects to ensure they are undertaken as planned

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2.6 Project Planning Process

Kebele Development Plans will form the basis for all safety net interventions. Kebele plansare developed following existing participatory planning practices and methodologiesextensively used in community planning in various regions and should ensure an effectiveparticipation of the communities in the planning process. The basic planning sequence is asfollows:

a) The community endorses its Community Food Security Task Force Committee (CFSTF)Each community reviews, and is invited to endorse in a general assembly, the membership ofthe C FSTF, w hich is e lected i n t he first year o f programme o peration. T his committee iscomposed of a representative from the Kebele Food Security Task Force (KFSTF); aDevelopment Agent (if available in the village); two or three women's representatives(elected); two or three men's representatives (elected); a youth representative (elected); andan elder's representative (elected).

b) The CFSTF prepares a list of community needs and prioritiesThe CFSTF can benefit from the technical support of Development Agents (DA) from linedepartments at the kebele level, to identify and formulate the list of needs and priorities. Oncethis list is prepared, it is transmitted to the KFSTF.

c) The KFSTF prepares a kebele safety net/development planThe KFSTF consolidates all lists of needs and priorities prepared by the CFSTF which arepart of the kebele, and prepares a kebele safety net plan. This plan will identify and specifywhich activities within the development plan will be undertaken under the Safety NetProgramme. It should pay particular attention, where relevant, to incorporating managementand rehabilitation of the watershed as a key activity for promoting long-term food security.This means that the plan should properly sequence activities in a way that ensures thatwatershed management concerns are addressed as an integral part of ensuring sustainabilityof the assets created.

d) If a kebele development plan has already been developedA number of kebeles may already have developed a development plan through the sameprocess as described in a to c. In such cases, the kebele development plan will be adapted tointegrate new needs and priorities identified by the CFSTF, taking into account the input ofmen and women, youth and elderly and other vulnerable groups, and will specify whichactivities within the development plan will be undertaken under the Safety Net Programme.

e) Presentation to the communitiesOnce the k ebele development plan has b een established, it will b e presented to a generalmeeting of all communities in the kebele for review and endorsement by these communities.

The Safety Net component of the kebele development plan will be despatched to the kebeleCouncil/Cabinet for approval, and on up to woreda level, where the plans from all the kebeleswill be consolidated and, after approval, sent to the Regional level.

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2.7 Analysis of Alternatives

The ESMF is required to assess options for achieving the programme purpose. There are anumber of alternative strategies which the Government could adopt:

(i) No Safety Net Programme

Poverty is widespread in both rural and urban areas of Ethiopia, and is particularly severe indrought-prone rural areas. In recent years up to 14 million people have required food aid, andin 2002 and 2003 the food security situation and malnutrition levels reached crisisproportions. Given that the major causes of food insecurity include land degradation,population pressure and subsistence agricultural practices, that vulnerability to climatic shockis cumulative,I and that a significant proportion of the vulnerable people are in a state ofchronic food insecurity, to opt for no Safety Net Programme would mean continuing withemergency relief coordinated by the Disaster Preparation and Preparedness Commission(DPPC), and implemented on an ad hoc basis. While this strategy may enable thebeneficiaries to survive in the short-term, it would fail to:

(a) address the cumulative impacts of these factors in drought-prone areas in asystematic manner; or(b) execute public works in a comprehensive manner, incorporating capital and othernon-labour costs, which can be provided for only in a systematic, annual programme.

By allowing widespread chronic food insecurity to persist, the resultant downward spiral ofenvironmental degradation would continue, and by failing to institute satisfactory publicworks, the opportunity to correct this vicious cycle would be lost. Thus from anenvironmental, as well as socio-economic and humanitarian viewpoint, the 'no Safety Net'alternative would not be preferable.

(ii) Safety Net Provision with Centrally-Planned Public Works

Previous Ethiopian governments have experimented with programmes involving foodpayments to beneficiaries for providing labour to centrally-planned public works. However,this approach was generally not effective, equitable or sustainable, as the lack of meaningfullocal inputs to the planning process, and lack of ownership by the communities, meant that inmany cases the projects were inappropriately designed and located. The results were lostopportunities to carry out serious enhancement of the natural resource base, at considerablehuman c ost. Thus from a n e nvironmental v iewpoint, this o ption would not b e a p referredalternative.

2.8 Implementation Challenges

The PSNP is a very large programme, operating in geographically and agro-climaticallydiverse regions of the country. The implementation challenges will therefore varyconsiderably from location to location. Challenges which may arise which could affect thequality and effectiveness of the environmental standards of the public works projects include:

' The World Bank, Proposed Grant to the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia for the Emergency DroughtRecovery Project, Technical Annex, p. 5.

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i. Woreda capacities will vary; some will be less able to provide technicalassistance for project design and implementation than others;

ii. Some kebele officials and communities have very limited knowledge orexperience of participatory planning, and will need awareness-creation andtraining;

iii. In some communities, the capacity of local organizations for sustainable work,and maintenance of assets i s not y et well d eveloped, a nd w ill take time toperform to the required standards;

iv. Appropriate approaches and operating systems for public works in pastoralareas are in many cases not yet well developed;

v. In some regions the Regional Environmental Protection Bureau, or itsequivalent, is n ot y et well e stablished, a nd may n ot y et be in a p osition t oprovide the basic services which may b e required o f it to e nsure that g oodenvironmental practices are adopted in the PSNP;

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3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT AND BASELINE CONDITIONS

3.1 Overview of PSNP Regions

The 262 PSNP woredas are located principally in Tigray, Amhara, Afar, SNNP, Oromiya andSomali regions. However, the environmental characteristics of these areas may be moreusefully demarcated by altitude, rather than administrative boundaries. Thus they arepresented in Table 2 below, with their height above sea level, which is correlated withtemperature.

Table 2: Eco-Climatic Zones and Potential Environmental Sensitivities

Eco-Climatic Zone Potenlial SensitivitiesHigh Dega Wurch Regeneration of natural resources in the high elevation

Very high elevation areas (>3200 m) in Wallo, zones need to recognize the limited plant speciesGonder and Gojam in Amhara; dominated by adapted to these highland conditions and the slowergrassland landscapes; rainfall is 1000- 1600 growth rates, potential for rapid rainfall runoff and themm. vulnerability to overgrazing and other human uses.

Dega The elevation changes, the relatively high rainfall andHigh elevation areas (2000-3200 m) in Tigray, the potential high soil erosion rates presentWollo, Gonder and Gojam in Amhara, and opportunities and constraints for environmentalHarrege, Arsi and Bale in Oromiya; typically rehabilitation and management of increasing land usemixed coniferous shrubs and trees; rainfall is pressures in the Dega zone.1000-2000 mm.

Weyna Dega The relatively high level of ecosystem productivityMid-elevation areas (1500-2400 m) in the and biotic diversity provides for significant naturalwestern half of Ethiopia covering Amhara, resources and the pressures of human uses, along withOromiya, SNNP and Tigray; typically mixed the presence of important and sensitive naturaltemperate forests and shrubs and riparian and habitats but with generally high recovery rates ifother vegetation associated with the Abbay managed properly.River and Awash River; rainfall is 800-1600mm.

Kolla The semi-arid, dry savanna Kolla landscapes areLow elevation semi-arid areas (500-1500 m) of vulnerable to deforestation and overgrazing, variablewestern Tigray, western Gonder in Amhara, rainfall, slower rates of recovery and wildfiresouthern Oromiya and northern Somali; dry potential; soils are generally nutrient poor andsavanna landscapes; rainfall is in the range of moderate-high erodability.200-800 mm.

Bereha Moisture and nutrient limitations, poor water holdingLow elevation arid areas in Afar, Somali, capacity of soils, high livestock grazing pressures andBenshangul, Gumuz and Gambella and the slow recovery rates present constraints in these mostlywestern parts of Tigray and Gonder in Amhara, Arid landscapes that generally have low soil quality,and eastern Oromiya (Harrerege and Bale); arid high erosion potential and vulnerability to pastoraland dry savanna landscapes; rainfall is livelihoods.generally less than 200 mm.

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3.2 Socio-Economic Characteristics of the PSNP Regions

Table 3 presents b asic d ata o n population a nd agriculture i n t he PSNP r egions, r anked i ndescending order of agricultural production.

Table 3: Population and Agricultural Production of PSNP Regions

Region PSNP Chronicalh Area Planted2 AgriculturalWoredas Food-Insecure Production'

Populalion

No. '000 '000 % '000 YieldHa quintals (Q/Ha)

Oromiya 51 964,945 3,613 44% 43,720 12.1Amhara 52 1,572,442 3,074 37% 28,807 9.4SNNPR 50 760,450 696 9% 7,388 10.6Tigray 30 850,304 561 7% 6,227 11.1Somali 48 682,945 48 1% 225 4.7Afar 29 250,087 19 <1% 246 13.0Harar (rural) 1 13,579 7 <1% 58 8.9Dire Dawa (rural) 1 41,546 6 <1% 61 10.0Other Regions 0 0 194 2% 2,178 11.2Total 262 5,136,298 8,217 100% 88,910 10.8

The Kebele Development Plans will be include a review of socio-economic characteristics ofthe kebeles. These will be taken into account during the EA process.

2Area Planted by Region in 2000, Food Security Strategy, March, 2002, p. 34.3Production by Region in 2000, Food Security Strategy, March, 2002, p. 33. Includes cereals, pulses and others.

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4. LEGAL, POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

4.1 Relevant Legislation and Policy

The Constitution of Ethiopia

The 1994 Constitution of Ethiopia proclaims that all citizens shall have a right to live in aclean and healthy environment. It states that Government and citizens have a duty to protectthe environment, and the design and implementation of programs and projects shall notdamage or destroy the environment. The Constitution incorporates a number of otherprovisions relevant for the protection, sustainable use and improvement of the environmentalresources of the country. It reflects a view of environmental concerns in terms of fundamentalhuman rights, and provides a basis for the formulation of national policies and strategies onenvironmental management and protection. It assures that no development activity shall bedisruptive to the ecological balance, and that people concerned shall be made to give theiropinions in the preparation and implementation of environmental protection policies andprograms.

The Constitution also:(a) Maintains land under the ownership of the Ethiopian people and the governmentbut protects security of usufruct tenure;(b) Reinforces the devolution of power and local participation in planning,development and decision taking by regions and woredas;(c) Ensures the equality of women with men;(d) Ensures the appropriate management as well as the protection of the well-being ofthe environment; and(e) Maintains an open economic policy.

The Constitution of Ethiopia further states that land is retained under the control of the peopleand the Government of Ethiopia, and thus prohibiting its buying and selling. It howeverensures its usufruct tenure rights and allows for its usufruct rights to or from others (i.e. rentout the land). All farmers who would like to make a livelihood from farming are entitled tohave plot of land free of charge

Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (1993)

The PDPM was introduced in order to address the root causes of the vulnerability to droughtand famine. It discourages free distribution of food relief to able bodied persons. Rather itemphasizes the principles of protecting human life in times of disaster, protecting the qualityof life from deterioration due to disasters and timely m itigation, protecting the a ssets andeconomic fabric and best use of natural resources for speedy post disaster recovery, and theprovision of relief taking regard for human dignity.

Federal Policy on the Environment (1997)

The first comprehensive Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic Republic ofEthiopia was approved April 2, 1997 by the Council of Ministers. It derives from therecommendations of the Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) which was prepared in1989 and later updated in 1997. The Overall Policy Goal is to: "improve and enhance thehealth and quality of life of all Ethiopians and to promote sustainable economic development

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through the sound management use of natural, human-made and cultural resources and theenvironment as a whole so as to meet the needs of the present generation withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".

The Environmental Policy provides a comprehensive set of principles and policies to guidethe integration of environmental considerations in development activities, and includes ninepolicy objectives, 19 guiding principles, ten sectoral policies and ten cross-sectoral policies.

The National Policy was further strengthened with the adoption of several multilateralenvironmental conventions, including:* The Convention on Biological Diversity;* The Basal Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes;* The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;. The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries

Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa;* The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol for the Protection the Ozone Layer;. The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain

Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade; and* The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.

National Action Plan to Combat Desertification (2001)

Ethiopia signed the Convention to Combat Desertification in October 1994 followed by theGovernment ratification in June 1997. The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) wasdesignated by the Government as a national focal agency for the implementation of theconvention. The activities so far have included, among others, the development of a NationalAction Plan for the Environment and the regional action programmes are under development.

Environmental Proclamations (2002)

A series of legal proclamations form the basis for the environmental assessment andmanagement framework in the country.

The Proclamation on the Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (No. 295/2002)assigns organizational responsibilities for environmental management activities as well asenvironmental protection regulations and monitoring. It gives the Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) the legal powers to ensure enforcement and compliance with environmentallaws and standards and differentiates the responsibilities among the environmental agenciesat federal and regional level.

The Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment (No. 299/2002). Article 5: ProjectRequiring Environmental Impact Assessment of the Proclamation states that: "Every projectwhich falls in any category listed in any directive issues pursuant to this Proclamation shallbe subject to environmental impact assessment"; it also states that programmes and policieswith potential impacts shall be subject to the provisions of the proclamation.

The Proclamiation on Environmental Pollution Control (No. 300/2002). This law recognizesthe fact that some social and economic development endeavours may inflict environmentalharm that could make the endeavours counter productive. To this end, it aims to eliminate or,

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when not possible, to mitigate pollution as an undesired consequence of developmentactivities.

EIA Guidelines (2000)

The purpose of the EIA guidelines is to ensure that development projects integrateenvironmental considerations in the planning process as a condition for their approval. TheEIA process includes:* Application. Pre-screening* Screening* Scoping* EIA and submission of EIA report* Review of the EIA and decision by the Competent Authority

The EIA guidelines cover industrial, mining, agriculture and infrastructure development,all of which are likely to impact the environment in a significant manner.

Food Security Strategy (2002)

The Food Security Strategy is targeted mainly toward the chronically food insecure, moisturedeficient and pastoral areas, with a focus on environmental rehabilitation to reverse the levelof degradation and also as a source of income generation for food insecure householdsthrough a focus on biological measures. Water harvesting and the introduction of high valuecrops, livestock and agroforestry development are also included in the recent strategy. Theobjectives of this policy are to (i) increase the availability of food through increased domesticproduction, (ii) ensure access to food for food deficit households, and (iii) strengthenemergency response capabilities. The strategy recognizes the need to tailor interventions tothe diversity of the food production zones - areas with adequate moisture, moisture deficientand pastoral areas. Chronically food insecure areas require a more comprehensive andappropriate package of interventions, which may include soil and water conservation, plantnutrient generation and recycling, drought and pest resistant crops and improved post harvestmanagement.

4.2 Administrative Structure for Environmental Management

Federal and Regional EPAs

The EPA has overall responsibility for setting environmental policies, regulations andstandards and for administration of EIA requirements. The Federal agency is organized intonine technical departments and four service units, with an overall staff of 167.

Regional EPA offices have been established almost all of the regions and where they havenot been established, other bureaus are designated to manage environmental affairs andcoordination with the federal EPA. The regional EPA bureaus operate independently of theFederal EPA, reporting to regional government.

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development

The Ministry is responsible for a broad array of agricultural production and research, food

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security, n atural resource management a nd a gricultural m arketing p rograms a nd a ctivities.The regional Bureaus of Agriculture and Natural Resources Development are directlyinvolved in delivery of programs with Woredas, in keeping with the decentralized strategyand the government's Agricultural Development-led Industrialization policy.

Ministry of Water Resources

This ministry is responsible for overall inventory, planning and management of surface andground water resources in the country. This includes aspects of watershed management, watersupply and water quality management that affect rural development programs. RegionalWater Bureaus are directly involved in assisting woredas and other agencies in various waterresource development projects.

Woreda Bureaus of Agriculture, Rural Development and Health

The woredas are a key focus of the government's commitment to decentralized delivery ofservices. The various departments at the woreda level have a direct responsibility for finance,land use, natural resources, infrastructure, and development at the local level. The agriculturedepartments have subject matter specialists and others who advise development agentsworking at the village level. The PSNP implementation will depend upon appropriate inputsand management controls related to soil and water conservation, small scale irrigationdevelopment, rainwater harvesting, road development and water supply, sanitation and wastemanagement associated with rehabilitated schools and clinics.

Kebeles

The kebeles (village areas with an average population of about 5,000) are in effect the primecontact level for most Ethiopian citizens. Kebele administrations consist of an elected Kebelecouncil (in principle 100 members), a kebele executive committee of 5-7 citizens, a socialcourt, and the development and security staff posted in the kebele.

The kebele council and Executive committee's main responsibilities are:* Preparing an annual kebele development plan;* Organizing local labor and in-kind contributions to development activities;* Resolving conflicts within the community through the social courts.

Kebele executive committees are answerable to their woreda council. The kebeles provide alink between the state and households and are responsible for enforcing the directives fromthe government ministries.

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5. POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

The proposed public works projects have the potential, and will frequently be designed to,create many beneficial impacts related to environmental regeneration and sustainableagriculture. However, they may also have adverse impacts, if good practice is not followed intheir siting, design and implementation.

Annex 2 sets out typical adverse impacts that need to be avoided, managed and mitigated toensure optimum results from the types of subproject expected.

Annex 4 sets out a range of mitigating measures that have been found to be useful to offsetpotential adverse impacts. Detailed mitigating measures recommended to offset adverseimpacts for specific types of sub-project will be integrated into the technical specifications,work norms and information kits guiding the implementation of the public works under thePSNP.

6. CAPACITY BUILDING

6.1 Institutional Capacity for ESMF Implementation

The institutional structure for managing the environmental aspects of the project involvesfour levels:

Federal Level

The Federal Food Security Office (FFSO) will need to ensure that the technicalspecifications, work norms and information kits related to implementation of the publicworks covers the range of potential activities, summarizes the latest knowledge on the varioustypes of interventions, and presents this information in a user-friendly manner that isunderstandable by woreda staff and development agents. Further development and fieldtesting of these specifications and kits may be required.

The ESMF will be discussed with the federal Environmental Protection Authority, and willbe presented to the regional Environmental Protection Bureaus.

The community-based focus of the PSNP presents a special challenge that will requireguidance. Drawing on lessons and innovations from similar programmes will assist instrengthening this role.

Regional Level

The regional focal person for the PSNP within the Food Security Coordination Office and theRegional Environmental Potection Bureau will have a key role in the ESMF implementation.These individuals will require orientation and training in the environmental review process,and the use of the technical specifications, works norms and information kits that are underpreparation for the project.

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Woreda Level

The capacity of woreda staff to provide timely technical support and guidance to kebeles iscritical. Woreda capacity development could usefully focus on the design, operation andenvironmental management of proposed irrigation systems, water harvesting structures andirrigated agriculture. Further, the biological measures for promoting economic species andagroforestry in conjunction with catchment area rehabilitation may also need capacitydevelopment.

Kebele Level

Some c apacity building in the organizational management o f improved or new communalassets such as rehabilitated drinking water systems, irrigation facilities, etc., may be neededin some situations. Water users committees and watershed committees can be established,where required, by the kebeles to manage i rrigation s ystems, l arge p onds and regeneratedwatersheds.

6.2 Proposed Training and Technical Assistance Topics

Development of Training Materials and Technical Specifications, Work Norms andInformation Kits

These materials will be the primary tool to incorporate mitigation measures and to minimizeadverse effects. The capacity building needed for Woreda Technical Committees to undertakethe Environmental Review of subproject proposals, where required, should take place inconjunction with dissemination of the manual. These materials serve to guide the design ofprojects, so it is important in managing potential environmental effects. The lead woreda staffinvolved in the project at all of the project woredas and the regional monitoring andevaluation coordinators should receive training on these materials.

These materials will be refined in discussions and practice with woreda staff, particularly toenhance the communication aspects. Training may be needed in developing a basic watershedor catchment area plan and design and sequencing of integrated subprojects for soil and waterconservation and watershed regeneration, including:* Subproject consultation, design and approval* Watershed concept for soil and water conservation* Participatory methods for community action* Gully treatment prescriptions* Water harvesting structures* Rooftop catchment systems* Appropriate irrigation technologies* Terracing and bunding methods* Check dams and other control structures* Biological measures for soil and water conservation* Plantation methods and management for effective soil conservation

In order to facilitate the environmental management of medical wastes associated withrehabilitation of rural clinics, a Medical Waste Management Guide for Rural Health Centreswill be produced by the PSNP, to establish the process for preparation of waste management

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plans. Similar guidance will be provided for the development of Integrated Pest Managementplans, where appropriate.

Training in the Project Environmental Review Process

The woreda staff and Regional Food Security staff may need training in the environmentalreview procedures, including:* Environmental review and mitigation case studies* Assessment of impacts and design of site-specific monitoring measures which also takes

into account social issues and impacts, over and above the standard measuresrecommended in the Technical Materials

* Incorporation of mitigation measures in project designs and construction documents* Review and approval project proposals* Public consultations in the environmental review process which includes women and

other vulnerable groups.

Farmer Training in Irrigated Agriculture

In projects involving small scale irrigation systems, there may be a need to provide farmerswith training on managing the increased number of inputs, including fertilizers, pesticidesand their alternatives, management of these systems, the development of water usercommittees and follow-up extension support to assist farmers and DAs in developingirrigated agriculture, and managing the environmental aspects including integrated pestmanagement.

Awareness-Creation Training

Training w ill also focus on creating a wareness o f t he EA p rocess, i ncluding consultation,participation, disclosure, design and approval. This training needs to include women andmen, elderly and youth, as well as vulnerable groups.

6.3 Training Mechanism

Training in ESMP implementation will not be conducted in isolation. It will be based on theongoing P SNP c apacity n eeds a ssessment, and will b e included as an i ntegral p art of thecapacity-building programme currently being designed and budgeted for the PSNP, andbudgeted for and delivered within the PSNP awareness-creation and training programme.

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Strategy

The PSNP Environmental and Social Management Plan is based on the following principles:

i. The PSNP involves relatively small-scale public works projects that can be designed,implemented and managed at the kebele level using standardised published guidance,and with the assistance of woreda staff as required.

ii. Environmental management will be integrated with project planning andimplementation.

iii. Projects will be adopted in the kebele PSNP plan on the basis of selection criteria andscreening designed to eliminate projects with major, or irreversible environmental orsocial impacts.

iv. PSNP procedures will ensure that participation in the community projects isvoluntary; each community member will have an option to opt out of a project, shouldhe or she desire to make no change in their existing livelihood situation.

v. The design of community public works projects will be guided by the technicalmaterials which will incorporate recommended measures designed to minimiseadverse impacts and encourage positive environmental effects. Capacity building willbe provided by the PSNP as and when required.

vi. Approval at regional level will involve the Regional Environmental ProtectionBureau, or its equivalent, which will have the right to decline a project onenvironmental or social grounds, or to conduct an assessment of likely impacts priorto approval.

vii. It is not intended that any individual projects will require to be subjected to a separateEIA. However, special attention will be given to the impacts of water supply andirrigation projects, rehabilitation of health clinics, and projects involving assetacquisition. These will be notified by the woreda Food Security Office to the RegionalEnvironmental Protection Bureau (REPB), or its equivalent, who will decide onwhether a review and/or s ite investigation o f potential impacts i s required p rior t oapproval. Following such review, the REPB may modify the project, call for an IPMor medical waste plan, or disapprove the project.

viii. Supervision of project implementation will be at kebele and woreda levels. The DA,with assistance if required from the woreda line office concerned, will ensure that thespecified mitigating measures are implemented.

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Figure 2: PSNP Environmental Review Process

Notification of:- Water & irrigation projects;- Clinic rehabilitation

Regional - Projects with asset acquisitionEnvironmental

Protection Regional LineBureau reali

Regional Food Security Coordination Office Bureaus

Consolidate plans and mobilize TA as required Provide TA|Environ mental |Notify projects of conc ern to Reg. Env Prot. Bureau|Review if reqd.

Modify or disapprove

Woreda Council/Cabinet

Approve plans

Woreda Food Security Task Force L

Consolidate plans l

Woreda Food Security Desk

Consolidate plans

Kebele Food Security Task Force

Drafts Kebele Annual Safety Net Plan Environmental Selection Criteria

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The kebele Annual Safety Net Plans are technically assessed by the WFSTF. The WFSTFmay arrange a technical appraisal of the proposed projects by experts from the woreda orregional Agriculture and Rural Development Bureau, where necessary. This appraisal willrefer to the basic environmental screening checks as identified by the DA, covering projectselection and location.

If necessary, the WFSTF will request additional information from the kebele. Once theWFSTF is satisfied that a kebele Annual Safety Net Plan meets all of the requirements, theWFSTF will submit the plan to the woreda Council/Cabinet for approval.

When the plan is submitted to the regional level, any projects listed as requiring specialattention from an environmental viewpoint will be notified to the Regional EnvironmentalProtection Bureau (REPB), or its equivalent. The REPB will decide if further investigationsare required, and will arrange for special directions or the development of a specialisedenvironmental plan if necessary. Guidance for the production of such plans will be providedby the PSNP, particularly for the following project types:

7.1.1 Irrigation Projects: Integrated Pest Management

The Government supports the use of biological or environmental controls and other measuresto reduce reliance on agricultural chemicals. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) refers to amix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seek to reduce reliance onsynthetic chemical pesticides. It involves (a) managing pests (keeping them beloweconomically damaging levels) rather than seeking to eradicate them, (b) relying, to theextent possible, on nonchemical measures to keep pest populations low; and (c) selecting andapplying pesticides, when they have to be used, in a way that minimises adverse effects onbeneficial organisms, humans, and the environment.

The following strategy will be used to address the use of agricultural chemicals and topromote IPM:

* Public works project funds will not be used for the purchase of pesticides orfertilizers.

* Information o n a cceptable a nd u nacceptable p esticides will b e p rovided to farmersand Woreda staff to encourage compliance with government policy and internationalstandards.

* Training in irrigated agriculture, including pest and fertilizer applications, safechemical handling and IPM will be provided to communities as required.

* A basic guide for IPM will be prepared as a menu of practical methods for reducingthe need for pesticides, covering techniques such as:

> Pest-resistant crops varieties> Use of disease/weed-free planting stock> Farming practices that increase resistance to pests (proper soil

preparation,> spacing, planting, watering, etc.)> Farming practices that suppress pest populations (crop rotation, cover

crops,> intercropping, etc.)> Traditional manual c ontrol o f p ests (weeding, removing i nsect p ods,

etc.)

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Biological controls (predators, pathogens, pheromones, etc.)> Targeted chemical use (pest scouting/selective treatments)

The guide will be developed in conjunction with training of farmers in irrigated agriculture. Itwill describe the tools that woreda staff and farmers can use to develop local pestmanagement plans and to implement practical measures for controlling pests.

7.1.2 Health Clinic Projects: Waste Management

It is critical that a medical waste management plan for all sub-projects financed under thePNSP which include the construction or rehabilitation of health facilities (irrespective of theirsize). Therefore project proposals involving the rebuilding of rural health clinics shouldinclude provisions for the safe management of medical wastes.

The following strategy will be used to address medical waste issues in the PSNP:* A Medical Waste Management Guide for Rural Health Clinics will be prepared to

assist subproject design and operations;* A preliminary environmental audit of clinic rehabilitation proposals will be

undertaken by a qualified professional;* All proposals will undergo environmental screening to identify environmental

concerns and environmental assessment and mitigation requirements associated withmedical waste;

* All proposals will be required to prepare a specific medical waste management planfollowing approval of the project by Woreda Council and before implementation.

* A subproject must include or propose a basic waste management plan that addresses:> The quantity and quality of wastes generated> The available disposal and treatment options at the site> Methods to segregate medical waste from general waste> Internal rules for waste handling, collection and storage> Clinic responsibilities for waste management> Proposed landfill development and operations

* Medical waste must not be deposited in open dumps. An appropriate landfill or,where appropriate, incineration should be adopted. In the case of landfill, thefollowing precautions should be taken:

> A trained site manager to oversee the landfill> Compacting and sealing of the ground to ensure containment of leachate> Adequate mechanisms for leachate collection and simple treatment> Adequate mechanisms for surface drainage control away from the site; Controlled and timely burial and covering of waste

7.1.3 Projects involving Dams

Projects requiring the construction of dams of 15 metres or more in height, will not beapproved. Dams of less than 15 metres height may be approved, subject to a qualifiedengineer being responsible for the design and supervision of construction, and theconstruction being carried out by a qualified contractor.

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7.1.4 Projects involving Asset Acquisition or Loss of Access to Assets

While noting that there will be no projects requiring involving relocation, or involuntary lossof assets or access to assets, it may nonetheless occur that a project may involve, for example,voluntary loss of use of a piece of land utilised by a pipe, or by a road-widening project, orvoluntary loss of crops to make room for an irrigation scheme. In such cases, those memberswho suffer loss of productive resources will be entitled to either compensation from theproject. Wherever possible, such compensation should take the form of having their asset losstaken into account in the project design.

General guidance for the equitable resolution of such cases will be provided by the PSNP. Allsuch projects should be earmarked for attention by the Regional Environmental Authority.The final procedures will be agreed with woreda officials, and implemented at kebele level

7.2 Implementation of Mitigating Measures

The mitigating measures presented in the Technical Materials, supported by the generalguidance provided in Annex 3 of the present report, provide the primary means ofimplementing environmental management of the public works subprojects. Three aspects willbe important in applying and monitoring the effectiveness of these measures during theimplementation phase:

* The Kebele or community proponent will designate a person who will be responsiblefor ensuring the mitigation measures are effectively implemented as specified before,during and after construction. This will normally be the DA.

* The Woreda will designate a staff member who will be responsible for inspection andoversight of the implementation of the mitigation measures as required.

* The Regional Food Security Office and the Regional Environmental Protection Bureauwill assess the application of the prescribed mitigation measures in monitoring andevaluating environmental performance of the public works.

7.3 HIV/AIDS

The PSNP poses both challenges and opportunities regarding prevention and control ofHIV/AIDS. Safety Net activities will engage in widespread community mobilization toimplement public works activities. These activities could have negative impacts throughincreasing mobility of large number of people, thereby creating favorable conditions for thespread of HIV/AIDS. To mitigate the potential negative impacts of Safety Net activities, itwill be essential to include effective & participatory HIV/AIDS prevention and controlmeasures in the design of the programme.

Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control

The existence of organized structures which coordinate the planning, implementation,monitoring and evaluation of the PSNP at federal, regional, wereda and community levels,provides an opportunity to mainstream HIV/AIDS prevention, and to control activities in thePSNP. The interface between local government (woreda, kebele) and local community

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governance structures is strong, and these structures can be used as a basis on which the localresponse of HIV/AIDS can be built.

Training

Training for CFSTFs will include a component addressing the prevention and control ofHIV/AIDS. The CFSTF will work in close collaboration with Anti AIDS committees,wherever they exists, to raise the awareness of the community and prevent the spread o fHIV/AIDS.

Protection and Involvement of Women and Girls

As women and girls are more vulnerable to HIV/AIDS risks than other members of thecommunity, it is imperative to emphasize the protection and role of women and girls in theprevention and control activities that will be planned.

Avoidance of Discrimination

It is also essential to ensure chronically food insecure households which are affected byHIV/AIDS will benefit from SNP without being exposed to any stigma and discrimination.

In addition, if a household cannot not provide labour to participate in the public worksbecause illness associated with HIV/AIDS, it should be eligible to receive direct support fromthe SNP.

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8. MONITORING

Monitoring of the implementation of the PSNP is an important aspect of ensuring that thecommitment to environmental and social protection is being met. The purpose of themonitoring is to:

* Determine compliance with the ESMF and to identify any issues and correctivemeasures required;* Determine the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in avoiding and reducingadverse impacts of the project activities;* Assess the environmental and social outcomes of the public works projects.

The Regional Food Security Coordinating Offices will be responsible for incorporatingenvironmental and social monitoring into the regular M&E system being developedestablished for the PSNP. The monitoring plan has two components:

i. Process monitoring: measuring the compliance and effectiveness of the ESMFimplementation;

ii. Impact monitoring: measuring the effects of the subproject activities on biophysicaland socio-economic parameters

It is proposed that there be an annual environmental and social review, assessing compliance, learninglesions and improving future performance

8.1 Process Monitoring

The primary focus is to ensure that:(a) The Environmental Review process is operating as intended;(b) Mitigation measures are being adopted and applied during the subprojectsimplementation; and(c) Mitigation measures are effective in reducing adverse effects on the ground (and if theyare not effective, then taking action to adjust them as required).

Monitoring and reporting o n the E nvironmental R eview p rocess w ill take p lace in all t heSafety Net woredas. The monitoring of the implementation and effectiveness of themitigating measures will occur on a regular 'spot check' basis, identifying any problems orfactors that constrain the performance of the mitigation measures. The specific indicators tobe employed, and the identity of the staff responsible, will be determined within theframework of the PSNP M&E system.

8.2 Impact Monitoring

The monitoring of the environmental impacts of the project will include:(a) the extent and manner in which the project is succeeding in environmental regenerationand rehabilitation; and(b) the occurrence of positive and negative effects of the infrastructure developments (eg.irrigation facilities, water supply, roads, etc.).

Two aspects warrant more focused data collection and analysis of impacts:* indicators of environmental regeneration of catchment areas under various soil and water

conservation, water harvesting and afforestation activities;

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* indicators of the biophysical and socio-economic effects of irrigation systems and relatedchanges in crops, food security, agricultural incomes and environmental parameters -water supply/depletion, water quality and soil quality.

8.3 Design and Implementation

The design of a Monitoring and Evaluation system for the Food Security Programme as awhole is presently underway. This system will encompass the PSNP, and will also cover thefinal design of the M&E requirements for the implementation of the ESMF. Thus the specificindicators to be employed, the system design and the identity of the staff responsible at eachlevel, and the budget, will be determined within the framework of the PSNP M&E system.

The Federal Food Security Office will be ultimately responsible for coordination of theimplementation of the M&E system.

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ANNEX 1: INSTITUTIONAL ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE PSNP

Federal Level

(i) The Ministry ofAgriculture and Rural Development (MoARD)MoARD is responsible for oversight and coordination of the PSNP through the Federal FoodSecurity Coordination Bureau (FSCB). Its principal responsibilities are to:* Provide technical support for planning and implementation of PSNP activities, including

the development of technical guidelines, training and assistance with public works onrequest from FSCB and the regions;

* Liaise with other line ministries (water, social affairs, etc) and development partners fortechnical assistance, for example, with respect to pastoral areas, joint integrated efforts,training and technical guidelines, as necessary and on request.

(ii) Federal Food Security Coordination Bureau (FSCB)FFSCB reports directly to the MoARD. Its duties and responsibilities are to:* Coordinate and oversee the PSNP to ensure that it meets its food security objectives;* Monitor and evaluate effectiveness of utilization of resources and programme impact;* Review and provide feedback on regional F ood Security 0 ffice PSNP implementation

reports;. Provide technical support to regional food security offices on coordination and

implementation of Safety Net projects;* Mobilize technical assistance as needed from sectoral agencies;* Hold quarterly meetings with regional Food Security Offices to review progress of the

PSNP and discuss related safety net issues;* Facilitate information e xchange, a nd d ocument e xperiences and I essons I earned a cross

regions;

* Submit periodic progress reports on implementation of the PSNP to MoARD; Submitquarterly financial report on utilization of safety net budget to Ministry of Finance andEconomic Development (MoFED).

. Ensure appropriate linkages of the PSNP with other Food Security Programmeinterventions.

(iii) Federal Food Security Steering Committee (FFSSC)The Federal Food Security Steering Committee (FFSSC) provides overall advice to ensurethe proper implementation of food security strategies and programmes, including the PSNP.Its duties and responsibilities are to:* Conduct annual review of the PSNP and forward recommendations for implementation;* Offer overall advice to meet food security objectives;* Assess the resource contribution of the Government and donors;• Hold quarterly meetings, with a specific agenda for safety net issues;* Provide periodic recommendations to the MoARD; and* Liaise closely with the agricultural and natural resources main divisions of the MoARD in

regard to the provision of technical support to regions

iv) Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Commission (DPPC)DPPC's primary mandate has been narrowed to responding to food and other basic needs ofpeople affected by acute, unpredictable disasters under emergency appeal circumstances.However, given its logistic capacity and experience with food aid management, it will stillplay a key role as partner in the PSNP as needed, including:

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* Operating and publicising information from the national Early Warning System;* Participating in the Combined Annual Food Security Needs Assessment to be conducted

for the PSNP and any emergency;* Assisting on logistic issues (movement, timely delivery, storage) for food resources, when

needed. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development at all levels will giveinstructions to the DPPC at all levels to fulfil this function;

* Participating in annual reviews conducted by MoARD to identify areas wherecoordination needs to be improved;

* Ensure a coordinated use of emergency resources in accordance with PSNP planningguidelines and standards;

* Assist local-level food security tasks forces in the management of emergency resources.

v) Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MoFED)MoFED is responsible for mobilizing and allocating PSNP resources to regions based on thesize of food insecure population and in line with requests from regions.

Regional Level

(i) Regional Council/CabinetThe Regional Council/Cabinet is the highest decision-making body at the regional level. Itsmajor responsibilities related to the PSNP are to review and approve:* Food security and PSNP annual plans and budgets submitted by woredas through the

Regional Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development (BoARD) based on the size ofchronic food insecure population;

* Annual and biannual progress reports on implementation of the regional PSNP andutilization of its budget.

ii) Regional Food Security Steering Committee (RFFSC)The Regional Food Security Steering Committee (RFSSC) provides advice to ensure theproper implementation of food security strategies and programmes at the regional level. TheRFFSC also ensures effective integration of the regional PSNP into the regional developmentplan and participates in monitoring and evaluation of PSNP activities.

iii) Regional Bureau ofAgriculture and Rural Development (BoARD)The duties of the regional BOARD include:* Overseeing the integration of PSNP activities into the Food Security Programme and the

regional rural development strategy;* Providing overall guidance to the Regional Food Security Coordination Office (RFSCO)

and line bureaus to ensure coordination on planning and implementation of the regionalPSNP;

* Reviewing and providing feedback on reports submitted by RFSCO on implementation ofPSNP interventions;

* Providing technical support to RFSCO on implementation of the PSNP and relatedactivities;

* Ensuring efficient procurement where applicable.

iv) Regional Food Security Coordination Office (RFSCO)The Regional Food Security Coordination Office (RFSCO) reports to the Regional BoARD.However, it is also technically accountable to the Federal Food Security Coordination Bureau

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within the PSNP framework. The RFSCO acts as secretary of the RFSSC. Its responsibilitiesalso include:* Developing and consolidating annual implementation plans and budgets for regional

PSNPs in line with proposals from woredas and line bureaus;* Mobilize technical assistance as needed from the regional line bureaus;* Disbursing periodic safety net budget to woredas and line bureaus based on the annual

allocation approved by the Regional Council;• Holding quarterly review meetings with government and non-governmental agencies

involved in implementation of the PSNP in the regions, to monitor and coordinate safetynet interventions;

* Approving NGO plans of safety net activities, budget and beneficiaries, and consolidatingthese into regional PSNP plans;

* Collecting and reviewing progress reports from woredas, line bureaus and other agenciesengaged in PSNP interventions, and providing feedback to those organizations;

* Coordinating monitoring and evaluation; and* Preparing quarterly and annual progress reports on implementation of the PSNP for

submission to the Regional BoARD, as well as to the Federal Food Security CoordinationBureau.

v) Regional Line BureausThe Regional line bureaus:. Provide technical assistance to RFSCO and woreda line offices in planning,

implementation and monitoring of PSNP projects; and* Undertake annual reviews of technical specifications and work norms of PSNP activities

to assist in enhancing the PSNP Technical Materials.

Woreda Level

The Woreda is the key level of government that identifies needs, and undertakes planning andimplementation of PSNP activities.

i) Woreda Council/CabinetThe Woreda Council is the highest decision-making body at woreda level. It allocates PSNPresources to kebeles, in line with size of vulnerable population and based onrecommendations of the WFSTF.

ii) Woreda Food Security Task Force (WFSTF)This committee will build upon previous institutions and will be strengthened as necessary.The WFSTF will:* Review & recommend kebele annual PSNP plans for approval;* Consolidate annual woreda PSNP plans; prepare &submit resource allocation proposals to

Woreda Council;* Ensure close collaboration with RFSCO and Woreda Food Security Desks, and Woreda

Council;* Participate in monitoring and evaluation of PSNP activities;. Hold quarterly progress review meetings on PSNP activities; provide implementing

agencies with feedback;* Provide direction and assistance to kebeles in establishing and training KFSTFs.

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iii) Woreda Rural Development Office (WRDO)The Head of WRDO acts as chair of the Woreda Food Security Task Force. Other functionsof the WRDO are to:* Coordinate implementation agencies involved in the PSNP;• Receive and review monitoring reports from the WFSTF, and forward to the Woreda

Council;• Ensure provision of technical input from woreda sectoral offices to the PSNP

implementing agencies;* Oversee integration of P SNP into the F ood Security Programme and the woreda rural

development strategy;* Submit monthly progress reports to the Woreda FSTF;* Maintain accurate records of kebele safety net activities and beneficiary lists.

iv) Woreda Food Security Desks (WFSD)The WFSDs are responsible for coordination of Safety Net activities and are technicallyaccountable to the RFSCOs. Their duties include:* Secretary for the WFSTF and Early Warning Committee, and as focal point for PSNP

issues in the woreda;* Ensure that a pipeline of projects is prepared in consultation with the Kebele Food

Security Task Force;* Mobilise technical assistance as needed from woreda sectoral offices;. Undertake regular monitoring and evaluation in coordination with woreda sectoral

offices;* Hold quarterly technical review meeting with implementing agencies;* Submit monthly progress reports to the Woreda Rural Development Office;* Maintain accurate records of kebele PSNP activities and list of beneficiaries;. Provide information on target areas and beneficiaries to sectoral offices and other

agencies involved in planning and implementing PSNP activities.

v) Woreda Sectoral Offices (Line Offices)These include woreda offices and desks of Agriculture, Rural Roads, Water, NaturalResource Management, Education, Health, Cooperative Promotion and Women's Affairs.The responsibilities of these agencies include:. Provide technical assistance to kebeles in planning and implementation of PSNP

activities;* Consolidate and compiling the proposals of the KFSTF to incorporate into the woreda

PSNP plan;* Prepare activity implementation plans and request budget for implementation;* Implement safety net activities at kebele and community levels;. Conduct monitoring and evaluation of PSNP activities, in collaboration with other

relevant woreda level stakeholders;* Prepare and submit quarterly progress and financial reports to WRDO.

vi) Woreda Office of Finance and Economic Development (WoFED)The WoFED is responsible for ensuring that:* The budget for the PSNP is received in a timely manner at the woreda level to guarantee

smooth implementation of approved plan and activities; and* Timely disbursement of the PSNP budget is made to sectoral offices for safety net

activities and the purchase of relevant equipment and materials, and to the implementingbodies.

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Kebele Level

Kebele Council/CabinetThis body is the highest political decision-making body in the kebele. It will have thefollowing responsibilities:* Approve kebele PSNP beneficiaries;• Identify people eligible for public works and direct support;* By participating with the people, identify activities for PSNP purposes;* Approve the kebele PSNP plan;* Visit shelf projects and adapt them to the PSNP plan as required;* Create an appropriate atmosphere for proper payment to the beneficiaries;* Ensure that the PSNP is linked, and consistent with, other food security interventions;* Ensure that each beneficiary household participates in other food security interventions as

appropriate;* Maintain records on the status of beneficiary households and keep the community

informed;* Develop monthly reports to the woreda cabinet;* Oversee food security activities in the kebele, including those of the PSNP,* Hear and consider individuals' complaints or appeals regarding PSNP matters;* Participate as required in the monitoring and evaluation system for the food security

programmes.

Kebele Food Security Task Force (KFSTF)The KFSTF is a decision-making body that oversees all planning and implementation ofsafety net activities. It builds upon previous institutional structures. The KFSTF, in thecontext of the PSNP, is responsible for:* Agreement with woreda on implementation procedures and roles & responsibilities of

concerned parties;* Community mobilisation to identify and prioritise community needs;* Planning prioritised activities with community members;* Targeting beneficiaries and participants based on community targeting exercises;* Prepare kebele PSNP Plan in consultation with woreda sectoral desks; identify need for

tech. assistance;* Maintain minutes of KFSTF meetings on PSNP issues & activities, list of participants and

progress reports;* Facilitate the establishment of, and train, the Community Food Security Task Forces

(CFSTF);* Participate in monitoring and evaluation of PSNP activities.

Community Level

Community Food Security Task Force (CFSTF)The CFSTF's primary responsibility is identification of beneficiaries of the PSNP. Itsresponsibilities are to:* Mobilise of the community for PSNP participatory planning exercises.* Identify the names of participants in the PSNP in their respective communities according

to selection guidelines and local community knowledge;* Undertake a needs assessment, and identify those households who can participate in

public works and those without sufficient labour or other support, who will need directsupport;

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. Have the proposed list of participants commented on and endorsed by a generalcommunity meeting;

* Finalize the list of participants and submit it to the KFSTF for verification and action;* Prepare a pipeline of projects, including those to be implemented during the annual PSNP

cycle and those to be implemented in case of emergency, with technical assistance fromimplementing agencies and NGOs;

* Monitor periodically the public works to ensure that they are undertaken as prioritised.

NGOsIt is expected that implementation of the Safety Net Programme should utilize and benefitfrom the participation of non-governmental actors having relevant capacity, experience andexpertise.

DonorsThe Government's financing partners have several roles in the Safety Net Programme,including:* Providing resources at the appropriate time;* Supporting capacity building and providing technical assistance;• Documenting and disseminating lessons learned and international experience;* Organizing joint review meetings with GOE to review progress on implementation;* Providing advice by participating in the FFSSC; and* Participating in annual review missions, including site visits, monitoring and evaluation.

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ANNEX 2: POTENTIAL PROJECT IMPACTS

Note: These are generic impacts by project type. They may be typically expected, but are notnecessarily applicable to individual PSNP public works projects

1. Road Construction and Rehabilitation Impacts

Physical:. Alteration of drainage patterns and increased flooding and soil erosion from road

construction and materials excavation sites* Soil compaction effects on rainfall percolation and groundwater recharge rates* Road pollutants runoff affecting water quality in adjacent water bodies

Biological:* Right of way removal of vegetation and natural habitats* Sedimentation of aquatic systems from soil erosion and runoff* Creation of pathways for transport of alien and exotic species of plants and animals* Migration barriers for certain species of wildlife* Impact of increased human use on adjacent habitats and wildlife

Social:* Displacement of lands and resources normally used by the community for livestock

grazing, fuelwood, etc.* Stagnant pools at excavation sites that create breeding sites for mosquitoes* Potential for disturbance of cultural and historic sites and resources* Increased in and out population migration due to improved access* Unplanned, haphazard land use development created by improved access* Temporary displacement or loss of access or livelihood due to construction detours* Dust from road construction affecting crop values

2. Small-scale Irrigation Development Impacts

Physical:* Effects of irrigation systems on natural drainage patterns upstream and downstream* Potential for depletion/over-extraction of surface or groundwater sources. Effects on soil quality from poorly managed irrigation; potential waterlogging and

salinization of soils, leading to agricultural abandonment and land degradation* Runoff from irrigated fields and potential for agricultural chemicals to pollute water

bodies

Biological:* Irrigation withdrawals effects on source streams and related aquatic ecosystems* Effects of agricultural runoff and decreased water quality on aquatic ecosystems* Promotion of monoculture cash crops can increase the potential for pest and disease

control problems and the need for more agricultural chemicals* Changes in crop regimes; shift to less diverse crops and reduced biodiversity

Social:

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* Water diversions and extractions can have negative effects on other water users 3* Dependence on input-intensive irrigated agriculture and cash crops with higher risks for

some farmers.* Potential for disturbance of cultural and historic sites and resources, and damage to

nearby sites resulting from changes in the water table or salinisation.. Poorly managed irrigation systems can lead to stagnant waters and disease vectors

(schistosomiasis, malaria)* Increased use of agricultural chemicals with related human health concerns

3. Watershed Treatment and Water Harvesting Impacts

Physical:. Increased access and poor road construction methods can aggravate soil erosion

problems, especially in higher gradient topography* Poorly maintained drainage controls and instream structures can lead to eventual failures

and increased flooding problems

Biological:* Introduction of new species or a result of catchment area regeneration* Potential reduced downstream nutrient levels from dams that reduce stream transport of

organic material and sediment

Social:* Catchment ponds e ffects on c urrent water allocation and social tensions over rights to

new water sources* Potential for increased stagnant pools that could present mosquito and related health

concerns if poor management exists* Dependence on new water harvesting technologies that may require maintenance and may

not always be reliable* Potential for impacts on cultural and historic sites and resources through changes in the

water table* Potential issues related to the community management of regenerated catchment areas

4. Afforestation and Revegetation Impacts

Physical:* Effects of some tree species (e.g., eucalyptus) in reducing groundwater levels* Long term effects of forest harvesting on hydrologic systems and stream characteristics

Biological:* Possible reduction in tree and plant species diversity with the introduction of new

plantations and re-vegetation schemes• Effects of monocultures on ecosystem diversity, function and sustainability* Changes in habitat characteristics and potential effects on endemic wildlife species

Social:* Issues related to the ownership and use rights associated with new forests• Potential replacement of open access forests and access to NTFPs with restricted access

forests and woodlots

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Effects of grazing bans on the cost of rearing livestock and shift of grazing pressures toother areas

5. Livestock, Pasture and Water Points Development Impacts

Physical:* Compaction of soils from increased activity around new water sources* Potential contamination of water sources and needs for controls on human use

Biological:Concentrations of livestock at specific watering sites/routes that result in overgrazing ofvegetation and related land degradation

Social:* Potential social tensions over access to pastoralists water sources

6. Drinking Water Sources Development Impacts

Physical:* Increased water withdrawals could exceed groundwater recharge rates in some areas* Development of springs may affect availability of downstream water supply* Physical impacts of increased human traffic near water stations* Potential contamination of open wells by livestock and human uses

Biological:. Water withdrawals could affect water availability for aquatic ecosystems (streams,

wetlands) in certain sensitive areas

Social:* Increased dependence on new water supply systems that require maintenance and may not

always be reliable* Sanitation and health concerns associated with the operation of new drinking water

sources* Land use and social issues and tensions over the siting of and access to new water sources

7. School and Health Facilities Rehabilitation Impacts

Physical:* Site disturbance and potential drainage alterations from construction activities and

expansion of facilities* Increased demands on existing water sources* Increased production o f human and medical wastes and potential for contamination of

waterbodies and groundwater

Biological:* Increased timber harvesting on nearby lands for construction materials* Construction impacts on sensitive wildlife habitats and aquatic systems* Water supply development impacts on aquatic ecosystems* Increased pollution from site development and operations, including medical waste

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Social:* Water supply development impacts on existing water users* Sanitation and health issues related to increased human presence and medical waste

disposal. Potential for increased and unmanaged in-migration and settlement generated by

rehabilitated facilities

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ANNEX 3: GUIDELINES FOR SCREENING PROJECTS

The following tables sets out a two-stage process to be completed by the DA for each publicworks project, with woreda line office assistance if required.

I. Identification of Proposed Activities, Locations and Major Features

If there are sensitive features noted below, the project may be accepted, but should benotified to the Regional FSCO, as possibly requiring mitigating measures additional to thosein the standardized lists provided in the Technical Materials.

V Indicate sensitive featuresSubproiect Location of Activity Area or Active soil Sensitive environ. SensitiveLength erosion4

features' socialActivity (ha/km) features'Roads & Footpaths

Road rehabilitation

New road 0 0

Footpaths O 0

Irrigation Systems

Diversion irrigation O_O_O

Pond irrigation l O 0

River/lake irrigation 0 0 0

Soil & Water Con.

Terracing/bunding _ O 0

Gully structures 0 0

Catchment ponds O0

Rooftop harvesting LI

Afforestation

Plantation Cl Cl C1

Agoforestry { 0 0Natural regeneration O 0 0

Water Supplies

Spring rehabilitation O O Cl

Spring development O

Open wells LI El

Boreholes O LI

Schools/Clinics

Minor rehabilitation 1 l O 0Major rehabilitation |I 0I O0

4Is there evidence of significant soil loss or unstable hillsides or unstable or flooding stream channels?Are there any known sites of important wildlife populations or natural habitats (significant biodiversity -

wetlands, old forest, etc.)?

6Are there existing land or water uses that may be sensitive to disruption - cultural/religious sites, communitywater supplies, previous land/water conflicts?

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II Screening

The following table lists important potential impacts which may require a project to beearmarked for special attention, redesigned or rejected. For each project, go to the relevantsection and check off the likely potential for the impacts listed.

* Where high potential impacts are identified, these should be marked on the projectfile for the attention of the Regional FSCO, as possibly requiring mitigating measuresadditional to those in the standardized lists provided in the Technical Materials.

* If an impact marked * is likely to occur, the project may be accepted, but the projectfile must be marked as a 'Project of Concern', potentially requiring review by theRegional Environmental Authority.

* Projects involving the relocation of any resident should re-designed to eliminate theimpact concerned. If such redesign is impossible, the project should be rejected.Instances where such impacts are most likely to occur are marked: **.

Note also:If the project involves dam construction, this may not exceed a height of 15 metres.No project within, or adjoining, an internationally disputed area may be accepted.

Potential for Adverse ImpactsPotential Subproject Impacts High Mod Low None UnknROADS AND FOOTPATHSSoil erosion/flooding concernsNumber of stream crossing/disturbancesWet season excavationQuarry sites/borrow pits createdVegetation removalWildlife habitats or populations disturbedEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbed*Land Acquisition*Private assets displaced*Informal land uses displaced or access restrictedCultural or religious sites disturbedNew settlement pressures created**Relocation of residentsOther (specify):

IRRIGATION FACILITIESExisting water sources supply/yield depletionExisting water users disruptedDownstream water users disruptedWater storage requirement and viability (soil permeability)Vulnerability to water logging (poor drainage)Vulnerability to soil and water salinizationSensitive downstream habitats and waterbodiesEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbedCultural or religious sites disturbed

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Potential for Adverse ImpactsPotential Subproject Impacts High Mod Low None UnknIncreased agricultural chemicals (pesticides, etc) loading*Land Acquisition*Private assets displaced*Informal land uses displaced or access restricted**Relocation of residentsIncreased social tensions/conflict over water allocationLocal incapacity/oexperence to manage facilitnesLocal incapacity/inexperience with irrigated agricultureOther (specify):

CATCHMENT AREA, FORESTRY, GRASSLANDSNew access (road) constructionWet season soil disturbancePotential for debris flows or landslidesSensitive downstream ecosystemsRemoval of native plant/tree speciesIntroduced plantltree species invasion of native speciesWildlife habitats or populations disturbedEnvironmentally sensitive areas disturbed*Land Acquisition*Private assets displaced*Informal land uses displaced or access restrictedInsufficient capacity to manage catchment pondsInsufficient capaCitY to prohibit or control open grazingInsufficient capacity to manage new plantations/pasturesOther (specify):

DRINKING WATER SOURCESNew access (road) constructionExisting water sources supply/yield depletionExisting water users disruptedDownstream water users disruptedIncreased numbers of water users due to improvementsIncreased social tensions/conflict over water allocationSensitive ecosystems downstream disrupted*Land Acquisition*Private assets displaced*Informal land uses displaced or access restricted- ~ ~ ~Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilitiesOther (specify):

SCHOOL AND HEALTH FACILITIESAlteration of existing drainage conditionsVegetation removalWet season soil disturbanceConstruction materials impact on adjacent forests/landsQuarries and borrow pits createdWater supply development effects in available supplySanitation development effects on existing disposal fieldsMedical waste increase effects on existing disposal system*Land Acquisition

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Potential for Adverse ImpactsPotential Subproject Impacts High Mod Low None Unkn*Private assets displaced l*Informal land uses displaced or access restricted lIn-migration/settlement induced by facilities development l

Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilities I rOther (specify): IlI

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ANNEX 4: TYPICAL MITIGATING MEASURES

The following checklist identifies general mitigation measures that may be appropriate to reduce thepotential adverse impacts. These measures are intended to be integrated into the Standards and WorkNorms in the Technical Materials.

Potential Subproject Impacts Miligalion MIeasureROADS AND FOOTPATHSSoil erosion/flooding concerns Drainage control measures to be included within construction

plansNumber of stream Minimize water crossings in road location and alignmentcrossing/disturbancesWet season excavation Schedule construction for the dry seasonQuarry sites/borrow pits created Re-contour and rehabilitate sites/pits and avoid collection of

standing waterVegetation removal Minimize temporary or permanent removal of natural vegetationWildlife habitats or populations Identify and avoid effects on habitats and migration routes of keydisturbed speciesEnvironmentally sensitive areas Identify and avoid forest, riparian and wetland habitats withdisturbed particular biodiversityLand Acquisition Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Private assets displaced Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Informal land uses displaced or Avoid interference with informal land users, and take measures toaccess restricted provide access to alternative lands or resourcesCultural or religious sites disturbed Identify and avoid cultural or religious sites. If excavation results

in archaeological artifacts, halt construction and notify the relevantauthorities

New settlement pressures created Ensure road development is coordinated with local land use plansand discuss with the kebele

Other (specify):

IRRIGATION FACILITIESExisting water sources supply/yield Assess water supply and existing demands, and managedepletion sustainabilityExisting water users disrupted Identify and avoid negative impacts on existing water users in the

system designDownstream water users disrupted Identify and avoid effects of diversion or extraction on

downstream users in the system designWater storage requirement and Test the soil percolation and ensure and impermeable layer in theviability (soil permeability) structure designVulnerability to water logging (poor Assess soil characteristics and either avoid or provide drainage fordrainage) areas prone to waterloggingVulnerability to soil and water Irrigation expert to assess the potential for high salinity and ensuresalinization appropriate irrigation practices to minimize impactsSensitive downstream habitats and Identify and avoid effects of diversion or extraction onwaterbodies downstream ecosystems that depend on the surface or groundwater

Environmentally sensitive areas Identify and avoid forest, riparian and wetland habitats withdisturbed particular biodiversityCultural or religious sites disturbed Identify and avoid cultural or religious sites. If excavation results

in archaeological artifacts, halt construction and notify the relevantauthorities

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Potential Subproject Impaets Nliiigation I1leasureIncreased agricultural chemicals Develop an integrated pest management strategy and provide(pesticides, etc) loading training to farmersLand Acquisition Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Private assets displaced Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Informal land uses displaced or Avoid interference with informal land users, and take measures toaccess restricted provide access to alternative lands or resourcesIncreased social tensions/conflict Establish a water users committee through the kebele andover water allocation equitable rules for water allocationLocal incapacity/inexperience to Establish an operations and maintenance manual, authority andmanage facilities provide training to persons responsible for operating the systemLocal incapacity/inexperience with Provide training to farmers on sustainable irrigated agricultureirrigated agricultureOther (specify):

CATCHMENT AREA,FORESTRY, GRASSLANDSNew access (road) construction Ensure drainage controls on new roads and rehabilitate temporary

access following subproject implementationWet season soil disturbance Schedule activities for the dry seasonPotential for debris flows or Prepare a watershed plan that identifies and address drainage/slopelandslides instabilitySensitive downstream ecosystems Identify and avoid effects of diversion or dams on downstream

ecosystemsRemoval of native plant/tree species Protect and encourage regeneration of endemic speciesIntroduced plant/tree species Ensure non-native species are compatible with native speciesinvasion of native speciesWildlife habitats or populations Identify and avoid effects on habitats and migration routes of keydisturbed speciesEnvironmentally sensitive areas Identify and avoid activity in forest, riparian and wetland habitatsdisturbed with particular biodiversityLand Acquisition Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Private assets displaced Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Informal land uses displaced or Avoid interference with informal land users, and take measures toaccess restricted provide access to alternative lands or resourcesInsufficient capacity to manage Establish a water users conmmittee, where appropriate, and/orcatchment ponds kebele bylaws and provide training to water usersInsufficient capacity to prohibit or Establish a watershed committee, where appropriate, and/or kebelecontrol open grazing bylaws and provide alternative sources of fodderInsufficient capacity to manage new Establish a local committee, where appropriate, and/or kebeleplantations/pastures bylaws and provide appropriate controlsOther (specify):

DRINKING WATER S_O_URCE~SNew access (road) construction Ensure drainage controls on new roads and rehabilitate temporary

access following subproject implementationExisting water sources supply/yield Assess water supply and existing demands, and managedepletion sustainabilitvExisting water users disrupted Identify and avoid negative impacts on existing water users in the

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Potential Subproject Impacts Niliigation 'l.easuresystem design

Downstream water users disrupted Identify and avoid effects of diversion or extraction ondownstream users in the system design

Increased numbers of water users Assess water supply and existing demands, and managedue to improvements sustainabilityIncreased social tensions/conflict Establish a water users conumittee through the kebele andover water allocation equitable rules for water allocationSensitive ecosystems downstream Identify and avoid effects of diversion or dams on downstreamdisrupted ecosystemsLand Acquisition Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Private assets displaced Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Informal land uses displaced or Avoid interference with informal land users, and take measures toaccess restricted provide access to alternative lands or resourcesLocal incapacity/inexperience to Establish a local committee, where appropriate, and/or kebelemanage facilities bylaws and provide appropriate controlsOther (specify):

SCHOOL AND HEALTHFACILITIESAlteration of existing drainage Drainage control measures to be included within constructionconditions plansVegetation removal Minimize temporary or permanent removal of natural vegetationWet season soil disturbance Schedule construction for the dry seasonConstruction materials impact on Avoid taking construction materials in an unmanaged manneradjacent forests/landsQuarries and borrow pits created Re-contour and rehabilitate sites/pits and avoid collection of

standing waterWater supply development effects Identify and avoid negative impacts on existing water users in thein available supply system designSanitation development effects on Ensure the necessary facilities and capacity for upgraded facilities,existing disposal fields consistent with health department design standardsMedical waste increase effects on Prepare a waste management plan for major facility upgrades;existing disposal system ensure sufficient facilities and capacity for medical wasteLand Acquisition Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Private assets displaced Avoid occupied land. Prepare procedures to ensure equitable

resolution.Informal land uses displaced or Avoid interference with informal land users, and take measures toaccess restricted provide access to alternative lands or resourcesIn-migration/settlement induced by Control unplanned settlement near the facilitiesfacilities developmentLocal incapacity/inexperience to Establish/strengthen local committees, where appropriate, throughmanage facilities the kebele and provide appropriate procedures and training to

maintain the facilitiesOther (specify):

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