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WorldBank

IN INDIA

THE

I N S I D E

MARCH 2019VOL 17 / NO 5

Social impact bond for women 1-3

Development Dialogue: From schemes to systems 4-6

Lighthouse India: Building resilient communities 7-9

Recent Project Approvals, Signings & Events 10-13

Face to face 14-15

ICR Update: Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project 16-18

New Additions to the Public Information Center 19-27

Contact Information 28

Photo by World Bank

New social impact bond for individual women entrepreneurs

Till a few years ago Sudha Devi’s family was dependent on her

husband’s apprenticeship job at a sweet shop in Patna, Bihar. Then,

starting from small incremental loans ranging from Rs. 2,500 to Rs 20,000,

Sudha and her husband Sakhinder built up a successful local business.

Today, the annual revenue for that business is more than Rs. 40 lakh.

Homemaker from Pardi, Maharashtra, Archana Amardeep Bhoir in 2017

took a loan of Rs. 84,000 to set up a successful enterprise of vegetable

cultivation, cutlery shop and photocopy center.

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The World Bank in India • March 2019122

These are no doubt encouraging stories of

women entrepreneurs in India. However,

while women’s collectives can borrow

from banks and microfinance institutions,

individual women entrepreneurs in the

country face many challenges when seeking

to finance their own enterprises. Loans of

Rs. 50,000 – Rs. 5 lakh are often viewed

as being too small and too risky and are

charged an interest of 20 to 24 percent.

New ray of hope for women entrepreneurs

A new social impact bond for women, called

the women’s livelihood bond, launched with

support from World Bank and UN Women,

is the first-ever impact bond in India that

will connect impact investors with women

entrepreneurs at the bottom of the pyramid,

like Sudha Devi and Archana.

Attending the launch of the bond on

February 19 in Mumbai, Sudha Devi and

Archana were hopeful of taking their

businesses to even greater heights.

Talking about her dreams for the enterprise

that employed 30-40 local youth and

women, Sudha Devi said, “Sometimes our

cash flow dries up and we are forced to

stop. But we hope that if we are able to

secure a more consistent flow of investment,

we would be able to scale new heights. That

is my dream and my goal.”

Women in the states of Bihar, Jharkhand,

Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh and the North Eastern states,

among others, are expected to be the

biggest beneficiaries of this bond.

Helping individual women entrepreneurs

The bond, supported by some ten leading

wealth managers and corporates, will help

rural women in some of India’s poorest

states to set up or scale-up their own

enterprises. Loans are expected to be

around Rs. 1 lakh to Rs. 1.5 lakh at interest

rates of around 13 percent to 14 percent

per annum. This is likely to create millions of

jobs in the process. An impact investment

of Rs. 1 crore could potentially support 100

women entrepreneurs, which could further

provide jobs to an additional 300 to 400

poor across sectors like agriculture, food

processing, services, manufacturing, etc.

“Investing in women and children is about

investing in the growth of the nation. In the

last several years, this has emerged as the

largest investment in human capital,” said

The World Bank in India • March 2019 12 3

World Bank Country Director Junaid Ahmad

during the launch of the bond.

Private sector participationSome of the biggest wealth management

agencies like Centrum, ASK, Ambit, Aditya

Birla Capital, among others, have reached

out to high net worth individuals and

impact investors to raise funding for the

bond. Companies like Tata Chemicals, Tata

Communications, Trent and Voltas have also

expressed interest in investing in the bond.

It is expected that nearly Rs. 300 crores will

be raised through multiple tranches in the

coming months which will enable women

entrepreneurs in self-help groups to shift

from microfinance and livelihood programs

to market-financed programs. Critically, it

will support them moving from group lending

to individual entrepreneurship.

“One of the biggest challenges we are

facing in India is the declining labor force

participation of women,” said Mr Ahmad.

“We feel that by bringing private market

finance into the game and ensuring that it

goes to individual women entrepreneurship,

we may be able to reverse this decline.”

The women’s livelihood bond will be backed

by a corpus fund to be mobilized through

corporate social responsibility contributions

and through grant support from the UK’s

Department for International Development

(DFID) that will act as a first loss default

guarantee. DFID will also help monitor and

track the program outputs.

SIDBI will deploy an ecosystem of support

in the form of entrepreneurship trainings

and partial credit guarantees for women

entrepreneur participants.

The World Bank and UN Women’s Business

Sector Advisory Council will support SIDBI in

accessing impact investors and also provide

support to achieve and track impact.

(Change background colour as needed)


Development Dialogue

Why difference between schemes and systems matters

Between 1997 and 2017, India’s per capita

national income increased more than

four-fold. The pace of poverty reduction

accelerated, with a three-to-four-fold increase

after 2000. To progress further, India needs a

large, productive, and healthy middle class.

This requires sustained expansion of good

jobs, human capital, and equal opportunities.

While India faces an exceptional task due to

its size and diversity, it doesn’t have to tackle

challenges posed by pursuing fast-paced

economic transformation in isolation.

International experience holds important

insights, particularly on how strong social

protection systems can support the

growth process. Most G20 countries have

increased expenditure on social protection

as they grow. Why? Because while growth

can lift people out of poverty, it cannot

ensure escape from vulnerability to crises.

Rich countries invest significantly in

protecting their citizens from risks posed by

hospitalization, disasters or old age.

Moving forward, social protection in India is

poised for a fundamental transformation from

a set of fragmented schemes to an integrated

system – a fundamental point missed in the

simplistic discussion about Universal Basic

Income (UBI) or quasi-UBI measures such as

guaranteed income support.

Successive Indian state and central

governments have invested in important

building blocks of a social protection

system. Budgets have been enhanced, a

larger number of people are being covered,

and a series of new programs have been

launched with a focus on rights-based

entitlements and technological innovations.

4

World Bank’s Country Director for India Junaid Ahmad analyzes the need for India to have an

overarching social protection strategy which can respond to the country’s diverse and changing

risk profile.

The World Bank in India • March 2019 12

The Socio-Economic Census (SEC) in 2011,

which collected new data on asset and

socio-demographic information, can make

the beneficiary identification process more

transparent. Government-to-person payments

have received strong impetus through

campaigns to open bank accounts and to

transition to digital payments through the

Direct Benefit Transfer initiative.

The NITI Aayog and the Fourteenth Finance

Commission have also enabled a framework

for consolidation of schemes and for states to

gain greater fiscal autonomy. New insurance

schemes for health, life, crop failure and

accidents have been announced and given

priority. India has signed on to achieve the UN

SDG, calling for “nationally appropriate social

protection floors and systems”.

But progress towards outcomes remains

Rich and Middle-income Countries spend more on Social Protection

Note: Data for latest year available. Sources: OECD SOCX Database 2014, ADB SP Database

2016, World Bank Brazil Public Expenditure Review 2016, Indian Union Budget 2018

ad hoc, often restricted to specific schemes

and states. And the jump towards UBI or

guaranteed income may fall into a similar trap.

Instead, the focus needs to be on transitioning

the many innovations that currently operate in

silos into a harmonised and scaled-up system

of social protection. How should this be done?

At this stage of development, India needs

an overarching social protection strategy

to guide how various laws, innovations,

schemes, staff and budgets will coordinate

tactics to consolidate delivery costs, avoid

administrative duplication, and respond to

India’s diverse and changing risk profile.

A large share of social protection schemes

operating in modern India are designed for the

past. India, even of the recent past of 1977,

was mired in chronic poverty, with a largely

agrarian labor force, and barely networked.

5

Percent of GDP spent on social protection in selected countries, 2013-2017


That India now only exists in pockets – most

of the country has seen booming tele-digital

and transport connectivity, sharp declines in

income poverty, and new neglected sources

of risks related to climate, urbanisation,

and migration. This is important policy and

cognitive shift requires national and state

governments to establish a nodal policy

vehicle through which strategic thinking and

coordination across schemes and states can

be achieved.

As India moves towards defining a social

protection strategy for its future, international

experience suggest three important lessons.

Global experience highlights that universal

and adequate insurance cannot be achieved

by hundreds of state and central schemes

operating in silos. Emerging economies have

focussed on comprehensive coverage through

program consolidation and convergence.

Countries like Brazil have streamlined

schemes and established integrated platforms

which combine delivery of cash transfers

to poor households with delivery of health,

nutrition and education. China and Indonesia

implement fewer than 10 national social

assistance programs.

International experience also emphasizes the

need to move away from a one-size-fits-all

model by allowing sub-national governments

greater flexibility as political economy,

labor markets, demographic attributes and

risk profiles vary by location. The Chinese,

Brazilian and Indonesian social protection

architecture are heavily decentralised, enabling

local governments to design, plan, and deliver

a core basket of benefits within a nationally

defined policy framework and budget.

Most importantly, global experience suggests

that no strategy can create an effective

social protection architecture without a

capable state. Of late, there appears to

be a growing political appetite to consider

quasi-UBI schemes at the national and state

level. However, these programs require a

strong tech-enabled delivery chain which

can target and administer benefits. Ensuring

technology is leveraged effectively without

triggering exclusion and privacy violations

requires robust regulation. As more flexibility

is given to states, their capacity to plan,

learn and implement programs must also be

strengthened, particularly at the sub-district

level. Brazil and Mexico have invested heavily

in local administration and social workers to

manage dynamic social registries and public

dealing.

India doesn’t need to mimic programs in Brazil

or China. It must incorporate international

lessons as it evolves and catches up with the

changing needs of its people. It’s time to think

beyond singular schemes. A broader social

protection strategy for a more urban, middle-

income, mobile, diverse and decentralized

India is urgently required.

This article first appeared in The Indian

Express on February 19, 2019.


6


Natural disasters and climate change

don’t recognize national boundaries.

Their impact is becoming more intense in

degree, frequency and scale across South

Asia. An overwhelming 45 million people were

flooded from their homes in South Asia in

2015 alone. Cross-border cooperation is no

longer a choice. It’s an urgent necessity. Poor

people, women and children remain the most

vulnerable and South Asia is still home to one-

third of the world’s poor population.

At the same time, a positive and powerful

trend is emerging, riding on a unique and

formidable strength of the region. Millions

of women across South Asia are no longer

victims and are instead becoming “agents of

community resilience.” They have acquired

confidence and socio-economic power by

becoming part of Self-Help Groups (SHGs)

and community collectives. When acting

together as part of such networks, women

have taken an active, even leading, role in

relief, recovery and rehabilitation efforts.

Building resilient communities in South Asia: Women take the lead

In India last year, Kerala was devastated

by its worst floods in a century. A

government-supported community network,

Kudumbashree, stepped forward to help

provide temporary shelter, mobilize relief

supplies, create community kitchens,

provide counselling support to women and

families and micro-enterprise support at relief

camps. Its members, 17,000 women-owned

enterprises, contributed one week of their

savings, reportedly amounting to USD 1 million

for the Chief Minister’s Distress Relief Fund.

Similarly, the SAARC Business Association of

Home Based Workers (Sabah), Nepal played

a “first respondents” role a day after the

devastating 2015 earthquake, reaching out

to communities in six earthquake-affected

districts. In Bangladesh, development

organization BRAC started as a relief response

after the country’s war of liberation in 1971.

In India, the Self-Employed Women’s

Association (SEWA) in India, now with 2 million

Lighthouse India

7


women participating, first launched its rural

initiatives in Gujarat in response to the chronic

drought between 1986 and 1988. Later, its

members were at the forefront of relief efforts

following the super cyclone, drought, floods

and earthquake between 1998 and 2001.

It is at the intersection of this growing, cross-

border threat of natural disasters and climate

change in South Asia and the power and

promise of women-led collectives that the

World Bank organized a vibrant and multi-

faceted South-South Conclave in New Delhi

from January 31-February 2, 2019.

“This very much is a regional initiative, there

are regional problems, there are regional

solutions and it’s really important to move

beyond the political boundaries that are set

up by humans,” said Mary Kathryn Hollifield,

Practice Manager, Food and Agriculture Global

Practice, South Asia Region, World Bank.

The conclave also explored how to strengthen

and leverage the immense power of SHGs

towards the economic transformation of

vulnerable communities. “The social capital

from community networks is not just about

social justice; it also contributes to outstanding

and sustainable economic progress,” said

Amarjeet Sinha, Secretary, Ministry of Rural

Development, Government of India.

In India, a decade long partnership between

the national and state governments with the

World Bank has resulted in more than 50

million women being organized into SHGs

and their higher-level federations. Since 2011,

these women have saved more than $1.4

billion and leveraged a further $30 billion

through the formal banking system.

BRAC in Bangladesh similarly has 5 million

borrowers and a portfolio of almost $1.5

billion. “We have the skills that can propel us

out of poverty and women are the intrinsic

guarantors of these skills,” said Chime

P. Wangdi, Secretary General, Tarayana

Foundation, which works with 40 of the

poorest communities in Bhutan.

And so, dozens of women artisans and

producers, beneficiaries of World Bank-

supported projects and local SHG partners

from Bhutan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bangladesh

and 13 states of India came together in the

Indian capital to showcase and sell over

5000 innovative, handmade goods from farm

and non-farm based livelihoods in a vibrant

“marketplace.”

Producers and customers could both see

the entire value chain – artisanal weaves and

embroidery in finished designs on display

in a unique “Made in South Asia” runway


would be to see some special kind of trade

agreement on just artisan products so they

can flow freely across South Asia.”

To enable local women producers go to the

next frontier of enterprise development, the

conclave set up “interactive clinics” with

industry experts such as Ikea, Etsy and HCL

Foundation to provide practical insights on

how to improve product design, strengthen

market linkages, expand distribution and

access online markets and international

retailers.

Many women-owned enterprises have already

made the shift into producer companies or

made women producers shareholders. But

the majority still need business development

capacity, training and support. What the

conclave revealed is that the barriers to reach

this next frontier are breaking down much

faster now due to the power of collectives.

“Now we don’t see impossibilities. Now, we

see possibilities,” said Robin Amatya from

Sabah Nepal which has impacted 3 million

women through enterprise support and trade

facilitation initiatives. “Initially, we used to

think how these people will be able to do,

but now we’re doing it. It’s all because of the

power of women, their confidence, their take

on the changing market.”

9


show. In panel discussions, participants also

highlighted the untapped economic potential

of regional markets.

“On the one hand, very good policies exist to

protect artisans and on the other hand, we’re

not able to capitalize on them,” said Gayatri

Acharya, Lead Rural Development Economist,

South Asia, World Bank. “So, my one desire




utilization of development resources.

The Project will support the state

government’s initiative to build and

modernize the technical and financial

management capabilities of its local bodies

and state-owned enterprises.

The Project components will improve

capacity in the areas of cash and debt

management, planning and budgeting,

appraisal and monitoring of high value

projects and public audit. It will support

measures to improve transparency of budget

and procurement information. Using GIS

mapping technologies, the project will also

strengthen the state’s revenue management

systems, including that of urban local

bodies.

dams in India, benefitting 25 million primary

beneficiaries from urban and rural communities

providing them water and livelihood opportunities.

The additional funding will be used for

construction of an additional spillway for

Hirakud Dam in Odisha state and continue to

help in rehabilitation and improvement of other

dams including strengthening the institutional,

legal and technical framework for dam safety

assurance within the Government of India and

participating states.

Recent Project Approvals

Uttarakhand Public Financial Management Strengthening Project

Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Project

The World Bank’s Board of Executive

Directors has approved an additional

$137 million for the Dam Rehabilitation and

Improvement Project (DRIP) that will help

rehabilitate and modernize over 200 selected

large dams in the states of Karnataka, Kerala,

Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Tamil Nadu and

Uttarakhand.

In 2010, the Bank’s Board approved $350 million

to finance the DRIP to improve the safety and

sustainable performance of over 220 selected

10

The World Bank’s Board of Executive

Directors has approved a loan of $31.58

million for the Uttarakhand Public Financial

Management Strengthening Project that will

help improve the state’s ability to manage

its financial systems and lead to better

Recent Project Signings




developing viable enterprises for farm and

non-farm products.

A key focus of the Project will be to promote

women-owned and women-led farm and non-

farm enterprises across value chains; enable

them to build businesses that help them

access finance, markets and networks; and

generate employment.

The NRETP will support enterprise

development programs for rural poor women

and youth by creating a platform to access

finance, including start-up financing options,

to build their individual and/or collectively

owned and managed enterprises.

The other key component of the Project includes

developing financial products using digital

financial services to help small producer

collectives scale-up and engage with the market.

National Rural Economic Transformation Project

Chhattisgarh Public Financial Management and Accountability Program

11

The World Bank and the Government

of India have signed a $250 million

agreement for the National Rural Economic

Transformation Project (NRETP) which will

help women in rural households shift to a

new generation of economic initiatives by

The Government of India, the state

Government of Chhattisgarh and the

World Bank have signed a $25.2 million loan

agreement to support the state’s reforms

in expenditure management. This support

will cover expenditure planning, investment

management, budget execution, public

procurement and accountability.

This is the first Bank-financed state-level project

in the state of Chhattisgarh in nearly a decade,

and will also help the state strengthen its direct

benefit transfer and tax administration systems.

The Program will build capacity of the state’s

human resources and the institutions handling

management of public finances. The World

Bank will facilitate cross-learning from public

financial management reforms undertaken by

it in other Indian states while bringing in global

experiences.

Almost 11,000 village panchayats and 168

urban municipalities in Chhattisgarh are likely

to benefit from the program’s emphasis on

transparency and accountability. It will also

support the state government’s initiative to

put in place systems to automate most of

the processing and payment of Direct Benefit

Transfers (DBTs) to beneficiaries; improve

property tax collection through the digitization

of property tax rolls; and extending the

property surveys to 47 municipalities.

Enhanced outreach and improved tax return

filing performance are also likely to help the

state’s objective of increasing the number of

GST taxpayer registrations.


the project has completed more than 2,000

permanent houses and 23 public buildings

and restored over 1,300 kilometers of roads

and 16 bridges.

The additional financing of $96 million will

further help in the reconstruction of bridges,

road and river bank protection works, and

in the construction of a training facility for the

State Disaster Response Force. The Project

will also help increase the technical capacity

of the state entities to respond promptly and

more effectively to such crises in the future.

Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project – Additional Financing

Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Service Delivery Reform Programmatic

Development Policy Loan

12

The World Bank, Government of India

and Government of Himachal Pradesh

(GoHP) have signed a $40 million loan

agreement to help bring clean and reliable

drinking water supply to the citizens of the

Greater Shimla area, who have been facing

severe water shortages and water-borne

epidemics over the last few years.

The loan is expected to improve water

supply and sanitation services in and around

the hill city of Shimla.

The Bank-supported project, the first in a

series of three development policy loans

(DPL), will support the GoHP’s program of

policy and institutional reform needed to

bring continuous, pressurized water supply,

efficient sewage collection and treatment for

all households in the Greater Shimla Area.

The World Bank DPL will support Shimla Jal

Prabandhan Nigam Limited in its policy and

institutional reform program as it launches

three critical operations to improve water

supply and sanitation services in the state

capital:

l bringing bulk water to Shimla from a new

source on the Sutlej River;

l 24x7 water supply and sewage

management for Shimla City and;

l sewage services for peri-urban areas.

It will also support capacity building for the

Shimla Municipal Corporation to take on its

new role of oversight.

The World Bank, Government of India

and Government of Uttarakhand (GoUK)

have signed a $96 million agreement to

provide additional funds to the state in its

post-disaster recovery plans, ongoing since

the floods of 2013, as well as strengthen its

capacity for disaster risk management.

The World Bank, through the Uttarakhand

Disaster Recovery Project, has been

supporting the state government since 2014

to restore housing and rural connectivity, and

to build resilience of communities. So far,



Events


infrastructure, etc. – and suggest possible

solutions to mitigate the problems.

During the course of the challenge, students

were also presented with an overview of

an ongoing transport management system

working successfully in the city of Mysuru. This

project is supported by the World Bank under

the Sustainable Urban Transport Project and is

being implemented in four states in India.

World Bank country director Junaid Ahmad

gave an overview of public transportation

challenges both in India and other cities of

the world. The presentations by the students

were made to a jury consisting of World Bank

senior staff members.

Transport solutions presented by students for

the city of Varanasi, Kolkata and Bengaluru

won 1st, 2nd and 3rd prizes, respectively.

13

Reimaging Cities

‘Smart’ Public Transport System

January 17, 2019 • New Delhi


The Economics Society at Shri Ram

College of Commerce (SRCC),

University of Delhi, and the World Bank

came together to listen to young students

propose innovative solutions to development

challenges in the country. Student groups,

selected through a competitive process

from institutions across the country, were

asked to put together a presentation on

implementation challenges and possible

solutions for a ‘Smart’ Public Transport

System in a city in India.

The competition, called Macromania, was

organized as part of SRCC’s annual Economic

Summit. This year, more than 1200 students

enlisted for the competition. Eight groups

from Daulat Ram College, Hans Raj College,

Kirori Mal College, MANAGE Hyderabad,

Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow,

and SRCC were selected for the final round.

Each group was required to pick a city of

their choice, list urban transport issues faced

in that city – for example, lack of organized

public transport services, traffic congestion,

The World Bank in India • January 2015The World Bank in India • March 20191214

Why is India rejoining the PISA ranking so important?

India choosing to benchmark itself on PISA, which measures learning outcomes rather

than rote outcomes, signals that India is changing its systems of education to adapt to the

future. It is a massive signal.

It says India wants to be measured globally to know it is adapting in the correct way. Given

India’s size and its scale and the fact that it is becoming one of the top economies in the

world, what it chooses to do is also a huge signal to the rest of the world.

India choosing to benchmark itself on PISA a massive signal...it says India wants to be measured globally: Junaid AhmadIndia recently announced that in 2021 it will be rejoining the Programme for International

Student Assessment (PISA), which tests performance of 15-year-old school children in

mathematics, science and reading. India withdrew from this global measurement system

administered by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 2009.

Junaid Ahmad, World Bank’s Country Director in India, spoke to Nalin Mehta on the importance

of India rejoining this global ranking system and how the Bank will be working on this with the

government:

Face to Face


India, of course, was part of PISA rankings earlier and the last time when India took part it

was 72nd of 74 countries. What did it take for government to change its mind?

There was a feeling that the PISA test was not taking into account the differences of

background, class, caste inside India. India felt that the system of examination was not fair

to all of its citizens. Second, it did get bad results the first time around. It made India pause

and ask if this was the right test for us.

The rethinking is because the education system is changing. It is a recognition by India that

PISA now can actually help in improving the education system. For example, Vietnam chose

to enter PISA and the diagnostic helped it to understand what was wrong with its system.

Today, Vietnam’s PISA numbers are equivalent to Finland and the top nations in the world.

Today India as a nation is aiming for that global benchmark, so it has no issue with taking on

a test like PISA. It is a reflection of India’s own strength.

How will the concerns about taking enough cognizance of India’s diversity be met now?

The fact that it is seen as a capacity enhancement rather than a test per se helps India

deal with it. India is using PISA as one more instrument of evaluation. It has already begun

to change its National Achievement Survey. NAS is beginning to be more about testing

competency learning.

By way of a parallel, there is ease of doing business which is a global test. India has

participated in that and done well but India also created its own sub-national ease of doing

business ranking of its states. NAS is India’s

own survey to assess its education systems

and it is complemented by PISA.

Till 2021, what is the kind of work that will

happen in schools?

We have been asked by the government

to support the skills program and help to

set up the process by which PISA will be

implemented. I can’t tell you the details right

now because we are just in the middle of

saying how many states PISA will be done in,

in what type of schools, and the initial schools

where capacity building on teachers will be

done. World Bank is helping India actually

write out the implementation plan with OECD.

Since the last PISA ranking of 2009, which

Indian states have improved most on

education?

Purely from the point of view of student learning levels in language and mathematics,

the NAS 2017 conducted by the National Council of Educational Research and Training

(NCERT) suggests that Rajasthan, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Chandigarh, Assam,

Jharkhand, Gujarat, Uttarakhand, Maharashtra, Manipur and Himachal Pradesh

are performing close to or above the national average.

This article was first published in The Times of India on March 1, 2019


The rethinking is because the education system is changing. It is a recognition by India that PISA now can actually help in improving the education system... Today India as a nation is aiming for that global benchmark, so it has no issue with taking on a test like PISA. It is a reflection of India’s own strength.


This is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website.

To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section.

ICR Update

Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and

Sanitation Project

Approval Date: 5 September, 2006

Closing Date: 31 December, 2015

Total Project Cost US$ 251.86 million

Bank Financing: US$ 133.68 million

Implementing Agency:

Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Government of Uttarakhand (GoUK)

Outcome: Satisfactory

Risk to Development Outcome:

Moderate

Overall Bank Performance:

Satisfactory

Overall Borrower Performance:

Satisfactory

Uttarakhand Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project

Context

In the early 2000s almost 50 percent of

habitations were not covered by a fully

functioning water supply scheme in the state

of Uttarakhand. In addition, water scarcity

led to major health issues in rural areas

where about 75-80 percent of people did not

have access to sanitary latrines. The GoUK

prioritized Rural Water Supply and Sanitation

(RWSS) as a pillar in its development agenda

and envisaged universal coverage of safe and

potable water and sanitation. The World Bank

had earlier successfully implemented the

Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal Rural Water

Supply and Environmental Sanitation Project

(Swajal) from 1996 to 2003.

Project Development Objectives

The objective of the project was to improve

the effectiveness of RWSS services through

decentralization and increased role of

16


Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and local

communities in the state of Uttarakhand.

The Development Objective was modified

under the additional financing (AF) to include

reconstruction and restoration of RWSS

schemes that were partially damaged by the

severe floods and landslides in June 2013.

The project would directly benefit at least

1.2 million people (12 percent of

Uttarakhand’s population) and improve

sanitation for about 30 percent of the

state’s rural communities. Other intended

beneficiaries of capacity building programs

were identified as the PRIs participating in

the project and RWSS institutions under the

GoUK.

Achievements

Water Supply Services: The project

exceeded targets by 104 percent by directly

benefitting 1.57 million rural people against

the project target of 1.20 million. Water

supply works were completed covering

8,641 habitations against a target of 8,270

habitations.

Sanitation Services: The number of

households that adopted improved hygiene

and sanitation practices increased by 0.85

million. Toilet coverage increased from 21

percent to 97 percent through effective

information, education, communication

and capacity building programs. 857,768

Individual Household Latrines (IHHLs) with

more than 90 percent usage were completed

against a target of 886,301 IHHLs under

national sanitation programs. About 679

Gram Panchayats (GPs) achieved Open

Defecation Free (ODF) status, against a target

of 475 GPs.

Restoration of services of damaged

schemes in disaster-affected areas: The

target to restore schemes damaged during

the 2013 floods and landslides was fully met.

A total of 2,972 schemes were reconstructed

and restored. In addition, 2,265 IHHLs, 1,751

soak pits, and more that 33,000 meters of

drain were also restored.

Capacity Building of RWSS Institutions:

The project successfully built capacity of

state, district and village-level institutions,

which now operate and function under the

new institutional arrangements.

Governance and Accountability:

The project developed and successfully

implemented the scheme-cycle processes,

including independent reviews, technical

and social audits, grievance redressal and

beneficiary feedback programs. The project

has twice received the prestigious RTI Award

for good governance, accountability and

transparency.

17


Lessons Learned

● Ownership of institutional reforms. The

success of any RWSS project is premised

on political will and the Government’s

commitment to reforms. Experience from

this project suggests that a rigorous

assessment of the political economy

is essential during project preparation

to secure the state’s commitment for

organizational, financial, and technical

resources and to ensure that mitigating

measures are in place to address political

risks as they emerge. The success of this

model requires significant dialogue with

the government before effectiveness.

● Keeping design simple and realistic. The

simplicity of the project design, given such

a massive, complex program, was in part

responsible for the high achievement.

The project’s key components are

complementary and easily replicable in

other parts of India.

● Building capacity of decentralized

institutions. RWSS projects that

are implemented in a decentralized

environment should build in additional time

to enhance capacity of the lowest tier of

the government agencies. For this project,

the GPs lacked project management

experience initially, which led to early

implementation delays. In addition, it

is important to institutionalize capacity

building, as done under this project, to

ensure sustainability of interventions.

● Establishing community procurement.

The project was able to establish effective

community procurement. This played a

key role in empowering communities to

plan, implement, and operate their own

WSS schemes and was a critical element

of the decentralized RWSS program.


18


WPS8736

Does Culture Matter or Firm? Demand for Female

Labor in Three Indian Cities

By Maitreyi B Das, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Ieva

Zumbyte, Sanjeev Sasmal and Sangeeta Goyal

In discussing the inordinately low employment of Indian

women in urban areas, several studies have argued that

culture and attitudes have created a labor market that

is inherently discriminatory. The unsaid corollary is that

culture is slow and hard to change and so, women will

stay out of the labor market until social change occurs.

The empirical evidence on the role of culture is slim at

best.

This paper fills the void in the policy literature, as it

assesses the relative role of culture, as signified by

attitudes of employers, and firm characteristics in hiring

women. The paper is based on a unique survey of 618

firms in three of the largest cities in the state of Madhya

Pradesh (India) – Bhopal, Indore, and Gwalior. Using

detailed descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis

at the firm level, the hiring process, and attitudes toward

male and female workers, the paper addresses the issue

of culture and firm characteristics, while noting that the

two are not necessarily in binary opposition.

The results reinforce the conventional wisdom in some

ways and are surprising in others. The most salient

result is that employer attitudes matter much less for

the chance that women will be hired, than do firm and

location characteristics. This has significant policy

implications, the most important of which is that female

employment in urban India is amenable to policy

intervention, and that it is not necessary to wait for

culture to change.

WPS8731

The Textile-Clothing Value Chain in India and

Bangladesh: How Appropriate Policies Can Promote

(or Inhibit) Trade and Investment

By Mahfuz Kabir, Surendar Singh and Michael Joseph

Ferrantino

Publications may be consulted and copies

of unpriced items obtained from:

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18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg

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Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753

Website: www.worldbank.org

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This is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office

Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org

New Additions to the Public Information Center

India: Policy Research Working Papers

19


– identifying which economies are strengthening

their business environment the most. Doing Business

illustrates how reforms in business regulations are

being used to analyze economic outcomes for domestic

entrepreneurs and for the wider economy.

It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the

World Bank Group that garners worldwide attention

on regulatory barriers to entrepreneurship. Almost 140

economies have used the Doing Business indicators to

shape reform agendas and monitor improvements on

the ground.

Global Economic Prospects 2019: Darkening Skies

By World Bank

Available On-Line

Published: January 2019,

264 pages

English Version, Paperback

ISSN: 1014-8906

ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-

1343-6

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-

4648-1386-3

Global economic prospects have darkened. Financing

conditions have tightened, industrial production has

moderated, and trade tensions remain elevated.

The recovery in emerging market and developing

economies has stalled, and some countries have

experienced significant financial stress. Downside risks

have increased, including the possibility of disorderly

financial market movements and escalating trade

disputes.

Exports to Jobs: Boosting the Gains from Trade in

South Asia

By Erhan Artuc, Gladys

Lopez-Acevedo, Raymond

Robertson and Daniel

Samaan

Available On-Line

Published: February 2019,

200 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1248-4

South Asia has grown

rapidly with significant

reductions in poverty, but it has not been able to match

the fast-growing working age population, leading to

lingering concerns about jobless growth and poor job

quality.

Could export growth in South Asia result in better labor

market outcomes? This study shows the positive side

of trade. It finds that increasing exports per worker

would result in higher wages—mainly for better-off

Doing Business 2019: Training for Reform

By World Bank

Available On-Line


311 pages


ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-

1326-9

ISBN (electronic): 978-1-

4648-1338-2

ISSN: 1729-2638

Sixteenth in a series of annual reports comparing

business regulation in 190 economies, Doing Business

2019 measures aspects of regulation affecting 10 areas

of everyday business activity:

• Starting a business

• Dealing with construction permits

• Getting electricity

• Registering property

• Getting credit

• Protecting minority investors

• Paying taxes

• Trading across borders

• Enforcing contracts

• Resolving insolvency.

These areas are included in the distance to frontier

score and ease of doing business ranking. Doing

Business also measures features of labor market

regulation, which is not included in these two measures.

This edition also presents the findings of the pilot

indicator entitled ‘Contracting with the Government,’

which aims at benchmarking the efficiency, quality and

transparency of public procurement systems worldwide.

The report updates all indicators as of May 1, 2018,

ranks economies on their overall ‘ease of doing

business’, and analyzes reforms to business regulation

There are significant value chain linkages between India

and Bangladesh, particularly in the textile and apparel

sector. India specializes in the upstream segment,

supplying such intermediate inputs as silk, cotton, yarn,

and fabrics to Bangladesh. Bangladesh specializes

in the downstream final apparel segment, exporting

worldwide as well as to India. Tariffs and nontariff

barriers in both countries inhibit the growth of value

chain linkages. In addition, subsidies and other industrial

policies in India distort incentives away from the natural

pattern of specialization.

The results of a new survey of textile and clothing firms

in both countries corroborate these findings. Reforms in

trade policy (including rules of origin), trade facilitation,

trade-related standards, and institutions could help both

countries better take advantage of value chain linkages.

Other Publications

20


groups, like more educated workers, males, and more-

experienced workers—although less-skilled workers

would see the largest reduction in informality.

Productivity Revisited: Shifting Paradigms in

Analysis and Policy

By Ana Paula Cusolito and

William F. Maloney

Available On-Line

Published: December 2018

200 pages


ISBN (paper):

978-1-4648-1334-4

ISBN (electronic):

978-1-4648-1362-7

Productivity Revisited

brings together the new conceptual advances of

“second-wave” productivity analysis that have

revolutionized the study of productivity, calling much

previous analysis into question while providing a new

set of tools for approaching these debates.

The book extends this analysis and, using unique data

sets from multiple developing countries, grounds it in

the developing-country context. It calls for rebalancing

away from an exclusive focus on misallocation toward

a greater focus on upgrading firms and facilitating the

emergence of productive new establishments.

The book is the second volume of the World Bank

Productivity Project, which seeks to bring frontier

thinking on the measurement and determinants of

productivity to global policy makers.

A Resurgent East Asia: Navigating a Changing World

By Andrew D. Mason and

Sudhir Shetty

Available On-Line


194 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1333-7

East Asia has been

a paragon of global

development success. The

dramatic transformation of the region over the past

half century—with a succession of countries having

progressed from low-income to middle-income and

even to high-income status—has been built on what

has come to be known as the “East Asian development

model.” Yet East Asia’s economic resurgence remains

incomplete. More than 90 percent of its people

now live in 10 middle-income countries, many of

which can realistically aspire to high-income status

in the next generation or two. But these countries

are still much less affluent and productive than their

high-income counterparts. A Resurgent East Asia:

Navigating a Changing World is about how policy

makers across developing East Asia will need to adapt

their development model to effectively address these

challenges in the coming decade and sustain the

region’s remarkable development performance.

The Analysis of Household Surveys (Reissue Edition

with a New Preface): A Microeconometric Approach

to Development Policy

By Angus Deaton

Available On-Line


494 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1331-3

Two decades after its

original publication, The

Analysis of Household

Surveys is reissued with a

new preface by its author,

Sir Angus Deaton, recipient

of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences. This

classic work remains relevant to anyone with a serious

interest in using household survey data to shed light on

policy issues.

The book reviews the analysis of household survey

data, including the construction of household surveys,

the econometric tools useful for such analysis, and a

range of problems in development policy for which this

survey analysis can be applied.

The Safe Food Imperative: Accelerating Progress in

Low-and Middle-ncome Countries

By Steven Jaffee, Spencer

Henson, Laurian Unnevehr,

Delia Grace, and Emilie

Cassou

Available On-Line

Published: December 2018,

208 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1345-0

This report strengthens

the economic case for

increased public investment

and other policy attention on food safety in developing

countries. It is directed primarily at policy-makers,

although researchers, development practitioners and

food safety specialists will also find its content of

value. By synthesizing and interpreting the available

evidence on the economic costs of unsafe food in

relation to both domestic markets and trade, the report

positions food safety as an integral part of economic

21


strategies are needed to bolster economic resilience to

climate-induced natural disasters.

Modelling suggests that preventive public investments

and measures to build fiscal buffers can help safeguard

stability and growth in the face of rising climate risks.

In this way, environmental tax reforms and climate risk-

management strategies can lay the much-needed fiscal

foundation for development and climate action.

The Rail Freight Challenge for Emerging Economies:

How to Regain Modal Share

By Bernard Aritua

Available On-Line


68 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1381-8

How can policy makers and

senior officials in railway

organizations support

the movement of more

cargo by rail rather than by road? This report highlights

specific interventions and investments that are critical.

Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the

Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet

Edited by Julie Rozenberg

and Marianne Fay

Available On-Line

Published: February 2019,

196 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1363-4

The book aims to shift

the debate regarding

investment needs away

from a simple focus on

spending more and toward a focus on spending better

on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does

so by offering a careful and systematic approach to

estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps

in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity,

irrigation, and flood protection.

Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that

funding needs depend on the service goals and policy

choices of low- and middle-income countries and could

range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per

year by 2030.

development and food system modernization. It goes

on to provide guidance on ways in which public policy

and investment can improve food safety awareness and

behavior from farm to fork.

Compendium of International and National Legal

Frameworks on Domestic Violence

By World Bank

Available On-Line


5 Vol.


Domestic Violence (DV) is

a universal phenomenon

that affects millions of

women of all social strata

worldwide. It is the most

pervasive, common, under-recognized, underestimated

and under-reported type of violence against women.

It reflects discriminatory social norms, stereotypes,

impunity and gender inequality. It is all too often

considered as a “private, family issue”, widely accepted

and minimized although it impairs the full enjoyment of

life and fundamental rights and freedoms by victims and

survivors who are overwhelmingly women.

The Compendium on International and National Legal

Frameworks on Domestic Violence provides a survey of

the key international and regional instruments as well as

national legislation as they relate to domestic violence.

Fiscal Policies for Development and Climate Action

By Miria A. Pigato

Available On-Line


243 pages


ISBN: 978-1-4648-1358-0

Fiscal policies can lay the

foundation for low-carbon

and climate-resilient

development. Building on

more than two decades of research in development

and environmental economics, this book argues that

fiscal instruments are crucial for mitigating and adapting

to climate change while raising human welfare. By

implementing environmental tax reforms, developing

countries can reap a “triple dividend”: cutting pollution,

raising economic activity, and generating development

cobenefits, such as cleaner water, safer roads, and

improvements in human health.

These reforms need not harm competitiveness.

Empirical evidence, including from Indonesia and

Mexico, suggests that raising fuel prices can increase

firm productivity. In addition, risk management

22


India Project Documents

Agriculture Risk Resilience and Insurance Access Program

Date 19 November 2018

Project ID P165923

Report No. (Project Information Document-

Appraisal Stage)

Andhra Pradesh Telangana Road Sector Project

Date 27 December 2018

Project ID P096021

Report No. RES34961 (Project Paper)

Bihar Kosi Flood Recovery Program


Project ID P122096

Report No. ICR4517 (Implementation Completion

and Results Report)

Biodiversity Conservation and Rural Livelihoods Project

Date 14 January 2019

Project ID P088520

Report No. ICRR0021425 (Implementation

Completion Report Review)

Capacity Building for Urban Development Project


Project ID P099979


and Results Report)

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor – I


Project ID P121774

Report No. RES35651, RES35218 (Project Paper)

Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor – I, II and III


Project ID P114338

Report No. SFG4931 (Resettlement Plan)

Efficient Sustainable City Bus Services Project


Project ID P132418


Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management Project


Project ID P091031


and Results Report)

Elementary Education – III

Date 04 January 2019

Project ID P144447

Report No. ICRR0021384 (Implementation

Completion Report Review)

Integrated Coastal Zone Management


Project ID P097985


Jharkhand Municipal Development Project

Date 19 November 2018

Project ID P158502

Report No. PAD2424 (Project Appraisal Document)

Karnataka Watershed Development – II


Project ID P122486


NHAI Technical Assistance Project


Project ID P121515


and Results Report)

Program Towards Elimination of Tuberculosis


Project ID P165923

Report No. PIDA175333 (Project Information

Document – Appraisal)

Shimla Water Supply and Sewerage Service Delivery Reform


Project ID P167246

Report No. PGD28 (Program Document)


Half of the world’s poor live in just 5 countries

By Royt Katayama, Co-author: Divyanshi Wadhwa

Of the world’s 736 million extreme poor in 2015,

368 million—half of the total—lived in just five

countries. The five countries with the highest number

of extreme poor are (in descending order): India,

Nigeria, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia,

and Bangladesh. They also happen to be the most

populous countries of South Asia and Sub-Saharan

Africa, the two regions that together account for 85

percent (629 million) of the world’s poor.

Therefore, to make significant continued progress

towards the global target of reducing extreme poverty

(those living on less than $1.90 a day) to less than 3

percent by 2030, large reductions in poverty in these

five countries will be crucial.

Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yyyd2v4t

From the Blogworld

Teach: Tackling the learning crisis, one classroom

at a time

By Ezequiel Molina,

Co-authors: Adelle Pushparatnam, Tracy Wilichowski

Despite tremendous progress in getting children

into the classroom, we are experiencing a

global learning crisis, where a large share of children

complete primary school lacking even basic reading,

writing, and arithmetic skills. What explains this

phenomenon? To answer this question, consider the

following examples of classrooms that are unlikely to

put students on a path to success.

In Kabul, Afghanistan, a teacher begins his lesson by

reading out the learning objective. He then asks one

student after another to read the same information

again. Over 20 minutes are spent on this activity.

Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yxrf2qay

24

Applauding the women leaders in South Asia

By Hartwig Schaferon

I just ended my first round of country visits as the

World Bank’s Vice President for the South Asia

Region. Over and above all, I have been immensely

impressed by the resilience, determination,

commitment and innovation of the women leaders

that I had the privilege to meet during my visits.

These women are succeeding in a region where it

is hard for women to realize their career dreams. In

South Asia, only 28 percent of women ages 15+ are

employed, compared to 48 percent worldwide. What

better opportunity than International Women’s Day

to give a huge shout-out and applaud those women

who are role models, entrepreneurs, and leaders in

the eight countries of South Asia.

Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yyna6ecf


World Bank Policy Research Working Papers

WPS8739

Does Pollution Hinder Urban Competitiveness?

By Matthew Edwin Kahn; Nancy Lozano Gracia and

Maria Edisa Soppelsa

WPS8738

Inflation: Concepts, Evolution, and Correlates

By Jongrim Ha, Anna Ivanova, Franziska Lieselotte

Ohnsorge and Derya Filiz Unsal Portillo Ocando

WPS8737

Improving Access and Quality in Early Childhood

Development Programs: Experimental Evidence from

The Gambia

By Moussa Pouguinimpo Blimpo, Pedro Manuel

Amaro Da Costa Luz Carneiro, Pamela Jervis and Todd

Pugatch

WPS8736

Does Culture Matter or Firm? Demand for Female

Labor in Three Indian Cities

By Maitreyi B Das, Soumya Kapoor Mehta, Ieva

Zumbyte, Sanjeev Sasmal and Sangeeta Goyal

WPS8735

Estimation of Poverty in Somalia Using Innovative

Methodologies

By Utz Johann Pape and Philip Randolph Wollburg

WPS8734

What Is State Capacity?

By Stuti Khemani

WPS8733

Enhancing Young Children’s Language Acquisition

through Parent-Child Book-Sharing: A Randomized

Trial in Rural Kenya

By Heather Ashley Knauer, Pamela Jakiela, Owen Ozier,

Frances E Aboud and Lia C.H. Fernald

WPS8732

Sex, Lies, and Surveys: The Role of Interviewer

Characteristics

By Tricia Koroknay-Palicz and Joao Montalvao

WPS8731

The Textile-Clothing Value Chain in India and

Bangladesh: How Appropriate Policies Can Promote

(or Inhibit) Trade and Investment

By Mahfuz Kabir, Surendar Singh and Michael Joseph

Ferrantino

WPS8730

Hitting the Trillion Mark – A Look at How Much

Countries Are Spending on Infrastructure

By Marianne Fay, Sungmin Han, Hyoung Il Lee and et.al.

WPS8729

Why Do So Many Water Points Fail in Tanzania? An

Empirical Analysis of Contributing Factors

By George Joseph, Luis Alberto Andres, Gnanaraj

Chellaraj and et.al.

WPS8728

A Joint Foreign Currency Risk Management Approach

for Sovereign Assets and Liabilities

By Mehmet Coskun Cangoz, Olga Sulla, ChunLan Wang

and Christopher Benjamin Dychala

WPS8727

The Impact of Forced Displacement on Host

Communities: A Review of the Empirical Literature in

Economics

By Paolo Verme and Kirsten Schuettler

WPS8726

Pension Funds with Automatic Enrollment Schemes:

Lessons for Emerging Economies

By Heinz P. Rudolph

WPS8725

Inequality of Access to Opportunities and

Socioeconomic Mobility: Evidence from the Life in

Transition Survey

By Alexandru Cojocaru

WPS8724

Poverty Impact of Food Price Shocks and Policies

By David Laborde, Csilla Lakatos and William J. Martin

WPS8723

Measuring Natural Risks in the Philippine:

Socioeconomic Resilience and Wellbeing Losses

By Brian James Walsh and Stephane Hallegatte

WPS8722

Estimating Poverty in a Fragile Context – The High

Frequency Survey in South Sudan

By Utz Johann Pape and Luca Parisotto

WPS8721

Learning from Developing Country Power Market

Experiences: The Case of the Philippines

By Hugh Rudnick and Constantin Velasquez

WPS8720

Policy Implications of Non-linear Effects of Tax

Changes on Output

By Samara Gunter, Daniel Riera-Crichton, Carlos

Alberto Vegh Gramont and Guillermo Javier Vuletin

WPS8719

Discriminatory Laws Against Women: A Survey of the

Literature

By Sanchari Roy

WPS8718

Reducing Environmental Risks from Belt and Road

Initiative Investments in Transportation Infrastructure

By Elizabeth Claire Losos, Alexander Pfaff, Lydia

Pauline Olander, Sara Mason and Seth Morgan

25


WPS8717

Measuring Farm Labor: Survey Experimental Evidence

from Ghana

By Isis Gaddis, Gbemisola Oseni Siwatu, Amparo

Palacios-Lopez and Janneke Pieters

WPS8716

Investing in Human Capital: What Can We Learn from

the World Bank’s Portfolio Data?

By Roberta V. Gatti and Aakash Mohpal

WPS8715

Paid Maternity Leave and Female Employment:

Evidence Using Firm-Level Survey Data for

Developing Countries

By Mohammad Amin and Asif Mohammed Islam

WPS8714

Enforcing Competition and Firm Productivity:

Evidence from 1,800 Peruvian Municipalities

By Marc Tobias Schiffbauer and James Robert Ezequiel

Sampi Bravo

WPS8713

Interest Rate Pass-Through: A Meta-Analysis of the

Literature

By Jiri Gregora, Ales Melecky and Martin Melecky

WPS8712

When the Cycle Becomes the Trend: The Emerging

Market Experience with Fiscal Policy during the Last

Commodity Super Cycle

By Rashaad Amra, Marek Hanusch and Charl Jooste

WPS8711

Can Regulation Promote Financial Inclusion?

By Rong Chen and Raian Divanbeigi

WPS8710

Highway Politics in a Divided Government: Evidence

from Mexico

By Harris Selod and Souleymane Soumahoro

WPS8709

A New Tail-Based Correlation Measure and Its

Application in Global Equity Markets

By Jinjing Liu

WPS8708

Using Referenda to Improve Targeting and Decrease

Costs of Conditional Cash Transfers

By Jennifer M. Alix-Garcia, Katharine R. Emans Sims

and Daniel J. Phaneuf

WPS8707

Can Environmental Cash Transfers Reduce

Deforestation and Improve Social Outcomes? A

Regression Discontinuity Analysis of Mexico’s

National Program (2011-2014)

By Jennifer M. Alix-Garcia, Katharine R. Emans Sims,

Victor Hugo Orozco Olvera and et.al.

WPS8706

Assessing Innovation Patterns and Constraints in

Developing East Asia: An Introductory Analysis

By Mariana Iootty De Paiva Dias

WPS8705

Subjective Well-Being and Peaceful Uprisings

By Caroline T. Witte and Elena Ianchovichina

WPS8704

Natural Resources and Total Factor Productivity

Growth in Developing Countries: Testing A New

Methodology

By Kirk E. Hamilton, Esther G. Naikal and Glenn-Marie

Lange

WPS8703

Managing South Africa’s Exposure to Eskom: How

to Evaluate the Credit Risk from the Sovereign

Guarantees?

By Fritz Florian Bachmair, Cigdem Aslan and Mkhulu

Maseko

WPS8702

Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Urban Growth in Latin

American Cities: An Analysis Using Nighttime Lights

Imagery

By Juan Carlos Duque, Nancy Lozano Gracia, Jorge E.

Patino, Paula Restrepo Cadavid and Wilson A. Velasquez

WPS8701

The Medium-Term Impact of Entrepreneurship

Education on Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental

Evidence from University Graduates in Tunisia

By Jumana Jamal Subhi Alaref, Stefanie Koettl-

Brodmann and Patrick Premand

WPS8700

Long-Term Evolution of Inequality of Opportunity

By Maurizio Bussolo, Daniele Checchi and Vito Peragine

WPS8699

Understanding Economic Growth in Ghana in

Comparative Perspective

By Michael Tobias Geiger, Jan Trenczek and Konstantin

M. Wacker

WPS8698

Impact of Drought on Poverty in Somalia

By Utz Johann Pape and Philip Randolph Wollburg

WPS8697

Urban Form and Productivity: What Is the Shape of

Latin American Cities?


Patino and Paula Restrepo Cadavid

WPS8696

Institutional Fragmentation and Metropolitan

Coordination in Latin American Cities: What

Consequences for Productivity and Growth?


Patino and Paula Restrepo Cadavid

26


WPS8695

Understanding the Economic Impacts of Greenhouse

Gas Mitigation Policies on Shipping: What Is the State

of the Art of Current Modeling Approaches?

By Ronald Apriliyanto Halim, Tristan Smith and Dominik

Paul Englert

WPS8694

Trade Effects of the New Silk Road: A Gravity Analysis

By Suprabha Baniya, Nadia Patrizia Rocha Gaffurri and

Michele Ruta

WPS8693

Measuring the Statistical Capacity of Nations

By Grant James Cameron, Hai-Anh H. Dang, Mustafa

Dinc, James Stephen Foster and Michael M. Lokshin

WPS8692

Poverty Measurement in the Era of Food Away from

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Moller

27

◆ Annamalai University Annamalainagar

◆ Centre for Studies in Social Sciences Kolkata

◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow

◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune

◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Amritsar

◆ Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad

◆ Indian Institute of Public Administration New Delhi

◆ Institute of Development Studies Jaipur

◆ Institute of Economic Growth New Delhi

◆ Institute of Financial Management and Research Chennai

◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore

◆ Karnataka University Dharwad

◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram

◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad

◆ Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur

◆ Punjabi University Patiala

◆ University of Bombay Mumbai

◆ Uttaranchal Academy of Administration Nainital

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