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Environmental Assessment Report

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Greenfield Cement Plant,Calabar Region,

Cross River State of Nigeria

February 2005

HOLTEC CONSULTING PRIVATE LIMITED

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HOLTEC

CONTENTS

EA Report for Greenfleld Cement Plant of

UNICEM in Nigeria

HOLTEC

ContentsPage No.

0. Executive Summary

1. Introduction

1.1 Preamble 1-1

1.2 Location and Accessibility 1-2

1.3 Objectives 1-3

1.4 Approach & Methodology 1-5

1.5 Layout of the Report 1-6

Drawing No. 04184-05-1.1: Location Plan

2. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

2.1 Preamble 2-1

2.2 FEPA/ FMENV Guidelines 2-1

2.3 The Equator Principles 2-2

2.4 The World Bank Guidelines 2-3

2.5 Multilateral Environmental Agreements 2-3

2.6 Standards Applicable to the Proposed Project 2-4

3. Project Details

3.1 Preamble 3-1

3.2 Raw Mix and Plant Design 3-1

3.3 Plant Systems 3-1

3.4 Raw Material Sources 3-7

3.5 Utilities 3-13

3.6 Manpower 3-16

Drawing No. 04184-05-3.1: Proposed Plant Layout

Drawing No. 04184-05-3.2 to 3.11: Proposed Plant Systems

4. Baseline Environment

4.1 Preamble 4-1

4.2 Geology & Hydrology 4-1

4.3 Ground Water Quality 4-7

4.4 Surface Water Quality 4-8

4.5 Soil Resistivity, Corrosivity & Earthing 4-8

4.6 Soil Quality 4-9

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4.7 Climate 4-10

4.8 Ambient Air Quality 4-15

4.9 Noise Level 4-17

4.10 Traffic Movement 4-17

4.11 Radiation Level 4-20

4.12 Land Use Pattern 4-20

4.13 Vegetation 4-20

4.14 Hydrobiology and Fishery 4-27

4.15 Microbiology 4-40

4.16 Wild Life 4-41

4.17 Socio-Economic Status 4-45

4.18 Cultural, Historical & Archaeological Features 4-49

5. Environmental Impact Assessment

5.1 Preamble 5-1

5.2 Impacts during Construction Phase 5-2

5.3 Impacts during Operation Phase 5-8

5.4 Impacts Evaluation 5-17

6. Analysis of Alternatives

6.1 Preamble 6-1

6.2 No Project Option 6-1

6.3 Importation of Bulk Cement & Bagging Locally 6-2

6.4 Establishment of Greenfield Cement Plant 6-2

7. Environmental Management Plan

7.1 Preamble 7-1

7.2 Impact Mitigation Techniques during Construction Phase 7-1

7.3 Impact Mitigation Techniques during Operation Phase 7-4

7.4 Environment Management Cell 7-8

7.5 Environment Management Activities 7-11

7.6 UNICEM'S Statement on the Project 7-15

Drawing No. 04184-05-7.1: Green Belt Development Plan

8. Public Consultation

8.1 Public Consultation 8-1

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |

EA Report for Greenfleld Cement Plant ofUNICEM in Nigeria

HOLTEC

0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

0.1 PREAMBLE

Mls United Cement Company of Nigeria Limited (UNICEM) propose toestablish a greenfield cement plant, 30 km north east of Calabar City in the CalabarRegion of the Cross River State of Nigeria.

UNICEM has retained Mls Holtec Consulting Pvt. Ltd, (HOLTEC), Gurgaon tocarry out Environment Assessment (EA) study and to prepare EnvironmentManagement Plan (EMP) for the proposed cement plant. The study has been carriedout within the framework of national, local and international environmentalregulations and the guidelines and regulations on conducting EnvironmentalAssessments which have been stipulated by various local organizations, FederalMinistry of Environment (FMENV, formerly Federation Environmental ProtectionAgency (FEPA)), Nigeria, International Union for Conservation of Nature and NaturalResources (IUCN), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the World Bank.

0.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The plant is proposed to be located within the Cross River Limestone Belt atMfamosing, on the outskirt of Calabar municipality, in the Akamkpa LocalGovernment Area of Cross River State, and can be located between the followingcoordinates:

Latitude : 40 53' N and 50 05' NLongitude : 80 15' E and 80 27' E

The proposed cement plant shall be located within the mining lease area alreadyavailable with UNICEM.

Accessibility to the site is as per details given below:

o Road: The plant is proposed to be located at AbiMfam, a rural community withlittle or no infrastructure. There exists a narrow road, the Calabar-Ekang roadwith a narrow bridge at Kilometer 5. The road has now been taken over by theFederal Government and converted to a Trunk A road.

The State Government also has plans to construct a Calabar by-pass road fromthe proposed project site, which will be ready before the commissioning of theproject. This shall help in by-passing Calabar City for the movement of cementtrucks.

Calabar City is linked by road to other parts of the country, including thenortheast, through the Trans-African (Calabar-Ikom) Highway.

L Sea: Calabar has a commercial port. Currently, the maximum draft is limited tosix meters. While there are plans to dredge the channel allowing drafts up tothirteen meters, the six meter draft is no obstacle for sea route transport ofmaterials.

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• Rail: There is no rail network in the region.

• Air: Calabar City has an airport linking it to all the major cities and internationaldeparting points with daily flights.

L Communication: VSAT technology is widely used in Nigeria and shall probablybe the most appropriate solution for the proposed plant.

0.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE EA STUDY

The EA Study Report has been prepared in compliance with FEPA EIA Decree 86 of1992 and IFC guidelines.

The proposed project is designated to be developed under "The Equator Principles"which is a major voluntary, private sector, initiative undertaken by around 25 of theworld's leading banking and financial institutions. Adoption of these principles hasensured that these institutions finance only those projects, which are developed in amanner that is socially responsible and reflect sound environmental managementpractices.

Under the Principles, the Standards set by IFC and/ or The World Bank have beenfollowed.

The EA addresses compliance with Nigerian laws and regulations, the minimumstandards applicable under the World Bank and IFC Guidelines and the IFCSafeguard Policies as the project is located in a Low Income Economy as defined byThe World Bank Development Indicators' Database.

0.4 APPLICABLE LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK

Assessment of the proposed cement project of UNICEM in the state of Cross River,Nigeria is governed by the FEPA laws and the Cross River State EnvironmentalProtection Edict, 1994 (CRSEPA) as given in Table 0.1.

Sn Document Title Date Description1 Harmful Wastes Decree (FEPA/ 1987 Prohibits import, dumping or

FMENV) No. 42 trading of harmful wasteswithin Nigeria or its exclusiveeconomic zone

2 Factories Act 19873 Federal Ministry of Environment 1988 Establishes penalty for

Decree No. 58 environmental degradation andpollution

4 Harmful Wastes Decree 1991 Prohibits the import, dumpingor trading of harmful wasteswithin Nigeria or its exclusiveeconomic zone

5 S.I.8: National Environmental 1988 Prescribes limits for effluentProtection (Effluent Limitation) discharge and makesRegulation __ installation and use of effluent

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Sn Document Title | Date Description_._ _________________________________ treatment facilities mandatory6 S.I.9 : Pollution Abatement in 1991 Restricts and Controls the

Industries and Facilities Generating discharge of hazardous wastesWastes

7 S.I.15 : Waste Management 1991 Guidelines for collection,Regulations treatment & disposal of solid/

hazardous waste8 Federal Ministry of Environment: 1991 Guidelines and Standards for

Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution ControlEnvironmental Pollution Control inNigeria

9 Environmental Impact Assessment 1992 All projects in Nigeria shall beDecree No. 86 subject to EIA

10 The Cross River State 1994 All projects in the Cross RiverEnvironmental Protection Agency State shall be subject to EIAEdict I_I

Table 0.1: Guidelines and Regulations on EnvironmentalAssessment in Nigeria

0.5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

Prior to arriving at a decision regarding establishment of a Greenfield cement plant atMfamosing, a number of project alternatives were examined and reviewed. Theoptions considered were:

o No project option

o Importation of bulk cement and bagging locally

o Establishment of a new cement plant close to the quarry for production ofcement, which will ensure a constant supply of the product to meet marketdemands in Calabar in particular, and the old Cross River State in general.

The first two options were rejected on the grounds that the proposed new projectworks out to be economically viable, socially beneficial and more environmentfriendly. The existence of abundant raw materials for cement production close to theproposed plant site and adequacy of the existing infrastructure for cementproduction at the proposed site, are factors in favour of the selection of the thirdoption over the other two.

0.6 PROJECT DETAILS

The following "raw mix design" have been considered for sizing of the machinery ofthe project.

L Limestone (plus eventually marl): 80.60%o Clay : 10.00%

o Iron Ore : 2.00%

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u Overburden : 7.40%

The proposed plant system comprises of the following:

o Raw Materials Production

• Raw Materials Grinding and Blending

o Clinker Production

o Clinker Grinding

0.6.1 RAW MATERIAL SOURCES

The raw material requirements of the proposed plant are to be met from differentsources given in Table 0.2.

Sn Material Source Category Source Locality Distancefrom plant

__ ~~~~~~~~~~~~(Kin)01 Limestone Captive Concession Mfamosing 302 Clay/ Captive Concession Mfamosing 3

Overburden Soil

03 Iron stone Captive Concession Mfamosing 504 Gypsum Purchased Bauchi State/ Import 500

Table 0.2: Raw Material Sources for the Proposed Plant

Taking into account the raw mix design considered above the requirement oflimestone works out to approximately 3.43 mio tpa. Given the reserve estimate of138.24 mio t, the deposit life of the limestone works out to over 40 years. In theevent of marl usage, the deposit life will be over 50 years.

0.6.2 FUEL

Use of natural gas as fuel has been considered for the plant.

0.6.3 POWER

The maximum power demand for the proposed plant is estimated at about 35MVA.The power demand for the plant shall be met from the gas turbine based captivepower plant of 2 x 20 MW and one 6 MW DG set for meeting emergency powerrequirements.

0.6.4 WATER SUPPLY

The approximate requirement of water considering water for drinking and sanitationis around 3,000 m3/day. The water supply shall be met from ground water sources.

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0.6.5 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Estimated effluent generated from the plant shall be about 500 m3/day, which shallbe mainly from domestic usages, from water treatment plant and blow downs fromCPP. This water shall be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and the treatedwater shall be utilized in dust suppression, greenbelt development and in process tothe extent possible.

0.6.6 MANPOWER

The manpower requirement for the operation of the plant is foreseen as 474. Abroad breakdown is shown below:

o3 Top Management : 9

o Middle Management : 17

o Supervisors : 23

o Specialists/ Engineers : 39

o Labor : 386

Total 474

These numbers do not include the logistics/ packing staff and other contractedservices, such as security, cleaning, canteen, clinic, etc.

0.7 ENVIRONMENT BASELINE

In order to assess the baseline environmental status in the study area, site visitswere made and a comprehensive primary data collection programme was undertakenduring the study period 2004/ 2005. The environmental components consideredinclude:

o Physical/chemical components: soil, geology, surface/ground water resources,water/air quality, noise, radioactivity and climatology

Li Land use, vegetation, forestry, wildlife and archeology

o Biological environment: which includes flora i.e. trees and grasses; fauna i.e.,fish, hyper fauna, mammals, threatened and/or endangered species (plants/animals), species diversity, overall ecosystem stability, etc.

i Socio-economic components: distribution economics indicative of human welfarei.e. education system, transportation networks and other infrastructure like watersupply, public services-security, fire protection and medical facilities and healthimpact.

The primary and secondary data were monitored/ collected by M/s JawuraEnvironmental Services Ltd, Nigeria. The baseline information for the study area ispresented in the following sections:

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0.7.1 GEOLOGY & HYDROLOGY

The plant site is underlain by the coastal plain sands while the quarry site isunderlain by the Imo Clay-Shale Group. The geoelectric characteristics found are asfollows:

1st Layer;

o Topsoil: Clay

• Resistivity: 77 - 97 ohm-m; Thickness: 1.0 - 1.2 m

2nd Layer.

o Clay/Shale

Li Resistivity: 9 - 28 ohm-m; Thickness: 20.8 - 27 m

3rd Layer:

o3 Limestone

Li Depth to Rockhead: 22 - 28 m

Hydrology

At the factory site the delineated upper sand is confined by 1.1 - 22.9 m thickclay/sandy clay overburden. The only aquiferous zones within the Imo Clay-ShaleGroup, are lenses of sand within the clays/ shales or dissolved/ fractured limestonecolumn.

0.7.2 GROUND WATER QUALITY

The overburden protective capacity ratings within the premises of the plant/ quarrysite are generally medium - good. The groundwater in the upper sand aquiferbeneath the plant site is not susceptible to surface or near-surface sourcedpollutants.

0.7 .3 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

Surface water samples have been collected and analysed. The samples are comparedwith WHO limits for drinking water quality and maximum allowable concentration forfisheries and aquatic life, since it is used for domestic purposes (including drinkingpurposes) and fisheries. The surface water samples do not satisfy maximumallowable concentration for fisheries and aquatic life due to high TDS, COD, and BODvalues as well as low DO value.

0.7.4 SOIL QUALITY

Soil samples have been collected from the study area and analysed. The pH of thesoil samples ranges from 5.36 to 6.74. The soil samples at five stations are acidic innature.

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The soil texture ranges from sandy loam, loamy sand, clay loam, sandy clay loam toclay. The percentage organic matter in the samples ranges from 1.23 to 3.64 %while, the sulphate values range from 32.60 to 56.50 ppm.

The ranges of the metals concentrations found in the soil samples are cadmium (0.3- 0.79g/g), manganese (86.8 - 154.3pLg/g), lead (0.33 - 4.43pg/g), iron (2436 -3655.5pLg/g), copper (0.54 - 5.421Lg/g), zinc (1.53 - 3.75pLg/g) and nickel (3.48 -5.64lg/g).

0.7.5 METEOROLOGY

The project region falls within the equatorial hot, wet climatic zone. However,because of its nearness to the coast, the influence of the on-shore trade winds givesrise to a modified type of equatorial climate. The meteorological parameters asrecorded at the project site are:

o Temperature: Ambient temperature ranged from 35.70C to 42.5°C atMfamosing quarry pond area and Mfamosing quarry old crushing arearespectively.

L Relative Humidity: Relative humidity of the project area is generally moderatewith values varied from 33.0% to 56.0%.

u Wind Direction: The prevailing wind directions in the project were south -north east (sampling points 1, 8, 9 & 10), north (points 2, 4 & 5), north west(points 3 & 6)and east (point 7).

o Wind Speed : The wind speed ranged between 0.1m/s at Mfamosing quarryoffice area and 1.6 m/s at new factory site junction main road to the plant site.

0.7.6 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Ambient Air Quality was sampled and analysed in and around the proposed projectsite. The results showed:

Nitrogen Oxides: Nitrogen oxides were detected in very low quantities with valuesranging from 0.0 ppm (at all sampling points except point 10) to 0.1 ppm (at point10), which are well within the range of 0.04 - 0.06 ppm recommended by FMENV.

Sulphur Oxides: Sulphur oxides were not detected (equipment detection limit was1.43 mg/m 3), at any of the sample stations within the study area, with exception ofone location namely plant site junction from the main road to the plant which hasthe same value as FEPA/ FMENV recommended limit of 0.lppm.

Carbon monoxide : Carbon monoxide was not detected at all the sampling pointswithin the study area, which is well below the regulatory limits/ standards of 10 ppm.Hydrogen Sulphide: Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) was not detected at any of thesampling points within the study area.

Hydrogen and Oxygen: The measured hydrogen within the project locationranged from 1.0 ppm to 7.0 ppm while oxygen range from 21.02 to 21.11%.

Hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbons were not detected at any of the sampling locations.

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Particulate Matter: The concentration of SPM at different sampling stations in theproject area ranged from 56,pg/m 3 at Mfamosing community - stream 2 along mainroad to 334 pg/M3, at Mfamosing community - stream 2 (Abifam settlement).Sampling points 1 (quarry pond area) & 5 (Mfamosing community - stream 2 Abifamsettlement) have SPM values higher than 250 pg/m3 recommended by FEPA whilepoint 3 (quarry old crushing area) has the same value as FEPA limit.

0.7.7 NOISE LEVEL

The noise levels as recorded within the project area range from 35.2dB (at quarrypond area) to 56.8 dB (at quarry junction from the main road to the quarry) and arewithin the FEPA norms.

0.7.8 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

The traffic flow on the major roads around the project site has been monitored. Theflow of traffic, essentially shows a consistent pattern with the on-coming and on-going streams. Motorcycles account for the dominant flow of 72.2% while cars,trucks and buses account for 19.6%, 4.2% and 4.0% respectively. During the study,the traffic built up to a peak between 8.00 am and 9.00 am after which it droppedgradually to a low between 12.00 noon and 1.00 pm. It is estimated that an averageof about 3 vehicles of any type crossed any particular point of the road to or froCalabar per minute. This gives an average interval of 20 seconds for each vehicle.

0.7.9 RADIATION LEVEL

The environmental radiation level within the project location was measured bySurvey Meter Alert Monitor 4 by SE International Instrumentation Division,Summertown, TN, USA. The radiation level within the quarry site, proposed projectarea and community close to the plant site were found to be generally very low(<1.0 ItSvffir).

0.7.10LAND USE PATrERN

UNICEM is proposing to develop 2202 hectares of land at Abimfam, in AkamkpaLocal Government Area of Cross River State. The proposed plant site is located atthe western parts of the acquisition at around 1 km away from the Calabar road.The site is entirely undeveloped and currently covered with secondary vegetation.

The entire area around the project is surrounded by undeveloped land consistingmainly of secondary forests, tree plantation and scattered farmlands. The area withthe most prominent human development is the northeastern parts of the project site.The major occupation of the inhabitants of these surrounding communities isfarming. Other economic activities they engage in include trading, services includingmotorcycle repairs, and commercial motorcycling. The estimated population of thecommunities in the immediate vicinity is about 3,000 inhabitants.

0.7.11VEGETATION

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The plant area is predominantly a secondary forest towards the inside and aregrowth forest outwards. The vegetation consists of very few trees such as Gmelinaarborea, Ficus exasperata, Ceiba pentandra, Cleistopholis patens Musangacecropioides Cola gigantea, Nauclea diderrichii, Alstonia boonei, Anthocleista spp andSymphonia globulifera, among others.

A total of sixty one species among which are some economic species were recordedduring the assessment. No endangered species and no disease symptoms wereencountered during the study. Diversity Indices between 0.4 and 1.2 were recordedfor the vegetations.

0.7.12HYDROBIOLOGY AND FISHERY

The phytoplankton species consists of 47 species with Cyanophyceae contributing40% followed by Chlorophyceae with 28 %, Bacillariophyceae with 19 % andEuglenophyceae with 13 % species.

The zooplankton community consists of 18 taxonomic forms representing Rotatoria,copepoda and Cladocera. The zooplankotn community had a community structurepattern dominated by Rotatoria both in the stream system and in the pond waterbody. The general pattern of the zooplankton community was in the orderingsequence of Rotatoria (63 - 88%) > Copepoda (4.8 - 25%) > Cladocaera (1.7 -19%).

About 18 macrophytes were recorded in the study area with almost 80% of theplants being emergent and found within the outer margin of the water bodies. In thelake system Vossia and Nympheae (rooted macrophytes) were abundantly found andtogether consist of the major macrophytes of the pond water systems.

Eleven macro invertebrates were observed in the entire study area; of these 9represented the insecta group, and 1 each the annelida and decapods respectively.The richness species did not differ remarkably between stations with distributionvalues ranging from 11 - 13 taxons.

Based on the local and field account, 19 fish species were reported present in thewater bodies and these 19 fish species represented 11 families groups with theCichlidae having the highest number of species (4 species) followed byCyprinodontidae and Mormyridae (with 3 species each); Claridae and Bagridae eachhad 2 species and the other families (Notopteridae, Distiichodontidae, Polypteridae,Pantodontidae, Anabantidae, Malapturidae) were represented by only one species.

0.7.13 MICROBIOLOGY

The water samples showed a wide variety of bacteria flora that was dominated byBacillus followed by Pseudomonas and Actinomycetes.

Soil samples were rich in bacteria and fungal counts with counts ranging from 5 x104 cfu/g in to 130 x 104 cfu/g. The fungal flora is dominated by Deuteromycetes -

Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor. Fusarium oxysoporium species were isolated andtwo species of Aspergillus viz Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus candidus wereobtained.

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The sediment samples were dominated by both Actinomycetes and Bacillus specieswhile Arthrobacter and Acinetebacter species were other species that were Grampositive.

0.7.14WILD LIFE

The area harbours an impressive array of mammalian species in spite of its highlyperturbed nature. The proposed project area is about 20 km from the boundary ofthe Cross River National Park. The order chiroptera, rodentia, canivora, and avifaunaformed the bulk of the animals.

0.7.15 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

The people in the study area are predominantly Efik. The social organization revolvesaround clan/family council system. To a large extent, the members of the clan haveimplicit trust in the clan council system. The three communities within the study areaviz Mfamosing I, Mfamosing II and Abiati are completely rural and the populationsare quite small. The communities at present lack many of the essential infrastructuralfacilities. In all, there are three primary schools in the three communities. There isalso a secondary school (Seminary) school in Mfamosing I established by the CatholicDiocese of Calabar.

Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants and crops cultivated includesoil palm, fruits and cassava. There is near absence of informal sector activities andmore than 95% per cent of the inhabitants are Christians.

0.7.16 CULTURAL, HISTORICAL & ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES

The area around the proposed plant site is completely devoid of any surface culturaland archaeological materials

0.8 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

UNICEM's primary purpose and need for the proposed activity is firstly to utilize thepotential natural resource of limestone for manufacture of cement and secondly inturn to contribute in the social development of the study area/region directly orindirectly. The likely impacts of the proposed plant would be due to operation, whichwould be long term impacts.

The Operation phase of the proposed cement plant mainly comprises of thefollowing:

o Excavation of limestone from the captive mineso Transportation of crushed limestone from mines to plant siteo Transportation of other correctives/ additives to the plant siteo Preparation of raw meal by adding correctives to limestoneo Clinkerisation of raw mealo Cooling and heat recovery

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Li Blending & grinding of clinker by adding additives

o Packing & Despatch

o Operation of gas based captive power plant.

0.8.1 COMPONENTS CREATING IMPACTS ON NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

Ambient Air Quality

Dust emissions shall be controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) and Bag filtersfor the proposed operation of the cement plant and each air pollution controlequipment shall limit the dust outlet concentration to 50 mg/Nm3.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO,) are generated as a direct result of the high temperatureflame in the cement kiln. Generation of NOx gas depends to a great extent on thecombustion temperature. A well-designed burner system, therefore, shall limit thetemperature to a reasonably low value of NO, generation.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) originates from both cement raw materials and fuel, howeveralkali components present in the raw meal bind most of the sulphur into the clinker.Thus, the conditions within the cement kiln essentially "scrub out" the majority ofpotential SO2 emissions from cement manufacturing. Use of natural gas as fuel in kilnand captive power plant shall minimize the emission of SO2 and it will be furthercontrolled by providing a stack of suitable height for its natural dispersion in theatmosphere as per standard guidelines.

In view of the firing technique of keeping a positive oxygen balance, emission ofCarbon monoxide (CO) shall be minimal.

In addition, UNICEM shall abide by the standards prescribed as given in Table 0.3.

Section IFC Guidelines Design Data of the PlantPM, SO 2 - NOx PM S02 - NOx

Raw Mill 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil NilClinker Cooler 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil NilKiln Plant 50mg/ N m3 400mg/ 600mg 50mg/N m3 200mg/N <400

Nm3 /Nm3 m3 mg/Nm3

Crusher 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil

Table 0.3: Plant Environmental Specifications Vs IFC Guidelines

Dispersion Modelling

Prediction of Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) of dust, SO2 and NOx has beendone by using Industrial Source Complex Short Term model Version-3 (ISCST 3)software developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

GLCs are calculated by using meteorological data collected from the meteorologicalstation at site during the monitoring period. The findings are given below.

SPM: The maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted for stability class D and wind speed3.0 m/s at a mixing height of 1000m and predicted value is 17.4 pg/m3.

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SO2: The maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted for stability class D and wind speed6.0 m/s at a mixing height of 1000 m and for stability class F and wind speed 1& 2m/s at both the mixing heights. The predicted value is 0.15 pg/M3

NOx: The maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted for stability class D and wind speed6.0 m/s at a mixing height of 1000 m and for stability class F and wind speed 1& 2m/s at both the mixing heights. The predicted value is 0.75 pg/M3

Noise Levels

General noise levels generated from equipment of the operation of proposed cementplant shall be as given in Table 0.4.

Ambient Noise LevelIFC Guidelines Design Data ovf the Plant

Day Time 75 dBA 60 dBANight Time 70 dBA 60 dBA

Table 0.4: Plant Environmental Specifications Vs IFC Guidelines

For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient from the sourcepoint, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation has been used. Ithas been calculated that the elevated noise levels will be limited to a short distancefrom the source. Further the resultant noise level will be mingled with thebackground noise levels of 55 dB(A) within 10 m from the machine shops and 35dB(A) within 50 m from machine shops.

Traffic Density

Road Traffic to and from the plant during operation will be more intensive and muchheavier than at present in normal operating conditions. In turn, it will contribute tonoise as well as ambient air quality in terms of dust and other gaseous pollutants.The regular maintenance of vehicles shall limit the pollution within limits. Thepresent road conditions need to be improved for proposed movement of traffic.

Water Resources

During the operation of proposed plant, the water requirement is estimated ataround 3,000 m3/ day which shall be made available through ground water resourcesof the area. It is expected that the yield from wells shall be sufficient to meet thedaily water requirement of the plant

The exploitation of water resources during the operation will not affect the wateravailability in the area to other competing users.

Waste Water

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The wastewater generated from the operation of proposed plant shall be about 500mi3/ day, which shall be mainly contributed by waste water from domestic activities,blow downs from captive power plant and from DM plant.

The wastewater so generated shall be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP).Treated water shall be reused for dust suppression, green belt development and inthe process to the extent possible. Nothing shall be discharged outside the plantpremises. Thus, the impact shall be minor.

0.8.2 COMPONENTS CREATING IMPACTS ON SOCIO-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT

Land Use Pattern and Cropping Pattern

The overall indirect impact on the land use is considered as positive due to adoptionof latest methods of sowing and irrigation as there is likelihood of increase inpurchasing power of local habitats, which could be attributed to the improvement inincome. There is likely to be no change in the cropping pattern in the close vicinity ofthe plant, from the prevalent cropping pattern.

Ecology

The overall impact on the terrestrial ecology can be considered positive as a greenbelt of appropriate width shall be developed and maintained in the area by UNICEM.

Employment and Economic Growth

Increased quantity of cement produced shall in general result in the industrialgrowth, which in turn would generate direct and indirect opportunities ofemployment and business in the region. The setting up of a cement plant wouldresult in payment of excise duty and sales tax to the Government that will havepositive regional impacts.

Socio-Economic

UNICEM shall actively contribute to improve the socio-economic conditions of thearea and shall also actively participate in implementing Government schemes for thewelfare of the society of the area. The infrastructure like roads, facilities fortransportation, health and education which shall be developed as a result of theoperation of proposed plant shall also add to socio-economic development of thearea. The overall impact of the proposed project will be positive and beneficial.

0.8.3 IMPACTS EVALUATION

The environmental impact matrix has been attempted for the proposed project and isgiven in Table 0.5. The total impact value for the project works out to:

During construction stage (-) 400

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During operation stage (+) 550

Environmental Importance Construction Operation Phase Impa* Valueparameters value Phase Without With Construction Operation

EMP EMP with EMPAir Quality 150 -I (-)2 () -150 -150Waste water 50 (-)1 (-)2 (-)1 -50 -50Water resources 100 - 1 -1 (-)1 -100 -100Noise and 100 (-)1 (-)2 (-)1 -100 -100VibrationSolid waste 50 -1 (I (-)1 -50 -50Land use 50 (I (+)1 (+)1 -50 +50Forest and 100 (-)1 0 (+)1 -100 +50vegetationWild life 100 () 0 (+)1 -100 +100Infrastructure & 100 (+)1 (+)1 (+)2 +100 +200support servicesEmployment & 200 (+)1 (+)2 (+)3 +200 +600Economic growth

Total -400 +550

Table 0.5 Quantitative Impact Evaluation During Constructionand Operation Phase

The results indicate a definite positive impact of setting up of proposed project. Tosummarize, most of the plant activities are not likely to adversely affect theenvironmental quality of area surrounding the plant.

0.9 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been designed within the frameworkof various regulatory requirements on environmental and socio-economic aspectsaiming at the following:

o Minimize disturbance to native flora and fauna

o Prevent air, water, soil and noise pollution

o Avoid sites of historical, cultural and archaeological significance

o Encourage the socio-economic development.

0.9.1 STACK EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT

Dust emission is the main pollutant emitted from various stacks in a Cement Plant.The other emissions are SO 2 , NO. and CO. The following measures are envisaged for

the proposed plant:

o Suitably designed ESP / Bag filters placed downstream of the stacks will separate

out about 99.99% of the incoming dust in flue gas and limit the dust

concentration at its designed outlet concentration of 50 mg/Nm 3

o In the event of failure of any pollution control equipment, automatic tripping in

the control system, shall be provided

o For ESP operations, interlocking shall be provided with supply to electrode, which

means that any distribution in the power supply to electrode will switch the

whole unit off

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o Stacks in the plant shall be provided with automatic stack monitoring unit(Opacity meter)

o In Kiln, generation of NO, gases depends to a great extent on the combustiontemperature. A well-designed burner system, therefore, shall limit thetemperature to a reasonably low value of NOx. Further it is proposed to go forlow NOx Calciner to minimize the NOx generation and emission

o Impact of CO emission is negligible in view of the firing technique of keeping apositive oxygen balance. However, regular monitoring and continuous autoregulation of fuel and air by automatic combustion control system is proposed tobe installed

o Heavy and light vehicles are the other major sources of CO. All vehicles and theirexhausts would be well maintained and regularly tested for emissionconcentration

o Regular preventive maintenance of pollution control equipments

o Stack emissions shall be regularly monitored on periodic basis.

0.9.2 FUGITIVE EMISSION MANAGEMENT

The following measures shall also be adopted at proposed unit:

o Jet Pulse bagfilters at all dry material conveying and transfer points

o Dust suppression system at dump hopper of limestone/ additives

o Regular dust suppression with water sprinkler on the haul roads

o Level sensor to have a gap of only half-meter in between stacking boom and topof pile

o Plant roads & approach roads shall be made of bitumen/ concrete

o Areas between various sections and truck parking areas shall be made ofconcrete/ bitumen

o Open areas within the plant premises and along with boundaries of the plantpremises shall be covered under green belt

o Raw Materials/ Cement shall be fully covered during transportation to/ from thesite by road

0.9.3 NOISE LEVEL MANAGEMENT

Some of the design features provided to ensure low noise levels shall be as givenbelow:

o All rotating items shall be well lubricated and provided with enclosures as far aspossible to reduce noise transmission. Extensive vibration monitoring system willbe provided to check and reduce vibrations. Vibration isolators will be provided toreduce vibration and noise wherever possible

o In general, noise generating items such as fans, blowers, compressors, pumps,motors etc. will be so specified as to limit their speeds and reduce noise levels.

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EA Report for Greenfield Cement Plant ofUNICEM in Nigeria

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Static and dynamic balancing of equipment will be insisted upon and will beverified during inspection and installation

u Provision of silencers shall be made wherever possible

o The insulation provided for prevention of loss of heat and personnel safety shallalso act as noise reducers

o Layouts of equipment foundations and structures will be designed keeping inview the requirement of noise abatement

u Central control room(s) provided for operation and supervision of plant andequipment will be air-conditioned, insulated and free from plant noise. Necessaryenclosures will also be provided on the working platforms/ areas to provide localprotection in high noise level areas

o Proper lubrication and housekeeping to avoid excessive noise generation

o In case where the operation of the equipment warrants the presence ofoperators in close proximity to equipment, the operators will be provided withnecessary safety and protection equipment such as ear plugs, ear muffs etc.

o By provision of green belt in and around the plant premises

o Occupational Health and Safety Administration System (OHSAS) for evaluation ofexposure of noise pollution on the associated staff and comparing it withpermissible exposure and subsequently taking corrective actions will bedeveloped.

By these measures, it is anticipated that noise levels in the plant will be maintainedbelow 60 dB(A). Earth mounds and plantations in the zone between plant andsurrounding area would further attenuate noise in the residential area.

0.9.4 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

o Waste oil shall be stored in leak proof steel drums and sent to the "Spent OilStorage Site". The waste oil drums shall be properly identified with label of whatis contained both in local language and English and shall be disposed off as perstandard practice.

L The sludge generated from the ETP at plant shall be used as manure. Regularmonitoring shall be carried out to assess any adverse impact.

o The solid waste generated as municipal waste will be collected and segregatedalong with the domestic waste generated from plant and will be sent to municipalwaste disposal site allocated by local administrative authorities.

0.9.5 WATER RESOURCE/ QUALITY MANAGEMENT

The following measures shall be adopted:

o Continuous attempt shall be made to optimize/ reduce the use of water in plant

o Continuous attempt shall be made to avoid wastage and leakage of water

o Regular record of water table in case of tubewells shall be maintained

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o Raw water quality shall be checked on regular basis for essential parameters asper WHO guidelines before use

o Drainage system that shall be used for carrying the wastewater to storage tankshall be periodically checked for any leakage.

0.9.6 WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

Wastewater generated from plant operation, which shall be mainly from domesticusages, water treatment plant and blow downs shall be treated in an effluenttreatment plant (ETP) and treated water shall be used for dust suppression, greenbelt development and in the plant operation to the possible extent. Regularmonitoring shall be carried out to assess any adverse impact.

0.9.7 HOUSEKEEPING

The salient features of the practices adopted for proposed plant shall be:

Li Mechanized cleaning of roads and floor area inside the plant premises by usingroad sweeper and mobile vacuum cleaner on regular basis

o Training on regular basis to all workers and staff about the importance ofcleanliness

o Careful garbage transportation to dumping site and disinfection of transportvehicles body

o Decorative plantation to improve aesthetics of the plant

o Construction of suitably designed drains all along the roads and boundary of theplant premises.

0.9.8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY

The precautionary measures to be followed to reduce the risk due to dust on theworkers engaged in and around the material handling areas shall be:

o Adequate arrangements shall be made for preventing the generation of dust byoptimizing the chutes at transfer points for reducing the falling height of material,preventing spillage of material by maintaining the handling equipment, isolatingthe high dust generating areas by enclosing them in appropriate housing andappropriately dedusting through high efficiency bag filters

o Due care shall be taken to maintain continuous water supply in the waterspraying system and all efforts would be made to suppress the dust generated byraw material handling systems by water spraying at appropriate points

o Almost all material handling systems shall be automatic i.e. unmanned. Theworkers engaged in material handling system shall be provided with personalprotective equipment like dust masks, respirators, helmets, face shields etc.

L All workers engaged in material handling system shall be regularly examined forlung diseases

o Any worker found to develop symptoms of dust related diseases shall be changedover to other jobs in cleaner areas.

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0.9.9 HEAT RADIATION

Thermal insulation shall be provided wherever necessary to minimize heat radiationfrom the equipment, piping etc. to ensure protection of workers. Insulation shall bedone by adequate cleats, wire nets, jackets etc. to avoid loosening. Insulationthickness shall be so selected that the covering jacket surface temperature shall notexceed the surrounding ambient temperature by more than 150C. The effect ofthermal pollution of air will be negligible considering the atmosphere as the ultimateheat sink and no other industry being located in the vicinity.

0.9.10 MEASURES TO IMPROVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

In addition to payment of royalty and taxes to the Government, UNICEM shallcontinue its efforts to improve the socio-economic status of the local habitants to theextent possible which includes:

o Preference to locals in direct and indirect employment

o Grant or add to education, health and infrastructure and supply of drinking waterin the area to the extent possible

o Active participation and contribution to awareness programme organized bynational or international agencies.

0.9.11 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

UNICEM shall develop greenbelt inside and outside the premises. Saplings shall beraised initially by purchasing from outside and at later stage, a nursery shall bedeveloped. Services of professional horticulturist shall be hired for development ofgreenbelt and garden within the plant premises. Community plantation shall beencouraged in the surrounding area.

0.9.12 WATER HARVESTING

In an effort to save water resources, UNICEM shall adopted water harvestingprogramme as its policy and shall implement the same in a scientific way.

0.10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL

Apart from having an EMP, it is also necessary to have a permanent organizationalset up charged with the task of ensuring its effective implementation. A separatedepartment consisting of officers from various disciplines shall be created to co-ordinate the activities concerned with the management and implementation of theenvironmental control measures of the proposed plant operation.

0.10.1 MONITORING

The various areas to be monitored shall be in accordance with the state of theenvironment. In the light of this, there is a need to establish the monitoring schedulefor sustainable development of the project. In-house environmental monitoringprogramme needs to be instituted for the project, which shall address the foregoing

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key issues to ensure compliance with good house keeping and manufacturingpractices in order to avoid unnecessary adverse effect.

0.10.2 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING

There shall be periodic Sustainable Environmental Awareness Training/ Seminarswith content including Ecology, Sustainable Development, EnvironmentalManagement, Institutional and Regulatory Framework, Pollution Control,Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, Environment Accounting, CorporateEnvironmental Responsibility Environmental Health and Safety, Risk Assessment,Environmental Assessment, Contingency Plan, Event Response, Liability andCompensation etc., for Managers, Supervisors/ intermediate staff and junior staff toinculcate the tenet of sustainable development in all cadres of staff .

0.11 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

UNICEM has always firmly believed in Sustainable Development. The company hasendeavoured to maintain cordial community relations in all its areas of operation.For the proposed cement plant in Calabar, the company held consultations with theStandards Organisation of Nigeria in Lagos and Enugu, the Cross River State Ministryof Environment and the FMENV Zonal Office in Uyo. Consultations were also heldwith the host communities, and their neighbouring communities.

UNICEM took these opportunities to explain all the measures that shall be taken toprotect the environment during the construction and implementation phases of theproposed project in order to allay the fears borne by the people. During the variousconsultations UNICEM also enlightened the people on environmental conservationprinciples. The host communities used the consultation meetings to familiarizethemselves with their operations and also enumerate their interests. Theconsultation process shall be made a functional and regular part of the executionduring the project life span. Community development packages shall be formulatedkeeping the requirements of the local population in view and after due deliberationswith them. The company shall consult with the local community at all stages of theproject's life span.

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CHAPTER -1INTRODUCTION


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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 PREAMBLE

MIs United Cement Company of Nigeria Limited (UNICEM) propose toestablish a greenfield cement plant, 30 km north east of Calabar City in the CalabarRegion of the Cross River State of Nigeria.

UNICEM has retained MIs Holtec Consulting Pvt. Ltd, (HOLTEC), Gurgaon tocarry out Environment Assessment (EA) study and to prepare EnvironmentManagement Plan (EMP) for the proposed cement plant. The study has been carriedout within the framework of national, local and international environmentalregulations and the guidelines and regulations on conducting EnvironmentalAssessments which have been stipulated by various local organizations, FederalMinistry of Environment, Nigeria, International Union for Conservation of Nature andNatural Resources (IUCN), International Finance Corporation (IFC) and the WorldBank.

The Promoters

Egyptian Cement Company (ECC) and the Flour Mills of Nigeria (FM) have decided tojointly establish proposed cement plant through their joint venture local companycalled the United Cement Company of Nigeria Ltd. (UNICEM). ECC itself is a jointventure company, formed by Orascom Construction Industries (OCI) and Holcim, oneof the largest global players in cement.

A brief background on the project sponsors is presented below:

Li UNICEM: UNICEM is the promoter undertaking the project. The ownershipstructure shall have ECC holding 70% and FM the balance 30%.

L FM: One of the largest industrial conglomerates in Nigeria, with operationsspanning cement importation, flour milling, food manufacturing, bagmanufacturing, fertilizer blending and shipping. The Group currently imports 1.5mio tpa of cement to Nigeria. The Group has been operating in Nigeria for over40 years, under different political and economical conditions, and has a long-standing reputation of reliability. The Group employs more than 5,000 peopleand is one of the largest companies on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The GreekCoumantaros family controls the majority shareholding (about 51%) which isprincipally a ship-owner and uses its fleet to transport wheat, cement andfertilizer to the Apapa port in Lagos.

L ECC: Established in 1996, ECC is a 53.7% owned subsidiary of OCI with 43.7%owned by Holcim of Switzerland, with the balance being held by privateinvestors. ECC is the largest cement company in Egypt and the Middle EastNorth Africa (MENA) region and owns the third largest cement production facilityin the world. This houses four identical state-of-the-art cement production lineswith a combined annual capacity of 7.3 mio tonnes, which would be raised to 8mio tonnes by the end of 2005. ECC's first line became operational in April 1999,the second in October 1999, the third in November 2000 and the fourth in

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November 2001. All four production lines were designed by Polysius. The kilnsuse the dry process manufacturing technology, fueled by natural gas. ECCmanufactures mainly three types of cement, Ordinary Portland, SulphateResistant and High Slag, which are sold in bags and in bulk to cement dealers,ready mix producers, and contractors. ECC is also the largest exporter of clinkerand cement in Egypt, having repeatedly served more than 30 market destinationsover the last two years.

o OCI: Focuses on two high growth business activities - construction services andcement manufacturing. The OCI Construction Group provides engineering,procurement and construction services for industrial, commercial, power, water/sewage, transportation, telecommunications, maritime, tourism and railwayprojects to private and public sector customers in the Middle East, Africa, CentralAsia and Europe. The OCI Construction Group is the largest private sectorcontractor in the Middle East with an order booking exceeding 1 bio US dollars.The OCI Cement Group owns and operates cement production plants in Egyptand Algeria with a combined capacity of over 10 mio tonnes. This capacity isexpected to increase to 13 mio tonnes by the end of 2005. OCI also participatesas an equity investor in long-term infrastructure concessions including portoperations, industrial parks and natural gas distribution systems. OCI also hasinvestments in other building materials such as ready-mix concrete, steelfabrication, gypsum manufacturing and industrial bag production. OCI is listed onboth the Egyptian and London stock exchanges with a market capitalization ofaround US $ 2.1 bio. OCI recorded a revenue of US $ 670 mio and an earnings ofUS$ 93 mio in 2003. OCI recorded revenues of US $ 605 mio and earnings ofUS$ 81 mio during the first half of 2004. OCI employs more than 30,000persons, worldwide.

L Holcim: Founded in 1912, Holcim has become one of the world's leadingsuppliers of cement, as well as aggregates (gravel and sand), concrete andconstruction-related services. From its origin in Switzerland, the Group has growninto a global player with a strong market presence in over 70 countries on allcontinents. In 2003, Holcim recorded sales of over 12 bio Swiss Francs and wasranked as the second largest cement supplier during 2003 with cement salesreaching 97.3 mio tonnes. Holcim houses a total global capacity of 145 miotonnes. The Group currently employs more than 48,000 people, worldwide.

o Holcim Trading: Commencing operations in 1984, Holcim Trading hasdeveloped a reputation as a world leader in the trade of cementitious products.From various locations, strategically chosen around the world, Holcim Tradingprovides export and import services to Holcim Group companies as well as thirdparties.

1.2 LOCATION AND ACCESSIBILITY

The plant is proposed to be located directly within the Cross River Limestone Belt atMfamosing, in the Akamkpa Local Government Area of the State. The plant isproposed within the mining lease area already available with UNICEM and can belocated between the following coordinates:

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Latitude : 40 53' N and 50 05' NLongitude 8: 15' E and 80 27' E

Accessibility to the site is as per details given below:

o Road: The plant is proposed to be located at AbiMfam, a rural community withlittle or no infrastructure. There exists a narrow road, the Calabar-Ekang roadwith a narrow bridge at Kilometer 5. The road and bridge were constructed in1965 by the now defunct Calabar Cement Company Limited for raw materialhaulage from its quarry to the factory site at Calabar. It has, since, been takenover by the Federal Government and converted to a Trunk A road.

The State Government also has plans to construct a Calabar by-pass road fromthe proposed project site, which will be ready before the commissioning of theproject. This shall help in by-passing Calabar City for the movement of cementtrucks.

Calabar City is linked by road to other parts of the country, including thenortheast, through the Trans-African (Calabar-Ikom) Highway.

u Sea: Calabar has a commercial port. Currently, the maximum draft is limited tosix meters. While there are plans to dredge the channel allowing drafts up tothirteen meters, the six meter draft is no obstacle for sea route transport ofmaterials.

z Rail: There is no rail network in the region.

L Air: Calabar City has an airport linking it to all the major cities and internationaldeparting points with daily flights.

L Communication: VSAT technology is widely used in Nigeria and shall probablybe the most appropriate solution for the proposed plant.

The location of the project site is shown in Drg. No. 04184-05-1.1.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

1.3.1 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The objective of the proposed plant is to produce cement by using availablelimestone resources, whilst achieving a balance between impacts on the localenvironment, community needs and economic viability.

Nigeria is considered the second largest importer of cement in the world, after theUnited States. In order to reduce the import, the Nigerian Government is seized withthe initiative of motivating local and international players to create new productionfacilities in the country. However, the gap between demand and supply is so highthat even with all the new investments, the shortage in supply is expected tocontinue in the short and medium term. Moreover, the three neighboring countries,Cameroon, Benin and Niger, also exhibit a shortage in cement and could absorbextra capacity, if any.

For the proposed project, UNICEM aims at the following objectives:

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Production and Operational

o Establish new cement unit

o Develop and manage the plant in an environment friendly manner according tothe regulatory requirements and best environmental practices, whilst ensuringeconomic viability

o Maximize operational flexibility

o Optimize resource use

o Develop and operate the plant to meet community expectations in terms ofenvironmental outcomes and cost.

Environmental

o Protect the surrounding during operation of plant with appropriate environmentalsafeguards

o Protect native flora and fauna

o Protect quality of local surface and groundwater

o Minimize public health risks

o Ensure that ecological balance of the area is not adversely affected by airpollutants

o Minimize noise and vibration impacts on surroundings.

Socio-economic

o Improvement in direct and indirect means of livelihood

o Establish monitoring programme and provide procedures for resolution ofcommunity concerns, if any

o Improvement in the living standard of local habitants.

1.3.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE EA STUDY

The EA Study Report has been prepared in compliance with Federal EnvironmentalProtection Agency, Nigeria (FEPA) EIA Decree 86 of 1992. The proposed project isdesignated to be developed under "The Equator Principles" which is a majorvoluntary, private sector, initiative undertaken by around 25 of the world's leadingbanking and financial institutions. Adoption of these principles has ensured thatthese institutions finance only those projects, which are developed in a manner thatis socially responsible and reflect sound environmental management practices.

Under the Principles, the Standards set by IFC and/ or The World Bank have beenfollowed.

The EA addresses compliance with Nigerian laws and regulations, the minimumstandards applicable under the World Bank and IFC Guidelines and the IFCSafeguard Policies as the project is located in a Low Income Economy as defined byThe World Bank Development Indicators' Database.

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1.4 APPROACH & METHODOLOGY

The EA study has been designed to take into account the natural environment (air,water, and land); human health and safety; and social aspects (involuntaryresettlement, indigenous peoples and cultural property) and transboundary andglobal environmental aspects. The study considers natural and social aspects in anintegrated way. It also takes into account the variations in project and countryconditions; the findings of country environmental studies; national environmentalaction plans; the country's overall policy framework and national legislation; theproject sponsor's capabilities related to the environment and social aspects, andobligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevantinternational environmental treaties and agreements.

The EA study is a planning tool to confirm environmental acceptability in addition tothe statutory requirements. This report presents the results of the EnvironmentAssessment (EA) process, which is intended to:

o Establish and review existing conditions pertaining to the plant site andsurrounding areas

o Identify and assess the environmental impacts of the proposed plant duringconstruction and subsequently during operation

o Advise and assist in identifying appropriate measures to mitigate adverse impactsto be adopted under Environment Management Plan (EMP) for all specifiedsignificant environmental impacts likely to emerge.

This report on Environmental Assessment (EA) is based on the observations made byHOLTEC team during visits to the study area and collection of primary and secondaryenvironmental data. Literature has also been reviewed and relevant information hasbeen collected for environmental and social baseline.

HOLTEC has followed the standard EA methodology and technique during the entirestudy and whenever necessary it has used its own judgment based on its ownexperience and knowledge base. During the entire study appropriate quality checkshave been taken into consideration and best management practices have beenfollowed for a quality output.

Impacts are identified based on the actual and foreseeable events, includingoperational events and typical events of the proposed project activities. Processesthat may create risks to the natural environment and socio-economic environmentare considered in terms of key potential environmental impacts.

Mitigation measures to be adopted under Environment Management Plan (EMP) forall specified significant environmental impacts likely to result out during theconstruction and subsequently during operation is also a part of the EA report.

The likely impacts identified and recommended mitigation measures are based onthe following:

o Project information provided by project proponent

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Li Baseline information and reconnaissance survey of the study area

o HOLTEC's past experience in similar projects

o Standard National/ International environmental managementguidelines/practices.

Details of the methodology and technique used for the study are discussed insubsequent sections.

1.5 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT

The remainder of this report is laid out as follows:

Chapter 2 Presents brief description of policy, legal and administrativeframework relevant to the project.

Chapter 3 Presents brief project background and project details

Chapter 4 Presents the baseline status for various environmental parametersin the study area.

Chapter 5 Presents the identification, prediction and evaluation ofenvironmental impacts of the project activities proposed to betaken up within the study area.

Chapter 6 Presents the assessment of alternatives from the environmentalperspective

Chapter 7 Presents environmental management plan describing mitigativemeasures proposed and monitoring plan

Chapter 8 Presents the consultation with stakeholders

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CHAPTER -2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK |

EA Report for Greenfleld Cement Plant ofUNICEM in Nigeria ,

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2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 PREAMBLE

This EA study is carried out within the framework of local, national and internationalenvironmental regulations. Various guidelines and regulations on conductingEnvironmental Assessments have been stipulated by various local organizations,Federal Ministry of Environment (FMENV, formerly FEPA) of Nigeria, InternationalUnion for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), IFC and the WorldBank. This chapter reviews the applicable legislation and guidelines and standardsgoverning the proposed new cement plant in Mfamosing village, Calabar.

2.2 FEPA/FMENV GUIDELINES

The Federal Government of Nigeria has established the FEPA by Decree 58 of 1988with an overall mandate to protect, restore and preserve the ecosystems of theNigerian environment. In fulfillment of this mandate, FEPA in 1991 published theNational Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in industries.Therein, twenty-one guidelines for pollution abatement in all categories of industrieswere laid. An essential part of the guidelines is a mandatory requirement forEnvironmental Auditing of all existing industries, and Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) of new industries, and major developmental projects. Towardsminimising industrial pollution further, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ismandatory by EIA Decree 86 of 1992 for all new development/ industrial projects asa permitting requirement in the country. In this regard, FEPA developed the NationalEIA Procedural and Sectoral Guidelines in 1995 for the manufacturing sector as wellas other sectors of the economy. By this procedure, the steps to be followed fromproject conception to commissioning and subsequent implementation of the projectare prescribed with consideration for the environment.

This EA Report has been prepared to comply with the state and national statutoryinstruments as given in Table 2.1 besides the international statutes.

The various government regulations prescribe limitations on the release of toxicsubstances, technology for combating pollution, storage of wastes, procedures andresponsibilities of the waste generator and permit to discharge wastes. They alsogive the requirements for EA studies. In addition, guidelines for maximum levels ofthose parameters that are allowed in various industrial effluents or emissiondischarges have been set and compliance is mandatory on all such industrialestablishments. The special effluent limitations and standards are to be supportedby adequate monitoring systems. Overall, the FEPA/FMENV environmental protectionregulations are set for an overall protection and maintenance of quality of allcomponents of the ecosystem.

The FEPA laws are applicable in all the states of the Nigerian Federation includingCross River State where the new project is proposed to be located. EnvironmentalAssessment of the proposed cement project of UNICEM in the state is therefore

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governed by he FEPA laws and the Cross River State Environmental Protection Edict,1994.

Sn Document Title Date Description1 Harmful Wastes Decree (FEPA/ 1987 Prohibits import, dumping or

FMENV) No. 42 trading of harmful wasteswithin Nigeria or its exclusiveeconomic zone

2 Factories Act 19873 Federal Ministry of Environment 1988 Establishes penalty for

Decree No. 58 environmental degradation andpollution

4 Harmful Wastes Decree 1991 Prohibits the import, dumpingor trading of harmful wasteswithin Nigeria or its exclusive

___ economic zone5 S.I.8: National Environmental 1988 Prescribes limits for effluent

Protection (Effluent Limitation) discharge and makesRegulation installation and use of effluent

treatment facilities mandatory6 S.I.9: Pollution Abatement in 1991 Restricts and Controls the

Industries and Facilities Generating discharge of hazardous wastesWastes

7 S.I.15: Waste Management 1991 Guidelines for collection,Regulations treatment & disposal of solid/

hazardous waste8 Federal Ministry of Environment: 1991 Guidelines and Standards for

Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution ControlEnvironmental Pollution Control inNigeria

9 Environmental Impact Assessment 1992 All projects in Nigeria shall beDecree No. 86 subject to EIA

10 The Cross River State 1994 All projects in the Cross RiverEnvironmental Protection Agency State shall be subject to EIAEdict I_I

Table 2.1: Guidelines and Regulations on EnvironmentalAssessment in Nigeria

2.3 THE EQUATOR PRINCIPLES

The Equator Principles, is a major voluntary, private sector, initiative undertaken byaround 25 of the world's leading banking and financial institutions. Adoption of theseprinciples has ensured that these institutions finance only those projects, which aredeveloped in a manner that is socially responsible and reflect sound environmentalmanagement practices. These principles are intended to serve as a common baselineand framework for the implementation of individual, internal environmental andsocial procedures and standards for these banks' project financing activities across allindustry sectors, globally.

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These principles provide a framework for assessing environmental and social risk inprojects including:

o A set of baseline policy requirements

o A set of quantitative environmental guidelines

o Some process steps, which ensure appropriate application within the context ofthe project.

The Principles are based on the IFC guidelines. Under the Principles, in agreementwith the risk of a project in accordance with guidelines based on environmental andsocial screening criteria of the IFC, the proposed cement project has beencategorized as B. As per the Guidelines, an EA has been prepared which addresseskey environmental and social issues identified.

Under the Principles, the Standards set by IFC and/ or The World Bank have beenfollowed. The EA addresses compliance with Nigerian laws and regulations, theminimum standards applicable under the World Bank and IFC Guidelines and the IFCSafeguard Policies as the project is located in a Low Income Economy as defined byThe World Bank Development Indicators' Database.

2.4 THE WORLD BANK GUIDELINES

The World Bank (WB) provides guidelines for the Environment Assessment (EA)process in its document "The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook"(PPAH). The PPAH also includes specific guidelines for cement manufacturing as apart of the Industry Sector Guidelines.

The proposed cement project falls under Category B as per WB's OperationalDirective (OD) 4.01. Category B projects are those whose "potential adverseenvironmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas-including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - are less adversethan those of Category A. These impacts are site specific; few if any of them areirreversible; and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed readily" and forsuch projects, a full EIA is required.

2.5 MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS

International Environmental Agreements already ratified by the Federal Governmentof Nigeria which are relevant to the project are:

o Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change, 1997

o Basel Convention on the Control of the Transboundary Movement of HazardousWastes and their disposal, 1989

Li Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for CertainHazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade, 1998

o 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone layer, 1987

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Li Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) especially as it

concerns dioxins emission and the management of polychlorinated Biphenyls(PCBs), 2001.

2.6 STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

The World Bank guidelines for cement manufacturing (PPAH), stipulate "limiting

values" for water quality, air quality and noise quality. For mining activities, "limiting

values" for water quality, air quality and noise quality are specified in the WB

guidelines on Environment, Health and Safety (EHS). The standards/ guidelines

applicable to this project are given in Table 2.2.

Sn Element I Requirement Standard

1 Water Qualitfa For Plant Treated effluent discharges should have PPAH, WB, 1998-

a pH in the range of 6-9. Total Cement Industrysuspended solids (TSS) should be Sector Guidelineslimited to 50 mg/I.

b For Mine Effluent discharged to surface waters WB Environment,should conform to these specifications: Health and Safety

pH 6-9 (EHS) Guidelines -

BOD 50 mg/l Mining andOil & Grease 20 mg/I Milling- Open Pit

TSS 50 mg/l2 Air Qualitya For Plant

1) Pollutant Time of LimitsAverage

Particulate Daily 250 pg/m3 FEPA Guidelinesaverage of for Environmentaldaily values 600 1Ig/m3 Pollution control,1 hour 1991

SOx Daily 26 -260average of [tg/m 3

hourlyvalues 1hour

NOx Daily 75 -113average of ptg/m 3

hourlyvalues

CO Daily 11.4- 22.8average of ptg/m 3

hourlyvalues 8

L ___ ____________ __________ hrly average _ _ _._ _

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Sn Element Requirement StandardNon- Daily 160 p.g/m3

methane average ofhydrocarb 3 hrlyons values

2) TSPM 50 mg/Nm3 PPAH, WB, 1998-SO, 400 mg/Nm3 Cement IndustryNO, 600 mg/Nm3 Sector Guidelines

b For Mine TSPM 500 jig/M3 WB Environment,S0 2 500 itg/M3 Health and SafetyNO2 200 jig/M3 (EHS) Guidelines -

Mining and3INoise__ _ ___ Milling- Open Pit3 Noise Quality,a For Plant

1) Duration / Sound Level (dB (A) FEPA StandardsDay (Hrs) Slow Response) (1991)

8 906 924 953 972 100

11/ 1021 105

1/2 1101/4 115

2) A maximum increase in background PPAH, WB, 1998-levels of 3 dB(A) or the following levels: Cement Industry

Receptor Day (07:00- Sector Guidelines22:00)/ Night

Residential 55/45 dB(A)Industrial/ Commercial 70/70 dB(A)

b For Mine Personnel must wear hearing protection WB Environment,when exposed to noise levels above 85 Health and SafetydB(A). (EHS) Guidelines -

Mining andMilling- Open Pit

Table 2.2: Standards Applicable to the Proposed Project

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CHAPTER -3 PROJECT DETAILS


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3. PROJECT DETAILS

3.1 PREAMBLE

UNICEM proposes to commission a cement plant to produce Portland Cement, as perNigerian Standards, NIS 439:2000 with a kiln capacity of 6,250 tpd.

3.2 RAW MIX AND PLANT DESIGN

Based on the preliminary investigation the following "raw mix design" has beenconsidered for sizing of the main machinery of the project.

L Limestone (plus eventually marl): 80.60%

o Clay : 10.00%

o Iron Ore : 2.00%

o Overburden : 7.40%

The clinkerisation factor works out to 1.56. The moisture content considered in rawmaterials for calculation of capacities is indicated in Table 3.1 below:

Sn __Department Moisture Content (°h)1 Limestone 82 Clay 163 Iron Ore 84 Overburden 85 Gypsum 12

Table 3.1 Moisture Content

3.3 PLANT SYSTEMS

The proposed plant layout is enclosed as Drg. No. 04184-05-3.1 and the proposedplant system is depicted in Drg. Nos. 04184-05-3.2 to 3.11. The system isdescribed hereunder:

3.3.1 MIX (LIMESTONE/CLAY/OVERBURDEN) CRUSHING

The capacity of the crusher has been considered as 2,000 tph, which is a standardsize for crusher. The increased capacity of 2000 tph shall also take care of higherpercentage of limestone addition (say upto 11%) in future. The brief technical detailsof the proposed crushing system are as under:

Type Of Crusher : Single Stage Hammer Crusher

Crusher Location : In Plant

Feed Size : ROM Limestone 1500 x 1500 x 1200 mm

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Output Size : 95 % (-) 60 mm

Crusher Feed : Two dump hoppers (one for limestone and second forHoppers clay and overburden)

Hoppers Extraction : Heavy Duty Apron Feeders

Crusher Discharge Short belt of 2,000 mm width. This conveyor shallSystem feed into cross belt conveyor. On-line PGNAA analyser

has been considered on the cross belt conveyor fromthe crusher. Cross belt conveyor feeds the transportconveyor to mix stockpile.

Transportation to : Crushed mix (limestone/clay/overburden) shall bestockpile transported to mix stockpile with the help of belt

conveyor. Provision of bypassing the mix bed shall beprovided for the limestone to be used as correctiveand additive. The additive limestone shall then betransported to the additive crusher for furthercrushing to a size of (-) 25 mm suitable for cementgrinding mills.

Environmental : Element controlled is fugitive dust from crusher andControl transfer points. Method of control adopted is with the

help of bag filters.

3.3.2 MIX (UMESTONE/CLAY/OVERBURDEN) PRE- BLENDING STOCKPILE

A covered circular mix stockpile of 1 X 52,000 t has been considered. The capacity ofstacker shall be 2,500 tph considering a safety factor of 1.25 over crusher capacity.The required capacity of reclaimer shall be around 1200 tph keeping in view theoption of installing a second line in future and also the time for switching from oneline to another. The broad technical details of the system under installation are asfollows:

Storage Capacity : 1 x 52,000 t

Stacking Capacity : 2,500 tph

Type of Stacker Luffing Boom

Reclaim Capacity : 1,200 tph

Type of Reclaimer : Bridge Reclaimer

The reclaimed limestone/ clay mix shall be transported to the raw mill feed binbuilding with the help of a mix reclaim belt conveyor. Environmental controlmeasures include totally covered mix storage area and installation of bag filter at rawmill feed bin.

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3.3.3 ADDITIVE CRUSHING

The project envisages independent crushing system for additives. Two additivesnamely Limestone and Gypsum shall be required for producing Portland Cement asper Nigerian Standards. As per Nigerian standards, gypsum addition of 5% isadmissible while limestone can additionally be added to the extent of 5% in the finalproduct.

However, it is recommended to install an additive crusher considering limestoneaddition upto around 10-11% keeping in view the possibility of increase in limit oflimestone addition. The required crusher capacity shall be around 600 tph. The brieftechnical details of the proposed crushing system are as under:

Type Of Crusher : Single Stage Hammer Crusher

Crusher Location : In Plant

Feed Size : 300 x 300 x 300

Output Size : 95 % (-) 25 mm

Crusher Feed Hopper : One dump hopper

Hopper Extraction : Heavy Duty Apron Feeder

Crusher Discharge : Short belt conveyorSystem

Transportation to : Crushed material shall be transported to stockpilestockpile with the help of belt conveyor.

Environmental : Element controlled is fugitive dust from crusher andControl transfer points. Method of control adopted is with the

help of bag filters.

3.3.4 CORRECTIVE AND ADDITIVE STORAGE

A common storage is envisaged for correctives and additives. The limestonerequirement for fine correction of the mix material before raw material grinding shallalso be sourced from this stockpile itself. Hence, it is proposed to install 2 x 3,500 tpile for limestone, 1 x 3,000 t pile for iron ore and 1 x 13,000 t for gypsum.

Stacking shall be with the help of luffing boom stacker and reclaiming by "sidescraper". This solution allows flexibility in adjusting the material storages spaces asper operational needs.

The capacity of stacker shall be around 850 tph considering safety margin over thecrusher capacity and additional handling of iron ore. The reclaimer capacity shall bearound 425-450 tph considering the various materials to be handled, time for shiftingfrom one pile to another and possible addition of second line in future.

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Environmental control is by virtue of having totally closed "material storage shed",bag filters at transfer points and bag filters at all discharge points of conveyors.

3.3.5 RAW MATERIAL DRYING AND GRINDING

Vertical Roller Mill (VRM) with Dynamic Separator has been considered for drying andgrinding of the raw materials. The mill rated output, at 15% residue on 90 micron,shall be 480 tph. Vertical Roller Mill with Dynamic Separator of 480 tph has beenconsidered for drying and grinding of the raw materials (limestone and correctives).The brief technical details of the raw mill drying & grinding system are as follows:

Raw Mill Hoppers : 3 steel mill feed bins {one for raw material mix (600 m3),

corrective limestone (300 m3) and iron ore (160 m3)} ofmass flow design have been considered. As per raw mixonly three components are required namely mix oflimestone, overburden and clay, iron ore and correctivelimestone.

Raw Mill Feeding : Apron weigh feeders have been considered for extractionof mix and corrective limestone, while belt weigh feederis foreseen for extraction of iron ore. Feed to the millshall be controlled with the help of these weigh feeders.

Drying : Hot gases from the kiln shall be used for drying of rawmaterials in the raw mill.

Mill System : The VRM has an external recirculation of 100 tph (rated)and a capacity of 300 tph (max). External recirculation isachieved by removing the oversize particles from millbottom by a vibrating conveyor and elevating the sameto the mill feed belt conveyor by a chain type bucketelevator.

Product Collection : A high efficiency cyclone system has been considered forproduct collection. Air flow through the mill and cycloneis with the help of a variable speed mill fan.

Raw meal, collected from the cyclones shall betransported to the homogenising silo feeding systemwith the help of airslide(s).

Mill Dedusting : The solution envisaged for dedusting of raw mill gasesafter mill cyclones, is with gas conditioning tower andElectrostatic Precipitator (ESP).

Since the entire mill system is a closed system and operating under negativepressure, environmental control is by dedusting of cyclone gases followed by an ESP.

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3.3.6 RAW MEAL BLENDING AND KILN FEED

A 20,000 t continuous flow blending silo has been considered. Pneumatic systemrequires higher energy in comparison to a mechanical bucket elevator system.Therefore, a mechanical conveying system with belt bucket elevator is proposed.Installation of a mechanical system, both for silo feeding as well as preheaterfeeding, is suggested. In addition, the kiln feed system shall be provided withgravimetric control by installation of a solid flow meter at the discharge point of thekiln feed bin airslides.

3.3.7 PREHEATER, PRECALCINER, KILN, COOLER

For the proposed clinkerisation capacity of 6,250 tpd, a rotary kiln in conjunctionwith a five stage preheater-preclaciner and grate cooler is envisaged. As suggestedfor the raw mill, Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) shall be installed for dedusting of rawmill kiln system.

A separate system for handling of kiln dust, comprising of screw conveyor, chainconveyor, bucket elevator and kiln dust bin has been proposed. For dedusting ofcooler vent gases, an Electrostatic Precipitator has been considered. Clinker transportfrom cooler to clinker silo has been considered to be with the help of pan conveyor.Pan conveyors are sized with a capacity of 260 tph (nominal) and 520 tph (max).

3.3.8 CLINKER STORAGE

RCC construction clinker silo of 1 x 55,000 t is considered. For transport of clinkerfrom clinker storage to cement mill bin(s), pan conveyors have been considered. Ithas been observed that quite often fresh clinker needs to be ground, in which case,belt conveyor failures may happen. Installation of pan conveyors for this dutyapplication can eliminate this problem.

3.3.9 CEMENT GRINDING SYSTEM

Close Circuit Ball Mills of 2 x 175 tph capacity is proposed for the project in order totake care of clinker factor of 84% in cement in future. Broad technical features ofeach of the two cement mill systems are as follows:

Cement Mill Bin(s) : 3 bins for each mill system comprising of 1 x 200 tcapacity for clinker, 1 x 150 t for gypsum and 1 x 300 tfor high grade limestone

Cement Mill : Apron weighfeeders have been considered for extractionFeeding of clinker, while belt weighfeeder is foreseen for

extraction of gypsum and additive limestone. Feed tothe mill shall be controlled with the help of theseweighfeeders.

Mill System : The ball mill has an external recirculation of around 500tph (rated) and a capacity of 600 tph (max). A chaintype bucket elevator coupled with airslides achievesexternal recirculation.

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Product Collection : A high efficiency separator in conjunction with cyclonesystem has been considered for product collection.

Cement collected from the cyclones shall be transportedto the cement silo feeding system with the help ofairslide(s).

Mill Dedusting The solution envisaged for dedusting of cement millgases is with a bagfilter.

The separator circuit shall also be dedusted by means ofbagfilter.

3.3.10 CEMENT STORAGE

3 x 20,000 t RCC construction cement storage silo has been considered. Cementfrom the grinding system is transported to the silo with the help of airslides andbucket elevator. From the silo, cement shall be transported to the packers and bulkloading, with the help of a set of airslides and bucket elevators.

3.3.11 CEMENT DISPATCH

4 x 120 tph electronic 8 spout roto packers have been considered. 4 x 2 truckloaders shall be provided for loading bags onto trucks. From the packer outlet uptoloading of the packed bags into the trucks, suitable system with flat belts anddivertors has been considered. Further provision for bulk loading shall also beprovided keeping in view the demand for bulk cement in Nigeria. It is envisaged toinstall 2 x 150 tph bulk loading facilities. Two bins of around 50 t capacity each havebeen considered per loading spout for intermediate storage of cement. Cement fromthe cement silo shall be transported to the packers and bulk loading with the help ofa set of airslides and bucket elevator.

3.3.12 FUEL STORAGE AND FIRING

Natural gas shall be used a primary fuel. For heavy fuel oil, a storage tank of 5,000 tshall be provided and also a day oil tank of 500 t shall be installed. Natural gas shallbe supplied directly to the plant from the gas fields by underground pipelines. GasPressure reduction station shall be established in the plant for this purpose. Suitableoil unloading facilities from bulk tankers shall also be installed.

The fuel firing equipment shall comprise of:

o One complete combined oil/gas firing system for rotary kiln burner

Li One complete combined oil/gas firing system for precalciner burner.

The firing system shall include required oil pumps, filters, pipes, valves, safetyinstruments etc. for heavy fuel oil which shall be used as start-up fuel and also asprimary fuel during natural gas supply emergencies.

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3.4 RAW MATERIAL SOURCES

The raw material requirements of the proposed plant are to be met from differentsources given in Table 3.2.

Sn Material Source Source Distance RemarksCategory Locality from

plant(Krn)

01 Limestone Captive Mfamosing 3 The crusher located inConcession the plant would be

connected to theworking pit by road.

02 Clay/ Captive Mfamosing 3 The clay/ overburdenOverburden Concession soil is considered toSoil be used as a

corrective.03 Iron stone Captive Mfamosing 5 Iron stone is located

Concession in the NE part of thedeposit area andconsidered to be usedas a corrective.

04 Gypsum Purchased Bauchi 500 The quality of localState/ gypsum isImport heterogeneous.

Import has beenconsidered as analternative.

Table 3.2: Raw Material Sources for the Proposed Plant

3.4.1 MFAMOSING LIMESTONE DEPOSITS

Named after the prominent village in the locality, the deposit area is locatedapproximately 30 km north east of the Calabar City, the capital of Cross River State.Calabar City, situated on the banks of Calabar river, is about 30 km inland of the Gulfof Guinea, in the delta formed by the Cross river and the Calabar river. The deposit iscurrently approachable by the Calabar- Ekang Highway. The highway passes alongthe western boundary of the concession area.

Mineral Concession Status

For grant of an Exclusive Prospecting Licence (EPL) and a Mining Lease (ML), thefollowing sequential procedural steps are required:

Li Agreement with the individual landowners of the area and social communities forland falling within the concession area

o Letter of Approval from the Local Government for EPL/ ML

o Approval from the Forest Department for the EPL/ ML area

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o Grant of EPL/ ML from the Ministry of Solid Mineral Development, FederalGovernment

UNICEM is in the process of obtaining EPL/ ML over the potential part of the depositarea as given in Table 3.3.

Concession Area in Period RemarksCategory Hectares of Grant

(Years)ML 131.639 21 Application is under process at the Federal

Govt. levelEPL 1190.308 2 Application is under process at the State/

Federal Govt. levelSpecial ML 881.000 21 ML has been granted

Table 3.3: Concession Areas of UNICEM

The EPL area would need to be converted to ML/ Special ML after the prospectingoperation. The concession area covers the potential part of the deposit and isconsidered adequate for the project.

Exploration

The concession area includes the old concession area of the Calabar CementCompany Limited (CALCEMCO) measuring 18.9 hectares. Taking into account theraw mix design considered in 3.2 the requirement of limestone works out toapproximately 3.43 mio tpa. Given the reserve estimate of 138.24 mio t, the depositlife of the limestone works out to over 40 years. In the event of marl usage, thedeposit life will be over 50 years.

Deposit Description

The limestone deposit forms a part of a chain of hillocks of low to moderate relief,rising above the ground level. The hillocks are invariably covered with siliceous soil.In certain parts of the area, remnants of shale hillocks are also observed overlimestone.

The Mfamosing limestone deposit, having one of the purest limestone horizons inNigeria, belongs to the Odukpani formations of the Cenomanian period of theCretaceous era. The local lithological sequence is given in the sketch shown below.

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Existing Quarry of CALCEMCO_ < -~~~~--__- -- - - -- - -

s=L O O C V ~~~~~~~~-------- - - -

80-

AWI Sandstone and Basement Complex

INDEX1 1 Overburden

Ekenkpon Shale/ ClayContaminated LimestoneLimestone

Overburden

Alluvium soil - Siliceous alluvium soil of brownish colour, of thickness ranging from 1-

5 m, covers the deposit area.

Ekenkpon Shale

Shale is light grey, organic rich, thinlybedded and fissile. It is soft andhomogenous in nature and rich in pyrite inthe basal layers. The total thickness of K-

shale may be 80 - 60 m in the concessionarea. However, it has been denuded fromthe limestone horizon leaving beds ofshallow thickness and isolated remnants of '.--?E

shale hillocks. Plate 3.1 shows a view of W' 9 5the shale deposit. Plate 3.1: Ekenkpon Shale

Mfamosing Limestone

The limestone is light grey/ yellowish light grey in colour, compact, fossiliferous and

X ~ L ), ,|t I-

i ~~ ~ - -- -

Plate 3.2: Limestone Outcrops in Plate 3.3 Old CALCEMCO Quarrythe form of Pillarm

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uniform. Though the limestone has been reported to be several hundred meters inthickness, a thickness of more than 80 m has been confirmed in the boreholes drilledso far. However, significant variations in thickness in the strike direction are expectedalong with facies changes. Due to complicated horst and graben structure,interlayers of sandstone are expected within the limestone. The limestone isstromatolitic in the basal part. The limestone can be observed in the old pit ofCALCEMCO quarry (Plate 3.3) as well as in outcrops occurring in the form of pillarsof 10-15 m above the ground level (Plate 3.2).

Netim Marl

Relatively homogenous, sandy limestone is -underlies the Ekenkpon shale. The marlis light brown in colour. The contact of a

Netim marl with Ekenkpon shale isgradational. The marl unit is shown in t -Plate 3.4. -_

QualityThe quality of the different lithounits of l Plate 3.4: Netim Marlinterest is established from the different investigations as described below:

Run of Mine (ROM) fed to the CALCEMCO Plant

The mining operations in the old pit located in the concession area started in 1965 tofeed the Calabar cement plant, which continued operations upto 1988 for meetingthe limestone requirement of the cement plant and subsequently the steel plant forsupply of BF and SMS grade limestone. The mean and standard deviation of thelimestone supplies fed to the cement plant during Feb - Oct 1972 are given in Table3.4.

Compositio %Constituents Copstion (0/a) SiO2 A1203 Fe2O3 CaO MgO 1O0

Mean 9.93 3.80 0.60 46.40 0.64 37.70

Standard Deviation 1.31 0.60 0.20 0.96 0.17 1.44

Table 3.4: Statistics of the Quality of ROM Fed to CALCEMCO Plant

It may be noted, that during the above period, only 11 m thickness of limestoneband was under exploitation. Further, in the upper 4-5 m thickness of limestone,cavities were formed under the influence of ground water, which were subsequentlyfilled with solution clays and scree. This effect was more prominent in the upper 5 mpart of the deposit, which was exploited separately. The chemical analysis of theupper zone, is given in Table 3.5.

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Composition (°/O)Sub litho-unit SiO2 A120 Fe2O3 CaO MgO S03 K20 Na2O LOI

3

Upper 2.80 0.90 1.10 51.50 1.00 1.60 ND ND 41.00Limestone (2 m)Sub-segment 40.30 7.90 0.90 25.80 0.20 1.50 1.16 0.12 21.80Limestone (3 m)Sample No. 1Sub-segment 14.82 2.94 0.85 41.88 0.54 ND 0.53 ND NDLimestone (3 m)Sample No. 2

Table 3.5 : Quality of Upper 5 m part of Limestone deposit

Further, in course of the investigations of the deposit, Holcim collected and analyzedsurface samples from different parts of the deposit. The analysis is given in Table3.6.

Composition (%)Material LOI SiO2 A1,03 Feo 2 CaO MgO SO3 KaO Na2O P2Os Mn2OA TIO2 Ci

Oolitic 43.09 0.60 0.19 0.10 55.02 0.30 0.12 0.05 <0.05 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.005

LimestoneMassive 42.38 1.73 0.45 0.26 53.79 0.42 0.21 0.12 <0.05 0.04 0.15 0.03 0.005

Limestone

Massive 42.55 0.42 0.14 0.15 55.00 0.28 1.06 0.02 <0.005 0.03 0.09 0.01 0.005

Limestone I I I I

Avg. 42.67 0.92 0.26 0.17 54.60 0.33 0.46 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.01

Netim 34.33 15.25 3.75 0.66 42.35 0.61 0.24 1.09 0.76 0.19 0.02 0.12 0.005

Marl

Netim 24.43 33.10 6.52 1.27 29.62 0.73 0.32 1.84 1.28 0.25 0.05 0.18 <0.005

Marl I

Table 3.6 Quality of Surface Samples

The chemical analysis of the drill hole core samples is currently in progress. Thetypical analysis of the sample analysis collected from Drill Hole DH-01 (Marl) and DrillHole DH-05 (limestone) is given in Table 3.7.

Material s ,Composition ( I)Maeral LO SOsl 123 F20 CaO |M90 lSO] | KAO NaxO |P,,Os nO LO

Marl 23.99 31.89 7.16 1.24 29.67 1.06 0.74 l 2.10 1.49 0.24 0.04 0.23 l 0.006

Limestone 42.74 0.98 0.20 _0.17 55.16 0.28 0.28 0.06 - 0.05 0.08 0.01 0.006

Table 3.7: Quality of Borehole Core Samples

From the above, it may be observed that limestone is relatively pure and, being highin CaO and low in SiO2, A1203 and Fe2O3, shall require suitable correctives forcompensating these deficiencies.

3.4.2 GREY SHALE (CLAY) AND OVERBURDEN SOIL

As discussed earlier, a part of the area is covered by grey shale (clay) and siliceoussoil overburden. The samples collected from these lithounits were analysed byHolcim, the results being shown in Table 3.8.

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Material Chemical Composition (%)LOI so2 A120°J Fe,03 CaO MgO SO K,0 NaO I P205 Mn,O TIO, CI

Grey shale 9.67 59.30 20.08 3.45 0.65 070 3.13 3.92 0.06 0.26 0.01 0.97 0.01

Overburden 5.16 78.72 11.16 3.44 0.09 0.11 0.04 0.25 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.61 0.01soil

Table 3.8: Quality of Grey Shale (Clay) and Overburden Soil

The composition of the above materials is suitable to compensate the low SiO2, A1203

and Fe2O3 content of limestone. The higher values of SO3 observed in Grey Shale(Clay) are due to the possible presence of pyrite. The S03 is expected to volatalise

at relatively lower temperatures and therefore, is not expected to cause any

detrimental effects in operations or the quality of clinker.

3.4.3 IRON STONE

Iron stone/ lateritic iron ore has been developed near Mfamosing village. Thistropical weathered material contains hematite and limonite as oxide minerals

carrying iron. The nature of this lateritic iron ore deposit is seen extending over alarge part of area though no systematic investigation has been done in the past.The reported analysis of the material is given below:

Constituents - Composition( 0/a)SiO2 13.12

A1203 8.76

Fe2O3 68.20

CaO 0.47

MgO 0.18

LOI 8.3

Since the iron stone area falls within the concession area, captive exploitation ofROM product is foreseen to meet the quality requirement.

3.4.4 GYPSUM

The gypsum is proposed to be purchased from the Bauchi State, located at adistance of 500 - 600 km from the proposed plant site. The gypsum layers arereported to occur on the surface and are being excavated on a small scale by local

communities.

On account of unsystematic mining, coupled with the heterogeneous quality of

formation, the gypsum quality is variable. The sample analysis of the suppliesreceived by the UNICEM grinding plant at Calabar is given in Table 3.9.

Parameters Composition (%/c)

Sample Si Sample S2

Gypsum (CaSO 42H 20) 82.82 65.83

Anhydrite (CaSO 4) 7.37

SiO2 + Insoluble 4.44 13.33

R203 (Iron + Alumina) 0.00 2.22

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Parameters CompositionSample Si Sample S2

CaCO 3 5.53 14.50

MgCO3 0.00 2.32

NaCI Traces

Table 3.9: Quality of Local Gypsum

In view of the heterogeneity in quality, use of local gypsum in the plant could beconstrained. As an alternative to local gypsum, import of gypsum could beconsidered.

3.4.5 FUEL

Use of natural gas as fuel has been considered for the plant. Composition of naturalgas, which would be available to the plant are given in Table 3.10.

Composition Mole (%)

Methane Cl 82.0 to 94.0

Ethane C2 3.0 to 6.0

Propane C3 0.1 to 2.0

Butanes C4 0.1 to 0.7

Pentanes C5 0.1 to 0.2

Hexanes-plus C8+ 0.0 to 0.2

Inert Gas N2 - not more than 15 mole percentHydrocarbon liquids and water - Gas shall be free of hydrocarbon and water inliquid phase at the delivery pointSulphur - not more than 10 parts per million (ppm) of hydrogen sulphide and notmore than 15 ppm of total sulphur.Gross Heating valueNet less than (35.394 MJ/scm) = 8453 Kcal/ scm-9600 kcal/ kg (Density 0.88 kg/m3 at 1.013 ATM Pressure and 15°C Temp)

Table 3.10 : Characteristics of Natural Gas

3.5 UTILITIES

3.5.1 POWER

The maximum power demand for the proposed plant is estimated at about 35MW.The power demand for the plant shall be met from the gas turbine based captivepower plant of 2 x 20 MW with one no. 6 MW DG set. Normal operation of the plantshall be operating 2 nos. gas turbine and in the event of outage of gas turbine forannual maintenance, power demand shall be met by running gas turbine in parallelwith gas turbine. The design of gas turbine shall be such that it allows using heavyfuel oil and/ or natural gas as fuel.

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3.5.2 WATER SUPPLY

Water supply shall be met from ground water sources. A water distribution systemhas been considered in the plant which shall include:

o Process Water Circuit

o3 Cooling water (required for machine cooling). Make-up water shall be providedwhile re-circulating water shall be in a closed loop

o Potable Water (for drinking, etc.)

Treatment facilities based on the quality of water shall be considered. Theapproximate requirement of water considering water for drinking and sanitation isaround 3,000 m3/day.

3.5.3 COMPRESSED AIR SUPPLY

It is proposed to install compressors/ roots blowers, for compressed airrequirements, at two centralised locations in the plant. One compressed air stationshall cater upto clinkerisation and the other shall cater to the cement mill/ packingplant area.

3.5.4 AUXILIARY INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILrTES

Auxiliary infrastructural facilities have been adequately considered to meet the plantrequirements. They are:

o Machinery Stores

o Workshop

o Time and Security Office

Li Weighbridge

o Passenger-cum-Goods Lift for Preheater Tower

o Bags Godown

o Canteen

o Clinic

3.5.5 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT

Estimated effluent generated from the plant shall be about 500 m3/day, which shallbe mainly from domestic usages, from water treatment plant and blow downs fromCPP. This water shall be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) which shall consistof primary treatment to tertiary treatment and treated water shall be utilized in dustsuppression, greenbelt development and in process to the extent possible.

3.5.6 FIRE ALARM AND FIGHTING SYSTEM

For detection of fires in electrical buildings, cable cellars, switchgear rooms, controlrooms etc., suitable designed detectors shall be installed. Multizone type fire alarmpanel shall be deployed for audio-visual alarm.

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A complete fire fighting system shall be provided comprising of:

o A suitable high pressure system of fire hydrants consisting of suitable number offire hydrants.

L A complete separate fire fighting water piping network for feeding the hydrants.

Li Heavy duty ABC powder type fire extinguishers shall be hung at particularlyimportant electrical equipment areas.

L Portable CO2 extinguishers shall be provided throughout the plant.

L Automatic fire extinguishing system using water shall be considered for emptybags store in the packing plant.

3.5.7 LABORATORY

The laboratory shall be equipped for testing of raw materials, fuel, clinker, additivesand cement for sample preparation as well as chemical and physical testing.

The proposed frequency of testing shall be as follows:

Automatic TestingMaterial ;No mpl Trans- Sample Testing Frequency Test` , Test

port 04repz. at each' pet -. pr(1 abIebl) positin ho'uri,' hour

* ______ _____ _______ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~Rb ess

On-site

Stockpile I Cross- PGNAA Real time

belt chem.-I- ~~~~~ ~~comp - _ _ _ _ _ _

Cement 2 Auto Particle Real time

Mills sizedistribution

Central automated laboratory

Raw Meal 2 Auto Auto Auto XRF 1/lh 2 1Fineness 1/2h

Kiln Feed 2 Auto Auto Auto XRF 1/2h 1 1

Fineness 1/2h

Hot Meal 4 Auto Auto Auto XRF 1/4h 1Clinker 1 Auto Auto Auto XRF/XRD 1/h 1

Cement 4 Auto Auto Auto XRF 1/h 4 4Fineness 1/h

Misc. = Manual Auto XRF/XRD 3/h 3 6

_________ I I_ _ _ __ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ T otal 12 6

Manual Testing

Material No Sampling 'Transport Testing Frequency ateach positIon

Raw Meal 2 Auto Auto Moisture 1/day or on requestFuel Oil 1 Auto Manual Moisture, 1/day or on request

Calorific value

Natural 1 Auto Manual Moisture, 1/day or on requestGas Calorific value

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The automated laboratory shall include testing facilities for chemical analysis andfree lime (KRF/XRD Spectrometers) and for fineness (laser granulometer). Thisshallbe complemented by local in-line fineness analyser for cement.

The main equipment for chemical laboratory are muffle furnace, drying oven,hotplate, electric distillation apparatus, analytical balance, precision balance,porcelain plate and desiccant, potentiometer etc.

The main equipment for physical laboratory are precision balance, fully automaticmortar mixture, flow table pedestal, flow table motorized with automatic counters,hydraulic compressive testing machine, thermhygrographs, hot plate, Le Chatelierflask, autoclave machine, blaine apparatus, sieves etc.

Apart from the above mentioned equipment, other minor equipment are glassware,polyethylene containers, scoops, porcelain dishes, funnels, indicator paper etc.

3.6 MANPOWER

The manpower requirement for the operation of the plant is foreseen as 474. Abroad breakdown is shown below:

o Top Management : 9

o Middle Management : 17

o Supervisors : 23

o Specialists/ Engineers : 39

o Labor : 386

Total 474

These numbers do not include logistics/ packing staff and other contracted services,such as security, cleaning, canteen, clinic, etc.

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CHAPTER-4BASELINE ENVIRONMENT


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4. BASELINE ENVIRONMENT

4.1 PREAMBLE

In order to assess the baseline environmental status in the study area, site visitswere made and a comprehensive primary and secondary data collectionprogramme was undertaken during the study period. The environmentalcomponents considered include:

o Physical/chemical components: soil, geology, surface/ground water resources,water/air quality, noise, radioactivity and climatology

o Land use, vegetation, forestry, wildlife and archeology

o Biological environment: which includes flora i.e. trees and grasses; fauna i.e.,fish, hyper fauna, mammals, threatened and/ or endangered species (plants/animals), species diversity, overall ecosystem stability, etc.

c Socio-economic components: distribution economics indicative of humanwelfare i.e. education system, transportation networks and other infrastructurelike water supply, public services-security, fire protection and medical facilitiesand health impact.

The primary and secondary data were monitored/ collected by M/s JawuraEnvironmental Services Ltd, Nigeria during the period 2004/2005. The baselineinformation for the study area is presented in the following sections:

4.2 GEOLOGY & HYDROLOGY

Limestone at Mfamosing is noted to be the largest and purest (over 97%) depositin Nigeria. It is about 50 m thick at the quarry site and another carbonate bodyoccurs in the subsurface that is 450 m thick.

Geophysical investigations involving Schlumberger vertical electrical soundings(VES) for subsurface stratigraphic sequence delineation were carried out whichinvolved the electrical resistivity method. The study area marked on the map ofCross River State is shown in Fig. 4.1.

During the investigation, a low frequency electric current (I) was passed into theground through a pair of current electrodes while the resulting potential difference(AV), was measured across another pair of potential electrodes located within thecurrent electrode pair. The inter-electrode spacing (AB/2) was varied from 1 m to100 m with a maximum total spread length of 200 m. The apparent resistivityvalues were calculated from the equation:

Pa = 7RL2/21

where Pa is the apparent resistivity

o R is the ground resistance (R=AV/I, where AV is the potential difference and Iis the energizing current)

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• L (AB/2) is half the current-current electrode spacing

• I is half the potential-potential electrode spacing

• Tt is a constant (22/7).

A sum total of ten (10) test points were occupied within the proposed factorylocation and quarry site.

Preliminary quantitative interpretation of the VES curves involved segment bysegment interpretation of the sounding curves, starting from small electrodespacing and progressing gradually to large spacing. Two Layer model curves andthe auxiliary curves were used. The partial curve matching interpretation results(layer resistivities and thicknesses) were refined through a computer iterationtechnique involving W-GeoSoft/ WinSev 5.1 software. The VES interpretationresults are presented in Table 4.1.

VES Depth (m) Resistivity (ohmrnm)No. d1id2/dii ..... /dw, P l /N/03/....z-1Pn

1 1.0/4.2 129/192 0.5/1.6/4.5 65/25/482/753 2.1/5.7/25 139/37/34 0.5/5.3/9.3 142/30/267/155 2.8/25 113/6/1246 0.4/2.9/6.9 89/43/444/187 1.3/2.8/12 70/207/388 0.5/7.3 84/41/1139 1/2.4/9/28 97/9/28/910 1.2/22 77/14

Source: Field Survey, 2004.

Table 4.1 : VES Interpretation Results

Regional Geology

The regional geological sequence in the study area (Fig. 4.2) is composed of theQuaternary and Tertiary Formations. The sequence, the subdivisions and thedescription of the lithological units are contained in Table 4.2.

GEOLOGiC UNIT SUBDIVISION'' I . COMPoSrrIoN ,QUATERNARY Recent Sediment- Fine-medium-coarse grained unconsolidated

Alluvial Deposits sands forming lenticular beds withintercalations of peat and lenses ofsoft/plastic silty clay and shales.

TERTIARY Coastal Plain Sands Mainly sands with shale intercalations. It iscoarse grained, gravelly, locally finegrained, poorly sorted, sub- angular to wellrounded and bears lignite streaks and woodfragments.

Imo Clay-Shale Group Composed mainly of clays and shales withLimestone

Source: Jones and Hockey, 1964; Short and Stauble, 1967; Asseez, 1976; Longe et. al.,1987 and Offodile, 1992

Table 4.2: The Regional Geologic Sequence in the Study Area

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Local Geology

The plant site is underlain by the coastal plain sands while the quarry site isunderlain by the Imo Clay-Shale Group. The lithological units are as described inTable 4.2. The sands constitute the aquifer units with confined characteristic. Figs.4.3, 4.4 and 4.5 display the geoelectric sections developed from VES dataobtained from the study area. The subsurface geologic sequence is composed ofsands and clay/ sandy clay. The geoelectric characteristics are found to be asfollows:

1st Layer:

o Topsoil: Clay

o Resistivity: 77 - 97 ohm-m; Thickness: 1.0 - 1.2 m

2nd Layer:

o Clay/Shale

o Resistivity: 9 - 28 ohm-m; Thickness: 20.8 - 27 m

3rd Layer:

o Limestone

o Depth to Rockhead: 22 - 28 m

Hydrology

In the coastal plain sands, the sands constitute the aquifer units. They are porousand permeable with capacity for high groundwater yield. At the factory site thedelineated upper sand is confined by 1.1 - 22.9 m thick clay/sandy clayoverburden. The only aquiferous zones within the Imo Clay-Shale Group are lensesof sand within the clays/ shales or dissolved/ fractured limestone column.

Recharges and Discharges

The potential sources of aquifer recharge in the project area include surfaceprecipitation (rainfall), lateral water movement from Calabar River and basalgroundwater flow. Discharge sources include groundwater abstraction fromboreholes to be located within the project area and evapotranspiration.

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4.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY

The resistivities of sediments are mostly influenced by the degree of fluidsaturation and the chemistry of the saturating fluid. The higher the concentrationof the dissolved solute (e.g. chloride), the lower is the resistivity of the sediments.

The resistivities of the sand aquifer within the upper 30 m of the subsurface varyand this range of values correlates with Angenheister, (1982) fresh water fine -medium - coarse sand resistivity values. Both sites investigated show significantlythick clay/ sandy clay column that could have acted as natural filter (sealant) forpollutant that may have been disposed on bare ground. At the plant site, concretepavements are also common feature which could have acted as sealant.

Evaluation of Overburden Protective Capacity

The earth medium acts as a natural filter to percolating fluid (e.g. pollutant). Itsability to retard and filter percolating fluid is a measure of its protective capacity.The protective capacity of an overburden overlying an aquifer is according toHenriet (1976), proportional to its hydraulic conductivity. But high clay contentsgenerally correspond with low resistivities and low hydraulic conductivities. Hencethe protective capacity of the overburden could be considered as beingproportional to the longitudinal unit conductance (S), defined as the ratio of theoverburden (i.e. material overlying the aquifer) thickness to its resistivity. Inessence, the higher the overburden longitudinal conductance, the higher is theprotective capacity. The protective capacity ratings (refer Table 4.3) that wereused in this study are based on Henriet (1976).

The upper sand aquifer is overlain by a variably thick clay/ sandy clay overburdenwhose longitudinal conductances are presented in Table 4.4.

LONGITUDINAL CONDUCTANCE; (mhos) PROTECTIVE CAPACITY. RATING 1> 10 Very Good

1.1 - 10 Very Good0.05 - 1 Medium< 0.05 Weak

Source: Field Survey, 2004

Table 4.3: Longitudinal Conductance/ Protective Capacity Rating

VES No. OverburdenThickness".' L,oniltudinal Conductance Protective

(in) r (mhos) Capacity

1 42.0 2.17 Good2 1.6 0.052 Medium3 25.0 6.14 Good4 5.3 0.16 Medium5 25.0 3.89 Good

6 2.9 0.063 Medium7 12.0 0.27 Medium

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VES No. OverburdenThickness Longitudinal Conductance Protective

(m) (mhos) Capacity8 7.3 0.17 Medium9 28.0 2.5 Good10 22.0 1.5 Good

Source: Field Survey, 2004

Table 4.4. Overburden Longitudinal Conductance and the ProtectiveCapacity Rating of the Sampled Stations

The above tables show that, the overburden protective capacity ratings within thepremises of the plant/quarry site are generally medium - good. The groundwater inthe upper sand aquifer beneath the plant site is not susceptible to surface or near-surface sourced pollutants.

4.4 SURFACE WATER QUALITY

The physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water in the study area weredetermined using various standard analytical methods. Subsurface water sampleswere collected at each sampled station along the pond and streams into samplecontainers and bottom sediment samples from each water sampled area, werecollected with a Van Veen bottom grab. Standard recommended methods ofwater/ waste water analysis by the American Public Health Association (APHA)were used in this study.

Results and Discussion

The physico-chemical results of the surface water samples are compared withWHO limits for drinking water quality and maximum allowable concentration forfisheries and aquatic life, since it is used for domestic purposes (including drinkingpurposes) and fisheries. The surface water samples do not satisfy maximumallowable concentration for fisheries and aquatic life due to high TDS, COD, andBOD values as well as low DO value.

The physico-chemical results of the stream water samples are compared with WHOlimits for drinking water quality since this is the source of water used for domesticand drinking purposed by the community. The stream water samples exceptAbifam stream with low pH are chemically fit for drinking since they satisfy WHOlimits for drinking water quality.

4.5 SOIL RESISTIVITY, CORROSIVITY & EARTHING

The formation of corrosion cells which could lead to severe corrosion failures areknown to be associated with low resistivities. Low electrical resistivities areindicative of good electrical conducting paths arising from reduced aeration,increased electrolyte saturation or high concentration of dissolved salts in soils.The subsoil resistivity within the depth range of 0 - 1.5 m within which metal pipes orelectrical cables are likely to be buried varies from 19 - 274 ohm-m. Based on Table

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4.5, soils within the proposed project area are slightly to moderately corrosive.Buried metallic pipes and tanks are therefore susceptible to corrosion. Unless properlycoated, previously buried metal pipes and tanks in the project area if any would haveto be checked for level of corrosion. New metal pipes and tanks to be buriedunderground must therefore be protected against corrosion.

Soil Resistivity (ohm-m) Soil CorrosivityUp to 10 Very strongly corrosive (VSC)10 - 60 Moderately corrosive (MC)60 - 180 Slightly corrosive (SC)180 and above Practically non-corrosive (PNC)

Source: (Based on Baeckmann and Schwenk, 1975; and Agunloye, 1984).

Table 4.5: Classification of Soil Resistivity in terms of its Corrosivity

Heavy electrical transformers (high voltage sub-stations) require to be properlyearthed. This is to avoid discharges of excess charges through electric spark withattendant damages to such electrical systems and danger to the operators. Theearthing medium must have high electrical conductivity or low electrical resistivity.Clays are characterized by layer resistivity values in the 1 - 100 ohm-m range. Thesubsoils within the upper 5 m, within which transformers would be earthed, aremainly composed of clays/ sandy clays with layer resistivity values generallyvarying from 6 - 274 ohm-m. These subsoils are generally good earthing medium.

4.6 SOIL QUALITY

Composite Samples were taken randomly within the open and undeveloped portionof the project area. The location was divided into six quadrants, while sampleswere taken in each of the quadrants. The various samples were blended together,wrapped in aluminium foil and carried to the laboratory for analysis andcharacterization.

.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ! - , '? C§' Ut- '~ 4 9'8rUt, GESusU1

ucgr ~ ____W ~iiVcm"6;~us css I=cs ucsiam

pH 5.68 5.36 6.18 5.7 5 .51 5.37 6.67 6.74 6.63 6.48Sand (%) 48 49 48 70 70 68 56 64 56 48Silt (°) 32 9 15 13 13 14 4 11 11 10Clay(%) 20 42 37 17 17 18 40 25 34 42Texture Loam Clay CL SL SL SL Clay SCL CL Clay%Organic 1.23 1.61 2.34 1.44 1.51 1.78 2.76 2.76 3.64 1.62Matter % Total 0.07 0.11 0.09 0.1 0.18 0.22 0.43 0.27 0.17 0.24NitrogenAvailable 10.02 3.25 3.77 2.63 3.42 2.46 6.42 10.52 7.31 7.35Phosphorus

Exchangeable 1.33 0.82 1.66 1.94 2.33 1.73 3.64 2.1 2.24 2Calcium(meqJ100g) Exchangeable 1.11 0.63 0.36 0.64 0.25 1.09 1.74 1.04 0.43 1.02Magnesium(meq/100g)Exchangeable 0.43 0.44 0.18 0.32 0.19 0.42 0.78 0.23 0.08 0.37

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Parameter Sample CodeUCS1 UCS2 UCS3 UCS4 UCS5 UCS6 UCS7 UCSS UCS9 UCS1O

Potassium(meq100g)Exchangeable 0.08 0.27 0.37 0.08 0.1 0.09 0.18 0.36 0.09 0.11Sodium(meci/lOOg)Exchangeable 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Acidity(meqlOOg)Sulphate 35.6 49.4 36 38 39 51 32.6 53.8 56.5 48

(ppm)Note: SL = Sandy Loam; LS = Loamy Sand; CL = Clay Loam; SCL = Sandy Clay LoamKEY:Sampling Location CoordinatesUCS 1 - Mfamosing Quarry: Pond Area N05°0412" E00803221'UCS 2 - Mfamosing Quarry: Office Area N0500408" E00803215'UCS 3 - Mfamosing Quarry: Old Crushing Area N05°0411" E00803207"UCS 4 - Mfamosing Quarry junction from main road to quarry N05°0434" E00803120'UCS 5 - Mfamosing Community: Stream 2(Abifam settlement) N0500456" E00803145'UCS 6 - Mfamosing Community: Stream 1(along main road) N05°0435" E00803109'UCS 7 - New Factory Site (far end- right hand side) N0500403" E00803009"UCS 8 - New Factory site road (middle) N0500407" E00803007'UCS 9 - New Factory site road (far end- left hand side) N05°0411" E008 03001'UCS 10 - New Factory Site junction from main road to the factory N05°0416" E008 02946

Table 4.6: Soil Quality

Results and Discussion

From Table 4.6, it is clear that pH of the soil samples ranges from 5.36 (UCS2) to

6.74 (UCS8). The soil samples which are acidic in nature include soil collected at

sampling locations UCS1, 2, 4, 5 and 6.

The soil samples texture range from sandy loam, loamy sand, clay loam, sandy

clay loam and clay. The percentage organic matter in the samples range from

1.23% (UCS1) to 3.64% (UCS9) while, the sulphate values range from 32.60 ppm

at UCS7 to 56.50 ppm at UCS9.

The ranges of the metals concentrations found in the soil samples are cadmium

(0.3 - 0.7g./9); manganese (86.8 - 154.3}Lg/g); lead (0.33 - 4.43pWg/g); iron

(2436 - 3655.5pg/g); copper (0.54 - 5.42.Lg/g); zinc (1.53 - 3.75itg/g) and nickel

(3.48 - 5.64pLg/g).

4.7 CLIMATE

This region falls within the equatorial hot, wet climatic zone. However, because of

its nearness to the coast, the influence of the on-shore trade winds gives rise to a

modified type of equatorial climate.

The amount of solar radiation reaching the earth's surface is directly influenced by

the duration of sunshine hours per day. In Nigeria, there is a general increase in

the sunshine hours from the Atlantic Ocean to the interior parts of the country

because of the increased levels of cloudiness near the coastal areas. The amount

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of sunshine hours ranges from a minimum of about 1300 hours per annum in theNiger Delta to over 3200 hours in the extreme northeast around Maiduguri area.Calabar experiences approximately 1300 hours of sunshine per annum.

Due to great heat in the equatorial belt, mornings are usually bright and sunny.There is much evaporation and convectional air currents are set up followed byheavy downpours of convectional type of rainfall from towering cumulonimbusclouds. This type of climate usually encourages heavy forested vegetation calledequatorial forest. There is also a high tendency for erosion of unprotected soils.

Temperature

One of the most outstanding features of an equatorial climate is its uniformity oftemperature during most parts of the year. The average annual temperature of thearea is about 270C with maximum of about 320C from February to April and fromOctober to November and with minimum of about 200C from December to Januaryand July to August. The temperature is equable and moderated by cloudiness andheavy precipitation.

Table 4.7 consisting of 15 years data collected by the Nigeria MeteorologicalAgency at the Calabar airport, shows that the average temperature ranges frommaximum of 280C in August to 33.80C in February and minimum ranging from22.40C in January and June to 23.80C in March. The same is depicted in Fig. 4.6.

540

25-6 20

E 15

10

5

J F M A M J J A S 0 N D

Abnths

-MaxTenp -- Mn Temp

Fig. 4.6: Temperature

Relative Humidity

Relative humidity is generally high in Calabar with 71% in the dry month ofJanuary to as high as 92% in August (refer Table 4.7). This is related to therainfall pattern and climate characteristics in Calabar.

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Month Temperature (0C) RelativeMaximum Minimum Humidity t°h)

January 32.1 22.4 71February 33.8 23.6 77March 32.8 23.8 82April 32.2 23.5 83May 31.3 23.3 84June 30.0 22.8 87

July 29.3 22.4 90August 28.0 22.5 92September 29.0 22.6 89October 29.9 22.6 87November 31.0 23.0 86December 31.8 22.8 81

Source: Nigeria Meteorological Agency, Calabar, 2004.

Table 4.7: Temperature and Relative Humidity

Rainfall

As shown in Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.7 & 4.8, there are only three months withrainfall less than 30 mm per month in the dry months of December to February.Rainfall steadily increases from 168 mm in March to 390 mm in June to over 560mm in August after which it drops to 333 mm in October to 160 mm in November.The annual total rainfall in Calabar ranges between 2500 mm to 3700 mm withaverage annual rainfall of about 2900 mm.

- - Number of Rainy Daiy - TotalYqa4 an PI Maa-f, 1X01\MUj 3un, 3JuI 'Aug Sep, Oct' -Niov Dec Total mmfiaf'

1989 Nil Nil 9 17 19 24 25 23 22 18 8 Nil 165 28161990 3 Nil 3 14 23 20 29 23 24 21 20 10 190 27291991 Nil 4 14 18 22 18 27 26 18 23 11 3 184 2662

1992 2 1 11 16 17 20 28 29 25 24 8 Nil 181 2922

1993 1 3 12 15 17 19 22 25 23 20 13 4 174 25111994 2 Nil 13 16 21 21 28 24 25 23 12 Nil 185 2885

1995 Nil 4 17 18 19 24 27 26 24 23 9 3 194 3750

1996 1 6 14 21 19 22 23 28 26 23 4 1 188 32151997 5 Nil 11 14 21 26 28 21 20 21 18 3 188 26961998 4 1 8 17 13 18 24 24 25 26 22 4 186 28121999 7 8 16 14 16 17 24 24 25 29 18 1 199 3002

2000 4 Nil 9 17 19 21 26 23 27 l22 12 2 182 2865

2001 Nil 1 12 19 20 21 20 29 26 23 15 2 188 32022002 2 10 25 21 27 28 24 17 20 10 5 Nil 189 2798

2003 5 7 8 15 14 20 21 27 24 21 15 1 178 2658

Avg. 2 3 12 17 19 21 25 25 24 22 13 3 185 2902

Source: Nigeria MeteorologicalAgency, Calabar, 2004

Table 4.8: Rainfall in the Region

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600 ._l3_E

0E

E20 4 _9_*J F M A M J J A S O N D

Months.

C3 Rainfall

Fig. 4.7: Average Rainfall Pattern in Calabar

4000

3500l

E 3000lS

2500-

0

0i~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1000 w| | _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~~~~~N N N N

Years

| Annual Rainfall

Fig. 4.8: Total Annual Rainfall from 1989-2003 in Calabar

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The number of rainy days (that is, days with minimum of 0.3mm) is lowest in thedry months of December to February with as low as only 2 to 3 rainy days permonth. Table 4.8 shows that there are some years with virtually no single rainydays in December, January or February. The average number of rainy days perannum is about 185 days, which is about half the year.

4.7.1 METEOROLOGY AT PROJECT SITE

The meteorological parameters have been monitored at all sampling locations i.e.by installing a weather monitoring system on rooftop (at a height of 10 meter fromground) during monitoring period. The measured climatic condition of the project

area is as summarized in Table 4.9 and described hereunder:

Sn Parameters f-Method - - Measure nent Result ,:~'ItPPointot PPoint -itPoint oiintPan olnt~ yaoint,

_ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~1 2 3 4' 5 6 7 8~ 9 1O

1 Atmospheric Digital 1006 1006 1005 1004 1003 1003 1003 1003 1003 1003

Pressure Barometer(hpa) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2 Ambient Thermometer 35.7 41.0 42.5 38.0 38.0 36.4 42.5 40.0 40.0 37.0

Temperature

3 Wind Speed Anemometer 1.1 0.1 0.6 1.1 0.8 0.4 1.5 0.6 0.8 1.6(m is)__ __ _

4 Relative Humidity 56.0 33.0 36.0 41.0 45.0 50.9 33.0 40.0 43.0 38.0

Humidity (%) meter5 Wind Anemometer Calm Calm Unstab Calm Calm Calm Unstab Unstab Unstab Unstab

Turbulence le le le le le

6 Wind Wind Vane NE N NW N N NW E NE NE NEDirection(Degrees) I II II II

7 Weather Digital Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot, Hot,condition Barometer Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny Sunny

KEY:

Sampling Location CoordinatesPoint 1 - Mfamosing Quarry: Pond Area N0500412 E008°3221Point 2 - Mfamosing Quarry: Office Area N0500408 E00803214Point 3 - Mfamosing Quarry: Old Crushing Area N050041 1 E00803214Point 4 - Mfamosing Quarry junction from main road to quarryPoint 5 - Mfamosing Community: Stream 2 (Abifam settlement)Point 6 - Mfamosing Community: Stream 1 (along main road)Point 7 - New Factory Site (far end-right hand side)Point 8 - New Factory Site Road (middle)Point 9 - New Factory Site Road (far end-left hand side)Point 10 - New Factory Site Junction from main road to the factory

Table 4.9: Meteorological Data at Project Site

o Temperature: Ambient temperature ranged from 35.70C to 42.50C atMfamosing quarry pond area and Mfamosing quarry old crushing arearespectively.

L Relative Humidity: Relative humidity of the project area is generallymoderate with values varied from 33.0% to 56.0%.

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u Wind Direction: The prevailing wind directions in the project were south -north east (sampling points 1, 8, 9 & 10), north (points 2, 4 & 5), north west(points 3 & 6) and east (point 7).

u Wind Speed : The wind speed ranged between 0.1m/s at Mfamosing quarryoffice area and 1.6m/s at new factory site junction main road to the plant site.

u Wind Turbulence: The wind turbulence in 50% of the sampling locations i.e.points 1, 2, 4, 5 & 6 was calm while in the other 50% sampling sites, it wasunstable.

L Atmospheric Pressure: The atmospheric pressure within and around theproject area ranged from 1003 hPa at five sampling locations (points 6-10) to1006 hPa at two sampling locations (points 1-2).

4.8 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

The potential air contaminants addressed in this study are nitrogen oxides, sulphuroxides, hydrogen sulphide, hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, particulate matters,oxygen and hydrogen. The applicable regulatory and other limits/standardsapplicable to these contaminants are presented in Tables 4.10 & 4.11.

Pollutants Timer of Average LimitsParticulates Daily average of daily 250 pg/m3

values 1 hour 600 pg/m3

Sulphur Oxide Daily average of hourly 0.0 ippm (26 pg/M3)values 1 hour 0.1 ppm) 260 pg/m3)

Non - methane Daily average of 3-hourly 160 pg/m3

Hydrocarbon valuesCarbon monoxide Daily average of hourly 10 ppm (11.4 pg/m3)

values 8- hourly average 20 ppm (22.8 pg/m 3)

Nitrogen Oxide Daily average of hourly 0.04 ppm - 0.06 ppmvalues (range) (75.0 pg/m 3

113 pg/m 3)

Photochemical Oxidant Hourly values 0.6 ppmSource: FEPA, (1991)

Table 4.10: Nigerian Air Quality Standard (FEPA Guidelines andStandards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria)

Pollutants WHO's-Limits World Bank's LimitsParticulates Matter 150 - 230 pg/m3 (24 80 pg/m3 Annual Arithmetic

hours) Mean60 - 90 pg/m3 (1 year) 500 pg/m 3 (24 hour Peak)

Carbon monoxide 30 pg/m 3 (1 hour) -

10 pg/m3 (8 hours)Nitrogen oxides 400 pg/m3 (1 hour) 100 pg/m3 Annual Arithmetic

150 pg/m3 (8 hours) MeanSulphur Oxides 350 pg/m3 (1 hour) 100 pg/m3 Annual Arithmetic

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Pollutants WHO's Limits World Bank's Limits100 - 150 pg/M3 (24 Meanhours) 500 pg/m3 (24 hour Peak)40 - 60 pg/m3 (1 year)

WHO = World Health Organisation

Table 4.11: Environmental Guidelines on Ambient Air Pollutants

Methodology

Sampling and testing of the chemical constituents of atmospheric pollutants (PM,SOx, NOx, COx, H2S, H2, 02 and hydrocarbons), at each air quality samplinglocation were carried out in-situ using GC Gas Monitors (highly sensitive digital gasmonitors).

Results and Discussions

The results of the air quality parameters monitored within and around the projectsite as well as the coordinates of the sampling locations are described hereunder:

Nitrogen Oxides : Nitrogen oxides were detected in very low quantities withvalues ranging from 0.0ppm (at all sampling points except point 10) to 0.1ppm (atpoint 10), which are well within the range of 0.04 - 0.06 ppm recommended byFMENV.

Sulphur Oxides: Sulphur oxides were not detected (equipment detection limitwas 1.43 mg/m3), at any of the sample stations within the study area, withexception of one location namely plant site junction from the main road to theplant which has the same value as FEPA /FMENV recommended limit of 0.lppm.

Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide was not detected at all the sampling pointswithin the study area, which is well below the regulatory limits/standards ofloppm.Hydrogen Sulphide: Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) was not detected at all thesampling points within the study area.

Hydrogen and Oxygen : The measured hydrogen within the project locationranged from 1.0 ppm to 7.0 ppm while oxygen range from 21.02% to 21.11%.

Hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbons were not detected at all the sampling locations.

Particulate Matter : The concentration of SPM at different sampling stations inthe project area ranged from 56pg/m3 at Mfamosing community - stream 2 alongmain road to 334pg/m3, at Mfamosing community - stream 2 (Abifam settlement).Sampling points 1 (quarry pond area) & 5 (Mfamosing community - stream 2Abifam settlement) have SPM values higher than 250,pg/m3 recommended by FEPAwhile point 3 (quarry old crushing area) has same value as FEPA limit.

Dust content in cleaned air or gas shall not exceed 50mg/Nm3. Microprocessor-controlled instrumentation for the emission monitor and control as well as the state

04184-UNICEM 4-16


HOLTEC

of the art technology shall further nullify the impact of air pollutants emitted fromproposed plant on existing ambient air quality.

4.9 NOISE LEVEL

Noise from the project is expected to be from stationary and mobilesources/equipment especially noise from ancillary operations e.g. generator,compressors, construction activities, noise from cars and trucks. The noise levelsas recorded within the project area range from 35.2dB (at quarry pond area) to56.8 dB (at quarry junction from the main road to the quarry).

4.10 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

A traffic survey was conducted on the road at two points, one at the old quarrysite junction and the other at Akaiefa village, about 3 km from to Efi-ete Junctionin Calabar. The results are shown in Tables 4.12 to 4.14 and Figs 4.9 & 4.10.

The main road that provides access between the proposed plant site and Calabar isthe Calabar-Oban road. The road has a single carriageway surface of about 7.10m wide with grass covered narrow shoulders. The road is asphalt surfaced withseveral sharp bends, indication of a poor road alignment. The traffic on the road isvery light consisting mainly of commercial motorcycles (popularly known as"Okada'). There are very few commercial taxis and buses plying the road.

Data from the Cross River state motor licensing office indicate that about 12500vehicles are licensed annually in Calabar in the last six years. The dominant type ofvehicles on the traffic stream from Calabar on Calabar-Oban road was motorcycles,consisting of an average of 69.8% of vehicle composition per day. This wasfollowed by cars (21.5%), trucks (4.4%) and buses (4.2%). The traffic flow builtup rapidly from between 6.00-7.00 am to a peak between 8.00-9.00 am The flowdropped gradually to lowest between 12.00 noon - 1.00 pm after which it built upgradually till 5.00-6.00 pm

On an aggregate, Table 4.14 shows both ways flow of traffic, which essentiallyshows a consistent pattern with the on-coming and on-going streams. Motorcyclesstill account for the dominant flow of 72.2% while cars, trucks and buses accountfor 19.6%, 4.2% and 4.0% respectively. The traffic built up to a peak between8.00 am and 9.00 am after which it dropped gradually to a low between 12.00noon and 1.00 pm. It is estimated that an average of about 3 vehicles of any typecrossed any particular point of the road to or from Calabar per minute. This givesan average interval of a vehicle in 20 seconds. If the figures for motorcycles arededucted, the result shows a flow of 1 vehicle in an interval of about 80 seconds.This shows that the traffic flow on this road is extremely very light.

04184-UNICEM 4-17


HOLTEC

Period Type of Vehicles %

Cars Buses Motorcycles Trucks Total'Okada"

6-7.00 am 15 (31.2) 2 (4.2) 29 (60.4) 2(4.2) 48 (100.0) 5.1

7-8.00 am 25 (32.9) 5 (6.6) 40 (52.6) 6(7.9) 76 (100.0) 8.0

8-9.00 am 17 (16.7) 3 (2.9) 74 (72.6) 8(7.8) 102 (100.0) 10.8

9.10.00 am 17 (19.1) 3 (3.4) 68 (76.4) 1(1.1) 89 (100.0) 9.4

10-11.00 am 13 (16.5) 6 (7.6) 58 (73.4) 2(2.5) 79 (100.0) 8.3

11-12.00 17 (23.9) 4 (5.6) 47 (66.2) 3(4.2) 71 (100.0) 7.5

noon12-1.00 pm 10 (18.5) 0 (0.0) 41 (75.9) 3(5.6) 54 (100.0) 5.7

1-2.00 pm 10 (16.7) 5 (8.3) 43 (71.7) 2(3.3) 60 (100.0) 6.3

2-3.00 pm 121 (12.4) 2 (2.2) 72 (80.9) 4(4.5) 89 (100.0) 9.4

3-4.00 pm 19 (23.2) 3 (3.7) 55 (67.0) 5 (6.1) 82 (100.0) 8.6

4-5.00 pm 18 (21.4) 2 (2.4) 61 (72.6) 3 (3.6) 84 (100.0) 8.9

5-6.00 pm 32 (28.1) 5 (4.4) 74 (4.9) 3 (2.6) 114 (100.0) 12.0

Total 204 (21.5) 40 (4.2) 662 (69.8) 42 (4.4) 948 (100.0) 100.0

Source: Fieldwork, January 2005.Note: Figures in parentheses are row percentages.

Table 4.12: Traffic Count and Composition of Vehicles From Calabar

! PBetlod . ; r ' TypgoWYehicles . - ,

-PTI *- ".'r a .t ,,}; Cars ' ;*. d Trucks -J:'-.' ' -

6-7.00 am 11 (17.7) 1 (1.6) 49 (79.0) 1 (1.6) 62 (100.0) 6.5

7-8.00 am 11(10.0) 0 (0.0) 93 (84.5) 6 (5.5) 110 (100.0) 11.5

8-9.00 am 18 (14.6) 1 (0.8) 99 (80.5) 5 (4.1) 123 (100.0) 12.8

9.10.00 am 13 (17.1) 0 (0.0) 59 (77.6) 4 (5.3) 76 (100.0) 8.4

10-11.00 am 16 (18.6) 1(1.2) 62 (72.1) 7 (8.1) 86 (100.0) 9.0

11-12.00 14 ((17.3) 8 (9.9) 58 (71.6) 1 (1.2) 81 (100.0) 8.5noon

12-1.00 pm 13 (21.0) 4 (6.5) 43 (69.3) 2 (3.2) 62 (100.0) 6.5

1-2.00 pm 9 (14.5) 5 (8.1) 47 (75.8) 1 (1.6) 62 (100.0) 6.5

2-3.00 pm 12 (17.4) 1 (1.4) 52 (75.4) 4 (5.8) 69 (100.0) 7.2

3-4.00 pm 13 (18.6) 3 (4.3) 52 (74.3) 2 (2.8) 70 (100.0) 7.3

4-5.00 pm 14 (17.3) 8 (9.9) 55 (67.9) 4 (4.9) 81 (100.0) 8.5

5-6.00 pm 19 (26.8) 5 (7.0) 46 (64.8) 1 (1.4) 71 (100.0) 7.5

Total 163 (17.1) 37 (3.9) 715 (75.0) 38 (4.0) 953 (100.0) 100.0


Table 4.13 Traffic Count and Composition of Vehicles to Calabar

Period _ - ___ei_ Wpe of Vehicles -

Cars BuisesX Motorctcles TrucksI .Total_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _l _ _ _ O kada" _ _ _

6-7.00 am 26(23.6) 3 (2.7) 78 (71.0) 3 (2.7) 110 (100.0) 5.8

7-8.00 am 36(19.4) 5 (2.7) 133 (71.5) 12 (6.4) 186 (100.0) 9.8

8-9.00 am 35 (15.5) 4 (1.8) 173 (76.9) 13 (5.8) 225 (100.0) 11.8

9.10.00 am 30 (18.2) 3 (1.8) 127 (77.0) 5 (3.0) 165 (100.0) 8.6

04184-UNICEM 4-18


Period Type of Vehicles °h

Cars Buses Motorcycles Trucks Total"Okada"

10-11.00 am 29 (17.6) 7 (4.2) 120 (72.7) 9 (5.5) 165 (100.0) 8.6

11-12.00 noon 31 (20.4) 12 (7.9) 105 (69.1) 4 (2.6) 152 (100.0) 8.0

12-1.00 pm 23 (19.8) 4 (3.5) 84 (72.4) 5 (4.3) 116 (100.0) 6.1

1-2.00 pm 19 (15.6) 10 (8.2) 90 (73.8) 3 (2.4) 122 (100.0) 6.4

2-3.00 pm 30 (18.2) 3 (1.8) 124 (75.2) 8 (4.8) 165 (100.0) 8.6

3-4.00 pm 32 (21.1) 6 (3.9) 107 (70.3) 7 (4.6) 152 (100.0) 8.0

4-5.00 pm 32 (19.4) 10 (6.1) 116 (70.3) 7 (4.2) 165 (100.0) 8.6

5-6.00 pm 51 (27.6) 10 (5.4) 120 (64.9) 4 (2.2) 185 (100.0) 9.7

Total 374 (19.6) 77 (4.0) 1377 (72.2) 80 (4.2) 1908 100.0(100.0)


Table 4.14: Traffic Count and Composition of Vehicles to and from

Calabar

180 - , ___S__._._,_.,___ _______

140

120'

100 =

s0

60-

40-

6.00- 8.00. 10.00- 12.00- 2.00- 4.00.

7.00am 19.00. 0 1l.0om 1.00pm 3.00pm 0pm

IOC.rs EBUS. OMtehiycles |Tru.kI

Fig. 4.9: Traffic Flow Along Calabar-Oban Road

06.00- 9.00- 12.00- 3.00-

7.00am 10.00am 1.OOpm 4.00am

IOMVehicles

Fig. 4.10: Total Vehicular Flow Along Calabar-Oban Road

04184-UNICEM 4-19


HOLTEC

On the commencement of full operation at UNICEM site, it is expected that trafficflow will build up and vehicle composition will increase in favour of trucks,including articulated trailers, for the transfer of products and raw materials. Thisroad currently provides the only main access with Calabar and with other parts ofthe country. There is, however, a government proposal for a road from Odukpanito Abiati. This road, which is near the UNICEM site, is strategic in that traffic fromAkwa Ibom and other parts of the country will take this proposed new roadwithout having to pass through Calabar. This will take off a lot of traffic that willbe generated or attracted off Calabar-Oban road.

4.11 RADIATION LEVEL

The environmental radiation level within the project location was measured bySurvey Meter Alert Monitor 4 by SE International Instrumentation Division,Summertown, TN, USA. The radiation level within the quarry site, proposed projectarea and community close to the plant site were found to be generally very low(<1.0 itSv/hr).

4.12 LAND USE PATTERN

Around the Project Site

The entire area around the project is surrounded by undeveloped land consistingmainly of secondary forests, tree plantation and scattered farmlands. The areawith the most prominent human development is the northeastern parts of theproject site. The major occupation of the inhabitants of these surroundingcommunities is farming. Other economic activities they engage in include trading,services including motorcycle repairs, and commercial motorcycling. The estimatedpopulation of the communities in the immediate vicinity is about 3,000 inhabitants.

At Project Site

UNICEM is proposing to develop its 2202 hectares of land at Abimfam, in AkamkpaLocal Government Area of Cross River State.

The proposed plant site is located at the western parts of the acquisition about Ikm away from the Calabar road. It is rectangular in shape, spanning 150 hectares.The site is entirely undeveloped and currently covered with secondary forest withtrees such as Ceiba pentandra, Gmelina arborea, Musanga cecropioides, Ficusexasperata, Aistonia boonel and Elaels guineensis (palms dominating). An earthroad was under construction at the time of survey (in January, 2005), linking theCalabar road at 008° 29' 46" E.

4.13 VEGETATION

The proposed project site is located around 20 km away from the boundary of theCross River National Park. The project site and the Cross River National Parkboundary are shown in Fig. No. 4.11.

04184-UNICEM 4-20


HOLTEC

Calabar generally falls within the Rain Forest zone (Keay, 1959, Onochie, 1975)with its characteristic high density of trees and a highly stratified structure. Adetailed study was undertaken with a view to identify and describe the vegetationtype(s) of the plant site and surrounding area. The description is aimed atproviding data on the structure, physiognomy, distribution, abundance and floristiccomposition of the vegetation. Furthermore, the study was to enable therecognition and identification of endangered and threatened as well as economicspecies thus determining their conservation status and suggesting methods fortheir sustainable utilization.

Methodology

The methods of vegetation survey and analysis of Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg(1974), Kent and Coker (1992) and Morris and Therivel (1995) were used.

A visual inspection was done to gain an overall impression of the habitats andcommunities present in the area under study. Along the vegetation, ten transectsof 500 m each were taken randomly covering the study area and the plant specieson either side enumerated using floristic and structural attributes. Diversity Indexwas calculated using the Shannon's formula-

H1=EIthPlLlP1

where n is the number of species, P is the proportion of individuals or theabundance of the ith species and In is the log base n. This index combines speciesrichness with relative abundance. The major growth forms (Cain & De OliveriaCastro, 1959) were noted. A pair of Binocular was used where necessary andphotographs taken. Unidentified species were collected where possible and takento the herbarium for identification. The identification of the plants was based onHutchinson & Daziel (1954-1972), Keay et al., (1960-1964), Lowe & Stanfield(1974), and Lowe (1989).

04184-UNICEM 4-21


04184-UNICEM 4-22


HOLTEC

Findings

The study area is rainforest vegetation but human activities such as farming have

reduced most part to a secondary forest and forest re-growth. This is more of a

semi natural community which due to a past influence of man has unconsciouslyencouraged the growth of particular species at the expense of others as has

happened with crops.

At the Plant Site

The plant area is predominantly a secondary forest towards the inside and a

regrowth forest outwards. The vegetation consists of very few trees such as

Gmellna arborea, Ficus exasperata, Ce/ba pentandra, Cleistopholis patens,Musanga cecroploldes, Cola glgantea, Nauclea dlderrlchli, Alstonia boonel,Anthoclelsta spp and Symphonia globulifera, among others. Raphia palms are

common in the area but the oil palm, Elaeis guineensis is the most dominant tree

species. Other plants include shrubs such as Alchornea cordifolia while common

weeds are Clittoria ternentea, Chromolaena odorata, Calapogoniun mucunoides,Sida acuta, Tridax procumbens, Spigelia anthelma, Emilia praetermissa andPanicum maximum, the most common grass.

Although there seemed to be no farming activities presently taking place at the

site, there were evidences of previous farming as observed in a small Ananas

comosus (pineapple) farm and the few root tubers of cassava (Manihot esculenta)

around the site.

Surrounding Area

The immediate surrounding of the site of the proposed project site is dominated by

Elaels gulneensls, Alchornea cordlfolla, Alstonia boonei, Ce/ba pentandra andChromolaena odorata among others plants. The Diversity Index for the site was

0.9. The vegetation from Mburi village to the Quarry at Mfamosing is a secondary

forest with the upper canopy reaching about 38 m. Herbs are restricted in

distribution while trees form discontinuous canopies. However the small oil palm

plantation at Mfamosing created a shade for the survival of bryophytes and ferns.

Epiphytes are quite common while grasses dominated the fringe of this forest. Thisis a consequence of the bush burning activity prior to the planting season.

Besides the Plant site but away from its land coverage area is a Gmelina arboreaplantation stretching about one kilometer.

The stretch of the vegetation extending from Mburi village through Abifam village

to the Quarry and workshop at Mfamosing is a mature secondary forest, which

becomes more dense towards the Quarry. The vegetation here had the highestDiversity Index of 1.2.

There are few farmlands mainly of cocoyam (Manihot esculenta). The tree layer is

usually dominated by palm trees (Elaeis guineensis). Shrubs are also conspicuousbut intermixed with few tall trees of about 38 m. At the workshop site, there is a

dense vegetation dominated by a small oil palm plantation with the palms forminga closed canopy. This thus created a shaded environment influencing the growth

04184-UNICEM 4-23


HOLTEC

of epiphytes on the palm trees. On the forest floor are Ferns, Bryophytes andmany tree seedlings which include Platycerum angolense, Cyclosorus striatus, C.afer, Stereophyllum radiculosum, Calymperes erosum, Racopilum africana andFissidens platybriodes.. Also present is Colocasia esculenta, Symphoniaglobulifera, Cleistopholis patens.

The site of the previous excavation of limestone deposit has resulted into a pool ofwater (050 041 11N and 0080 321 20E), about 15m deep forming a micro-environment mostly covered with Nymphaea lotus. The channel created for theflow of water from this pool provides a good habitat for the establishment of asmall cocoyam farm by the settlers in the community. Other conspicuous plants inthis area are Musanga cecropioides, Ficus thonningli, Alstonia bonel, Ceibapentandra, Cocos nucifera, Mangifera indlca, Mitragyna cillata, Ricnodendronheudelotl, M. stipulosa, Newbouldia laevis, Anthocleista vogelli, Cola gigantea,Gmelina arborea, Nauclea diderrichil, Cleistopholis patens, Symphonia globullfera,Terminalla superba and Musa specles. Alchornea cordifolia, Cassia alata, Cotuslucanusianus, Chromolaena odorata, Calopogonium mucunoides, Cllttoriaternantea, Spigelia anthelma, Ipomoea involucrata and Panicum maximum occupythe outer edge of the forest.

Abiatia and Mfamosing 1& 11 Communities

These are largely built up areas mainly consisting of oil palm plantations (Elaeisguineensis), Cocos nuclfera, Mangifera indlca, Ananas comosus, Gmelina arborea,Dacryodes edulis, Persea americana, Delonix regia, Dracaena arborea, Citrus spp,Cola acuminata, Cola nitida, Carica papaya, Term/nalia cattapa, Artocarpuscommunis, Cnestis ferruginea, Musa spp and Bambusa vulgaris. Ornamentalsinclude Plumeria rubra, Ixora coccinea, Caesalpinia pulcherima and Thryalis glaucaamong others. Most common weeds include Panicm maximum, Vossia cuspidata,Chrysogonus aciculatus Chromolaena odorata, and Alternanthera brasiliana. TheDiversity Index was 0.4.

Forest Resources

The Abifam communities are predominantly farmers. The non timber forestresources (NTFR) include Cocos nucifera (cocoyam), Ananas comosus (pineapple),Manihot esculenta (cassava), Musa sapientum (banana), Musa paradisiacal(plantain), Elaeis guineensis (palm oil), Raphia wine and palm wine. Others includevegetables such as Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimun canum, Telfairia occidentalis andGongrolema latifolia (bitter leaf, basil, pumpkin, and Utaz/ respectively) Dacryodesedulls, (native pear) and the avogadro pear (Persea americana) are highlyprominent around the villages. The timber forest resources (TFR) includeMitragyna ciliata, Terminalia superba, Nauclea diderrichi,, and Ceiba pentandra.

The Mfamosing limestone block, with its characteristic vegetation and floracomposition forms a unique environment worthy of conservation. But in adistressed economy, every resource must be adequately harnessed for optimumbenefit.

04184-UNICEM 4-24


HOLTEC

Species

Species diversity of the area is quite low compared with the other parts of CrossRiver State such as Obudu, Nkom, etc. Extensive farming by the people over the

years may be partly responsible for the low species diversity. The most dominantspecies is the oil palm (Elaeis guineensis).

A total of sixty one species among which are some economic species were

recorded during the assessment and these are indicated in the Table 4.15. Noendangered species and no disease symptoms were encountered during the study.Diversity Indices of between 0.4 and 1.2 were recorded for the vegetations.Different Diversity Indices have been reported for tropical rainforest vegetation(Hall and Okali, 1979, Hall and Swaine, 1976).

Many of the trees are medicinal with the barks and roots used for the treatment ofdiseases such as malaria, diarrhea, high blood pressure, skin diseases etc. Othersare cultivated for food, and as ornaments. The grasses are fodder to animals.Terminalia, Mitragyna and Nauclea are good timber species.

A significant observation on the vegetation of the proposed plant site and itsenvironment is the extent to which human's quest for food and development hasled to the clearing of the vegetation. The present poor state of the vegetation ofthe area is the result of the accumulated human encroachment.

Sn -Seddes Lifetfbniis Plant Abifam :- ;Quarnry Economic,,. *,' ''' Communities Site Importance

1 Musanga Tree F 0 F Medicinalcecropioides

2 Gmelina Tree F F F Pulparborea

3 Ficus Tree F 0 F Medicinalexasperata

4 Terminalia Tree 0 R 0 Food/Medicinalcatappa

5 Elaels Tree D A D Drinkguineensis _______

6 Symphonia Tree 0 R 0globulifera

7 Mangifera Tree 0 A 0 Food/Medicinalindica

8 Ricinodendron Tree F R 0heudelotii

9 Ficus thonningii Tree F R F10 Cleistopholis Tree 0 R 0

patens11 Cola acuminata Tree 0 F 0 Medicinal12 Mitrgyna ciliata Tree F R F Timber13 Artocarpus Tree R F R Food

communis14 Alstonia booneii Tree F 0 F Medicinal15 Anthocleista Tree F 0 F Medicinal

vogelil16 Cola gigantea Tree F 0 F Medicinal

04184-UNICEM 4-25


HOLTEC

Sn Species Life forms Plant Abifam Quarry EconomicSite Communities Site Importance

17 Nauclea Tree F R F Medicinal___ diderrichil18 Ceiba Tree F 0 F Timber

pentandra19 Terminalia Tree 0 R 0 Timber

superba20 Dracaena Tree R 0 R Traditinal

arborea21 Delonix regia Tree 0 F 0 Ornamental22 Plumeria rubra Tree R F R Ornamental23 Anthocleista Tree F R F Medicinal

djaleonensls24 Persea Tree R F R Food/

americana Medicinal25 Citrus sinensis Tree F F F Food26 Citrus reticulata Tree F F F Food27 Cola nitida Tree 0 F 0 Medicinal28 Bambusa Tree 0 0 0

vulgaris29 Dacryodes Tree 0 A 0 Food

edulis30 Cocos nucifera Tree 0 A 0 Food31 Carica papaya Tree R F R Food

32 Musa Tree F A F Foodparasidiaca

33 Musa Tree F A F Food___ sapientum34 Ananas Herb 0 R 0 Food

comosus35 Vossia Herb 0 0 0

cuspidata36 Costus Herb 0 0 0

lucanusianus37 Clittoria Herb A 0 A Ornamental

ternantea38 Ipomoea Herb R R A

involucrata39 Spigelia Herb F F F

anthelma40 Emilia Herb 0 0 0

.praetermissa

41 Sida acuta Herb F 0 F42 Calopogonium Herb A A A

mucunoides43 Chromolaena Herb A A A Medicinal

odorata44 Colocasia Herb A A A Food

esculenta45 Manihot Shrub 0 0 0 Food

esculenta46 Cassia alata Shrub F F 0 Medicinal47 Alchornea Shrub A A A Medicinal

04184-UNICEM 4-26


HOLTEC

Sn Species Life forms Plant Abifam Quarry EconomicSite Communities Site Importance

cordifolia48 Ixora coclnea Shrub 0 A 0 Ornamental49 Caesalpinia Shrub R 0 R Ornamental

pulcherima50 Cnestis Shrub 0 0 0 Medicinal

ferruginea51 Chrysopogon Grass R F R

aciculartus52 Panicum Grass A A A Fodder

maximum53 Cyperus Sedge R R A

articulartus54 Nymphaea lotus Aquatic 0 0 A

Macrophyte55 Cyclosorus Fern A A A

striatus56 Cyclosorus afer Fern A A A57 Platycerium Fern 0 0 0

angolense

58 Stereophyllum Fern F F F Timberradiculosum

59 Calymperes Moss A 0 Aerosum

60 Fissidens Moss F F ADlatvbriodes

61 Racopilum Moss F F Fafricana

Key to Abundance: D= Dominant, A = Abundant, F= Frequent, O= Occasional, R= Rare

Table 4.15: Species list in the Study Area (Presence/Abundance)

4.14 HYDROBIOLOGY AND FISHERY

There are also a few seasonal streams in the project area and an artificial pond inthe old quarry site arising from previous excavations and accumulation of rainwater over the years. Seven sampling stations were studied, with 5 of the stationswithin the pond system (Plate 4.1) and two in the stream system (Plate 4.2)and results are described hereunder:

Plate 4.1: One of the stations within the Plate 4.2:One of the stations within the

Pond System showing Macrophyte Cover Stream System

04184-UNICEM 4-27


HOLTEC

Phytoplankton

One litre of water was collected at subsurface level and emptied into a widemouthed plastic jar and preserved in 4% Lugol's iodine. The sample was allowedto stand for 24 hrs in the laboratory to allow the plankton to settle before thesupernatant was carefully pipetted out to concentrate the plankton. From theconcentrated sample, a 5ml sub sample was pipetted and placed on a planktoncounting chamber for identification and enumeration of the constituentphytoplankton under a Leitz microscope. The combined ocular and objectmagnification used was between 200 - 400x.

The phytoplankton species consists of 47 species with Cyanophyceae contributing40% followed by Chlorophyceae with 28%, Bacillariophyceae 19% andEuglenophyceae 13% (Table 4.16 and Fig 4.12). The species richness is shownin Fig. 4.13.

Cyanophyceae40%

Chlorophyceae28%

| a c ilia riophyce Euglenophyceae

ae 13%19%

Fig 4.12: Relative Proportion of PhVtoplankton Species

4 0 ----- --- ____

35

3 0

CL 2 00

o 15

10

0CEM-1 I CEM- 2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-4 CEM-5

Fig 4.13: The Species Richness Distribution in the Study Stations

The community structure indicated that the phytoplankton population wasCyanophyceae dominated with values in the range of 72.8 - 88.3%. The nextimportant family group was the Euglenophyceae in the range of 6.1 - 16.1%followed by Bacillariophyceae (2.29 - 5.7%), and Chlorophyceae (1.96 - 5.37%).The distribution of phytoplankton taxonomic groups in the study stations is shown

04184-UNICEM 4-28


HOLTEC

in Fig. 4.14. The Phytoplankton densities ranged between 544 x 103 indivL' and

823 x 103 indivL' (Fig 4.15).

100-11 =

90

70-

0 5 -

06

Eo 40-'

4) 30-

7 ~20-

10

CEM-l 1 CEM-2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

[M BaciItafphyceae *Chlorophyceae 0 Cyanophyceae 3 FgIenophyceae

Fig. 4.14: The Community Structure of the PhytoplanktonTaxonomic Groups

900

800z

.:j 700 j j

H--- 600A -

500

044 400U 4

l300

~200 --Z

0

CBEM-i GEM- 2 CeMi-3 CEM-4 GEM-5 GEMI-6 CeVM-7

Fig 4.15: Phytoplankton Population Densities Distribution in theStudy Area

04184-UNICEM 4-29

EA Report for Greenfleld Cement Plant ofUNICEM in Nigeria {

HOLTEC

Species Sample Code

| CEM- 1 I CEM- 2 | CEM-3 | CEM-4 CEM-5 | CEM-6 | CEM-7BacillariophyceaeE. lunar/s 5 3 2 3 2 7 19

Navicula pusilla W. Smith 1 1 3 12

Pinnulatia inflate (Kutz) Grun. 1 2 3 2

P viridis Ehr. 1 1 7

Synedra acus Kutz. 2 3 4 4

S. ulna Kutz. 2 5 9 2 4 2 7

Tabellaria fenestrata (Lyng) 8 1 12 21KutzT. floculossa (Rothe) Kutz. 1 13 22 19 22 19

ChlorophyceaeActinotaenium Globosum 2 3 2 1 1 5

(Buln)ForsterClosterium acerosum 1 5 4 5 4

(Schrank) Ehr.C. closteriodes (Ralfs) Loiu & 1 2 1 2 6 2

Pet.C. ehrenbergii Menegh. 4 1 1 1 1 1 1

C. gracile Breb. Ex Ralfs 6 2 4 2 4C. lunula var. maximum 1 1 5 2 2

BorgeC. parvulum Nag. 1 1 1 1

Microspora flocossa (Vauch) 1 3 16Lagerh _Spirogyra communis (Hassal) 1 4Kutz,S. dubia Kutz. 1 2 2

S. insignis (Hassal) Kutz.Scenedesmus quadrincauda 4 5 4 2 2 2 2

Scenedesmus sp 1 3 4 1 4 1

CyanophyceaeAnacysts aeuroginosa 2 6 12 2 6 2 6

Anabaena flos aqua 4 5 18 2 2

Lyngbya majuscule Harvey 1Nostoc sp 1

Oscillatoria bornettia (Kutzal) 2 2 3 1 1 1 1

Forti0. curviceps Agardh. 1 2

0. princes VaucherGleocapsa _pestfis 1 4 2 2 2

Gleocapsa turgida4 Oscillatofia chalybalea 258 290 356 178 197 45 12

Oscillatofia Formosa 2 2 4 2

Oscillatoria granulate 67 51 91 88 56 88 56

Oscillatoia limosa1 8 1

Osclllatona pninces 1 5

Oscillatonia pseudominma 3 5 3 5

Oscillatonia sancta 6 4 6 4

Oscillatoria terebnformis 76 123 195 231 164 231 164

Phormidium brevis 12 59 45 89 61 89 61

Phormidium molle I 1 3 1 3

EuglenophyceaeEuglena caudate 56 46 34 76 67 6 2

E. tripleris 23 15 15 78 18 1 18

E. acus 2 1Ph. Onyx 1 16 23 1 4

Ph. Pleuronectus 1 1 1 3 1 3

Ph. Longicauda 1 2 4 4 2

Table 4.16: Details of Phytoplankton Species and their RespectiveNumerical Values (x103 indiv/L11)

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Zooplankton

For zooplankton sampling, the filtration technique was adopted by filtering 50 litresof water through a 55p plankton net. The filtrate was preserved in 5% formalinsolution made with the water from the environment to prevent pre-fixing damageto zooplanktonic forms. In the laboratory, the sample was subjected to the samemicroscopy techniques as for phytoplankton. All zooplankton present wereidentified and enumerated. Identification was carried out with the aid ofappropriate plankton identification keys.

The zooplankton community consists of 18 taxonomic forms representingRotatoria, Copepoda and Cladocera (refer Table 4.17). The proportion of thetaxonomic forms representation was in the decreasing order of Rotatoria (61%)>,Copepoda (22%), Rotatoria (17%) (Fig. 4.16). The species richness betweenstations demonstrated a narrow value range (Fig. 4.17). The zooplankotncommunity had a community structure pattern dominated by Rotatoria both in thestream system and in the pond water body. The general pattern of thezooplankton community was in the ordering sequence of Rotatoria (63 - 88%) >Copepoda (4.8 - 25%) > Cladocaera (1.7 - 19%) as shown in Fig 4.18. Thezooplankton densities did not show much variation between the stream and thepond system (Fig 4.19).

C lad o ce ra17 %

C op ep o d a

Rotatoria 2 2 %

6 1%

Fig 4.16: The Relative Proportion of Zooplankton Species

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16-

uw14- ,311

10

8-

0 /6 I-s 4)

CL

0

01-CEM-I1 CEM- 2 CEM\-3 CEM-4 CEM\-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

Fig 4.17: The Zoopl,ankton Species Richness Distribution in the Study Area

100%

90%

80%

.2 70%

o 60%0.

E 50%

40%30%

20% L10%

CEM-1 CEM-2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

|Cladocera ECopepoda O Rotatoria

Fig 4.18: The Community Structure of the Zooplankton TaxonomicGroups

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140-

120-

;- 4 ,J ' /~ _ap od

100

o 80

404

~ 0

CEM-1 CEM- 2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

Fig 4.19: Zooplankton Population Densities Distribution in the StudyStations

Sam lCodeecles CEI:64- C N- 2 'CEM-3 WM4, LCEM-3 i CEM-61 CEM-7

Cladocera

Diaphanosoma sp 7 7 1 8 2 7

Chydorus gibbus 1 3 4 1 3 | 1 4

Bosmoina longirostfis I | 1 1

CoDeDoda

Copepod naupllus usual type 12 7 4 8 12 6 2

Euchaeta manna 1 5 1 4 1

Olthonina Sp 1 1 2 8 2

Harpacticoid copepod 2 1 1 2 1

Rotatofia

Asplanelina bnghtwelli 66 71 54 19 27 54 34

Asplanelina priodonta 15 12 16 12 4 16 3

Brachinius calyciflorus 7 18 9 1 18 5

Euchlanis caudatus 1 2 1 5 16 1 1

Euchlanis quadridentata 7 2 7 1

keratella stipidata 1 1

Lucane. Petica 1 2 1 1

Lucaneluna 15 1 1

Monostyla lunans 1 1 1

Monostyla bulba 1 1 1 1

Polyathra malor 1 4 7

Table 4.17: Details of Zooplankton Species and Their RespectiveNumerical Values (x102 indiv/L-1)

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Macrophytes

Macrophytes were visually identified immediately in the field and sample that cannot be identified immediately were collected and taken to the laboratory for furtheridentification. Also, qualitative estimate of the area cover of the macrophytes werecarried out at each station.

About 18 macrophytes occurred in the study area with almost 80% of the plantsbeing emergent and found within the outer margin of the water bodies (Table4.18). In the lake system Vossia and Nympheae were mostly the rootedmacrophytes and together consist of the major macrophytes of the pond watersystems (Plate 4.3). However, Nympheae constituted over 90% of themacrophyte cover in each of the stations. Nonetheless, the macrophyte covervaried between stations with the least cover being in stations CEM-6 and CEM-7(i.e. 5% and 1% respectively while CEM- 4 and 5 recorded high macrophyte cover(75 %and 80% respectively).

Plate 4.3: Macrophyte Cover in the Pond System in Station 4

v -* CEM .0 X CEM-

Nymphaea lotus + + + + + + +

Ludwigia + + + + + + +

Ludwigia + + + + + + +

Vossia cuspidate + + + + + + +

Nephrolepis sp + + + + + + +

Centrocema pubescens + + + + + + +

Nephrolepis +

Emilia coccinea + +

Emilia praetermissa + +

Ipomoea mauritiana + +

Aframomum sp. + +

Costus afer + +

Cyperus dilatatus + +

Cyperus distans + +

Cyprus difforinis + +

Eleocharis complanata + +

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Species Sample CodeCEM- CEM- CEM- CEM- CEM- CEM- CEM-

Eleocharis mutate + +Cyos erum senegalensis + + + + + + +

Table 4.18: Macrophytes Species and Their Distribution

Macro Invertebrate

Macro Invertebrates were studied by qualitative and quantitative methods. Thequalitative sampling was carried out by random search with a pond net at variousnooks and corners especially within the macrophyte cover areas for purposes ofobtaining species inventory. The quantitative sampling was undertaken by using aquadrate of 0.25m2. The macrophyte within the area collected washed in troughbefore discarding leaving the organisms associated with the macrophyte retainedthe trough.

The macrophytes collecting quail and bottom sediment samples were obtainedwith an Ekman grab, put into basin and washed in a 1mm2 mesh sieve. Thematerial retained by the sieve was stored in plastic jars and preserved with 10%formalin in water from the environment containing Rose Bengal to facilitatelaboratory sorting of the samples. In the laboratory, samples were sorted and allstained fauna removed and further preserved in 10% formalin. These wereidentified to the lowest possible taxonomic level under a stereo and/or compoundmicroscope and individuals of each taxonomic group enumerated and recorded.

Eleven macro invertebrates were observed in the entire study station; of these 9represented the insecta group, and 1 each the annelida and decapods respectively(refer Table 4.19). The richness species did not differ remarkably betweenstations with distribution values ranging from 11 - 13 taxons (Fig. 4.20). Theinsecta class dominated the population followed by decapoda and the annelida inthat decreasing order of importance (Fig. 4.21). The macro invertebratepopulation densities varied between 17 and 37 indiv/lOOOcm3 of sediment (Fig.4.22).

16

U)

U)

CL0.

0N 2

CEM-1 CEM-2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

Fig 4.20: The Macroinvertebrate Species Richness Distribution in the Study

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100-

90-

80X-

| ' 1f f -C - _

.270-60-

C.)

S40 _ _ __301

20----

CEM I CBIA 2 CEM. 3 CE CEM 5 CEM 6 CEM .

|El ANNaJDA 0 0 2.8571429 0 5.5555556 15. 789474|11.764706|

O s De-CL 0 -_0- -0 0 C 0 5.26357916470591

M INSECTA 100 100 97.142857 100 94.44444478.947368 70.588235

Fig 4.21: The Community Structure of the Macroinvertebrates Taxonomic Groupsin the Studv Stations

40-

35 --

30 -

| .E'U

E 25

2 0 --

S

.0

0~~~~11 1

20

CEM-1 CEM- 2 CEM-3 CEM-4 CEM-5 CEM-6 CEM-7

Fig 4.22: Macro invertebrate Population Densities Distribution in the StudyStations

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Species Sample CodeCEM- I CEM- |CEM- I CEM- CEM- CEM- |CEM-1 2 3 ]4 5 6 7

ANNELIDAPhilobdella sp. l l | l || 1 3 3 | _2

O-- O 1 O 1 3 2

DecapodsDesmocaris sp. 3 < r < 1 1 | 3 -

0 0 0 0 0 1 3

InsectaCeragrion sp. 8 7 6 16 1 1 4

Trithemis atra 1 1 3 2 2 1

Chironomus pulcher 1 5 2 1

Larococoris sp. 3 5 1 1 4 1

Notonecta sp. 2 1 6 5 2 2 2

-Ranatra sp. 1 2 2 7 4

Nebella sp. 1 1 1 4 4 1

Macrocoris sp. 1 2 2 2 1

-Nepa sp. 1 1 5 1 1

Ephemerrella simplex 3 3 1 2

Table 4.19: Macro Invertebrate Benthos Species and their RespectiveNumerical Values (no/lOOOcm3 of sediment)

Fish Study

Fish study was undertaken in the study area by direct sampling with hand net andinterview of local communities in order to obtain information on species typesfound in the area and the nature of gears deployed.

Based on the local and field account, 19 fish species were reported present in thewater bodies and these 19 fish species represented 11 families groups with theCichlidae having the highest number of species (4 species) followed byCyprinodontidae and Mormyridae (with 3 species each); Claridae and Bagridaeeach had 2 species and the rest other families (Notopteridae, Distiichodontidae,Polypteridae, Pantodontidae, Anabantidae, Malapturidae) represented by only onespecies (Table 4.20 and Fig. 4.23). Nonetheless, the community claims on thepresence of some of the fish species could not be confirmed at the time of studybut some of the claims were confirmed during the study period. Fishingoccasionally takes place in the area by locals who normally deploy 2 major geartimes especially the hook and line, basket traps and infrequently gill net and fishfence (Fig. 4.24). Fishing is mostly a recreational activity rather than anoccupational activity.

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4'

2.5

2 -

u~ 2.5 - - - ~ -~, -

0 ~~- Oth ,- _

0z_ 1.5 -

0.5

4) ID 4) aD () CD D CD ( D

(V (V (V (V (V (V (V (V (V 31 ( i s e c

(V CD co m co co co

75%~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

5 ~~~ 0 2 E co 0 0-

_0 0. 0 0

0 r 0 0C

Fig 4.23: The Number of Species Representing each fish Family Groups in theStudy Area

Basket traps21%

Gill net3%

\ t j--~~~~fish fenceHook a~ndlin 1%

75%

Fiq 4.24: The Deployed and the Level of Utilization in the Stream Svstem

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Fish | Pond systems | Stream system

ClaridaeClarias buthopogon FF, FFC I FE,FFC

C. obriensis F, FFCF, FFC

NotopteridaeXynomystus nigri FF

CichlidaeChromonidotilapia grunteri FF, FFC FF FFC

Tilapia zilli FF, FFC FF, FFC

T. galilaea FF, FFC FF, FFC

Hemichromis species FF,FFC FF FFC

DistiichodontidaeDistichodus rostratus FFPolypteridaePolypterus senegalensis FFMormyridaeMormyrus rume FF

M. hasselquisti FF

Petrocephalus bane ansorgei FFBagridaeClarotes macrcephalus FFChrysicth furcatus FFPantodontidaePantodon bucholzi FF

CyprinodontidaeAplocheilichthys sp FF FFC FF, FFC

Epiplatys senegalensis FF FF, FFC

E. bisfasciatus FF FF

AnabantidaeCtenopoma kingsleyae llF

MalapturidaeMalapterurus eletricus FF

Key., FF =Fish folks account, FFC =Conflrmed during the study period

Table 4.20: Details of Fish Species

Based on the above discussions, it may be concluded that:

Li The phytoplankton and zooplankton species type, relative composition pattern

observed for the pond and the stream systems were similar to those reported

in equivalent water bodies in the Niger Delta (RPI, 1985, Egborge and Sagay

1979, Kadiri, 2000, 2001,).

ca The distribution of species richness between the stations were not remarkable

possibly due to the limited differences in the water quality within the pond

system more especially but the differences between the pond system and the

stream systems were mostly on the abundance of individual species. It is

therefore possible that at certain time of the year especially during the dry

season that there may be an over flow from one system to the other, which

made species similarity possible (Chindah and Braide 2001).

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u The macrophyte species list found in the area are those expected of similarwater body and the high area cover of the macrophyte cover for most of thestations in the pond system may be attributed to the season and lack of humandisturbance or current action since the water is stagnant.

Li The fish species found in the study area are similar to species recorded inequivalent ecological area in Nigeria (RPI, 1985). Despite the seeming highpotential of fish yield of the water body, it does not serve as a means oflivelihood of the people as most of the fishing activities are mostly forrecreation and to some extent for subsistence purposes.

4.15 MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology of the study area was analyzed in water, soil and sediments and isdescribed hereunder:

Water

The water samples had a wide variety of bacteria flora that was dominated byBacillus (sample UCSW1, 3, and 4) followed by Pseudomonas (sample UCSW2,UCSM1) and Actinomycetes (especially Streptomyces found in UCSM3) as shown inTable 4.21. The highest bacteria count of 170 x 104 cfu/ml was obtained insample UCSW4. It also contained both Enterobacter and E. coli.

The typical coliforms of environmental quality significance were found in watersamples UCSW2, 4, 5 and UCSM3, which contained either both Salmonella andEscherichia coli or one of each. Enterobacteria aerogenes a non typical coliformwas also very common. The water also probably received run-offs from domesticsources. The self purification ability of the water may be possible by action ofBacillus, Actinomycetes and Pseudomonas species which are versatile inmineralization of organic substrates in the water.

The total bacteria count of sample UCSM01 was 26 cfu/ml and coliforms count5cfu/lOOml. The coliform was of a typical group of Enterobacter aerogene. Nopathogenic coliform found.

sample Tita!. Colifoims,qunt - FungalCountcode )E^,; 'tJI10O", , i crmt q -Mt

UCSW1 211 x 102 170UCSW2 256 x 102 130 Salmonella

UCSW3 242 x 102 102 EnterobacterUCSW4 170 x104 144 Enterobacter

E. coliUCSW5 160 60 Enterobacter E. coli 17UCSM03 31x 103 132 EnterobacterR

SalmonellaUCSM02 230 x 102 126

UCSM01 26 5 Enterobacter Nil

Table 4.21 Microbiology of Water

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Soil

As given in Table 4.22, samples were rich in bacteria and fungal counts withcounts ranging from 5 x 10 4 cfu/g in to 130 x 104 cfu/g. The fungal flora isdominated by Deuteromycetes - Aspergillus, Penicillium and Mucor. Fusariumoxysoporium species were isolated. Two species of Aspergillus viz Aspergillusniger and Aspergillus candidus were obtained.

Sample code Total1bacteria count ,Coliforms countcfu/g du/g

UCS1 15 x 104 300 Mucor, PeniciliumUCS3 25 x 10 80 x Aspergilus candilus

UCSL7 36 x 104 25 x 10 3 A. niger penicillium &Fusarium

UCSL8 130 x 104 38 x 103 PenicilliumUCSL9 5 x 10 4 500 Fusarium

Table 4.22: Microbiology of Soil

SEDIMENT

As shown in Table 4.23, the sediment samples were dominated by bothActinomycetes and Bacillus species while Arthrobacter and Acinetebacter specieswere other species that were Gram positive. They were spore formers and goodmineralizing organisms. The Acinetabactercould exist both in bacillus and coccoidforms. Due to the high water activity the fungal counts were expected low rangingfrom 3 cfu/g to 27cfu/g while UCSW-SD2 and SD3 did not contain any fungi.

Sample co4e oa atra Mjrogn Totalif9p a[

. .<~ ;t ; . ' .... , .iEfum - z 3 0* con cfujgX

UCSW-SD 1 36 x 104 Bacillius, Pseudomonas 6

UCSW-SD2 39 x 104 AcinetobacterUCSW-SD3 61 x 104 Arthrobacter, BacillusUCSW-SD4 90 x 104 Bacillus, Actinomycetes 3

JW18/05 -- 70 x 104 Bacillus, Actinomycetes 27S D 5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Table 4.23: Microbiology of Sediment

4.16 WILD LIFE

The proposed plant shall be located in Cross River State, which occupies the onlyexisting largest rain forest, with two major divisions, Oban and Okwangwodivisions. The rainforest endowed in this area harbours several species of rareplants and animals. Some of the rare animal species are Gorilla gorilla (Gorilla),Pan troglodytes (Chimpanzee), Pandrillus leucophaeus (drill), and rock python.

The wildlife survey was carried out with a view to identifying and describing indetails the diversity, richness and status of the animals in the study area. Basedon the findings, appropriate proposals have been made in this report for enhancedwildlife conservation.

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Methodology

The method adopted for this biodiversity study is called Analytical HabitatAssociations (AHS), as described by Manly et a! (1993) and profoundly used byAdeola (1998), Powel (1994), and Hunt (1997). The method was based on somework originally aimed at species habitat studies, and was of course more generaland it is often interesting to discover which part of the habitat are preferentiallyused by a species of animal. Once these relationships are known it may be possibleto predict how particular habitat changes have affected such species. This type ofstudy is variously known as:

o Habitat utilization study

Li Habitat association study

o Resource/human activities selection study.

Materials used for this study were GPS Sport Track programme MAGELLAN version,Binocular 185 x 40mm range, Minolta 135 metre zoom lens camera, recordingsheets, questionnaire for socio-economic information and one experienced local(indigene) hunter. The fieldwork was done during the dry season (January).

Findings

From the study, it was found that the area harbours an impressive array ofmammalian species in spite of its highly perturbed nature. The proposed projectarea is 20 km from the Cross River National Park. The order chiroptera, rodentia,canivora, and avifauna formed the bulk of the animals. Examination of the habitat,where these animals occurred shows that the relic forests (riparian vegetation)around the river Cross and all its tributaries, harbored more species, just likequarry sites that are dominated by bush fallows and grassland (cultivate areas),(Tables 4.24 and 4.25).

The forests within these segments of Cross River state are losing their originalprimary ecotone due to various human developmental activities. Informationobtained from local hunters through questionnaire survey, indicates a sharp dropin the number of game animals they were able to kill recently as compared to thepast.

Order/Sples. 9oarQn Name B IiV Q r Cons'4vatIon-

____________ ~~~~~Beach&s St~' Slit S~tALW

INSEC77VORAPotamogale velox Otter shrew - TCHEROPTERAMicropteropus Lesser epanlet - bat v TpusillusHypsignathus Hammer headed bat v TmonstosusTadarida condylura Angola free tailed v T

batT Pumila Little free tailed bat T

Nycteris arge Slit - faced bat T

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I Order/Species Common Name Along Plant Quarry -ConservationBeaches Site Site Status

PHOLIDOTAManis tricuspis Tree Pangolin - V ERODENTIAXerus erythropus Ground squirrel - / TAnomalurus Flying squirrel - TbeecroftiCricotomys Giant rat / V LRgambianusThryonomys Cane rat LRswinderianusAtherurus africanas Brush tail porcupine TCANIVOR4Viverra ciretta African civet V V

Nandimia obscurus Cusimanse V Emongoose

Anonyx capensis Cape clawless otter - TARTIODACTYLATragelerphus Bushbuck - TscriptusPhacochoerus Warthog TaethiopicusPRIMA TEGalago alleni Bush baby i - ECercopithecus Mona monkey - TmonaREPTILEDendrospis viridis Green mamba TNaja melanoleuca Black cobia V - EAgama agama Red headed lizard - LRVaranus hiloticus Monitor lizard " LRBioga blandingii Tree snake E

Source: Field Survey, 2004KEY: T = Threatened, E = Endangered, LR = Lower Risk, V = Existence/Presence(IUCN(1996) categories)

Table 4.24: Checklist of Mammalian Species Composition andConservation Status

OrOlclW ^f im n n in iftlnt, Qu.orqzp' rvbii

a^ >:, am Okuev BC SIite' s t-it -- tsi

ACCIPTERIDAEMilvos nigrans Black kite / / LRNeophron monachus Hooded vulture - LRCypohielax angolensis Palm nut vulture - EPSITTACIDAEPsittacus erithacus Grey parrot _ EARDEIDAEEgretta garzetta Little Egret / LREgretta alba Great while - E

egretScopus umbretta Hammer kop - LRArdea cinerea Grey heron E

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4.17 SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS

The socio-economic survey was embarked upon to provide baseline data on thesocio-economic status of the inhabitants around the proposed plant andinvestigate the perception of the inhabitants of the affected areas on the likelyimpacts of the project on their general socio-economic well-being.

4.17.1 METHODOLOGY

The survey was carried out by using the structured questionnaire survey, directobservation, as well as oral discussions with some key elements in threecommunities. The questionnaire was designed to elicit information on thedemography, types of occupation, education status, common ailments, as well astheir awareness, attitudes. The socio economic baseline data on the communitieswere obtained by in situ documentation of the available social and infrastructuralfacilities in the three communities. The field assistants were recruited from thecommunities so as to guarantee easy communication with the inhabitants. Thequestionnaires were administered randomly on household basis.

4.17.2 FINDINGS

Social Organization

The people in the study area are predominantly Efik. The social organizationrevolves around clan/family council system. To a large extent, the members of theclan have implicit trust in the clan council system. Thus, rifts among members ofthe family and between clans are normally settled by the council. This was clearlyrevealed during the administration of questionnaires in the communities, in whichthe would be respondents, refused to be interviewed unless the interview isapproved by the clan head. In fact, in Abiati community, the community head hasto be briefed on the mission of the project before the team was allowed to proceedon their survey.

Demographic Structure

The three communities within the study area are completely rural and thepopulation are quite small. The population structure of the communities accordingto 1991 census is presented in Table 4.26.

-Comrnnidnity oH - -991 i ; 1996 projecIoin

. Male- | i maei | Total Thtl Mfamosing I 1,073 988 2,061 2,379Mfamosing II 578 540 1,118 1,290

Abiati 415 431 846 1,041

Table 4.26: Population Structure of the Communities

Infrastructural Facilities

The three communities at present lack many of the essential infrastructuralfacilities. For instance, there is no electricity supply to the communities. However,

04184-UNICEM 4-45


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there is electricity cables that run through Mfamosing I and II which could easilybe tapped to provide electricity for the two communities in the nearest future.

Mfamosing I and II are highly accessible because of the major road that passesthrough the two communities from Calabar to Cameroon. The linear nature of thetwo communities might not be unconnected with the passage of the road as newbuildings continue to spring up close to the road on both sides. Apart from thisroad, there are no other existing roads either tarred or untarred in the twocommunities.

Abiati is located off the main road and the 2 kilometres road that leads to thecommunity is narrow and unttarred. According to the villagers, the road becomesdifficult to use by motor vehicles at the peak of rainy season.

The only source of water for domestic use is the nearby streams. Water collectedfrom the streams is used for drinking and other domestic uses. There is no existingpipe-borne water supply, bore holes or hand dug wells. The streams, according tosome people interviewed, are able to meet the water needs of the inhabitants allthe year round i.e. during the dry and the rainy seasons. The people are, however,in dire need of pipe-borne water or bore-holes to safe them of efforts and timewasted in going to streams to fetch water especially as there are cases of reptilesattack on younger ones in the course of fetching water. The water from thestreams are hardly treated before consumption.

Education

In all, there are three primary schools in the three communities. There is also asecondary school (Seminary) school in Mfamosing I established by the CatholicDiocese of Calabar.

Table 4.27 shows the educational facilities available in the communities. Apartfrom the schools mentioned,there is a privately owned nursery school inMfamosing II. The walls of the government primary school building in Abiati isunplastered and the necessary furniture for pupils (desks and chairs) are highlyinadequate.

mErvi.4j ft ". ,T' ;i N

Mfamosing I 1. Government 1973 156 128 284 12 6Primary school

2. Immaculateconception 1972 300 - 300 26 8seminary

Government primaryMfamosing II school 1976 150 190 340 15 8

Abiati Government primary 1978 70 80 150 9 6

school

Table 4.27: Educational Facilities in the Communities

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Health care

There is a primary health care (PHC) center in Mfamosing I. The PHC center issmall with only three staff (one community health officer and two healthtechnicians). Four beds are provided and the center provides mostly ante and postnatal care as well as treatment of minor ailments. There is also a communityhealth post in Mfamosing II. Only one bed is provided at this health post. There isno healthcare facility in Abiati. Health problems are mostly reported to theMfamosing I PHC center.

Markets

The three communities have a periodic market each. The markets are made ofmakeshift structures with thatched roofs. Mostly, agricultural products are sold inthe markets as well as common household and personal items. Since there is noelectricity in these communities, products such as electronics are not found in themarkets.

There is absence of industries in the communities except in Mfamosing II wherethere is an agro-allied industry that is into cultivation of fruits and palm tree.

Social amenities

There are very few existing social amenities in the communities. In Mfamosing I,there is Ntufam Palace, which is the only modern building in the community. Thereis also a temporary community hall in Mfamosing II. Again, this building is made ofmud bricks and thatched roofs. As mentioned earlier, the buildings in the threecommunities are mostly built of mud-bricks and thatched roofs.

Occupation

Agriculture is the principal occupation of the inhabitants and crops cultivatedincludes oil palm, fruits and cassava. There is near absence of informal sectoractivities and more than 95% per cent of the inhabitants are Christians.

4.17.3 ANALYSIS OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY

Demography

The questionnaire survey results show that males constituted the highestpercentage of the total number of respondents (76.6%). The female respondentsaccounted for only 23.9%. The inhabitants are made up predominantly ofproductive age group as more than one-third of the respondents (73.5%) are inthe 26-50 years cohort. There is also a small population (18.7%) of pre-productiveage (<25years) work force. The result of this analysis is presented in Tables4.28. With respect to ethnicity, as mentioned earlier, more than two-thirds of therespondents are Efik, who are the indigenes. The remaining 28.1% are made up ofother tribal groups mostly ethnic groups from neighbouring Akwa Ibom state.However, in Abifam, more than 95% of those interviewed there are Efik.

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EA Report for Greenfleld Cement Plant ofUNICEM in Nigeria 4

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With respect to respondents' marital status, more than half of them are married

(53.1%), 42.2% are single while the remaining small percentages are made up of

widows (3.1%) and the divorced (1.6%).

Res ndents Number 0/0

Gender Age (Years) W Marital StatusMale | Female c25 -| 26-50| >50 Marriedi Sing le Divorced Widowed

,49 76.615 23.4) 12(18.7)1 47 (73.8)1 7(7.9j 34(53.11 27(42.2) 1(1.6) 2(3.1j

Table 4.28: Details of the Demographic Survey

Household

As is customary to many households in the eastern part of the country, family sizesare large with many of the households having between 6 and 10 households. Manyof the respondents live in their own houses (75.0%). The remaining 14.1% ofoccupiers who pay no rent reflects the kinship structure in which the people live inhouses built by their relations. Table 4.29 shows the household size and statustenure of the respondents.

- L > - : il -,Reido dents Number NoO) * No. of Pirbons/houSe- *4 - Ownership - -

~~ r ~~aayrs O,1Wn-er, .0Ipb,p 11. .*14.'1 I I ~~~~~ ~~~~rent- I'

28(33.8) 24(37.5) 12(27.7) 48(75.0) 9(14.1) 7(10.9i

Table 4.29: Details of the Household Survey

With respect to common items owned by the households, Table 4.30 shows thatradio (81.3%) and television (2.2%) are major items owned. Other importantitems include bicycle (23.4%), Car (5.6%), and motorcycle (17.2%).

;.t ¢ .-NRes!1ondentu° -( ,0/ iK ]-rkIYA*;%q Iitirvllable - 5!1 4 i j' =%

ddt -. ~ ~ pv - o

81.3 2.2 17.2 5.6 23.4 10.9

Table 4.30: Details of the Facilities Available

Occupation

Since most rural communities or those operating clan/kinship structure are mostlyagrarian in structure, access to land for farming or water for fishing is veryimportant since the means of livelihood of the population in these areas depend onthese activities. In the three communities, nearly all of them engaged in farming.

It is therefore not surprising that many of the respondents claimed that they haveaccess to land for farming (53.1%). 35.3% of the respondents claimed that theland they use for farming belong to the community, while 11.6% claimed that theland belong to member of the household (family land).

Health Status

With respect to health, the major ailments complained about by respondents, inorder of importance include malaria (40.6%), bronchitis (9.4%), eye problem

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(6.3%), skin diseases (7.8%) and others diseases (mostly water related) accountfor 4.7%. The high number of respondents who reported malaria is not surprisingsince malaria fever is a major problem in any area with water bodies andevergreen vegetation. Many of the houses have vegetation within their premisese.g. grasses and/or tress.

However, 31.3% of the respondents claimed that they did not suffer from anymajor ailments in the past one year. This may not be unconnected with the factthat the area is well noted with good diet containing a lot of medicinal leaves intheir soup, coupled with the general good sanitation in the city.

When asked about the sources of medication to cure the ailments they suffer from,the results obtained indicate that use of local herbs and local healers are the mostcommon form of treatment. Many of the respondents also engage in self-medication while relatively low percentage of the respondents especially pregnantwomen and those with babies patronize the PHC and community health post.

Before the respondents were asked about their perception of the impact of theproposed new cement factory, field assistants provided information on the natureof the project. This, therefore, to a large extent informed the respondents' view ofthe proposed factory on the socio-economic lives, health and the environment ofthe area in general as discussed in the next section.

4.18 CULTURAL, HISTORICAL & ARCHAEOLOGICAL FEATURES

The area around the proposed plant site is completely barren of surface culturaland archaeological materials. Not a single piece of potsherd, stone tools or anyother surface artifact was found. No limestone cave, sometimes occupied in thepast, was also located. Moreover, at Mfamosing II, the settlement adjacent to thequarry site, there are no shrines or other cultural and historical sites in the vicinityand the occupants are only recent settlers.

Forbidden Bush

At Mfamosing I, however, a forbidden bush is located at the outskirt of the townalong the Mfamosing I - Mfamosing II road, at a distance of about 500 m alongthe road and 200-300 m off the road. It is claimed that it is forbidden to farm ordo any other activities within this bush. Accoding to the clan head of Mfamosing I,each community in the area has her own forbidden bush.

Ekpe masquerade

This masquerade is said to come out anytime the community was interested indancing with it. In order words, there is no specific time when it comes out.Everyone is expected to stay indoor whenever the masquerade is out. This festivalis restricted to men only.

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Ekpa society

This is restricted to women only. Men are warned from going out when this festivalis celebrated. They would lose their manhood if they failed to heed this warning.

Limestone sites

These are seen by the people as the abode of the spirits. Some of them claim thatat these sites they hear people talking to one another in the night, for instance,they hear mothers talking to their children, people pounding, etc. But they claimthat these people are not visible.

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CHAPTER- 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT


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5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1 PREAMBLE

This section of the report establishes the environmental issues as well as potentialimpacts associated with the project life cycle including implementation in relation tothe existing state of the project environment. This is in line with the "EquatorPrinciples" and the guidelines of the IFC.

Actual and foreseeable events, including operational and typical events, arediscussed in this section. Processes that may create risks to the natural environmentare considered first and are analyzed in terms of key potential environmentalimpacts.

Generally, the environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary orsecondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly by the project,and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and typically includethe associated investment and changed patterns of social and economic activities bythe proposed actions.

UNICEM's primary purpose and need for the proposed activities is firstly to utilize thepotential natural resource of limestone for manufacture of cement and secondly interm to contribute in the social development of the study area/region directly orindirectly. The likely impacts of the proposed plant would be:

o Due to construction phase which would be regarded as temporary or short term

o Due to operation, which would have long term impacts.

The construction and operation phases of the proposed project comprise of variousactivities each of which has been considered to assess the impact on one or otherenvironmental parameter as given below:

u Topography

o Climate

o Air Quality

o Noise level

o Water Quality

o Water Resources

o Soil Quality

o Vegetation

o Wild life

o Aquatic life

o Land Use Pattern

o Socio-economic

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o Health & Infrastructure

o Employment

UNICEM is committed to apply the best practices/ standards in the cement industryfor dust suppression and safety measures during the construction period andoperation phase to mitigate the adverse impacts. The identification, prediction andevaluation of the associated and potential impacts are therefore presented as under:

5.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

Construction activities normally spread over pre-construction, preparatoryconstruction, machinery installation and commissioning stages and end with theinduction of manpower and startup.

Pre-construction phase involves completion of all legal formalities with respect to theNo Objection Certificates from the various statutory bodies, surveys/ studiesrequired, finalization of contract for procurement of machinery/ equipments,recruitment and hiring of requisite skilled, semi-skilled manpower and labour,provision of space and other facilities like water supply, disposal of wastewater andsolid waste etc. on temporary basis for the contracted labour to be employed andprovision for storage of machinery and materials to be used for construction.

Preparatory construction phase mainly consists of transportation of machinery andmaterials to be used for construction, clearing and leveling of land, transportation ofmachinery/ equipment to the site, construction of foundations, buildings andapproach roads required for installation of the same etc.

Machinery installation and commissioning phase involves activities like cutting,welding and construction of buildings and other facilities, laying of cables andpipelines, installation of machinery, etc.

Induction of manpower and start up is self-explanatory and also involves testing ofplant for any type of leakages and designed capacity.

The details of activities and actions to be undertaken and their impacts duringconstruction phase are summarized in Table 5.1 and described hereunder:

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Sn Component Activities ImpactsI Movement of o Increase in traffic u Disturbance to community

manpower, movement & its safetymachinery o Encroachment of area for o3 Nuisance of dust andand material parking & camping gaseous pollutants like

o Washing and maintenance S02, NOx, CO, VOC, HCof vehicles o Nuisance of noise

o Nuisance of solid wasteand waste water

o Nuisance of oil leakageo Nuisance to cultural and

aesthetic featureso Business opportunities to

localso Employment to locals

2 Site clearing, o Operation of heavy earthing o Disturbance to nativeleveling & machinery & equipment vegetation and habitatsexcavation o Removal of vegetation at o Change in Land use

site patterno Piling of soil o Disturbance to existingo Storage of oil nearby land userso Disturbance to groundwater creating visual impact in

by intersection of shallow vegetated areasaquifer o Nuisance of dust and

o D.G set operation gaseous pollutants likeSO2, NOx, CO, VOC, HC

o Nuisance of noiseo Nuisance of solid waste

and waste watero Nuisance of oil leakageo Business opportunities to


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Sn Component Activities Impacts3 Civil o Transportation and storage o Disturbance to existing

Construction of construction materials nearby land userso Storage of oil creating visual impact ino Operation of construction vegetated areas

equipment & machinery o Nuisance of dust ando Storage of waste material gaseous pollutants likeo Exploitation of water S02, NOx, CO, VOC, HC

resources o Nuisance of noiseo D.G set operation o Nuisance of solid waste

and waste watero Nuisance of oil leakageo Business opportunities to


4 Mechanical o Transportation of o Nuisance of dust andConstruction equipment, metal sheets gaseous pollutants like

etc. SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, HCo Operation of cutting and o Nuisance of noise

wielding machines o Nuisance of solid wasteo Storage of oil and waste watero Storage of waste material o Nuisance of oil leakageo D.G set operation o Business opportunities to


5 Camp o Construction of temporary o Disturbance to existingaccommodation nearby land users

o Supply of fuel and other creating visual impact inmaterial vegetated areas

o Supply of domestic water o Nuisance of dust ando Storage of domestic waste gaseous pollutants likeo Medical facilities S02, NOx, CO, VOC, HCo Recreational facilities o Nuisance of noiseo3 Supply of electricity o Nuisance of solid waste

and waste watero Nuisance of oil leakageo Price hike of essential

commoditieso Nuisance to cultural and


localsio Employment to locals

Table 5.1: Impacts During Construction Phase

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Climate

Climate is mainly governed by regional characteristics. Construction activities shall

not adversely contribute to these regional characteristics, hence, no impact is

envisaged.

Air Quality

The sources of air emission during construction phase will include site clearing,

vehicles used for transportation of men and materials to the site and operation of

construction equipment. Emissions from them are expected to result in degradation

of air quality, primarily in the working environment affecting construction employees.

However, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) rise in the ambient air will be coarse

and would settle within a short distance close to the construction site so measures

will need to be taken to protect workers. Hence, dust and other emissions are

unlikely to spread sufficiently to affect the surroundings of the construction site.

Traffic to the site during construction will be more intensive and much heavier than

at present in normal operating conditions. In turn, it will subject existing roads to

more stress. The present roads need to be upgraded for the proposed movement of

traffic.

Gaseous emission like S02, NOx, CO, HC are also anticipated as a result of burning of

fuel due to operation of machinery /equipment.

Site clearing is proposed to be limited and confined to the plant area only. Moreover,

the standard facilities/ infrastructure for dust suppression shall be implemented.

Hence the impacts on the ambient air quality during construction phase will be

moderate and temporary for short duration and reversible in nature and restricted to

small area only.

Noise Level

The general noise levels due to construction activities such as working of heavy earth

moving equipment and machinery installation may sometimes go upto 90 dB(A) at

the work sites during day time. The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an

equivalent noise level of 80-90 dB(A) in 8 hour shift for which all statutory

precautions as per law will be implemented. Use of proper personal protective

equipment shall further mitigate any adverse impact of noise to the workers. By

using standard practice of operation, these impacts can be minimized and made

insignificant.

Impacts on the noise levels will be temporary for short duration and reversible in

nature.

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Water Resources & Quality

During the construction phase of proposed plant, total water requirement is

estimated as 250 to 300 m3/ day depending upon the type of construction activitiesat site. This requirement of water will be drawn through underground water,identified as the source of water for the plant.

The wastewater generated during construction phase shall be mainly from domesticactivities. The strength of total skilled, semiskilled and labour required forconstruction shall be 400 (peak) and 250 (average). Since most of the workers willbe from local area, wastewater generated will be minimal.

The generation of domestic wastewater from the township will be approximately 100m3/day, which will be treated in the Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) provided at thesite. The treated domestic wastewater will be used in dust suppression andconstruction activities.

During monsoon period, the wastewater is mainly generated from soil erosion. Soilerosion at plant site would be increased as a result of excavation of topsoil. This mayresult in suspended solids and turbidity in run off water during the monsoon period.However, this impact will be temporary in nature.

Therefore, minor adverse impact on water resource and water quality (surface aswell as ground) is anticipated during construction phase.

Soil Quality & Solid Waste

Development of this project could have adverse impact on the soil resulting fromclearing, excavation, topsoil removal, soil disposal, road construction and refuse/waste disposal. Site clearing and soil compaction could expose the soil to erosion byrain/ storm water, thereby depleting the soil nutrients.

During construction phase, solid waste such as excavated soil, debris, metal wasteand oil and grease from construction machines will be generated. This waste maycontaminate soil at plant site temporarily though it would be restricted to a smallarea. Excavated topsoil will be used for backfilling and as soon as construction isover all waste will be cleared.

During the construction phase, hydraulic oil, fuels and lubricating oils would be used.There is potential for accidental spills while re-fuelling or servicing vehicles andthrough the breakage due to wear and tear. Procedures for maintenance ofequipment would ensure that this risk is minimized and cleanup response is rapid ifany spill occurs.

During construction phase, waste oil shall be generated as and when lubricating oil ischanged. Waste oil shall be collected through the drain ports and stored in leak proofsteel drums and sent to the area earmarked for storage of spent oil. The waste oildrums shall be properly identified with label of what is contained both in locallanguage and English and shall be disposed off as per standard practice.

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The solid waste generated by workers as municipal waste will be minimal as most ofthem belong to local area. Solid waste shall be disposed off on municipal wastedisposal site allocated by local administrative authorities. Other solid waste likedebris, metal pieces, cotton waste, etc. so generated will be collected andsegregated and will be disposed off as per standard practice.

Hence impacts shall be insignificant, reversible and for short duration only. Theimpacts shall be confined to the construction site only.

5.2.2 COMPONENTS CREATING RISKS TO SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

The components of the construction phase that could result in effects on the socio-economic environment include the following:

Employment & Socio-economic

In addition to permanent staff, the labour strength engaged in the construction shallbe about 250 to 400 persons depending upon construction activities, since manyitems of construction are labour intensive. Most of the unskilled and semi-skilledlabour will be by and large available from the nearby villages and towns. Thus,impact on the physical and aesthetic resources will be minimal.

Further local skilled, semi skilled and unskilled labourers will get direct and indirectemployment during the construction phase. This might also result in a steep rise inagricultural wages in the surrounding villages, especially at the time of harvesting forshort duration. Hence, short-term positive impacts on socio-economic conditions ofthe area are anticipated during the construction phase.

Property Management

The land required for the project has already been acquired by UNICEM.

Disturbance to Community Resources and Safety

o Road crossings and traffic

There are safety risks related to transportation of machinery and materialsthrough public roads due to increase in the local traffic and also, there is arequirement for warning signs to minimize damage to the third-party vehicles. Inaddition, risks to public need to be managed. Existing roads need to be furtherstrengthened to minimize the impacts due to road crossing and traffic duringconstruction phase.

i Disturbance to topography and existing land uses

Construction activities are proposed to be confined to the plant area only, whichis very small as compared to total study area. Hence, impact shall be confined toplant area only.

• Impact on forestry plantations, horticulture and aquatic life

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During construction phase, disturbance to vegetation shall be minimum andconfined to plant area only so impact shall be insignificant and for short durationonly.

5.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE

Operation phase of the proposed cement plant mainly comprises of the following:

o Excavation of limestone from the captive mines

o Transportation of crushed limestone from mines to plant site

o Transportation of other additives to the plant site

o Preparation of raw meal by adding additives to limestone

o Clinkerisation of raw meal

o Cooling and heat recovery

o Blending & grinding of clinker by adding additives



The details of activities and actions to be undertaken and their impacts duringoperation phase are summarized in Table 5.2 and described hereunder:

Sn CohipoWeM ' TA iti; - Ini' ctsU 'i w

1 Transportation of o Increase in traffic o Disturbance to communityraw materials movement & its safetyand products o Washing and o Nuisance of dust and

maintenance of gaseous pollutants likevehicles SO2, NOx, CO, VOC, HC

o Nuisance of noiseo Nuisance of solid waste

and waste watero Nuisance of oil leakageo Nuisance to cultural and



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Sn Component Activities Impacts2 Operation of o Excavation of o Air emissions from

plant limestone from the operations as definedcaptive mines above are Dust, NOx, SO2,

o Transportation of CO, and unburntcrushed limestone hydrocarbons..from mines to plant o Waste water generation issite mainly anticipated from:

o Transportation of Water treatment plant i.e.other additives to the DM plantplant site Domestic usages in plant

o Preparation of raw o Anticipated solid waste ismeal by adding mainly generated fromadditives to limestone wastewater treatment

o Clinkerisation of raw plant as dry sludge, wastemeal lubricating oil from

o Cooling and heat machinery/equipments andrecovery municipal waste from

o Blending & grinding domestic usagesof clinker by adding o Accidental spillage of oil, ifadditives any.

o Packing & Despatch o Regional developmento Operation of gas o Saving of foreign exchange

based captive powerplant

o Payment of taxes androyalty

3 Peripheral o Direct and indirect o Increase in per capitaDevelopment employment income

o Development of o Change in Land useinfrastructure like patternroad, medical, o Increase in literacy ratetransportation etc o Change in living style

o Implementation ofWelfare schemes likedrinking watersupply, education,health etc

o Demand of localproducts andagricultural products

o Development ofgreen belt

Table 5.2: Impacts During Operation Phase

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Climate

The use of hydrocarbon gas, which is a relatively clean energy source as the energysource for the plant will minimize impact on climate. Impact on climate as a result ofthis project will be localized and negligible.

Ambient Air Quality

Dust emissions shall be controlled by Electrostatic Precipitators (ESPs) and Bag filtersas per the details given in Chapter 3.0 for the proposed operation of the cementplant and each air pollution control equipment shall limit the dust outletconcentration to 50 mg/Nm3.

Oxides of Nitrogen (NO,) are generated as a direct result of the high temperatureflame in the cement kiln. Generation of NOx gas depends to a great extent on thecombustion temperature. A well-designed burner system, therefore, shall limit thetemperature to a reasonably low value of NO, generation.

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) originates from both cement raw materials and fuel, howeveralkali components present in the raw meal bind most of the sulphur into the clinker.Thus, the conditions within the cement kiln essentially "scrub out" the majority ofpotential SO2 emissions from cement manufacturing. Use of natural gas as fuel in kilnand captive power plant shall further minimize the emission of SO2 and it will befurther controlled by providing a stack of suitable height for its natural dispersion inthe atmosphere as per standard guidelines.

In view of the firing technique of keeping a positive oxygen balance, emission ofCarbon monoxide (CO) shall be minimal.

In addition, UNICEM shall abide by the standards prescribed as given in Table 5.3.

Raw Mill 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm' Nil Nil

Clinker Cooler 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm 3 Nil Nil

Kiln Plant 50mg/ Nm 400mg/ 600mg 50mg/Nm3 200mg/N <400Nm3 /Nm 3 m 3 mg/Nm3

Crusher 50mg/ Nm 3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil

Table 5.3: Plant Environmental Specifications Vs IFC Guidelines -Air Quality

Hence, based on the above discussion and considering ambient air quality of thestudy area, dust, SO2 and NOx emissions have been considered as critical pollutantsfor dispersion modelling.

Dispersion Modelling

Prediction of Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) of dust, SO2 and NOx has beenmade by using Industrial Source Complex Short Term model Version-3 (ISCST 3)

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software developed by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). This model

uses a steady state, sector-averaged Gaussian plume equation for application in

complex terrain (i.e. terrain stack or release height) and stability classes developed

by Pasquill and Gifford. The following assumptions are made while using the model:

o No dry and wet depletion of pollutants

o Receptors are on flat terrain with no flagpole.

The details of main stacks attached to proposed unit and emission releases from

them are given in Table 5.4.

i sdaitcula-s a Li. Section~, ____

-~~~~~~~ ~~~ rc.pp

1. j a l,

1 Number of stacks 1 1 2 4 1

2 Stack height (m) 100 50 60 35 12

3 Stack Diameter (m) 5.0 4.5 2.0 1.2 3.0

4 Stack gas Temperature 180 300 100 90 480

(c)5 Stack gas velocity 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 12.0

6 Particulate emissionmg/Nm3 50 50 50 50 50

gm/s 6.5 4.1 1.25 0.46 1.67

6 S0 2

mg/Nm3 200 - - - 200

gm/s 0.52 0.13

6 NOxmg/Nm3 400 400

gm/s 2.58 0.67

Table 5.4: Source Characteristics/ Release Characteristics

GLCs are calculated by using meteorological data collected from the meteorological

station at site during the monitoring period and are computed for various

combinations of grid size of 1000mxlOOOm. Grid so selected for simulation is based

on the one for which highest GLCs values are obtained. GLCs are calculated for the

following conditions:

o Stability Class F: Wind speed 1, 2 & 3 m/s

o Stability Class D: Wind speed 3, 4, 5 & 6 m/s

• Mixing height :100 m & 1000 m

Output of Model

Predicted GLCs on hourly basis for dust, SO2 and NOx are depicted in Fig. 5.1 to 5.6

and described hereunder:

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1 2 3 4 5 6

Wind Speed (mis)

*D Stability Class D * Stability Class F

Fig. 5.1 : GLC of SPM at Mixing Height of 100 m

E 15, 1

:L 10 1ll Hl

1 2 3 4 5 6Wind Speed (m/s)

U Stability Class D * Stability Class F|

Fig. 5.2: GLC of SPM at Mixing Height of 1000 m

SPM: From Fig. 5.1 and 5.2, it is clear that maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted

for stability class D and wind speed 3.0 rn/s at a mixing height of 1000m and

predicted value is 17.4 ,ug/in3.

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0.16 ___

0.4- -N ----- _V)0.14-

E 0.1 _ _;cmmo0.06 -o 0.045I

0.02 m 0 -- - - w -

1 2 3 4 5 6Wind Speed (m/s)

|-Stability Class D * Stability Class F_|

Fig. 5.3: GLC of S02 at Mixing Height of 100 m

v., 50)

2 3 4 5 6

Velocity (mis)

* Sabiit Class D U Stability Class F

Fig. 5.4: GLC Of 502 at Mixing Height of 1000 m

S02: From Fig. 5.3 and 5.4, it is clear that maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted forstability class D and wind speed 6.0 m/s at a mixing height of 1000 m and forstability class F and wind speed 1& 2 m/s at both the mixing heights. The predictedvalue is 0.15 pg/in3.

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0.8--

c 0.6-4

=L0.4

o- -1 2 3 4 5 6

Wind Speed (m/s)

|*M Stability Class D * Stability Class F

Fig. 5.5 : GLC of NOx at Mixing Height of 100 m

0.81 /

c0.6-

0.4- /'

(0.2 *-l0 -

1 2 3 4 5 6

Wind Speed (m/s)

i Stability Class D * Stability Class F]

Fig. 5.6: GLC of NOx at Mixing Height of 1000 m

NOx: From Fig. 5.5 and 5.6, it is clear that maximum 1 hourly GLC is predicted forstability class D and wind speed 6.0 m/s at a mixing height of 1000 m and forstability class F and wind speed I& 2 m/s at both the mixing heights. The predictedvalue is 0.75 Pg/m 3.

Noise Levels

General noise levels generated from equipment during operation of proposed cementplant shall be as given in Table 5.5.

.. - ~ No~eLvJ. ~ :

Day Time 75 dBA 60 dBA

Night Time 70 dBA 60 dBA

Table 5.5 : New Plant Environmental Specifications Vs IFC Guidelines

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For an approximate estimation of dispersion of noise in the ambient from the sourcepoint, a standard mathematical model for sound wave propagation is used. For themodelling purposes, flat terrain is considered and environmental attenuation factorsare not considered.

Based on the model, calculations are made and the estimated attenuated noise levelsfrom the proposed activities at different distance are given in Fig. 5.7.

ATTENUATED NOISE LEVEL

70

6 0- -- -- _-

50 v

.40-

02

10 -- I-I---v --

01 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Distance (m)

Fig. 5.7 Attenuated Noise Levels

The above results show that the elevated noise levels will be limited to a shortdistance from the source. Further the resultant noise level will be mingled with thebackground noise levels of 55 dB(A) within 10 m from the machine shops and 35dB(A) within 50 m from machine shops.

The above noise levels worked out are without mitigative measures. With themitigative measures in place, the noise levels will be further restricted within veryshort distance from the source. The operators/ personnel working near the noisesources in the plant will be provided with earmuffs and earplugs.

Traffic Density

Road Traffic to and from the plant during operation will be more intensive and muchheavier than at present in normal operating conditions. In turn, it will contribute tonoise as well as ambient air quality in terms of dust and other gaseous pollutants.The regular maintenance of vehicles shall limit the pollution within limit. The presentroad conditions needs to be improved for proposed movement of traffic.

Water Resources

During the operation of proposed plant, the water requirement is estimated ataround 3,500-4,000 m3/ day which shall be made available through ground waterresources of the area. It is expected that the yield from wells shall be sufficient tomeet the daily water requirement of the plant as per details given in Chapter 3.0.

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The exploitation of water resources during the operation will not affect the water

availability in the area to other competing users.

Waste Water

The wastewater generated from the operation of proposed plant shall be about 500

mi3/ day, which shall be mainly contributed by waste water from domestic activities,

blow downs from captive power plant and from DM plant.

The wastewater so generated shall be treated in Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP),

which, shall consist of primary to tertiary treatment. Treated water shall be reused

for dust suppression, green belt development and in the process to the extent

possible. Nothing shall be discharged outside the plant premises.

Based on the above, it may be concluded that impact shall be minor.

Solid Waste

During operation phase, waste oil shall be generated as and when lubricating oil is

changed from various gearboxes. Waste oil shall be collected through the drain ports

and stored in leak proof steel drums and sent to the "Spent Oil Storage Site" of the

plant. The waste oil drums shall be properly identified with label of what is contained

both in local language and English. Lubricant so generated shall be disposed off as

per the standard practice.

Domestic solid waste generated shall be segregated and will be sent to waste

disposal site allocated by local administrative authorities.

5.3.2 COMPONENTS CREATING RISKS TO SOCIO-ECONOMICENVIRONMENT

Land Use Pattern and Cropping Pattern

The overall indirect impact on the land use is considered as positive due to adoption

of latest methods of sowing and irrigation as there is likelihood of increase in

purchasing power of local habitats, which could be attributed to the improvement in

income.

There is likely to be no change in the cropping pattern in the close vicinity of the

plant, from the prevalent cropping pattern.

Ecology

The overall impact on the terrestrial ecology can be considered positive as a green

belt of appropriate width shall be developed and maintained in the area by UNICEM.

Employment and Economic Growth

Increased quantity of cement produced shall in general result in industrial growth,

which in turn would generate direct and indirect opportunities of employment and

04184-UNICEM 5-16

EA Report for Greenfield Cement Plant of

UNICEM in Nigeria e

HOLTEC

business in the region. The setting up of a cement plant would result in payment of

excise duty and sales tax to the Government that will have positive regional impacts.

Socio-Economic

UNICEM shall actively contribute to improve the socio-economic conditions of the

area and shall also actively participate in implementing Government schemes for the

welfare of the society of the area. The infrastructure like roads, facilities for

transportation, health and education which shall be developed as a result of the

operation of proposed plant shall also add to socio-economic development of the

area. The overall impact of the proposed project will be positive and beneficial.

5.4 IMPACTS EVALUATION

The evaluation of the impacts of the proposed project on the environment both in

terms of quality and quantity have been made. The environmental impact evaluation

of possible impacts as a result of proposed project activities on various

environmental parameters is primarily based on careful study of plant operations,

surrounding environment etc. The aspects such as air, water, land, noise and related

issues of environment have been assessed on the basis of plant operations for

similar plants and baseline of the study area.

The environmental impacts identify the possible relationship of proposed plant

operations with respect to environmental parameters. These relationships can be

beneficial or adverse and can be further classified as short term, long term, and

reversible, irreversible, local or regional.

The anticipated qualitative impacts of proposed project activities based on the above

discussions are summarized in Table 5.6 & 5.7 for construction and operation

phases respectively.

Air Quality V

Water quality

Water resources

Noise and * *

vibrationSolid waste _ _

Land Use Pattern

Forest &Vegetation _ ____

Wild life _

Aquatic life * *

Socio - economic * * *

Health &InfrastructureEmployment _ =

=

Table 5.6: Qualitative Impact Evaluation During Construction Phase

04184-UNICEM 5-17


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I PotenJal ImpactsNature of Ukely pacts ightagelocal Regi- Shot Log Reversible Irmversible Adverse Bene-E Minor Moderat Signi-

.__________ onal YeennI Ten , ial ,ant

Air Qualit * * * * *

Water quality *

Water** **

resources _ __

Noise and * * * * *

vibration _

Solid waste * * * * *

Land Use * * * * *

PatternForest & *** *

VegetationWild life * * *

Aquatic life * * * * *

Socio- * * * * *

economic _ _

Health& * * * * *

Infrastructure__ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Employment * * _ *

Table 5.7 Qualitative Impact Evaluation During Operation Phase

For quantification of impacts, matrix system as modified to some extent has been

used as given below:

For quantifying impacts on the environment, the policies of the Government of

Nigeria, Standards prescribed by FEPA, guidelines and standards prescribed by IFC

and the World Bank are being considered. Weightage to each environmental

parameter based on its importance has been assigned as given below.

Air Quality 150

Waste Water 50

Water resources 100

Noise & vibration 100

Solid waste 50

Land use 50

Forest and Vegetation 100

Wild life 100

Infrastructure & support services 100

Employment & economic growth 200

The severity has been divided in impact scores from 0-5 for calculating the severity

of impacts on the environmental parameters due to various project activities as given

below.

h~ ~ ~~~~~~~0 'akvq -Xt'tl,i' ;lr a4 mi scole b Tie;$9

No impact 0

No appreciable impact 1

Significant impact-slight or short term effect 2

Major impact-occasional irreversible effect 3

High impact-irreversible or long term impact 4

04184-UNICEM 5-18


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Seveity criteria Impact score l

Permanent impact 5

The impact score can be -ve or +ve depending on whether the impact is adverse or

beneficial.

Based on the above importance values and impact scores, the impact value (impactscore x importance value) for the environmental parameters is calculated. Theimpact value for individual parameter is added to arrive at the total impacts value.

The criteria which shall be used to make conclusive statement based on the totalimpacts value without control measures is defined as given below.

'Totallii villuep r, ;;, iusionst.

Upto(-)1000 No appreciable impact on environment

(-)1000 to (-) 2000 Appreciable but reversible impact.Mitigation measures important.

(-)2000 to (-) 3000 Significant impact mostly reversible after shortperiod. Mitigation measures crucial.

(-) 3000 to (-) 4000 Major impact which is mostly Irreversible. Siteselection to be considered.

Above (-) 4000 Permanent irreversible impact, alternative sites tobe considered.

The environmental impact matrix based on the above principles has been attemptedfor the proposed project and is given in Table 5.8. The total impact value for the

project works out to be:

During construction stage (-) 400

During operation stage (+) 550

l,h,,,K,f 3! i 15W N # A3M - g1-n,rd,1Air Quality 150 (-1 (-)2 (I -150 -150

Waste water 50 (-1 (-)2 () -50 -50

Water resources 100 (-)1 (-) () -100 -100

Noise and 100 (-)1 (-)2 (-)1 -100 -100

Vibration

Solid waste 50 I -)1 -)1 -50 -50

Land use 50 (-1 (+)1 (+)1 -50 +50

Forest and 100 (-)1 0 (+)1 -100 +50

vegetationWild life 100 () 0 (+)1 -100 +100

Infrastructure & 100 (+)1 (+)1 (+)2 +100 +200

support services

Employment & 200 (+)1 (+)2 (+)3 +200 +600

Economic growth I

Total -400 +550

Table 5.8: Quantitative Impact Evaluation During Construction andOperation Phase

The results indicate a definite positive impact of setting up of proposed project. To

summarize, most of the plant activities are not likely to adversely affect the

environmental quality of area surrounding the plant.

04184-UNICEM 5-19

HOLTEC

CHAPTER -6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES


FIOLTEC

6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES

6.1 PREAMBLE

Prior to arriving at a decision regarding establishment of a Greenfield cement plant at

Mfamosing, a number of project alternatives were examined and reviewed. The

options considered were:

Li No project option

o Importation of bulk cement and bagging locally

Li Establishment of a new cement plant close to the quarry for production ofcement, which will ensure a constant supply of the product to meet marketdemands in Calabar in particular, and the old Cross-River State in general.

6.2 NO PROJECT OPTION

The No project option implies that cement production will not occur at the projectsite and the site would continue to remain fallow and abandoned. No socio-economicbenefits would accrue to the nearby communities, the local government, the Cross

River State and the Federal Government.

A development activity in an area inevitably involves its alteration from the

environmental point of view. However, to manage this alteration, a cost - benefit

analysis of the project must also consider all the socio - economic elements in

question in addition to ensuring the maximum protection of environment by use of

latest, state-of-the-art technologies.

Failure to implement the proposed project would involve the following:

o Failure to rationalize the use of natural resources available in the project areawhich can be used to manufacture cement

o Loss of opportunity to increase revenue capacity both at local, state and nationallevel

o Loss of opportunity to create direct employment for hundreds of Nigerians andindirect employment to several other hundreds more through multiplier effect interms of downstream socio-economic benefits and consequent improvement inthe living conditions of local population in the project area.

Therefore, choosing the "No project option" will mean a loss of preliminaryinvestments on the project and there would be no benefit to the nation. No newemployment opportunities would be created. Nonetheless there will be no alterationof the environment apart from nature induced changes that would invariably have nosignificant impact.

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6.3 IMPORTATION OF BULK CEMENT & BAGGING LOCALLY

This option is the top end of the process for cement production. It entailsimportation of bulk cement from overseas which would require considerable foreignexchange of several thousands of dollars, upgrading of existing jetty at UNICEM onCalabar River, as well as dredging of the river to enable ships bring in bulk cement.This option requires huge capital outlay, capital flight out of the national economy,and upgrading of existing infrastructure and facilities. Infrastructure upgrade willprovide temporary jobs for a few dozens of Nigerians, more of low wage earners,which is a positive impact on the social scale.

However, offloading of bulk cement at the jetty and transferring via conveyor belt tostorage silos for bagging may cause serious air pollution problems from dustemission with adverse environmental and human health impacts unless effectiveabatement facilities are put in place.

Pollution from cement dust may degrade third party farmlands, neighbourhoodhouses and other properties with potential complaints from neighbouringcommunities, litigation and demand for compensation. Processing and bagging ofimported cement requires energy use with associated emissions of greenhouse gases(particularly C02, CH4, NOx, CFCs), noise pollution from machinery, aestheticdegradation, health risks on worksites and occupants of buildings near by withoutefficient dust protection facility.

The equipment for transfer of cement from ship to storage silos through conveyorbelts and the bagging equipment would require investment in and inclusion of airpollution abatement and control facility in-built to minimize environmental and healthimpact.

The company has to invest in pollution abatement, adopt cleaner productiontechniques, best manufacturing and operational practices. A Health, Safety andEnvironment Unit would need to be established, well equipped and with well trainedstaff who will routinely carry out environmental monitoring of the ambient and workplace environment to ensure compliance with national and international air qualitystandards.

6.4 ESTABLISHMENT OF GREENFIELD CEMENT PLANT

This is the option adopted after the other two project development alternatives wereevaluated alongside on the basis of their environmental liabilities, economic andtechnical merits.

The first two options were rejected on the grounds that the proposed new projectworks out to be economically viable, socially beneficial and more environmentfriendly. The existence of abundant raw materials for cement production andadequacy of the existing infrastructure for cement production at the proposed site,are factors in favour of the selection of this third option over the other two alreadydiscussed in the foregoing.

04184-UNICEM 6-2


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Establishment of the plant close to the quarry would lead to increased logistic

support. A common set up of services would be adequate, thereby reducing the land

required to be disturbed. Transport of raw material to the plant would be easier and

more economical. A fewer number of transport equipment would need to ply leading

to lesser traffic. This would lead to lower risks of accidents and lower air pollution

from traffic movement and vehicular emissions.

Thus the alternative of establishing a greenfield plant at a new location close to the

mining site is the best option.

04184-UNICEM 6-3

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CHAPTER -7 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN I


HOLTEC

7. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 PREAMBLE

This section presents the recommended mitigation measures for the impactsidentified and described in Impact Assessment (Chapter 5). The management plan

for construction and operation phases of proposed project includes measures that

minimize adverse impacts to the environment and ensure no long lasting evidence of

activities.

The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been designed within the frameworkof various regulatory requirements on environmental and socio-economic aspects

aiming at the following:

o Minimize disturbance to native flora and fauna

o Prevent air, water, soil and noise pollution

o Avoid sites of historical, cultural and archaeological significance

o Encourage the socio-economic development.

This is in line with the "Equator Principles" and the guidelines of IFC. UNICEM is

committed to maintaining the highest standards of environmental protection.Compliance with relevant legislations shall be targeted as a minimum objective. In

particular, environmental management activities shall include but shall not be limited

to the compliance with the environmental requirements applicable to the project,such as:

o All relevant FMENV and CRSEPA legislations regarding the environment

o International Conventions/ Guidelines and Agreements to which Nigeria is a

signatory

o World Bank Guidelines on the Environment.

7.2 IMPACT MITIGATION TECHNIQUES DURING CONSTRUCTIONPHASE

Environment protection measures/ precautions shall be adopted to minimize the

impacts due to activities related to pre-construction, preparatory construction,machinery installation and commissioning stages and end with the induction of

manpower and startup. The impacts during the construction phase on theenvironment would be basically of transient nature and are expected to reducegradually on completion of construction activities.

7.2.1 AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT

During construction phase, a certain amount of dust shall be generated due to the

transportation of men, machinery and materials, land clearing and leveling of land,

04184-UNICEM 7-1



operation of construction machinery/ equipment, construction of foundations,

buildings and other requisite infrastructure etc. close to the construction site.

Gaseous emissions like SOx, NOx, CO and hydrocarbons are also anticipated as a

result of burning of fuel due to operation of machinery/ equipment. The impacts shall

be temporary in nature and shall marginally deteriorate the ambient air quality.

However, the following measures shall further reduce the dust generation:

o Construction materials shall be fully covered during transportation to the site by

road

o Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimum

practicable

o Construction site would be designed to minimize the removal of soil and

vegetation

o Topsoil removed will be preserved for later reinstatement purposes by piling it

along a boundary of the site

o Dust suppression systems (water spray) shall be used as per requirement at the

construction site

o Earth moving equipment, typically a bulldozer with a grader blade and ripper

shall be used for excavation work.


Noise shall be generated mainly due to operation of machinery/ equipment used for

construction and transportation of materials to the site. The general noise levels due

to construction activities may sometimes go up to 90 dB(A) at the work sites during

day time. The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an equivalent noise level

of 80-90 dB(A) in an 8 hour shift for which all statutory precautions as per law shall

be implemented. The measures described below shall be able to mitigate the noise

levels generated at site:

o Provision of rubber padding/ noise isolators

o Provision of silencers to modulate the noise generated by machines

o Provision of protective devices like ear muff/ plugs to the workers.

7.2.3 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

During the construction phase of the proposed plant, the total water requirement is

estimated as 250 to 300 m3 per day depending on the construction activities at site.

This requirement of water will be drawn through underground water, identified as

the source of water for the plant. The following measures shall be adopted for waterresource management:

o Continuous attempt shall be made to optimize/ reduce the use of water



7.2.4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

04184-UNICEM 7-2


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During the construction phase, the waste water shall be mainly generated fromdomestic activities. The strength of total skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labourrequired for construction is estimated at 400 (peak) and 250 (average). Since mostof the workers will be from local area, waste water generation shall be minimal.

A proper drainage system shall be constructed at site on a temporary basis at anearly stage. The salient features of water quality management shall comprise of thefollowing:

o Raw water quality shall be checked on regular basis for essential parameters asper World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines

o All the waste from the site shall be treated in the septic tanks provided

o All the debris resulting from the site shall be isolated from the waste water anddisposed off separately

o A sediment trap shall be provided to prevent the discharge of excessivesuspended solids

o An oil trap shall be provided in the drainage line to prevent contamination byaccidental spillage

o Wash down area for cleaning of vehicles wheels shall be provided and wheelwash waste shall be drained properly

o No untreated discharge shall be made to water courses

o To prevent contamination from accidental spillage of oil, the storage areas will bebunded and will be inspected and cleaned at regular intervals.

7.2.5 SOIL QUALITY MANAGEMENT

Construction related activities could have an adverse impact on the soil resultingfrom clearing, excavation, topsoil removal, soil disposal, road construction andrefuse/ waste disposal. The following measures shall be adopted to prevent/ reducesoil contamination:

o Litter, fuel, oil drums, used grease cartridges shall be collected and removedproperly

o Dust bins shall be placed at requisite locations

o Lubrication waste oil shall be collected separately in drums and shall be disposedoff as per standard practice

7.2.6 LAND USE PATTERN AND ECOLOGY MANAGEMENT

Disturbance during construction phase shall be confined to the land acquired for theproposed plant only. To keep the disturbance at a minimum, the following measuresare recommended:

o Land clearing for construction site will be kept at the absolute minimumpracticable

o Construction site would be designed to minimize the removal of soil andvegetation

04184-UNICEM 7-3


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o Topsoil will be cleared and stored for later reinstatement purposes by piling it

along a boundary of the site.

7.2.7 TRAFFIC MOVEMENT

Traffic to and from the site would become more intensive and much heavier than at

present in normal conditions. This would subject the existing roads to more stress.The measures proposed for traffic control during construction include:

o Minimize use of roads by planning vehicle movements

o Advise traffic police of activities

o Road crossings to be used shall be well marked

o Spray down dirt roads if too dusty

7.2.8 SOCIO-ECONOMIC

In addition to the permanent staff, around 250 to 400 persons shall be engaged inconstruction activities. Most of the unskilled and semi skilled labour shall be fromnearby villages and towns. UNICEM shall also ensure:

o Adequate dialogue with the local population

o Protection of traditional water structures

o Provision of health and education services

o Although no displacement is currently envisaged, in case it is unavoidable in thefuture, UNICEM shall pay the compensation as per State legislation.

u Provide temporary employment generation opportunities

7.3 IMPACT MITIGATION TECHNIQUES DURING OPERATIONPHASE

The Operation phase of the proposed cement plant shall mainly comprise of thefollowing:

o Excavation of limestone from the captive mines

o Transportation of crushed limestone from mines to plant site

o Transportation of other additives to the plant site

o Preparation of raw meal by adding additives to limestone

o Clinkerisation of raw meal

o Cooling and heat recovery

o Blending & grinding of clinker by adding additives



04184-UNICEM 7-4


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Environment protection measures/ precautions shall be adopted to minimize theimpacts due to operation of plant, which mainly include stack and fugitive emissions.The impacts during the operation phase on the environment would be basically ofpermanent nature and are expected to last long.

7.3.1 STACK EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT

Dust is the main pollutant emitted from various stacks in a Cement Plant. The otheremissions are SO2, NOx and CO. The following measures are envisaged in theproposed plant:

o Suitably designed ESP / Bag filters placed downstream of the stacks will separateout about 99.99% of the incoming dust in flue gas and limit the dust

concentration at its designed outlet concentration of 50 mg/Nm3

o In Kiln, generation of NOx gases depends to a great extent on the combustiontemperature. A well-designed burner system, therefore, shall limit thetemperature to a reasonably low value of NOx. Further it is proposed to go in forlow NOx Calciner to minimize the NOx generation and emission

o Sulphur dioxide (SO2) originates from both cement raw materials and fuel,however, alkali components present in the raw meal bind most of the sulphurinto the clinker. Thus, the conditions within the cement kiln essentially "scrubout" the majority of potential SO2 emissions from cement manufacturing. Use ofnatural gas as fuel in kiln and captive power plant shall further minimize theemission of SO2 and it will be further controlled by providing a stack of suitableheight for its natural dispersion into the atmosphere as per standard guidelines.

o In the event of failure of any pollution control equipment, automatic tripping inthe control system, shall be provided

o For ESP operations, interlocking shall be provided with supply to electrode, whichmeans that any distribution in the power supply to electrode will switch thewhole unit off

o Stacks in the plant shall be provided with automatic stack monitoring unit(Opacity meter)

o Impact of CO emission is negligible in view of the firing technique of keeping apositive oxygen balance. However, regular monitoring and continuous autoregulation of fuel and air by automatic combustion control system is proposed tobe installed

o Heavy and light vehicles are the other major sources of CO. All vehicles and theirexhausts would be well maintained and regularly tested for emissionconcentration

o Regular preventive maintenance of pollution control equipment

o Stack emissions shall be regularly monitored on periodic basis.

In addition, UNICEM shall abide by the standards prescribed as given below whichshall be well within the IFC guidelines.

04184-UNICEM 7-5


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Section IFC uidelIine - Desi In Datd of the. Plant.-PM ' NOx PM SO, 4L i Nox

Raw Mill 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm Nil Nil

Clinker Cooler 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil

Kiln Plant 50mg/ Nm' 400mg/ 600mg 50mg/Nm3 200mg/Nm3 <400 mg/Nm3

Nm3 /Nm3

Crusher 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil 50mg/ Nm3 Nil Nil

7.3.2 FUGMVE EMISSIONS MANAGEMENT

The following measures shall also be adopted at the proposed unit for control of

fugitive emissions:

o Jet Pulse bag filters shall be installed at all dry material conveying and transfer

points

o Dust suppression system shall be installed at dump hopper of limestone/additives

o Regular dust suppression shall be carried out with water sprinkler on the haulroads

o Level sensor shall have a gap of only half-meter in between stacking boom and

top of pile

o Plant roads & approach roads shall be made of bitumen/ concrete

o Areas between various sections and truck parking areas shall be made of

concrete/ bitumen

o Open areas within the plant premises and along with boundaries of the plant

premises shall be covered under green belt

o Raw Materials/ Cement shall be fully covered during transportation to/ from thesite by road


The general noise levels generated from equipment during operation of proposed

cement plant shall be as given below and shall be well within the IFC guidelines.

& SK , X, ". .

Day Time 75 dBA 60 dBA

Night Time 70 dBA 60 dBA

Some of the design features provided to ensure low noise levels are as given below:

o All rotating items shall be well lubricated and provided with enclosures as far as

possible to reduce noise transmission. Extensive vibration monitoring system will

04184-UNICEM 7-6


HOLTEC

be provided to check and reduce vibrations. Vibration isolators will be provided toreduce vibration and noise wherever possible

o In general, noise generating items such as fans, blowers, compressors, pumps,motors etc. will be so specified as to limit their speeds and reduce noise levels.Static and dynamic balancing of equipment will be insisted upon and will be

verified during inspection and installation

o Provision of silencers shall be made wherever possible

o The insulation provided for prevention of loss of heat and personnel safety shall

also act as noise reducers

o Layouts of equipment foundations and structures will be designed keeping in

view the requirement of noise abatement

o Central control room(s) provided for operation and supervision of plant and

equipment will be air-conditioned, insulated and free from plant noise. Necessaryenclosures will also be provided on the working platforms/ areas to provide localprotection in high noise level areas

o Proper lubrication and housekeeping shall be ensured to avoid excessive noise

generation

o In case where the operation of the equipment warrants the presence of

operators in close proximity to equipment, the operators will be provided withnecessary safety and protection equipment such as ear plugs, ear muffs etc.

u Provision of green belt in and around the plant premises shall help in attenuatingnoise.

u Occupational Health and Safety Administration System (OHSAS) will bedeveloped for evaluation of exposure of noise pollution on the associated staff

and comparing it with permissible exposure and subsequently taking correctiveactions.

By these measures, it is anticipated that noise levels in the plant will be maintainedbelow 60 dB(A). Earth mounds and plantations in the zone between plant andsurrounding area would further attenuate noise in the residential area.

7.3.4 SOUD WASTE MANAGEMENT

The following measures are proposed to be adopted to manage solid wastes:

o During operation phase, waste oil shall be generated as and when lubricating oilis changed from various gearboxes. Waste oil shall be stored in leak proof steeldrums and sent to the "Spent Oil Storage Site". The waste oil drums shall beproperly identified with label of what is contained both in local language andEnglish. It is proposed to be disposed off as per standard practice.

o The sludge generated from the Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) at plant shall beused as manure. Regular monitoring shall be carried out to assess any adverseimpact.

o The solid waste generated as municipal waste will be collected and segregatedalong with the domestic waste generated from plant and will be sent to municipalwaste disposal site allocated by local administrative authorities.

04184-UNICEM 7-7


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7.3.5 WATER RESOURCE/ QUALITY MANAGEMENT

During operation of the proposed plant, the water requirement is estimated at

around 3,500-4,000 m3/ day which shall be made available through ground water

resources of the area. It is expected that the yield from wells shall be sufficient to

meet the daily water requirement of the plant.

The following measures shall be adopted to conserve water and prevent

deterioration of its quality:

o Continuous attempt shall be made to optimize/ reduce the use of water in plant



o Raw water quality shall be checked on regular basis for essential parameters as

per WHO guidelines before use

o Drainage system that shall be used for carrying the wastewater to storage tank

shall be periodically checked for any leakage.

7.3.6 WATER POLLUTION MANAGEMENT

The wastewater generated from the operation of the proposed plant shall be about

500 m3/ day. Wastewater generated from plant operation, which shall be mainly

from domestic usage, water treatment plant and blow downs shall be treated in an

effluent treatment plant (ETP). ETP shall consist of primary to tertiary treatment and

treated water shall be used for dust suppression, green belt development and in the

plant operation to the extent possible. Regular monitoring shall be carried out to

assess any adverse impact.

7.3.7 HOUSEKEEPING

The salient features of the practices proposed to be adopted for the new plant shall

include:

o Mechanized cleaning of roads and floor area inside the plant premises by using

road sweeper and mobile vacuum cleaner on regular basis

o Training on regular basis to all workers and staff about the importance of

cleanliness

o Careful garbage transportation to dumping site and disinfection of transport

vehicles body

o Decorative plantation to improve aesthetics of the plant

o Construction of suitably designed drains all along the roads and boundary of the

plant premises.

7.3.8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY

The precautionary measures to be followed to reduce the risk due to dust on the

workers engaged in and around the material handling areas shall include:

04184-UNICEM 7-8


HOLTEC

o Adequate arrangements shall be made for preventing the generation of dust byoptimizing the chutes at transfer points for reducing the falling height of material,

preventing spillage of material by maintaining the handling equipment, isolatingthe high dust generating areas by enclosing them in appropriate housing and

appropriately dedusting through high efficiency bag filters

o Due care shall be taken to maintain continuous water supply in the waterspraying system and all efforts would be made to suppress the dust generated by

raw material handling systems by water spraying at appropriate points

o Almost all material handling systems shall be automatic i.e. unmanned. Theworkers engaged in material handling system shall be provided with personalprotective equipment like dust masks, respirators, helmets, face shields, etc.

o All workers engaged in material handling system shall be regularly examined for

lung diseases

o Any worker found to develop symptoms of dust related diseases shall be changedover to other jobs in cleaner areas.

7.3.9 HEAT RADIATION

Thermal insulation shall be provided wherever necessary to minimize heat radiation

from the equipment, piping etc. to ensure protection of workers. Insulation shall be

done by adequate cleats, wire nets, jackets etc. to avoid loosening. Insulationthickness shall be so selected that the covering jacket surface temperature shall not

exceed the surrounding ambient temperature by more than 150C. The effect of

thermal pollution of air will be negligible considering the atmosphere as the ultimateheat sink and no other industry being located in the vicinity.

7.3.10 MEASURES TO IMPROVE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

In addition to payment of royalty and taxes to the Government, UNICEM shall

continue its efforts to improve the socio-economic status of the local habitants to theextent possible which includes:

o Preference to locals in direct and indirect employment

o Grant or add to education, health and infrastructure and supply of drinking waterin the area to the extent possible

o Active participation and contribution to awareness programme organized by

national or international agencies.

7.3.11 GREEN BELT DEVELOPMENT

UNICEM shall develop greenbelt inside and outside the premises as shown in Drg.no. 04184-05-7.1. Saplings shall be raised initially by purchasing from outside andat later stage, a nursery shall be developed. Services of professional horticulturistshall be hired for development of greenbelt and garden within the plant premises.Community plantation shall be encouraged in the surrounding area.

7.3.12 WATER HARVESTING

04184-UNICEM 7-9


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In an effort to save water resources, UNICEM shall adopted water harvesting

programme as its policy and shall implement the same in a scientific way.

7.4 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT CELL

Apart from having an EMP, it is also necessary to have a permanent organizationalset up charged with the task of ensuring its effective implementation. A separate

department consisting of officers from various disciplines shall be created to co-

ordinate the activities concerned with the management and implementation of the

environmental control measures of the proposed plant operation.

Basically, this department shall undertake monitoring of the environmental pollution

levels by measuring stack emissions, ambient air quality, water and effluent quality,

noise level etc., either departmentally or by appointing external agencies wherever

necessary. In case, the monitored results of environmental pollution are found to

exceed the allowable values, the Environmental Management Cell shall suggest

remedial action and get these suggestions implemented through the concerned plant

authorities.

The Environmental Management Cell shall also co-ordinate all related activities such

as collection of statistics w.r.t health of workers and population of the region,

afforestation and green belt development.

To achieve the objective of pollution control, it is essential not only to provide best

pollution control systems but also to provide trained manpower resources to operate

the same. Training facilities would be strengthened for environmental control which

would cover the items listed below:

o Awareness of pollution control and environmental protection

o Operation and maintenance of pollution control equipment

o Knowledge of norms, regulations and procedures

o Occupational health and safety.

7.4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBIUTIES DURING CONSTRUCTIONPHASE

o The Contractor's Project Health, Environment Safety (HSE) Team during the

Engineering Design shall be headed by the project HSE Co-ordinator (HSEC) who

will be assisted for the environmental management activities. Environmentalassessment responsibilities will be handled by its Site Safety & EnvironmentalManager (SSEM).

o On the part of UNICEM, these responsibilities will be managed by anEnvironmental Liaison Officer (ELO), working with the project Quality AssuranceEngineer (QAE) and the Community Liaison Officer (CLO).

u The Site Safety and Environmental Managers (SSEM) and UNICEM'srepresentatives at the project locations shall offer technical advice on protectionmeasures and monitoring performance. The responsibility for environmental

04184-UNICEM 7-10


HOLTEC

protection shall lie with the management who must ensure that all environmentalconsiderations are integrated into project activities.

L Community Liaison Officer in the project areas, SSEM, and the FacilitiesContractor or Superintendent or the Operations Manager, shall be involved inresolving all community issues. The representatives of FMENV shall supervise allactivities geared towards environmental protection. All affairs and resolutions/agreements shall be properly documented for future reference as honoured by all

parties concerned.

Project HSE Coordinator (HSEC) - Engineering

The HSEC has the overall responsibility to ensure that the environmental objectivesare met, through implementation of procedures and technical activities during theengineering design phase. The HSEC will report to the Contractor's Engineeringphase Project Director. The HSEC responsibilities include but are not limited to the

following:

o Issue project Environmental Action Plan and procedures for the management ofits implementation throughout all phases of the Project execution

o Organization and overview of the Project Environmental Management System,including planning, co-ordination, recording and control of environmental studiesand reviews

a Liaise with Client's Environmental representative for resolving environmentalissues related to the execution of the project.

Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO)

The ELO shall be the focal point for all environmental matters in relation to theimplementation of the engineering component of the proposed project. It shall be

the responsibility of ELO to ensure that the design provided for implementation andreviewed in the EIA/EMP report conform to those in the conceptual plan. At the end

of the review, using relevant checklists (prepared by the QAE), the design presentedfor implementation may be approved, referred or rejected if consideredenvironmentally unjustifiable.

Site Safety and Environmental Manager (SSEM)

The contractor responsible for project execution (construction and commissioning)shall provide a Site Safety & Environmental Manager (SSEM), working in functionalinterface with the engineering Contractor's Team and interface with UNICEM's ELO.SSEM will be responsible for the development and implementation of the

environmental activities relevant to construction described in this EMP. He will reportto the Contractor Site Representative. The SSEM's environmental responsibilities shall

include the following:

o To ensure that all construction personnel involved with construction relatedactivities are aware of the objectives and appropriate environmentalrequirements

o To acknowledge the project organization with the environmental policy of theproject

04184-UNICEM 7-11


HOLTEC

o To execute internal environmental auditing

o To carry out site inspections

o To manage the waste streams as described

o To compile and issue documents and reports required

o To design and run environmental training

o To liaise with construction departments and management

o To liaise with sub-contractors

o To plan and carry out, when necessary, studies and/ or environmental analysis.

From time to time there may be requirements for specialized environmentalexpertise. The Contractor's office will provide qualified resource support as andwhen required.

7.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBIUTIES DURING OPERATION PHASE

o The HSE Team during the operation shall be headed by the Plant HSE Co-ordinator (HSEC) who will be assisted for the environmental managementactivities. Environmental assessment responsibilities will be handled by SiteSafety & Environmental Manager (SSEM).

o In addition to the above, an Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO), working withthe Quality Assurance Engineer (QAE) and the Community Liaison Officer (CLO)shall also be a part of the team.

o The Site Safety and Environmental Managers (SSEM) shall offer technical adviceon protection measures and monitoring performance. The responsibility forenvironmental protection shall lie with the management who must ensure that allEnvironmental considerations are integrated into the project activities.

o CLO, SSEM, and the Plant Superintendent or the Operations Manager, shall beinvolved in resolving all community issues. The representatives of FMENV shallsupervise all activities geared towards environmental protection. All affairs andresolutions/ agreements shall be properly documented for future reference ashonoured by all parties concerned.

HSE Coordinator (HSEC)

The HSEC has the overall responsibility to ensure that the overall environmentalobjectives are met, through implementation of procedures and technical activitiesduring the operation phase. The HSEC shall report to the Plant Director. The HSEC'sresponsibilities shall include but shall not be limited to the following:

o Issue Environmental Action Plan and procedures for the management of itsimplementation

o Organization and overview of the Environmental Management System, includingplanning, co-ordination, recording and control of environmental studies andreviews

o Liaise with statutory bodies and community concerned for resolvingenvironmental issues related to the operation of the plant.

04184-UNICEM 7-12

m m m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~


HOLTEC

Environmental Liaison Officer (ELO)

The ELO shall be the focal point for all environmental matters in relation to the

implementation of the Environmental Action Plan during the operation phase. It shall

be the responsibility of ELO to ensure that the system adopted for environment

protection conform to those in the conceptual plan. At the end of the review, using

relevant checklists (prepared by the QAE), the implementation system may be

reviewed if considered environmentally unjustifiable.

Site Safety and Environmental Manager (SSEM)

Site Safety & Environmental Manager (SSEM), will be responsible for the

development and implementation of the environmental action plan. The SSEM's

environmental responsibilities include the following:

o To ensure that all personnel involved with operation related activities are aware

of the objectives and appropriate environmental requirements

o To acknowledge the plant organization with the environmental policy of the

UNICEM

o To execute internal environmental auditing

o To carry out site inspections

o To manage the waste streams as described

o To compile and issue documents and reports required

o To design and run environmental training

o To liaise with construction departments and management

o To plan and carry out, when necessary, studies and/ or environmental analyses.

7.5 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES

This section presents those procedures and activities of general nature, which need

to be implement for conservation of the resources and for protection of environment.

These can be grouped under the following headings:

7.5.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT

Waste shall be managed in accordance with the company's Waste Management Plan

as stipulated in UNICEM Environmental Management System and compliance with

national and Cross River state regulations. The principles of waste reduction,

recycling, recovery and reuse shall be practiced.

Waste Minimization Guidelines

Waste minimization implies the reduction of the volume of air, liquid and solid wastes

to the maximum possible extent. The four principles of waste minimization process

(namely; recycling, reduction, reuse and recovery) shall be adopted as applicable.

Further development activities are a function of the activity level, age depreciation

and maintenance level of facilities and operating equipment.

04184-UNICEM 7-13


HOLTEC

Waste Handling Guidelines

For proper handling and disposal, wastes shall be well defined at source and the

definition transmitted along with the waste until the final disposal state. Allprocedures shall be defined, and documented appropriately for all wastes generated.The general information required, as a minimum, for adequate definition of wastesinclude:

o Waste stream identification

o Proper waste categorization

Li Waste segregation

o Appropriate handling and disposal practice

o Recommended management practices

Waste Segregation Guidelines

For effective implementation of appropriate waste disposal methods and recycling, itis important that waste materials be segregated, preferably at source into clearly

designated bins at strategic locations.

Waste Disposal Guidelines

Instructions on the material safety-handling sheet shall be strictly adhered to, andshall form the basis for the disposal of wastes related to such products. Adequatetreatment measures shall be undertaken, wherever applicable, for all waste beforefinal disposal.

7.5.2 MONITORING

The various areas to be monitored shall be in accordance with the state of theenvironment. In the light of this, there is a need to establish the monitoring schedulefor sustainable development of the project. The detailed monitoring program is givenin Table 7.1. In-house environmental monitoring programme needs to be institutedfor the project, which shall address the foregoing key issues to ensure compliancewith good house keeping and manufacturing practices in order to avoid unnecessaryadverse effect.

Aquatic Life Fisheries Bi-annually Artificial lake, seasonal

Diversity and abundance streamsCatch and yieldSpecies conservationstatus

_ Macrophytes and

04184-UNICEM 7-14


HOLTEC

Environmental -Indicator Parameters Monitoring Monitoring LocationComponents Frequency

Benthos Bi-annuallyDiversity and abundanceSpecies conservationstatus

Borehole and/ or Turbidity Quarterly Artificial lake, seasonalSurface water pH streamsquality DO

BODMicrobiologyNutrient status, etc.

Waste water pH, Total Dissolved Monthly Within the plantSolids, Total SuspendedSolids, Dissolved Oxygen(DO), BOD, COD, Heavymetals and Oil andgrease.

Air Quality Particulates (SPM), SOx, Quarterly Around the plant ambientNOx, CO, HC environment as well as

work place environment.

Noise LeqStack emission Particulates (SPM), SOx, Quarterly Within the plant

NOx, CO, HC

Soil Quality Plasticity tests, Grain Annually Around the plantsize distribution analysis,Quick (undrained)triential consolidate iontests. Permeability tests,pH, Moisture content,Organic carbon, Textureand structure, TotalNitrogen and Trace andheavy metals

Sediment Lake/ river bed Annually At 3 km intervals in waterCharacteristics topography bodies in the

Sediment particle size project areadistribution

Wildlife Species diversity and Bi-annually Quarry area and plant areaabundance and environSpecies conservation Annuallystatus

Socio-economics Common/ prevalent Bi-annually Host communitiesdiseases e.g. STD, AIDSPublic perception/opinion J

Table 7.1 Recommended Environmental Monitoring Programme

7.5.3 CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING

A training programme is an essential part of an Environmental Management System(EMS). Environmental Training will be given to key operators on those who areresponsible for informing their teams. In line with the 1991 FEPA Guidelines, UNICEMshall establish a Health Environment Safety (HSE) Unit, which shall be staffed with

04184-UNICEM 7-15


HOLTEC

qualified and competent scientists/ engineers. There shall be a Corporate/ Company

HSE Manager who shall be responsible for implementing the company's

Environmental Policy and ensuring compliance with all relevant international, national

and state environmental regulations and laws.

The capacity of the HSE department would be strengthened through institutional

strengthening by purchasing portable environmental quality meters for measuringpollutants instantly in air, water and soil as well as measurements of noise and heat.

Staff of the HSE will be trained on proficient use of the items of pollution

monitoring equipment including understanding and importance of Quality Assurance/

Quality Control as well as interpretation of field monitoring data and report writing

for compliance monitoring.

There shall be periodic Sustainable Environmental Awareness Training/ Seminars

with content including Ecology, Sustainable Development, EnvironmentalManagement, Institutional and Regulatory Framework, Pollution Control,

Enforcement and Compliance Monitoring, Environment Accounting, Corporate

Environmental Responsibility, Environmental Health and Safety, Risk Assessment,

Environmental Assessment, Contingency Plan, Event Response, Liability and

Compensation etc., for Managers, Supervisors/ intermediate staff and junior staff to

inculcate the tenet of sustainable development in all cadre of staff .

7.5.4 REPORTING

Reporting of all incidents shall be made to the regulatory agencies and supervisory

bodies as they occur. The findings of each environmental audit shall also be

submitted to FMENV and CRSEPA.

7.5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT

Environmental Audits are tools used by management to systematically and

periodically evaluate the performance of environmental management systems (EMS),

procedures and equipment. Environmental audits are required by the FMENV as

environmental monitoring tools to ensure that project operation is carried out

according to the regulatory requirements and standards.

All the project facilities shall be regularly audited once operation commences. This

audit shall check the prediction of the Environmental Assessment Report and assessthe general performance of the project to ensure that environmental standards are

maintained and UNICEM policies and environmental management guidelines are

strictly maintained. Each environmental audit shall be geared towards achieving the

following:

o Examine compliance with regulatory requirements

u Identify current and potential environmental problems

u Examine the line management systems, plant operations, monitoring practicesand data, procedures and plans

u Check the predictions of the Environmental Evaluation Assessment and ensurethat its recommendations are being implemented

04184-UNICEM 7-16


HOLTEC

o Recommend areas of improvement in operations management.

7.5.6 ENVIRONMENT LABELING AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method of checking the facts about the

environmental burden of a product from its design through to production and thenfinal disposal. It can be used in design of a new product or the evaluation of existingproduct. LCA is the analysis of a product or service through all stages of its life cycle,raw materials acquisition, manufacturing, transportation; use/ reuse/ maintenance,recycling/ waste management and relevant energy supply systems. It includes:

o Evaluation and policymaking

o Public education

o Internal decision making

• Public disclosure of information

In the same process, product also gets environment labeling. UNICEM is committedto conduct all types of studies including LCA to preserve the natural resources and toprotect the environment.

7.6 UNICEM'S STATEMENT ON THE PROJECT

The new cement plant shall adopt the most up to date technology in the cementindustry by which, its impact on environment shall be insignificant, and the localgovernment regulations and the IFC guidelines would be completely fulfilled.Designed environmental specifications of the proposed plant are in line with or morestringent than IFC environmental guidelines.

A comprehensive environmental management system will be developed to monitorenvironment and safety performance. A total engineering concept to integrate theperformance parameters will be applied. Safety audits shall be carried out to ensurecompliance with health and safety legislation and assessing work place risk.

Culturally, the proposed project shall have no significant impact with regard tocultural effects. Economically, the proposed cement plant will serve the nationalincome, will provide job opportunities and a long-term economic boost and will helpto supply the high demand of cement in the Nigerian market. Socially, peoples' gainshall increase.

04184-UNICEM 7-17


HOLTEC

8. PUBLIC CONSULTATION

8.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

UNICEM has always firmly believed in Sustainable Development and for this projecttoo has committed to adopt'best practices' in the industry within the framework ofSustainable Development. The company has endeavoured to maintain cordialcommunity relations in all its areas of operation. For the proposed cement plant inCalabar, the company held consultations with the Standards Organisation of Nigeriain Lagos and Enugu, the Cross River State Ministry of Environment and the FMENVZonal Office in Uyo. Consultations were also held with the host communities, andtheir neighbouring communities.

UNICEM took these opportunities to explain all the measures that shall be taken toprotect the environment during the construction and implementation phases of theproposed project in order to allay the fears borne by the people. During the variousconsultations UNICEM also enlightened the people on environmental conservationprinciples. The host communities used the consultation meetings to familiarizethemselves with their operations and also enumerate their interests.

The lease deed between the company and the Abi-Mfam Community of Ojuk South

Clan, Akamkpa Local Government Area endorsed by the Village Heads of Abiati andMfamosing villages (Copy enclosed as Annexure 8.1) is a testimony to the goodrelations the company enjoys in the local community.

As a foundation for a sustainable development communication involvementprogramme the Company shall regularly communicate and solicit stakeholderfeedback. UNICEM shall ensure that these activities shall be continuous so thatrelationships can be maintained and trust can be established.

The consultation process shall be made a functional and regular part of the executionduring the project life span. Community development packages shall be formulatedkeeping the requirements of the local population in view and after due deliberationswith them.

04184-UNICEM 8-1



Annexure 8.1Page 1 of 7

ABl-MFAMfTUM'CM DEED OF LEA4SE

DEED OF LEASE

THIS LEASE MADE this ... . day of ...... 2003

BETWEEN

ABI-MFAM COMMUNITY OF OJUK SOUTH CLAN, AKAMKPA LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA of Cross River State of Nigeria (hereinafter referred

to as the "LESSOR", which expression shall where the context so admits

shall include its successors in title and assigns of the one part,

AND

UNITED CEMENT COMPANY OF NIGERIA LIMITED (UNICEM), a

body corporate, incorporated under the Laws of the Federal Republic of

Nigeria, whose head office is situated at Spring Road, Diamond Hill,

Obutong, Calabar in CALABAR MUNICIPAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT

AREA of Cross River State of Nigeria (hereinafter referred to as the

"LESSEE", which expression shall where the context so admit shall include

its successors in title and assigns of other part.

04184-UNICEM 8-2


HOLTEC


ABZ-MFAM-UNXICEM DEED OF LEASE

WHEREAS

1. The Lessor is the lawful owner of the land situate at Abi-Mfam

Community, Ojuk South Clan of Akamkpa Local Government Area of

Cross River State.

2. The Lessor became seized of the land by virtue of the Customary

Right of Occupancy, which they have acquired over 200 years ago,

prior to the date of the enactment of the LAND USE ACT in 1978.

3. The Lessor agrees to demise unto Lessee Land to build and carry on

quarrying activities under the terms and conditions hereafter stated.

NOW THE DEED WITNESSETH AS FOLLOWS:-

(A) The Lessor leases and the Lessee takes from the ........ day of

).. , 2003, ALL THAT PARCEL OF LAND

containing Limestone Deposits above and below ground level,

lying and situated at Abi-Mfam Community, covering a total land

area measuring 868.97 (Eight hundred and sixty-eighty decimal

ninety-seven) hectares, which parcel of land for purpose of

identification is more particularly described in Plan No.

ZAP/259412003 attached to this Lease Agreement made by

Surveyor I. E. Inyang, a Licensed Surveyor and bound by beacon

stones Nos. SC/CRA 1978F to SC/CRA 2001F and from SC/CRA

400F to SC/CRA 414F verged red on the plan.

04184-UNICEM 8-3


HOLTEC

Annexure 8,1Page 3 of 7

AB-MFAM-UNICEM DE3ED OF LEASE

(B)(i) The lease shall be for a term of 5 (five) years with an option to

renew by the Lessee in writing to the Lessor 3 (three) months

before the expiration of the term hereby created except there

be at the time of such request any existing breach or non-

observance of covenants by the Lessee.

ii) The Lessor will grant a lease of the said demised land for a

further term of 5 (five) years from the expiration of the said

term, subject to agreement on the rate of lease rent.

C)

i) The lease rent shall be at the rate of =N= 2,000,000.00 (Two

Million Naira) only per annum.

ii) In consideration of the sum of =N= 2,000,000.00 (Two Million

Naira) only paid by the Lessee to the Lessor before the execution

of these presents, (the receipt whereof the Lessor hereby

acknowledges) the Lessor hereby demises unto the Lessee all that

parcel of land herein described.

D) THE LESSEE HEREBY AGREES WITH THE LESSOR AS FOLLOWS:

i) To pay the rent hereby reserved at the time and in the manner

herein before mentioned.

ii) To pay all taxes, rates, duties, assessment, impositions, outgoings

related to Lessee's operations on the demised parcel of land.

iii) To use the demised parcel of land for the purpose of quarrying,

mining and erection of factories, buildings (offices and residence),

only.

04184-UNICEM 8-4


HOLTEC


ABI.MFAk!-11CBM DFED OF LEASE

iv) The Lessee shall have the sole right and/or privileges over all

cementitious minerals that may be found on the demised land.

v) The Lessee shall ensure that quarrying viz-a-viz mining and other

related operations in the demised land are strictly in accordance

with industry practice, particularly of environmental laws and

guidelines, without any nuisance to the Lessor and without

infringing on any Federal, State and/or Local Government

legislative regulations throughout the period of the said lease.

vi) The Lessee shall allow the bonafide owners of the land to continue

with the cultivation of their plots provided it is a safe point from

the blast area or as the Lessee may deem it safe.

vii) The Lessor shall protect the demised land from any

TRESPASSERS, INTRUDERS or INTENDING one.

viii) The Lessee shall allow the LESSOR and his agents to enter the

land and view at all reasonable time during the term granted.

ix) The Lessee shall not assign, underlet or part with possession of

the demised land or any part thereof without the written consent

of the Lessor, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld in the

case of reasonable and respectable LESSEE.

x) The Lessee shall use its best efforts and give preference to -

suitably qualified and experienced indigenes from Abi-Mfam, and

recognizes its obligations to ongoing training, and skill

development for its employees.

0 U)4

04184-UNICEM 8-5


HOLTEC


AJI-MFAM-UNICES DESD OF LEASE

xi) The Lessee shall use its best efforts to ensure contracts and sub-

contracts are awarded to suitably qualified, experienced, and

competent indigenous firms. If in the event any contract is not

awarded to an indigenous company, the Lessee shall, as far as is

reasonably practical, ensure the contractor is bound by the same

principles relating to community relations as the Lessee.

xii) The Lessee shall pay compensation commensurate with the crops

destroyed to the affected farmers during the course of the

Lessee's operations following the standard mechanism for

assessing such compensation.

xiii) The Lessee shall maintain at all times cordial relationship with the

community for the sustenance of a peaceful operational

environment, and will give reasonable support to community

development.

xiv) The Lessee further undertakes to carry out the mandatory

traditional rites on the demised parcel(s) of land prior to

commencement of operations.

xv) The Lessee shall pay all costs and expenses incidental to this

agreement including the solicitors' fees, and for the preparation,

engrossment, stamping, and registration fees as assessed by the

appropriate authorities.

0/4

04184-UNICEM 8-6


HOLTEC


ABI-JMF"A-VlICEM DEED OF LEASE

5. RE-ENTRY

Provided that if any part of rent hereby reserved is in arrears for 3

(three) months whether or not lawfully demanded or upon the

occurrence or breach of any of the LESSEE covenants herein

contained, the LESSOR may re-enter and take possession of the

demised parcel(s) of land or any part and the term hereby granted

shall absolutely cease and determine.

THE LESSOR HEREBY COVENANTS that the LESSEE performing and

observing all that other covenants herein contained, may quietly hold and

enjoy the demised land during the term without interruption by the

LESSOR or any person claiming through or in trust for him.

THE LESSOR shall indemnify the LESSEE in the event of any dispute that

may arise out of the Lease.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF the parties hereto have hereunto set their

hands and seals the day and year first above written.

SIGNED, SEALED AND DEUVERED

By the within named LESSOR l t e r....................................................

NTUFAM PIUS EKPE ITITAVILLAGE HEAD - ABIATI

.'-........ .... . ........NTUFAM CLEMENT E. EMAYIPVILLAGE HEAD - MFAMOSING

0 I

04184-UNICEM .8-7


HOLTEC


AB1-MFPAM- NtCEM DEZD oF LEASE

IN THE PRESENCE OF:

(1) NAME: ............ i. i A.S. ^ i .'........ . ........

ADDRESS: J . ... C. 2. .

OCCUPATION: .......... ....L.

SIGNATURE: ............

(2) NAME: .... ......... ...... .......

ADDRESS: ...... ...........

OCCUPATION: . ,,,- .

SIGNATURE: ........................

SIGNED, SEALED AND DELIVERED

By the within named LESSEE _

,./ XV , DIRECTOR

*r.. wn~~~~~......./¢-SECRETARY

IN THE PRESENCE OF:

(1) NAME:...... .. .-.. ..

ADDRESS: ....U.&' '-c ....... 4r.

OCCUPATION: ...... L.......

SIGNATURE: .

(2) NAME: ... i e .A4e .ADDRESS: ; t/t uJ

ADD ESS ...................................... ..*7. .. I. .OCCUPATION: .......SIGNATURE:5 SIGNATUN M ..... 8..........;

0418R4-UNINCEM ....... 8-8

HOLTEC CONSULTING PRIVATE LIMITED

'Holtec Centre'A Block, Sushant Lok,

Gurgaon - 122 001, Haryana, IndiaPhones: +91-0124-5047900, 2392940, 2385095*

Fax: +91-0124-2385114, 2385116, 5047914*(from Delhi prefix'95124')

Email : [email protected]

Regd. Office01-0103 Imperial Tower, C-Block Community Centre, Naraina, New Delhi-1 10028

Phone:5791002 Fax: ++91-11 5791001

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