public distribution system and other sources of household...

Report No. 510(61/1.0/3)

Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption,

2004-05

NSS 61st Round (July 2004 - June 2005)

Volume - I

National Sample Survey Organisation Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation

Government of India

June 2007

Preface

The National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducts socio-economic surveys covering various subjects on regular basis. Subjects are selected keeping in view their importance. As part of the NSS 61st round during the period July 2004 – June 2005, the Household Consumer Expenditure survey was conducted on large sample basis and this was the seventh quinquennial survey on the subject.

The report is one of a series of seven reports to be brought out on the basis of the data collected through the survey. Reports already published include Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure (No.508), Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India (No.509), Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting (No.511), Perceived Adequacy of Food Consumption in Indian Households (No.512) and Nutritional Intake in India (No.513). This report contains the information on access of the population to the public distribution system in India as shown by percentages of households possessing ration cards of different kinds among households of different social groups, occupational types and other socio-economic categories. For four commodities - rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene, the extent of consumption from PDS during a 30-day reference period is presented in detail, with special attention to households holding Antyodaya or BPL ration cards. Proportions of households of different socio-economic categories benefiting from four food assistance schemes of the Government – Food for Work, Annapoorna, Integrated Child Development Scheme and Midday Meal – are also examined. In addition, for each item of food and fuel, the contribution of different sources of consumption such as purchase, home produce, free collection, etc., to total household consumption is presented. All estimates are provided separately for rural and urban sectors of each State and Union Territory.

Chapter One of the report serves as the introduction. Chapter Two explains the concepts and definitions used in the survey. Chapter Three gives the main findings of the survey. Detailed tables at the State/UT and all-India level are given in Appendix A, while the sample design and the estimation procedure are explained in Appendix B. A facsimile of the schedule used for data collection is given as Appendix C. The report has been divided into two volumes.

Tasks like development of sampling design and survey instruments, and preparation of the report, were undertaken by the Survey Design and Research Division of the NSSO. The field work was handled by the Field Operations Division and the data processing and table generation was taken up by the Data Processing Division. The Coordination and Publication Division was responsible for overall coordination of all activities of NSSO, including the data dissemination and release of the reports. The Chairman and Members of the then Governing Council of NSSO, along with the Chairman and Members of the Working Group set up for this round, provided the technical directions and guidance at every stage of the survey. I am grateful to all of them.

The report, I hope, will be useful to planners, policy makers and researchers. Comments and suggestions are most welcome. P.K. Ray New Delhi Director General & Chief Executive Officer (I/C) June 2007 National Sample Survey Organisation

NSS Report No.510: Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2004-05

Highlights

A sample of 79298 rural households and 45346 urban households spread over the entire country was surveyed in the Consumer Expenditure Survey of the 61st round of NSS (the seventh of the quinquennial series), carried out in 2004-05. Based on this data, this report analyses the public distribution system (PDS) and other sources of household consumption as also beneficiary households of four food assistance schemes of the Government of India, namely, Food for Work, Annapoorna, Integrated Child Development Scheme and Midday Meal Scheme.

HOLDING OF RATION CARDS BY HOUSEHOLDS Ration cards were held by 81% of rural households and 67% of urban households.

[B]elow [P]overty [L]ine (BPL) cards were held by 26.5% of rural households and 10.5% of urban households. Antyodaya card holders formed less than 3% of rural households and less than 1% of urban households.

In Andhra Pradesh, the proportion of BPL-card-holding households (rural: 54%; urban: 27%) was more than double the national average. The proportion of BPL card holders was above 40% in rural areas of Karnataka and Orissa as well. In urban Kerala, nearly 20% of households had BPL cards.

In rural areas BPL cards were held by 43% of “agricultural labour” households and 32% of “other labour” households.

In rural India BPL cards were held by 40% of Scheduled Tribe (ST) households, 35% of Scheduled Caste (SC) households, about 25% of Other Backward Classes (OBC) households, and 17% of the remaining households. In urban areas, however, it was the Scheduled Castes which had the highest percentage (17%) of households holding BPL cards, while ST and OBC households had about 14% each.

As many as 51% of rural households possessing less than 0.01 hectares of land had no ration card at all, while in all other size classes 77-86% households held a ration card of some type. In respect of ration cards meant for the poor, the class possessing “0.01-0.40 hectares” was the one with the highest proportion of cards for both BPL (32%) and Antyodaya (4%).

Among the top 5% of rural population ranked by monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE), an estimated 11% of households held BPL ration cards. Among the next 5% of rural population, 14% of households held BPL cards, and among the next 10% of rural population, 18% of households held BPL ration cards. CONSUMPTION OF RICE, WHEAT, SUGAR AND KEROSENE FROM PDS

The major State where consumption of rice from PDS was most common was Tamil Nadu (rural: 79% households consuming from PDS; urban: 48%), followed by Andhra Pradesh (rural: 62%; urban: 31%), Karnataka (rural: 59%; urban: 21%) and Kerala (rural: 35%; urban: 23%). Even in Gujarat and Maharashtra, where rice is not the major cereal food, 32% and 28% households, respectively, consumed PDS rice. On the other hand, PDS rice was consumed by only a small proportion of households in West Bengal (rural: 13%; urban: 5%), Assam (rural: 9%; urban: 2%) and Bihar (rural: 1%; urban: 0.7%), though rice is the major cereal food in these States.

Highlights


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PDS consumption of wheat/atta was most common in Karnataka (rural: 46%; urban: 15%), rural areas of Gujarat (29%) and Maharashtra (26%), and in Madhya Pradesh (rural: 20%; urban: 10%).

As in case of rice, PDS consumption of sugar, too, was most prevalent in Tamil Nadu (rural: 65% households; urban: 64%), followed by Assam (rural: 40%; urban: 16%) and Andhra Pradesh (rural: 36%; urban: 15%). On the other hand, in both rural and urban areas, fewer than 1% households consumed PDS sugar in Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and Jharkhand, and fewer than 2% in Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. The all-India proportions of households were 16% for rural areas and 12% for urban.

Over 55% of rural households used PDS kerosene in all major States except Punjab and Haryana. Use of PDS kerosene was most common in West Bengal for both rural areas (91%) and urban areas (60%).

Among the four commodities, kerosene had a much larger share of quantity of consumption coming from PDS – 77% for rural and 57% for urban India. For rice the share of PDS in total quantity consumed was 13% for rural and 11% for urban; for wheat it was 7% for rural and 4% for urban, and for sugar, 9½% for rural and about 6½% for urban India.

Households holding a BPL or Antyodaya ration card exhibited a much greater degree of dependence on PDS than the population as a whole. This was most marked in case of wheat, where, for both rural and urban areas, as much as 28% of quantity consumed by such households came from PDS compared to 7% for the rural population as a whole and 4% for the overall urban population. For rice and sugar, the percentage contribution of PDS purchases to total consumption (in quantity terms) for these households was double the percentage share of PDS in consumption of the general population in rural areas and three times the percentage share of PDS for the general population in urban areas. BENEFITS FROM FOOD ASSISTANCE SCHEMES

The Midday Meal scheme benefited children from an estimated 22.8% of rural households in 2004-05, the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) benefited 5.7% of rural households, the Food-for-Work Scheme, only 2.7%, and the Annapoorna scheme for the elderly, 0.9%. In urban India, while children from 8% of households benefited from the Midday Meal scheme, and the ICDS scheme benefited 1.8% households, only 0.2% urban households benefited from Annapoorna, and only 0.1% from Food for Work.

Among household occupational types in rural India, the (mostly manual) labour households – “agricultural labour” and “other labour” – had the highest proportions of households benefiting from each of the four schemes. Similarly, in urban India, “casual labour” households had the highest proportions of beneficiary households from each of the four schemes.

Among social groups, the Scheduled Tribes had the highest proportion of Food-for-Work beneficiary households in both rural and urban India, and also the highest proportion of ICDS beneficiaries.

Rural households possessing more than 0.40 hectares of land had a higher representation among recipients of benefits from the schemes than households possessing 0.40 hectares of land or less. The class of households possessing 0.41-1.00 hectares of land had the highest proportions of Food-for-Work and Midday Meal beneficiary households among six classes of rural households formed on the basis of size of land possessed.

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In each of the top four classes among 12 classes of rural households formed on the basis of monthly per capita expenditure level (MPCE), 2-4% of households were ICDS beneficiaries.

The Midday Meal scheme benefited over 10% of rural households in most State/UTs (between 18% and 33%in 12 major States).

Among the major States, the highest proportions of (rural) Food for Work beneficiaries were found in Rajasthan (12%) and Orissa (8%). CONSUMPTION FROM HOME PRODUCE

As much as 62% of quantity of milk consumed in rural India came from home produce compared to 40% for wheat/atta, 30% for rice, and 11-18% for seven common pulse varieties. For eggs, 14% of consumption, and, for chicken, 13%, came from home-grown stock.

Among common vegetables and fruits, home produce was most important in case of coconuts (37% of quantity consumed in rural India), reported by as many as 28% of rural households. For arum and pumpkin, about a quarter of rural consumption came from home-grown stock.


Contents

Vol. I

Highlights ……………………………………. i Chapter One Introduction …………………………………… 1

Chapter Two Concepts and Definitions ……………………… 5

Chapter Three Summary of Findings 13

Appendix A Detailed Tables* ………………………………. A-1 – A-306

Appendix B Sample Design and Estimation Procedure ……. B-1 – B-8

Appendix C Schedule 1.0 …………… C-1 – C-19

Vol. II

Detailed Tables* ………………………………. A-307 – A-810

*List overleaf

vi Contents


Appendix A

Detailed Tables

Vol. I

Table 1R and 1U Average monthly consumption per household from PDS of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene

A-1 – A-144

Table 2R and 2U Per 1000 number of households possessing ration cards and per 1000 number of households with at least one member benefiting during the last 365 days from selected food assistance schemes of the Government, separately for households of different household types

A-145 – A-180

Table 3R and 3U Per 1000 number of households possessing ration cards and per 1000 number of households with at least one member benefiting during the last 365 days from selected food assistance schemes of the Government, separately for households of different social groups

A-181 – A-216

Table 4R Per 1000 number of households possessing ration cards and per 1000 number of households with at least one member benefiting during the last 365 days from selected food assistance schemes of the Government, separately for households in different size classes of land possessed

A-217 – A-234

Table 5R and 5U Per 1000 number of households possessing ration cards and per 1000 number of households with at least one member benefiting during the last 365 days from selected food assistance schemes of the Government, separately for households in different MPCE* classes

A-235 – A-306

*monthly per capita expenditure

Contents vii


Appendix A

Detailed Tables

Vol. II

Table 6R and 6U Per 1000 break-up of households by source of consumption of items of food, fuel and light

A-307 – A-810

Volume I NSS Report No.510: Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2004-05

Chapter One

Introduction 1.0.1 This is a report on some aspects of household consumption in India based on a nationwide sample survey of the National Sample Survey Organisation. 1.0.2 The NSSO conducts regular consumer expenditure surveys as part of its “rounds”, each round normally of a year’s duration and covering more than one subject of study. The surveys are conducted through household interviews, using a random sample of households covering practically the entire geographical area of the country. The present report is based on data collected through the 61st round of NSS (July 2004-June 2005). It is the third report of the consumer expenditure survey of that round. 1.0.3 Nowadays every round of NSS includes a consumer expenditure survey (CES), giving rise to an annual series of consumption data. Every 5 years or so, a larger-than-usual-scale CES is conducted as the main enquiry of a round. This gives rise to a “quinquennial series” of CES’s. The sixth quinquennial CES was conducted in 1999-2000 in the 55th round of NSS and the 61st round CES is the seventh. 1.0.4 The household consumer expenditure schedule used for the survey, besides collecting information on quantity and value of household consumption during a specified reference period, also recorded some other household particulars. These included household characteristics such as household industry and occupation, social group, occupational type and land possessed, and particulars of each household member including age, sex and educational level. Among the questions asked for the household as a whole were: whether the household possessed a ration card and, if so, what kind (BPL/Antyodaya/other). 1.0.5 Contents of the present report: The present report covers a number of aspects of household consumption which can broadly be clubbed under the heading of “source of consumption”. The sources of consumption considered here are: (a) food assistance schemes of the Government such as Food for Work, Annapoorna, or Midday Meal; (b) purchase from Public Distribution System (PDS); (c) purchase from other sources; (d) home produce; (e) free collection, wages in kind, gifts, etc. 1.0.6 The report does not, however, give the break-up of consumption of any item by source in the above sense, except for the break-up of consumption of certain commodities into consumption from PDS and consumption from other sources. The report presents:

(i) the estimated proportions of households which received any benefit during the past one year from four food assistance schemes: Food for Work, Annapoorna, Integrated Child Development Scheme, and Midday Meal;

(ii) the estimated break-up of households (per 1000 households) by type of ration card possessed: Antyodaya, BPL, other card, none;

(iii) for each item of consumption, the estimated proportions of households using different sources of consumption: purchase, home produce, free collection, gifts, etc.;

(iv) for each item of consumption, the estimated proportion of quantity and value of consumption in rural areas coming from home produce;

Chapter One

NSS Report No.510: Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2004-05 Volume I

2

(v) for rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene, the estimated average monthly consumption per household (both quantity and value) from PDS and from other sources, separately for households in different monthly per capita expenditure classes, and separately for households holding Antyodaya/BPL ration cards;

(vi) for rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene, the estimated proportions of households that made any consumption from PDS during the past 30 days.

1.0.7 All estimates are provided separately for rural and urban sectors of each State and Union Territory. Estimates of the types (i) and (ii) are, further, presented separately for different occupational types of households, different social groups, different monthly per capita expenditure classes, and, for rural areas, for households in different size classes of land possessed. Estimates of types (v) and (vi) are provided separately for households in different monthly per capita expenditure classes. 1.0.8 Appendix B gives details of the sample design and estimation procedure followed and Appendix C is a facsimile of the consumer expenditure schedule (“Schedule 1.0”) that was canvassed in the surveyed households. 1.1 Some details of the survey 1.1.1 Geographical coverage: The survey covered the whole of the Indian Union except (i) Leh (Ladakh) and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir, (ii) interior villages of Nagaland situated beyond five kilometres of a bus route and (iii) villages in Andaman and Nicobar Islands which remain inaccessible throughout the year. 1.1.2 Population coverage: The following rules were followed:

1. Under-trial prisoners in jails and indoor patients of hospitals, nursing homes etc., were excluded, but the residential staff of these institutions were included. Convicted prisoners undergoing sentence were outside the coverage of the survey.

2. Floating population, i.e., persons without any normal residence, was excluded. But persons residing in open space, roadside shelter, under a bridge, etc., more or less regularly in the same place, were covered.

3. Foreign nationals were excluded, as well as their domestic servants, if by definition the latter belonged to the foreign national's household (see Chapter Two). A foreign national who had become an Indian citizen for all practical purposes was, however, covered.

4. Persons residing in barracks of military and paramilitary forces (like police, BSF etc.) were kept outside the survey coverage. However, the civilian population residing in their neighbourhood, including the family quarters of service personnel, was covered.

5. Orphanages, rescue homes, ashrams and vagrant houses were outside the survey coverage. However, the persons staying in old age homes, the students staying in ashram/hostels and the residential staff (other than monks/nuns) of these ashrams were covered. Although orphans living in orphanages were excluded, the persons looking after them and staying there were covered.

Introduction


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1.1.3 Sample size – first-stage units: As is usual in the regular NSS rounds, most States and Union Territories participated in the survey: a “State sample” was surveyed by State Government officials in addition to the “Central sample” surveyed by NSSO. For rural India, 8128 villages formed the Central sample for this round. Of these, 7999 villages were ultimately surveyed. In the urban sector, the allocation for the Central sample was 4660 blocks, of which 4602 were surveyed. This report is based on the estimates obtained from the Central sample alone.

Table P0: Number of villages/blocks allotted and surveyed for Schedule 1.0 and number of households and persons surveyed: Central sample

no. of villages

no. of urban blocks

no. of sample households

no. of sample persons State/UT

allotted surveyed allotted surveyed rural urban rural urban (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 556 556 308 307 5555 2876 22860 11835 Arunachal Pradesh 156 156 60 60 1503 540 7731 2161 Assam 340 335 92 90 3350 900 17582 3829 Bihar 436 436 140 140 4354 1398 24298 7246 Chhattisgarh 200 200 80 80 1997 799 10602 3692

Delhi 8 8 120 120 59 1101 253 4708 Goa 16 16 24 24 160 238 731 1028 Gujarat 232 232 200 200 2320 1955 11592 9085 Haryana 168 168 104 104 1680 1040 9293 4979 Himachal Pradesh 216 216 40 40 2143 400 10261 1481

Jammu & Kashmir 288 190 144 89 1882 884 10956 4373 Jharkhand 240 239 104 104 2379 1040 12906 5084 Karnataka 288 288 224 224 2880 2227 13955 9625 Kerala 368 368 196 196 3300 1950 14427 8686 Madhya Pradesh 384 384 208 208 3838 2075 21180 10616

Maharashtra 504 504 504 504 5014 4993 24248 22721 Manipur 220 220 100 100 2177 1000 11157 5063 Meghalaya 116 116 44 44 1159 437 5785 2093 Mizoram 80 80 112 112 800 1112 4170 5565 Nagaland 96 96 32 32 960 320 5238 1578

Orissa 384 384 120 120 3836 1187 18954 5404 Punjab 244 244 188 188 2433 1855 12985 8865 Rajasthan 356 356 164 164 3541 1630 20155 8125 Sikkim 92 92 20 20 920 200 4206 680 Tamil Nadu 416 416 416 416 4159 4137 16223 15620

Tripura 176 176 56 56 1760 560 8025 2212 Uttar Pradesh 792 792 336 336 7868 3345 47607 18387 Uttaranchal 148 148 76 76 1465 750 7703 3395 West Bengal 500 500 292 292 4988 2889 24361 12011 A & N Islands 52 28 36 36 268 359 1215 1432

Chandigarh 8 8 32 32 80 300 365 1136 Dadra & N. Haveli 16 16 8 8 160 80 770 346 Daman & Diu 8 8 8 8 80 80 400 354 Lakshadweep 8 7 16 16 70 129 373 822 Pondicherry 16 16 56 56 160 560 640 2292

All India 8128 7999 4660 4602 79298 45346 403207 206529 *Note that as many as 98 out of 129 allotted villages that could not be surveyed belonged to the disturbed areas of Jammu and Kashmir.

Chapter One


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1.1.4 Table P0 shows the numbers of villages and urban blocks allotted for survey and actually surveyed, the numbers of rural and urban sample households in which the consumer expenditure schedule, “Schedule 1.0”, was canvassed, and the corresponding numbers of sample persons covered. 1.1.5 The household consumer expenditure schedule used for the survey collected information on quantity and value of household consumption with a reference period of last 30 days preceding the date of interview. To minimise recall errors, a very detailed item classification was, as usual, adopted to collect information. For items of clothing, footwear, and durable goods, data with a reference period of "last 365 days" was also collected. The indicator of overall level of living of the household called MPCE (monthly per capita expenditure) used in preparing this report is built up using "last 30 days" data for all goods and services. 1.1.6 The first report on consumer expenditure based on the 61st round survey1 released information on (a) distribution of households and persons over MPCE classes for each State/UT and all-India (b) averages (State/UT and all-India) of MPCE (c) break-up of these average values by important heads of consumption. The second report2 gave estimates of per capita consumption using a much more detailed item classification. All average values were provided not only for the population as a whole but for 12 different groups of population demarcated by MPCE level. All the data were provided separately for rural and urban sectors. The present report is the third in this series. Three more reports of the consumer expenditure survey have, however, already been released, dealing, respectively, with energy used by households for cooking and lighting, perceived adequacy of food consumption, and nutritional intake measured from reported quantities of consumption of food items.

1 NSS Report No.508: Level and Pattern of Consumer Expenditure, 2004-05 2 NSS Report No.509: Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India, 2004-05


Chapter Two

Concepts and Definitions 2.1 Household: A group of persons normally living together and taking food from a common kitchen constitutes a household. The word "normally" means that temporary visitors are excluded but temporary stay-aways are included. Thus, a son or daughter residing in a hostel for studies is excluded from the household of his/her parents, but a resident employee or resident domestic servant or paying guest (but not just a tenant in the house) is included in the employer/host's household. "Living together" is usually given more importance than "sharing food from a common kitchen" in drawing the boundaries of a household in case the two criteria are in conflict; however, in the special case of a person taking food with his family but sleeping elsewhere (say, in a shop or a different house) due to space shortage, the household formed by such a person's family members is taken to include the person also. Each inmate of a mess, hotel, boarding and lodging house, hostel, etc. is considered as a single-member household except that a family living in a hotel (say) is considered as one household only; the same applies to residential staff of such establishments. 2.2 Adult: A person who has completed 15 years of age. 2.3 Household size: The size of a household is the total number of persons in the household. 2.4 Household consumer expenditure: The expenditure incurred by a household on domestic consumption during the reference period is the household's consumer expenditure. Household consumer expenditure is the total of the monetary values of consumption of various groups of items, namely (i) food, pan (betel leaves), tobacco, intoxicants and fuel & light, (ii) clothing and footwear and (iii) all other goods and services, including durable articles. 2.4.1 For groups (i) and (ii), the total value of consumption is derived by aggregating the monetary value of goods actually consumed during the reference period. An item of clothing and footwear is considered as consumed at the moment when it is brought into maiden or first use. The consumption may be out of (a) purchases made in cash or credit during the reference period or earlier; (b) home-grown stock; (c) receipts in exchange of goods and services; (d) any other receipt like gift, charity, borrowing and (e) free collection. Home produce is evaluated at the ex farm or ex factory rate. For evaluating the consumption of the items of group (iii), a different approach is followed. In this case, the expenditure made during the reference period for the purchase or acquisition of goods and services is considered as consumption. However, for a few items of expenditure such as rent, telephone charges, consumer taxes and railway season tickets, expenditure during the month is recorded as the amount that was last paid divided by the number of months to which the payment related. 2.4.2 It is pertinent to mention here that the consumer expenditure of a household on food items relates to the actual consumption by the members of the household and also by the guests during ceremonies or otherwise. To avoid double counting, transfer payments like charity, loan advance, etc. made by the household are not considered as consumption for items of groups (i) and (ii), since transfer receipts of these items have been taken into account. However, the item "cooked meals" is an exception to this rule. Meals prepared in the

Chapter Two


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household kitchen and provided to the employees and/or others would automatically get included in domestic consumption of employer (payer) household. There is a practical difficulty of estimating the quantities and values of individual items used for preparing the meals served to employees or others. Thus, to avoid double counting, cooked meals received as perquisites from employer household or as gift or charity are not recorded in the recipient household. As a general principle, cooked meals purchased from the market for consumption of the members and for guests and employees will also be recorded in the purchaser household. 2.4.3 This procedure of recording cooked meals served to others in the expenditure of the serving households leads to bias-free estimates of average per capita consumption as well as total consumer expenditure. However, donors of free cooked meals are likely to be concentrated at the upper end of the per capita expenditure range and the corresponding recipients at the lower end of the same scale. Consequently, the derived nutrition intakes may get inflated for the rich (net donors) and understated for the poor (net recipients). This point has to be kept in mind while interpreting the NSS consumer expenditure data for studies relating to the nutritional status of households. 2.5 Value of consumption: Consumption out of purchase is evaluated at the purchase price. Consumption out of home produce is evaluated at ex farm or ex factory rate. Value of consumption out of gifts, loans, free collections, and goods received in exchange of goods and services is imputed at the rate of average local retail prices prevailing during the reference period. 2.6 Monthly per capita consumer expenditure (MPCE): For a household, this is the total consumer expenditure over all items divided by its size and expressed on a per month (30 days) basis. A person’s MPCE is understood as that of the household to which he or she belongs. 2.7 Percentile class of MPCE: Some tables in Appendix A give estimates separately for households in twelve different ranges of MPCE, called MPCE classes. Because of the wider range of variation in MPCE in urban areas compared to rural areas, the MPCE class limits for the rural and urban tables have been chosen differently. The MPCE classes for the rural sector were, in fact, so formed that the first two and the last two classes each contained about 5% of the rural population according to the present (61st round) survey, and the remaining classes each contained about 10%. The classes for the urban sector were formed similarly. For this reason, the classes are sometimes referred to in Chapter Three as percentile classes of MPCE, and captions such as “0-5%”, “20-30%”, etc., are used in place of the class limits in rupees, which are used in the detailed tables of Appendix A. Thus the percentile class “10-20%” (or the “second decile group”) for rural India (say), denotes the group of households in rural India whose MPCE in 2004-05 exceeded the 10th percentile of the all-India distribution of rural population by MPCE but did not exceed the 20th percentile. Alternatively, the percentile class “10-20%” for rural India can be described as the households of rural India excluding the households forming the bottom 10% of the rural population and the top 80%, ranked by MPCE. 2.8 Reference periods: The reference periods used for collection of consumption data for different groups of items are given in the table on the next page. Note that for the relatively infrequently purchased items in Category I, two estimates of aggregate or per capita consumption are possible, one based on “last 30 days” expenditure and the other on “last 365 days” expenditure. In this report, “last 30 days” data on all items, that is, items of both

Concepts and Definitions


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categories, I and II, have been used to build up the estimate of household MPCE (see above) used for classification of households.

category item of consumption reference period

I clothing, footwear, education, medical care (institutional) and durable goods

“last 30 days” and

“last 365 days”

II

all other items (viz all food, pan, tobacco & intoxicants, fuel and light, miscellaneous goods and services including non-institutional medical care, rents and taxes)

last 30 days

2.9 Major States: This refers to the 17 States of India which had a population of 20 million or more according to the Census of 2001. The States are: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Together, these States accounted for nearly 94.7% of India’s population in 2001. 2.9.1 Abbreviations for State/UT names: The following abbreviations have been used in some text tables (Chapter Three) for the names of the major States and other State/UTs:

major States

AP Andhra Pradesh JHK Jharkhand PUN Punjab ASM Assam KTK Karnataka RAJ Rajasthan BHR Bihar KRL Kerala TN Tamil Nadu CHH Chhattisgarh MP Madhya Pradesh UP Uttar Pradesh GUJ Gujarat MAH Maharashtra WB West Bengal HAR Haryana ORS Orissa

other State/UTs ARU Arunachal Pradesh MIZ Mizoram CHN Chandigarh DEL Delhi NAG Nagaland DNH Dadra & Nagar HP Himachal Pradesh SIK Sikkim Haveli J&K Jammu & Kashmir TRP Tripura D&D Daman & Diu MAN Manipur UTL Uttaranchal LAK Lakshadweep MEG Meghalaya A&N Andaman & PON Pondicherry Nicobar Islands

2.10 Self-employed: Persons who operate their own farm or non-farm enterprises or are engaged independently in a profession or trade on own-account or with one or a few partners are self-employed in household enterprises. The essential feature of the self-employed in comparison with those who earn their living by hiring out their labour is that they enjoy autonomy (i.e., regarding how, where and when to produce) and economic independence. They receive combined remuneration for their labour and enterprise given by surplus of revenues from sales over purchased inputs used in production. In other words, their remuneration is determined by sales of the goods or services which they produce. 2.10.1 Self-employed persons include:

Chapter Two


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(i) own-account workers: They are the self-employed who operate their enterprises on their own account or with one or a few partners and who, during the reference period, by and large, run their enterprise without hiring any labour. They may, however, have unpaid helpers to assist them in the activity of the enterprise.

(ii) employers: These are self-employed persons who work on their own account or with one or a few partners and by and large run their enterprise by hiring labour.

(iii) helpers in household enterprise: Helpers are a category of self-employed persons, mostly family members, who keep themselves engaged in their household enterprises, working full- or part-time and do not receive any regular salary or wages in return for the work performed. They do not run the household enterprise on their own but assist a person living in the same household in running the household enterprise.

2.10.2 There is a category of workers who work at a place of their choice which is outside the establishment that employs them or buys their product. Different expressions like “home workers”, “home based workers” and “outworkers” are synonymously used for such workers. For the purpose of this survey, all such workers have been defined as “home workers” and categorised as “self-employed”. The “home workers” have some degree of autonomy and economic independence in carrying out the work, and their work is not directly supervised as is the case for the employees. Like the other self-employed, these workers have to meet certain costs, like actual or imputed rent on the buildings in which they work, costs incurred for heating, lighting and power, storage or transportation, etc., thereby indicating that they have some tangible or intangible means of production. It may be noted that employees are not required to provide such inputs for production. 2.11 Regular wage/salaried employee: Persons working in others’ farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and getting in return salary or wages on a regular basis (and not on the basis of daily or periodic renewal of work contract) are termed regular salaried/wage employees. The category not only includes persons getting time-wage but also persons receiving piece-wage or salary and paid apprentices, both full-time and part-time. 2.12 Casual (wage) labour: A person engaged in others’ farm or non-farm enterprises (both household and non-household) and getting in return wage according to the terms of the daily or periodic work contract is a casual (wage) labourer. 2.13 Household type: The household type based on the means of livelihood of a household is decided on the basis of the sources of the household's income during the 365 days preceding the date of survey. For this purpose, only the household's income from economic activities is considered; the incomes of servants and paying guests is not taken into account. 2.13.1 For urban areas, the household types are:

self-employed casual labour regular wage/salary earning others

Different urban household types correspond to four sources of household income. An urban household is assigned the type corresponding to the major source of its income from economic activities during the last 365 days. A household which does not have any income from economic activities is assigned the type “others”.



9

2.13.2 For rural areas, the household is assigned the appropriate type from the following five, according to the procedure explained below:

self-employed in non-agriculture self-employed in agriculture agricultural labour others other labour

2.13.2.1 For a rural household, if a single source (among the five sources of income listed in preceding paragraph) contributes 50% or more of the household's income from economic activities during the last 365 days, it is assigned the type corresponding to that source. 2.13.2.2 For a household to be classified as “agricultural labour” or “self-employed in agriculture” its income from that source must be 50% or more of its total income. If there is no such source yielding 50% or more of the household's total income, it is assigned one of the remaining three types according to the following procedure. 2.13.2.3 To be classified as “self-employed in non-agriculture”, the household's income from that source must be greater than its income from rural labour (all wage-paid manual labour) as well as that from all other economic activities put together (a three-way division is considered here). 2.13.2.4 A household not qualifying for the types “agricultural labour”, “self-employed in agriculture” or “self-employed in non-agriculture” according to the criteria stated above is classified as “other labour” if its income from rural labour (all wage-paid manual labour) is greater than that from self-employment as well as that from other economic activities (again a three-way division). All other households are assigned the type “others”. 2.14 Social group: Four social groups are considered:

scheduled tribe other backward class scheduled caste others

In case different members of a household belong to different social groups, the group to which the head of the household belongs is considered as the ‘social group’ of the household. 2.15 Land possessed: The total area of land possessed by the household is worked out as 'land owned' + 'land leased-in' + 'neither owned nor leased-in (but otherwise possessed)' - 'leased-out'. Note that

2.15.1 A piece of land is considered ‘owned by the household’ if permanent heritable possession with or without the right to transfer the title is vested in a member or members of the household. Land held in owner-like possession under long-term lease or assignment is also considered as land owned. Thus, in determining the ownership of a plot of land, the following basic concepts are involved: 2.15.2 Land owned by the household is land on which the household has the right of permanent heritable possession with or without the right to transfer the title e.g., Pattadars, Bhumidars, Jenmons, Bhumiswamis, Rayat, Sithibans etc. A plot of land may be leased out to others by the owner without losing the right of permanent heritable possession.

Chapter Two


10

2.15.3 Land held under special conditions such as the holder not possessing the title of ownership but the right for long-term possession of the land (for example, land possessed under perpetual lease, hereditary tenure and long-term lease for 30 years or more) is considered as being held under owner-like possession. In the States where land reform legislation has provided for full proprietorship to erstwhile tenants, they are considered as having owner-like possession, even if they have not paid the full compensation. 2.15.4 Sometimes a plot may be possessed by a tribal in accordance with traditional tribal rights from local chieftains or village/district council. Again a plot may be occupied by a tenant for which the right of ownership vests in the community. In both the cases the tribal or other individual (tenant) will be taken as owner; for in all such cases, the holder has owner-like possession of the land in question. 2.15.5 Land leased out is defined as land given to others on rent or free by owner of the land without surrendering the right of permanent heritable title. Land leased in is defined as land taken by a household on rent or free without any right of permanent or heritable possession. The lease contract may be written or oral. 2.15.6 Land neither owned nor leased in (but otherwise possessed) is understood to mean all public/institutional land possessed by the household without title of ownership or occupancy right. The possession is without the consent of the owner. Private land (i.e. land owned by the household sector) possessed by the household without title of ownership and occupancy right is not included in this category. All private land encroached upon by the household is treated as leased-in land. 2.15.7 For owners found to be living away from their family members who are in possession of the land, the land is treated as leased out by the owner’s household to his/her family members’ household. 2.15.8 It may be noted that land possessed does not include area of land possessed by the servants/paying guests who are considered as normal members of the household. However, if land is owned/cultivated jointly by two or more households, then land is apportioned suitably in recording land possessed by the surveyed household.

2.16 PDS: This stands for Public Distribution System, which is defined as the distribution of some essential commodities by the government at subsidised rates through ration shops, fair price shops and control shops. These shops may be owned by the government, local government, a government undertaking, the proprietor of a private firm, co-operatives or private persons (individually or jointly) or other bodies like club, trust, etc. For kerosene, "PDS" also includes kerosene depots selling kerosene at controlled prices. "Super Bazaars" and co-operative stores are not generally included in “public distribution system”. However, when these also sell rationed commodities at controlled prices against ration cards, they are taken as ration shops for particular commodities. (Presentation of ration card may not, however, be obligatory for some controlled price commodities like kerosene, coal, etc.) Consumption from PDS is considered to occur irrespective of whether the household uses its own ration card or that of some other household. Purchase from PDS shops at prices higher than the PDS prices is also considered as purchase from PDS as long as the price paid is perceptibly lower than the market price. (This is a departure from the practice followed in earlier rounds.) To sum up, to qualify as a PDS purchase, the purchase must be against ration card wherever the ration card system exists for supply of controlled price



11

commodities, and must be made at a price perceptibly lower than the market price even if higher than the controlled price. 2.17 Antyodaya: The scheme was launched by the Prime Minister on 25th December 2001. Under the scheme, the 1 crore poorest families among the [B]elow [P]overty [L]ine (BPL) families covered under the Targeted Public Distribution System are identified and 25 kg of foodgrain are made available to each eligible family at a highly subsidized rate of Rs. 2 per kg for wheat and Rs. 3 per kg for rice. 2.18 Food for Work: The Food for Work Programme was started in January 2000-01 as part of the Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) in eight drought-affected States, viz., Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, and Uttaranchal. The Food for Work Programme (FWP) was later expanded to form a part of any wage employment scheme of the Central or State Governments being implemented in the notified districts during periods of natural calamities, such as drought, flood, cyclone or earthquake. The Government of India makes available an appropriate quantity of foodgrains to each of the affected States. Foodgrains are supplied to the States as an additional aid free of cost. The cost is borne by the Government of India with a view to enabling the State Governments to provide adequate wage employment opportunities to the needy rural poor. The eligibility criteria for employment are relaxed so as to include both BPL and APL (Above Poverty Line) families. The States may make payment of wages partly in kind (up to 5 kg of foodgrains per man-day) and partly in cash. The State Governments are free to calculate the cost of foodgrains paid in wages, at either BPL rates, or APL rates, or any rate between these two rates. The workers are paid the balance wages in cash, so that they are assured of the notified minimum wages. Supply of foodgrains is made to the workers preferably at the worksite. It is stipulated that the payment of wages, cash as well as foodgrains, must be made weekly. Since the Food for Work Programme is meant for providing wage employment in the natural-calamity-affected States, preference is given to labour-intensive works, particularly those which would help in drought-proofing such as moisture conservation works, watershed development works, water harvesting, digging up and de-silting of village ponds/tanks and water courses, construction of rural link roads (katcha roads), etc. As far as possible, the works to be taken up are intended to result in durable assets. 2.19 Annapoorna: The Annapoorna Scheme was launched with effect from 1st April 2000. It aims at providing food security to meet the requirement of those senior citizens who, though eligible, have remained uncovered under the National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS). The scheme is targeted to cover 20% (13.762 lakh) of persons eligible to receive pension under NOAPS. The Central assistance under the Annapoorna Scheme is, thus, provided to the beneficiaries on fulfilling the following criteria:

• The age of the applicant (male or female) should be 65 years or above. • The applicant must be a destitute in the sense of having little or no regular

means of subsistence from his/her own sources of income or through financial support from family members or other sources. In order to determine destitution, the criteria, if any, in force in the States/UTs are to be followed.

• The applicant should not be in receipt of pension under the NOAPS or State Pension Scheme.

The beneficiaries are given 10 kg of foodgrains per month free of cost.

Chapter Two


12

2.20 Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme: The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme, launched in 1975, is a nationwide programme for the overall development of children below 6 years and of the expectant and nursing mothers. Thus, the scheme aims at improving the nutritional and health status of vulnerable groups including pre-school children, pregnant women and nursing mothers through providing a package of services including supplementary nutrition, pre-school education, immunization, health check-up, referral services and nutrition and health education. In addition, the Scheme envisages effective convergence of inter-sectoral services in the anganwadi centres. The Scheme targets the most vulnerable groups of population including children up to 6 years of age, pregnant women and nursing mothers belonging to the poorest of the poor families and living in disadvantaged areas, including backward rural areas, tribal areas and urban slums. The identification of beneficiaries is done through surveying the community and identifying the families living below the poverty line. 2.20.1 The objectives of the scheme are:-

• to improve the nutritional and health status of pre-school children in the age-group of 0-6 years;

• to lay the foundation of proper psychological development of the child; • to reduce the incidence of mortality, morbidity, malnutrition and school drop-outs; • to achieve effective coordination of policy and implementation amongst the various

departments to promote child development; and to enhance the capability of the mother to look after the normal health and nutritional needs of the child through proper nutrition and health education. 2.21 Midday Meal: A large number children between the ages of 5 and 14 are victims of malnutrition, associated with food shortages, population expansion, lack of suitable food substitutes, poverty, ignorance, traditional beliefs and customs. The midday meal scheme was launched to lower the widespread incidence of malnutrition, primarily among children of poor families, and to increase their access to education. The scheme was aimed at boosting primary school attendance, by allowing children of parents living below subsistence levels to attain basic literacy levels instead of being pushed into the workforce at an early age.


Chapter Three

Summary of Findings 3.0.1 The results of the survey are discussed in this chapter in the following order:

o Possession of ration cards of different types; o Break-up of consumption of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene into consumption

from PDS and consumption from other sources, with special attention to households holding ration cards meant for the poor; proportions of households consuming these commodities from PDS and from any source;

o Proportions of households of different socio-economic categories benefiting from four schemes of the Government (Food for Work, Annapoorna, ICDS and Midday Meal) aimed at providing food assistance to the economically disadvantaged;

o Consumption from home-grown stock in rural areas. 3.1 Possession of ration card

3.1.0.1 Surveyed households were asked whether they possessed any ration card, and, if so, of what kind: the Antyodaya ration card meant for the ultra-poor, the BPL card for Below Poverty Line households, or a card belonging to none of these types. The responses, as tabulated for the major States, are shown in Table P1 below.

Table P1: Percentage distribution of households by ration card type: major States rural urban

percentage of households with State percentage of households with Antyodaya

card BPL card

other card

no card

Antyodaya card

BPL card

other card

no card

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 2.8 54 16 28 AP 1.5 26.6 18 54 0.6 12 63 25 ASM 0.2 3.2 40 56 2.3 15 60 23 BHR 0.8 4.7 42 52 4.4 35 32 29 CHH 2.1 15.2 40 43 0.8 36 50 13 GUJ 0.1 8.4 67 24 2.6 16 68 13 HAR 1.5 9.9 61 28 3.0 23 51 23 JHA 0.8 7.5 33 58 9.6 42 26 23 KTK 2.0 14.4 33 51 1.8 28 57 13 KRL 0.9 19.8 60 19 3.3 31 38 28 MP 1.9 12.7 43 43 4.4 31 46 19 MAH 0.3 8.0 67 25 2.0 42 23 33 ORS 1.3 11.8 29 58 0.1 12 76 12 PUN 0.0 3.9 66 30 2.8 16 78 4 RAJ 0.6 2.4 82 15 1.5 19 69 11 TN 0.6 12.8 64 22 2.8 14 65 19 UP 0.7 7.2 57 36 3.2 27 61 8 WB 0.8 8.8 71 20 2.9 26.5 51.8 18.7 INDIA 0.8 10.5 55.6 33.1

3.1.0.2 At the all-India level 81% of rural households and 67% of urban households held ration cards. BPL cards were held by 26.5% of rural households and 10.5% of urban households. Antyodaya card holders formed less than 3% of rural households and less than 1% of urban households.

Chapter Three


14

3.1.0.3 For both sectors, Andhra Pradesh was the only major State where the proportion of BPL-card-holding households (rural: 54%; urban: 27%) was more than double the national average. The proportion of BPL card holders was above 40% in rural areas of Karnataka and Orissa as well. In these three States, BPL card holders were more common in rural areas than holders of “other cards”. In urban Kerala, nearly 20% of households had BPL cards. In urban Punjab, Rajasthan, Assam and Bihar, on the other hand, the proportion was less than 5%. 3.1.1 Ration card and household type

3.1.1.1 In rural areas 80% or more households of all household types except “other households” held ration cards (Figure 2). BPL cards were held by 43% of agricultural labour households and 32% of other labour households. 5% of agricultural labour households and about 4% of other labour households held Antyodaya cards. Both BPL and Antyodaya cards were reported much less frequently among non-labour than among labour households.

Fig 1 Percentage distribution of households of different occupational types

by ration card type, 2004-05 RURAL

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

s-emp(n-agr.)

agr.lab.

otherlab.

s-emp.(agr.)

otherhhs

all

household type

% o

f hou

seho

lds

no cardother cardAntyodayaBPL

URBAN

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

s-emp reg.w/sal.

cas. lab. otherhhs

all

household type

% o

f hou

seho

lds


3.1.1.2 Results at State/UT level are presented in Table 2 (R&U) of Appendix A.

Summary of Findings


15

3.1.1.3 In urban areas 26% of casual labour households had BPL cards and 3% had Antyodaya cards. The percentage of households holding any kind of ration card was, incidentally, highest among self-employed households, about 11% of which held BPL cards. Among “other households”, only 51% possessed a ration card. 3.1.2 Ration card and household social group

3.1.2.1 In rural areas (see Figure 2) the percentage of households having Antyodaya cards was 5% for Scheduled Tribes (ST), about 4½% for Scheduled Castes (SC), and 2% for the other groups – Other Backward Classes (OBC), and the rest. BPL cards were held by 40% of ST households, 35% for Scheduled Castes (SC), about 25% of OBC households, and 17% of other households. In urban areas, however, it was the Scheduled Castes which had the highest percentage (17%) of households holding BPL cards, while ST and OBC households had about 14% each. In urban India the ST and SC groups had more than 1% of households with Antyodaya cards, while the other groups had less than 1%. (For State-level results, see Table 3 of Appendix A.)

Fig 2 Percentage distribution of households of different social groups by

ration card type, 2004-05 RURAL

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ST SC OBC otherhhs

all

household social group

% o

f hou

seho

lds


URBAN

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

ST SC OBC otherhhs

all

household social group

% o

f hou

seho

lds


Chapter Three


16

3.1.3 Ration card and household land possessed (rural)

3.1.3.1 Figure 3 shows percentage distribution of households in different size classes of land possessed by ration card type. The salient fact revealed by Figure 3 is that 51% of households in the lowest size class “<0.01 hectares” had no ration card at all, while in all other size classes 77-86% households had a ration card of some kind. The highest proportion of households with ration cards was 86%, seen in the classes “0.41-1.00 hectares” and “1.01-2.00 hectares”. In respect of ration cards meant for the poor, the class “0.01-0.40 hectares” was the class of households with the highest proportion of cards for both BPL (32%) and Antyodaya (4%). It was followed by the class “0.41-1.00 hectares” (BPL, about 28%, Antyodaya, 3%). The bottom class “<0.01 hectares” had 22% of its members holding BPL cards, but this was smaller than the overall proportion of BPL card holders taking all classes together (26.5%). Likewise, Antyodaya cards were held by 2.7% of households in the bottom class, compared to 2.9% for all households. Results for States/UTs are shown in Table 4R of Appendix A.

Fig 3 Percentage distribution of households in different size classes of land

possessed by ration card type, 2004-05 RURAL

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

<0.01 0.01-0.40

0.41-1.00

1.01-2.00

2.01-4.00

4.01+ all

land possessed (hectares)

% o

f hou

seho

lds


3.1.4 Ration card and household monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE)

3.1.4.1 In Figure 4, which shows percentages of households in different MPCE classes holding each type of ration card, twelve MPCE classes are used for both sectors – rural and urban. The bottom two and top two MPCE classes each contain about 5% of the population of rural/urban India, while the remaining classes each contain about 10% of the population. 3.1.4.2 In rural India the percentage of households holding BPL cards declines gradually from 41% in the bottom MPCE class (numbered 1) to 11% in the top class (numbered 12). Interestingly, even in the top three MPCE classes, representing MPCE ranges of “Rs.690-890”, Rs.890-1155” and “Rs.1155 or more”, 18%, 14% and 11% households respectively were found to hold BPL cards.3 Antyodaya card holders, too, are found in rural India in all the MPCE classes, though in diminishing numbers as MPCE increases. About 8% Antyodaya

3 It should be mentioned here that the MPCE of a household is based on its consumption expenditure during the last 30 days. A poor household that bought a durable good during the 30 days prior to the date of survey might conceivably be placed in a higher MPCE class than the class in which its usual MPCE lies.

Summary of Findings


17

card holders were found in the bottom MPCE class, about 6% in the next class, and so on, with the top two classes having about 1% each. The percentage of rural households with “other” ration cards increases from 23% in the bottom MPCE class to over 60% in the top three classes. The percentage of households with no ration card is 28% in the lowest class and 24.5% in the highest, and is 20% or less in all other classes. 3.1.4.3 In urban India the percentage of BPL card holders declines from 29% in the lowest MPCE class to about 1% in the highest. The lowest class had 4% Antyodaya card holders and no class from the sixth upwards had more than 0.5%. The percentage of households with “other” cards increases from 35% in the lowest class to a plateau of 60-61% which it never crosses. In each of the top four MPCE classes, 37% or more households had no ration card.

Fig 4 Percentages of ration card holding households in different

MPCE classes by ration card type, 2004-05 all-India

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MPCE class

% o

f hou

seho

lds

0

20

40

60

80

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

MPCE class

% o

f hou

seho

lds

3.1.4.4 Results at State/UT level are presented in Tables 5R and 5U of Appendix A.

Antyodaya BPL

other card

no card

Antyodaya

BPL

RURAL

no card

other card

URBAN

low high

low high

Chapter Three


18

3.2 Use of PDS in case of four selected commodities: rice, wheat/atta, sugar, kerosene

3.2.0.1 For four commodities – rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene – which are available to households in India through the Public Distribution System as well as in the open market, Table 1 of Appendix A gives, for households in each MPCE class in each State/UT, average quantity and value of consumption per household from the public distribution system (PDS) and from other sources. Similar figures of average consumption from PDS and other sources are presented in the same table for Antyodaya or BPL card holding households. Average consumption per household is calculated taking all households of the specific cardholder category (or all categories) in the denominator. Estimated proportions of households consuming each commodity from PDS, from other sources, and from any source, are also shown alongside. 3.2.1 Rice, wheat/atta, sugar, kerosene: Percentages of households using PDS

3.2.1.1 For rice and wheat/atta, Table P2 shows the percentages of households in each sector of the 17 major States which reported consumption (a) from PDS (b) from any source. Table P3 does the same for sugar and kerosene.

Table P2: Rice and wheat/atta: Percentages of households reporting consumption during a 30-day period (in 2004-05) from PDS and from any source: major States

percentage of hhs reporting consumption during a 30-day period RICE WHEAT/ATTA

from PDS from any source from PDS from any

source State

R U R U R U R U (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 62.2 31.1 96 94 0.6 0.7 27 56 Assam 9.0 2.3 100 93 0.2 0.3 56 78 Bihar 1.0 0.7 100 98 1.7 1.5 96 97 Chhattisgarh 21.7 13.2 99 97 5.3 5.4 31 76 Gujarat 31.5 7.2 94 94 28.7 6.8 83 91

Haryana 0.1 0.0 82 92 4.0 5.2 99 98 Jharkhand 4.4 2.8 99 92 4.3 2.0 71 89 Karnataka 58.5 21.0 98 91 45.6 14.6 74 81 Kerala 34.6 23.3 98 93 12.2 12.1 60 72 Madhya Pradesh 17.9 8.7 80 93 20.3 10.3 94 98

Maharashtra 27.5 6.0 93 93 25.8 6.9 86 91 Orissa 21.5 5.8 98 93 0.2 1.0 36 68 Punjab 0.1 0.1 74 85 0.3 0.6 100 96 Rajasthan 0.0 0.2 41 70 12.7 1.9 87 95 Tamil Nadu 78.9 47.7 97 93 8.9 10.7 29 61

Uttar Pradesh 5.8 2.1 96 96 5.6 2.6 99 98 West Bengal 12.8 5.4 99 94 9.0 3.5 61 82

all-India 24.4 13.1 92 92 11.0 5.8 72 83 3.2.1.2 The major State where consumption of rice from PDS was most common was undoubtedly Tamil Nadu (rural: 79% households; urban: 48%), followed by Andhra Pradesh (rural: 62%; urban: 31%), Karnataka (rural: 59%; urban: 21%) and Kerala (rural: 35%; urban:

Summary of Findings


19

23%). Even in Gujarat and Maharashtra, where rice is not the major cereal food, 32% and 28% rural households, respectively, consumed PDS rice. On the other hand, PDS rice was consumed by only a small minority of households in West Bengal (rural: 13%; urban: 5%), Assam (rural: 9%; urban: 2%) and Bihar (rural: 1%; urban: 0.7%), though rice is the major cereal food in these States. 3.2.1.3 PDS consumption of wheat was most common in Karnataka (rural: 46%; urban: 15%), rural areas of Gujarat (29%) and Maharashtra (26%), and in Madhya Pradesh (rural: 20%; urban: 10%). It was also relatively common in urban areas of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Fewer than 1% households consumed PDS wheat in Assam, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, and fewer than 2% in Bihar. Table P3: Sugar and kerosene: Percentages of households reporting consumption during

a 30-day period (in 2004-05) from PDS and from any source: major States percentage of hhs reporting consumption during a 30-day period SUGAR KEROSENE

from PDS from any source from PDS from any

source State

R U R U R U R U (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

Andhra Pradesh 35.8 15.0 83 86 63 26 80 42 Assam 39.8 15.9 93 92 83 38 99 74 Bihar 0.2 0.6 91 95 77 43 100 84 Chhattisgarh 15.4 3.5 84 95 86 41 95 57 Gujarat 25.3 6.7 96 94 78 25 86 37

Haryana 0.2 0.1 99 97 36 8 52 19 Jharkhand 0.2 0.8 89 91 70 19 100 77 Karnataka 15.2 4.8 94 90 74 31 91 49 Kerala 7.2 5.2 98 93 73 57 78 61 Madhya Pradesh 12.7 5.6 94 98 62 27 94 59

Maharashtra 3.4 0.9 97 94 56 23 90 44 Orissa 1.6 1.2 85 93 76 35 98 73 Punjab 0.1 0.3 99 95 15 5 28 21 Rajasthan 2.7 0.1 99 97 84 35 91 42 Tamil Nadu 64.8 64.1 75 87 79 39 85 49

Uttar Pradesh 1.6 1.3 96 97 84 47 98 66 West Bengal 15.7 8.6 96 92 91 60 99 77 all-India 15.9 11.5 92 93 73 33 90 51 3.2.1.4 Like rice, PDS consumption of sugar, too, was most common in Tamil Nadu (rural: 65% households; urban: 64%), followed by Assam (rural: 40%; urban: 16%) and Andhra Pradesh (rural: 36%; urban: 15%). On the other hand, in both rural and urban areas, fewer than 1% households consumed PDS sugar in Punjab, Haryana, Bihar and Jharkhand, and fewer than 2% in Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. The all-India proportions of households were 16% for rural areas and 12% for urban. (See Table P3.) 3.2.1.5 Over 55% of rural households used PDS kerosene in all major States except Punjab and Haryana, where the majority of households (slightly less than a majority in rural Haryana) did not use kerosene from any source. Use of PDS kerosene was most common in

Chapter Three


20

West Bengal for both rural areas (91%) and urban areas (60%). But dependence on PDS kerosene appeared to be higher in Kerala and Rajasthan, where fewer than 10% households purchased kerosene from the open market (see col.11 of Table 1R/1U of Appendix A, pp.A-115, A-120, A-133 & A-138).

3.2.2 Rice, wheat/atta, sugar, kerosene: Percentage of consumption (quantity) coming from PDS

3.2.2.1 For rice and wheat/atta, percentage of quantity of consumed coming from PDS is shown in Table P4 for the entire rural or urban population as well as for those households that possessed a BPL or Antyodaya ration card, separately for households in twelve percentile classes of MPCE (see Chapter Two, paragraph 2.7). For sugar and kerosene, the corresponding percentages are shown in Table P5.

3.2.2.2 Differences among the four commodities: Among the four commodities, kerosene (Table P5) stands out in having a much larger share of consumption coming from PDS – 77% for rural and 57% for urban India. For rice the share of PDS in total consumption was 13% for rural and 11% for urban; for wheat it was about 7% for rural and 4% for urban, and for sugar, 9½% for rural and about 6½% for urban India. Table P4: Rice and wheat/atta: Percentage of consumption (quantity) coming from PDS

for households in different percentile classes of MPCE* all-India

percentage of consumption coming from PDS RICE WHEAT/ATTA

all households households with

Antyodaya or BPL cards



percentile class of MPCE*

R U R U R U R U (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

0 - 5% 20.0 21.0 30.3 41.9 17.5 9.9 35.8 31.3 5 - 10% 16.2 19.4 27.9 38.8 11.8 7.1 28.4 30.6

10 - 20% 14.9 16.9 28.0 33.3 10.2 7.0 29.5 32.2 20 - 30% 14.6 15.1 27.0 37.0 8.9 5.9 26.4 33.3 30 – 40% 13.6 15.2 26.4 35.3 8.6 5.0 30.4 28.7 40 – 50% 13.5 11.7 25.5 32.6 7.8 3.1 28.0 23.0

50 – 60% 13.4 10.0 27.9 34.3 7.8 2.6 28.0 20.8 60 – 70% 12.0 8.5 27.3 32.4 6.3 2.4 27.6 14.6 70 – 80% 12.2 6.6 28.5 23.2 5.6 1.2 29.3 22.9 80 – 90% 11.3 4.8 28.1 26.8 4.5 1.7 23.9 5.2

90 – 95% 9.9 2.5 27.4 17.4 3.5 0.8 18.1 8.9 95 – 100% 7.7 1.7 21.9 25.4 3.7 1.1 24.0 30.3

all classes 13.2 11.2 27.4 35.0 7.3 3.8 28.2 28.1 *monthly per capita expenditure (see paragraphs 2.6 and 2.7) 3.2.2.3 Differences between households holding Antyodaya/BPL ration cards and the rest: Households holding a BPL or Antyodaya ration card exhibited a much greater degree of dependence on PDS than the population as a whole. The difference was most marked in case of wheat, where as much as 28% of consumption came from PDS for these households in both rural and urban areas, compared to 7% for the entire rural population and 4% for the

Summary of Findings


21

urban. In case of rice and sugar, too, there was a substantial difference. For rice and sugar, rural households holding Antyodaya/BPL cards reported a PDS share (share of consumption coming from PDS purchases) which was about twice the share reported by the overall population in rural areas (rice: 27.4% against 13.2%; sugar: 18.5% against 9.5%) while urban households holding such cards reported a PDS share which was more than three times the PDS share reported by the entire urban population (rice: 35.0% against 11.2%; sugar: 20.3% against 6.6%). (It was seen in Section 3.1 that the urban holders of such cards formed only 11.3% of all urban households while rural holders formed 29.4% of rural households.) The difference was least pronounced in case of kerosene, but even here the average PDS share of this category of households differed from the overall population by about 9 percentage points in the rural sector and 17-18 percentage points in the urban. 3.2.2.4 Variation with MPCE level: While the proportion of consumption from PDS fell with rise in MPCE level, the fall was least for kerosene in rural India (Table P5). For kerosene in urban areas, the fall was more perceptible but not very systematic. For rice (Table P4), the share of PDS purchases in total consumption fell from 20-21% in the lowest MPCE class to 8% in the topmost class in rural areas and to under 2% in urban areas. For wheat, too, there was a steady decline in share of PDS purchases in total consumption as MPCE increased, and, as in the case of rice, the fall was sharper in the urban sector than in the rural. For households holding a BPL or Antyodaya ration card, on the other hand, there was very little variation in share of PDS with MPCE in rural areas, and though there was a decline in PDS share in urban areas, it was much more gradual than in case of the entire population.

Table P5: Sugar and kerosene: Percentage of consumption (quantity) coming from PDS for households in different percentile classes of MPCE*

all-India percentage of consumption coming from PDS SUGAR KEROSENE





percentile class of MPCE*

R U R U R U R U (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

0 - 5% 12.9 10.3 19.4 19.5 78.4 65.9 83.5 77.2 5 - 10% 12.0 8.7 20.6 22.4 77.9 66.3 86.3 81.5

10 - 20% 12.0 8.7 20.1 20.1 79.9 65.8 88.5 74.8 20 - 30% 11.8 9.1 20.3 23.1 79.2 58.8 86.1 73.2 30 – 40% 10.8 10.2 18.5 26.0 77.4 60.2 87.0 73.9 40 – 50% 11.1 6.6 19.1 14.5 77.3 58.8 86.2 78.1

50 – 60% 10.3 6.1 18.1 17.7 76.7 50.8 84.7 64.1 60 – 70% 9.8 5.4 18.6 14.5 77.6 53.9 86.7 75.8 70 – 80% 10.2 5.8 19.5 18.7 76.4 45.6 86.6 72.5 80 – 90% 8.6 4.8 18.5 23.6 76.4 49.3 86.9 52.2

90 – 95% 6.8 4.2 13.4 22.4 74.8 43.6 85.0 71.1 95 – 100% 4.8 4.3 11.0 11.7 70.9 52.8 84.0 77.8

all classes 9.5 6.6 18.5 20.3 77.1 56.6 86.3 74.2 *monthly per capita expenditure (see paragraphs 2.6 and 2.7)

3.2.2.5 For sugar (Table P5), the fall in percentage of total consumption coming from PDS, as MPCE increased, was less steep than for rice and wheat. For households holding a BPL or

Chapter Three


22

Antyodaya ration card, there was some unsystematic variation but hardly a fall except for the topmost ranges of MPCE. 3.3 Government food assistance schemes: Households benefiting during last 365 days

3.3.0 For each of the four schemes: Food for Work (FFW), Annapoorna (ANN), ICDS and Midday Meal (MDM), the surveyed households were asked whether any member of the household had benefited from the scheme during the last 365 days. The estimated proportions at the all-India level of households having so benefited are shown in Table P6 below as number of benefiting households per 1000 households.

Table P6: Proportions of households benefiting from selected food assistance schemes of the Government by sector

all-India per 1000 no. of households with at least one member benefiting during the

last 365 days from sector Food for Work

Anna-poorna ICDS Midday

Meal any scheme (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

rural 27 (2291) 9 (589) 57 (4858) 228 (16298) 280 (21393) urban 1 (220) 2 (142) 18 (1097) 80 (4417) 95 (5349)

Figures in parentheses indicate total no. of beneficiary households in the sample. 3.3.1 Benefit from food assistance schemes and household type

3.3.1.1 The proportion (number per 1000) of beneficiaries (households) of each of the four schemes in each occupational type of households is shown in Table P7-R for rural India and in Table P7-U for urban India. State-level results are shown in Appendix A, Table 2R/2U.

Table P7-R: Proportions of rural households benefiting* from selected food

assistance schemes of the Government by household type all-India rural

per 1000 no. of households with at least one member benefiting from household type

FFW ANN ICDS MDM

no. of sample

households (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

self-empl. in non-agr. 11 10 56 219 17822 agr. labour 42 11 77 291 11554 other labour 54 13 73 264 8621 self-empl. in agr. 24 4 45 207 27936 others 3 9 31 121 13365

all 27 (2291)

9 (589)

57 (4858)

228 (16298)

79298 (21393)

*during the last 365 days. Figures in parentheses indicate total no. of beneficiary households in the sample. 3.3.1.2 For each of the four schemes, the rural labour households – “agricultural labour” and “other labour” – had the highest proportions of beneficiary households. For FFW the proportion of beneficiaries among “other labour” households (54%) was double the overall proportion (27%). For the other schemes, variation over household types was less marked, and was least in case of ICDS. The residual “other” rural households class had the lowest proportions of beneficiaries of all schemes except in case of Annapoorna, where this position was held by the “self-employed in agriculture”. 3.3.1.3 Among urban household types, “casual labour” households had an overwhelmingly larger proportion of beneficiaries of the four government schemes than other types. The

Summary of Findings


23

proportion of beneficiaries among the other types were either lower than the average for “all” household types or very close to it, while for “casual labour” the proportion was always well above the average for “all” household types.

Table P7-U: Proportions of urban households benefiting* from selected food assistance schemes of the Government by household type

all-India urban per 1000 no. of households with at least one

member benefiting* from household type FFW ANN ICDS MDM

no. of sample

households (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

self-employed 1 2 19 90 17742 regular wage/salaried 1 1 14 57 17454 casual labour 5 7 37 182 5735 others 0 2 7 23 4415

all 1 (220)

2 (142)

18 (1097)

80 (4417)

45346 (5349)

*during the last 365 days. Figures in parentheses indicate total no. of beneficiary households in the sample. 3.3.2 Benefit from food assistance schemes and household social group

3.3.2.1 The proportion (number per 1000) of beneficiary households of different food assistance schemes among households belonging to each of the four social groups – ST, SC, OBC and Others – is shown in Table P8. For State-level results, see Appendix A, Table 3.

Table P8: Proportions of rural and urban households benefiting* from selected food assistance schemes of the Government by household social group

all-India rural per 1000 no. of households with at least one member

benefiting* from social group FFW ANN ICDS MDM

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Scheduled Tribe 72 9 95 288 Scheduled Caste 26 14 61 253 Other Backward Classes 20 8 47 221 Others 22 4 54 191 all 27 9 57 228 urban

per 1000 no. of households with at least one member benefiting* from social group

FFW ANN ICDS MDM (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

Scheduled Tribe 7 2 32 90 Scheduled Caste 2 2 22 118 Other Backward Classes 1 3 23 107 Others 0 1 12 48 all 1 2 18 80 *during the last 365 days

3.3.2.2 For FFW, the ST group clearly had a much larger proportion of beneficiary households in both rural and urban areas than any of the other groups. In respect of ICDS, too, the ST led in proportion of beneficiaries, though not by so wide a margin. There was less disparity among social groups in case of Midday Meal benefits; here the ST group had the

Chapter Three


24

highest proportion of beneficiaries in the rural sector but not in the urban sector, where it was behind both SC and OBC. Proportionately more households received Annapoorna benefits among the SC than among other social groups in rural areas. 3.3.3 Benefit from food assistance schemes and land possessed (rural households)

3.3.3.1 As mentioned in Section 3.1.3 above, rural households were divided into six classes depending on size of land possessed. The proportion (number per 1000) of beneficiary households of different food assistance schemes among households belonging to each of the six classes is shown in Table P9. State-level results are shown in Table 4R of Appendix A.

Table P9: Proportions of rural households benefiting* from selected food assistance schemes of the Government by size class of household land possessed


benefiting from land possessed (hectares) FFW ANN ICDS MDM (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

< 0.01 20 8 34 142 0.01 – 0.40 19 12 61 220 0.41 – 1.00 34 9 53 241 1.01 – 2.00 29 3 63 228 2.01 – 4.00 32 5 52 236 4.01 and above 34 3 66 230 all 27 9 57 228

*during the last 365 days

3.3.3.2 Except in case of Annapoorna, the higher size classes appear to have fared better, not worse, than the lowest two classes in receipt of benefits from the four schemes. The lowest class “<0.01 hectares” was worse off than the average (“all” classes) in respect of benefits from all four schemes, and especially ICDS and MDM. The remaining classes were more or less evenly placed. The lowest class but one, “0.01-0.40 hectares”, had relatively fewer beneficiary households in case of FFW and relatively more in case of Annapoorna than the higher classes. The class “0.41-1.00 hectares”, which was seen in Section 3.1.3 to have the highest proportions of BPL and Antyodaya card holders, had the highest proportions of beneficiaries in case of two of the schemes – FFW and MDM – and appears to have been generally the most well-placed among all classes when recipients of benefits from all the schemes are considered together. 3.3.4 Benefit from food assistance schemes and household MPCE

3.3.4.1 Table P10 presents the variation in proportion of beneficiary households of the four schemes for twelve different percentile groups of monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE). Results at State/UT level are presented in Tables 5R and 5U of Appendix A. 3.3.4.2 It is interesting to note that even for schemes such as Annapoorna, meant for destitutes (see Chapter Two, paragraph 2.19), and ICDS, which targets the poorest of poor families (paragraph 2.20), the proportion of beneficiaries does not drop very sharply as MPCE levels rise, especially in rural India. Thus, in each of the top four MPCE classes in rural India, 2-4% of households were ICDS beneficiaries. 3.3.4.3 In urban India, of course, the drop in proportion of beneficiaries with rise in MPCE is, for every scheme, steeper, and the proportion of FFW and Annapoorna beneficiaries in all the classes from “40-50%” upwards is 1 per 1000 or less.

Summary of Findings


25

3.3.4.4 For all schemes the proportion of beneficiary households is highest in the lowest MPCE class and declines steadily with rise in MPCE level in both rural and urban India.

Table P10: Proportions of rural and urban households benefiting* from selected food assistance schemes of the Government by percentile class of MPCE**


benefiting from MPCE** percentile class FFW ANN ICDS MDM (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

0 - 5% 67 16 128 359 5 - 10% 42 11 88 358

10 - 20% 38 11 84 342 20 - 30% 28 11 71 305 30 – 40% 26 12 62 287 40 – 50% 29 9 65 263

50 – 60% 31 12 50 231 60 – 70% 32 7 52 211 70 – 80% 20 6 40 172 80 – 90% 17 5 37 129

90 – 95% 14 3 32 103 95 – 100% 10 3 20 63

all classes 27 9 57 228

urban per 1000 no. of households with at least one member

benefiting from MPCE** percentile class FFW ANN ICDS MDM

0 - 5% 0 8 40 278 5 - 10% 5 8 38 205

10 - 20% 2 7 40 196 20 - 30% 2 5 25 155 30 – 40% 5 1 25 138 40 – 50% 1 0 22 96

50 – 60% 0 1 15 51 60 – 70% 0 1 16 38 70 – 80% 1 0 10 22 80 – 90% 0 0 8 9

90 – 95% 0 0 3 4 95 – 100% 0 0 3 2

all classes 1 2 18 80 *during the last 365 days **monthly per capita expenditure

3.3.5 Benefit from food assistance schemes: inter-State variation

3.3.5.1 State/UT-wise proportions (number per 1000) of rural and urban households benefiting from each of the four schemes are shown in Table P11. 3.3.5.2 Clearly, the Midday Meal scheme benefited over 10% of rural households in most State/UTs (between 18% and 33%in 12 major States). The ICDS appears to have been most

Chapter Three


26

active in a few minor States and UTs: Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland in the North-east, Lakshadweep and Daman & Diu, and also in rural areas of Orissa, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra. As for the FFW scheme, some minor States such as Mizoram, Tripura and Uttaranchal (rural) reported a much larger proportion of beneficiaries than the national average of 2.7%. Among the major States, the highest proportions of (rural) FFW beneficiaries were found in Rajasthan (12%) and Orissa (8%).

Table P11: Proportion of households benefiting during the last 365 days fromselected food assistance schemes, by State/UT and sector

all-India rural urban

per 1000 no. of households with at least one member benefiting* from State/UT per 1000 no. of households with at

least one member benefiting* from FFW ANN ICDS MDM FFW ANN ICDS MDM (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

40 6 44 216 AP 1 2 10 86 32 34 85 194 ARU 5 4 6 47 23 4 66 180 ASM 2 0 5 20 3 21 7 107 BHR 0 3 0 36 54 14 147 406 CHH 2 5 24 119 0 0 0 16 DEL 0 0 0 37 0 0 1 0 GOA 3 3 3 3 27 2 98 272 GUJ 0 1 44 87 9 1 94 158 HAR 0 1 30 28 7 1 57 277 HP 0 0 38 78 0 5 22 13 J&K 0 0 3 0 6 1 9 112 JHA 0 0 0 22 6 1 45 334 KTK 0 0 11 113 0 17 74 217 KRL 0 4 53 125 18 8 31 323 MP 1 3 5 90 44 5 132 266 MAH 1 1 32 93 3 9 32 110 MAN 0 11 25 74 0 4 255 187 MEG 0 0 35 66 411 11 137 238 MIZ 102 0 97 142 12 30 100 36 NAG 0 0 48 3 82 10 155 265 ORS 1 2 49 90 0 3 13 31 PUN 0 0 1 3 120 14 15 216 RAJ 11 3 2 38 0 1 26 293 SIK 0 0 0 70 2 5 57 318 TN 0 2 30 156 267 7 68 366 TRP 64 10 69 239 3 12 9 161 UP 1 5 2 31 117 0 14 267 UTL 0 1 0 43 24 5 95 298 WB 0 1 12 93 0 12 59 361 A&N 0 0 10 192 0 0 0 0 CHN 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 252 DNH 0 0 0 49 0 0 107 272 D&D 0 0 146 36 0 26 105 502 LAK 0 0 323 399 8 17 102 389 PON 1 1 45 173 27 9 57 228 INDIA 1 2 18 80 *during the last 365 days

Summary of Findings


27

3.3.5.3 Abbreviations used for names of States and UTs are explained in paragraph 2.9.1 of Chapter Two. 3.4 Consumption from home-grown stock

3.4.0.1 For each item of food (including pan, tobacco and intoxicants) and fuel for which consumption data was collected through Schedule 1.0, the source of consumption of the reporting household (only purchase/ only home produce/ both purchase and home produce/ only free collection/ only exchange of goods and services/ only gifts and charities/ other) was also ascertained. The estimated break-up of households by source of consumption is given for each item in Table 6 (R&U) of Appendix A. For the rural sector, where consumption from home produce is much more common for many items, the share of home produce in both quantity and value of aggregate consumption of each item is also shown in the same table. 3.4.0.2 For any item of food, the share of consumption from home produce varies widely from one region of the country to another, depending, as it does, mainly on the prevalence of cultivation of the crop or rearing of the livestock or poultry which gives rise to the food item in question. The all-India estimates average out these variations and are therefore of less interest than the State/UT-level estimates. We shall, nevertheless, restrict the discussion in this chapter to the all-India (rural) estimates: for State/UT-level estimates the reader is referred to Table 6, Appendix A. Tables P12 and P13 show items of cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits and other food for which the share of home produce in total quantity consumed in rural India in 2004-05 was 10% or more. Items which were consumed by fewer than 10% of rural households in rural India during a 30-day period according to the survey (such as jowar, bajra, papaya and jackfruit) are, however, omitted from the list even if more than 10% of their consumption is estimated to have come from home-grown stock.

Table P12: Some aspects of consumption from home produce in rural India: selected items* of cereals, pulses, milk, egg, fish and meat

all-India rural percentage@ of hhs consuming item from

item

% of consumption

(quantity) from home

produce

% of consumption

(value) from home

produce

only home produce

both purchase and home produce

only purchase

percentage of hhs

reporting consumption

in 30 days (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

rice 30 30 24.1 1.5 72.5 85 wheat/atta 40 37 26.9 0.8 71.0 63 arhar (tur) 18 16 10.4 0.1 88.9 57 gram (split) 14 12 7.4 0.0 92.2 33 gram (whole) 14 11 7.5 0.0 91.7 14 moong 15 13 9.0 0.0 90.4 44 masur 11 9 6.7 0.1 92.8 38 urd 17 14 10.3 0.0 89.1 35 peas 13 11 7.8 0.1 91.8 10 milk (liquid) 62 59 36.1 0.5 62.4 71 eggs 14 15 12.0 1.4 86.1 33 chicken 13 15 11.8 0.2 87.7 20 *Only items for which 10% or more of all-India rural consumption (quantity) came from home produce were considered. For rice and wheat, the percentages were computed from the “rice – other sources” percentages available in Table 6R and other relevant information. @Apart from home produce and purchase, consumption may be from free collection, gifts, etc. Therefore the percentages in columns 4, 5 and 6 will generally add up to less than 100.

Chapter Three


28

3.4.0.3 In Tables P12 and P13, only three source categories are shown (“only home produce”, “both purchase and home produce”, and “only purchase”) instead of the seven categories appearing in Table 6 of Appendix A. The first two practically (though not logically) exhaust all households making any consumption from home produce, and so, the sum of these two entries can be taken as an approximation for the percentage of households which consume the item wholly or partly from home produce. It can be seen that these, together with the next entry (“only purchase”), usually add up to more than 98%, the contributions of the other source categories being generally very small, except for “free collection” in case of a few items such as firewood and chips (not shown here). 3.4.0.4 As Table P12 shows, as much as 62% of quantity of milk consumed in rural India came from home produce compared to 40% for wheat/atta, 30% for rice, and 11-18% for seven common pulse varieties. For eggs, 14% of consumption, and, for chicken, 13%, came from home-grown stock.

Table P13: Some aspects of consumption from home produce in rural India: selected items* of vegetables and fruits

all-India rural percentage@ of hhs consuming item from

item

% of consumption

(quantity) from home

produce

% of consumption

(value) from home

produce

only home produce

both purchase and home produce

only purchase

percentage of hhs

reporting consumption

in 30 days (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

potato 10 7 4.1 0.1 95.5 92 radish 15 12 8.1 0.1 90.6 29 arum 26 23 14.0 0.2 83.1 14 pumpkin 23 20 13.2 0.2 84.6 32 gourd 19 15 10.7 0.2 86.8 40 cucumber 11 10 5.4 0.1 93.6 22 jhinga/ torai 18 15 10.1 0.4 88.2 28 palak, etc. 19 17 11.7 2.7 75.4 75 french beans, etc. 16 12 7.4 0.2 91.5 21 coconut 37 33 14.5 1.8 81.1 28 guava 12 11 8.2 0.2 83.8 13 mango 12 9 4.8 0.6 87.1 14 *Only items for which 10% or more of all-India rural consumption (quantity) came from home produce were considered. @Apart from home produce and purchase, consumption may be from free collection, gifts, etc. Therefore the percentages in columns 4, 5 and 6 will generally add up to less than 100.

3.4.0.5 Among vegetables and fruits (Table P13), home produce was most important in case of coconuts (37% of quantity consumed in rural India), consumption of which was reported by as many as 28% of rural households. For arum, and the more widely grown pumpkin, about a quarter of rural consumption came from home-grown stock.

AAAppppppeeennndddiiixxx AAA

Detailed Tables

Appendix Tables A-1

Volume I NSS Report No. 510: Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption

Table 1R (Rice): Monthly consumption per household from PDS of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene

rice Rural average quantity consumed (kg) average value of consumption (Rs)

by households holding BPL or Antyodaya ration

card, from

by all households, from

by households holding BPL or Antyodaya ration card, from


no. per 1000 households reporting consumption from

no. of sample households reporting consumption from MPCE class

PDS other sources PDS other

sources PDS other sources PDS other

sources PDS other sources

all sources PDS other

sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Andhra Pradesh 0 – 235 19.126 22.605 9.242 12.814 94.23 212.05 45.62 117.19 467 467 541 109 98 121 235 – 270 18.086 26.271 14.181 27.487 90.34 252.93 70.99 264.27 792 881 967 114 120 135 270 – 320 17.829 27.521 13.668 29.548 89.48 267.11 68.76 285.75 753 899 972 273 312 340 320 – 365 17.022 30.051 12.811 30.199 85.38 302.55 64.45 301.74 737 918 946 318 395 408 365 – 410 16.327 31.426 12.552 34.224 83.95 319.82 64.73 346.86 761 931 993 327 409 435 410 – 455 15.694 32.738 11.633 34.033 80.99 340.87 60.22 358.03 730 935 971 319 414 433 455 – 510 15.304 31.150 11.508 34.937 77.32 328.27 58.24 369.02 722 965 999 385 528 546 510 – 580 15.099 33.133 9.753 36.252 77.08 347.62 50.80 387.10 637 974 998 371 576 590 580 – 690 14.181 30.184 9.370 36.005 72.23 328.37 48.07 403.77 645 982 994 396 660 667 690 – 890 14.379 32.540 7.568 34.402 74.50 355.83 39.77 390.95 503 933 956 385 747 766 890 – 1155 13.791 29.154 5.942 33.000 69.99 336.72 32.16 400.91 382 977 996 168 478 486 1155 & more 13.415 38.305 4.860 37.941 69.02 428.27 25.41 455.26 329 965 976 142 535 543 all classes 15.698 30.830 10.029 33.094 79.80 322.71 51.48 357.65 622 926 960 3307 5272 5470 Arunachal Pradesh 0 – 235 0.000 64.286 12.403 52.509 0.00 585.71 134.53 484.91 343 1000 1000 2 9 9 235 – 270 60.000 0.000 31.247 29.249 540.00 0.00 286.87 292.49 580 599 1000 9 5 12 270 – 320 24.510 29.357 17.216 45.939 165.02 254.06 138.83 472.10 401 785 1000 10 22 27 320 – 365 19.530 41.339 16.940 48.706 137.15 412.12 142.17 490.63 409 850 1000 23 37 47 365 – 410 17.048 46.545 16.731 50.746 96.00 478.51 142.00 518.45 427 777 968 25 52 63 410 – 455 22.542 41.691 14.279 52.751 187.49 417.65 127.24 518.39 389 848 971 27 63 73 455 – 510 23.232 44.923 11.769 57.099 219.41 444.30 107.10 586.68 288 925 1000 30 99 108 510 – 580 14.772 51.760 14.871 61.019 143.44 523.21 143.07 633.70 376 855 984 55 140 157 580 – 690 13.748 48.901 16.968 49.370 122.31 502.02 164.28 517.21 334 787 988 67 180 216 690 – 890 21.274 37.458 18.461 43.205 183.84 385.51 173.21 448.09 424 758 998 114 221 287 890 – 1155 27.606 14.333 17.042 42.480 245.83 156.05 165.53 444.42 420 724 1000 91 154 215 1155 & more 28.238 22.592 17.032 45.854 290.40 238.39 169.30 541.63 394 795 1000 119 202 279 all classes 20.414 38.667 16.601 48.242 179.42 392.39 157.30 509.67 388 794 994 572 1184 1493

A-2 Detailed Tables

NSS Report No. 510: Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption Volume I




card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Assam 0 – 235 21.066 36.333 13.405 45.489 119.21 360.05 79.09 438.84 467 1000 1000 17 37 37 235 – 270 16.940 45.387 9.958 48.644 105.38 415.44 53.25 455.12 358 1000 1000 12 38 38 270 – 320 14.405 44.877 3.439 56.537 82.00 423.44 19.21 546.26 141 989 992 20 151 152 320 – 365 18.336 54.711 5.378 64.637 117.74 550.67 34.45 656.51 200 989 1000 39 202 205 365 – 410 17.013 57.159 3.454 62.159 101.48 566.41 19.79 630.38 139 995 1000 39 271 272 410 – 455 17.788 43.113 3.777 57.938 120.58 441.53 25.49 587.10 146 995 1000 43 291 293 455 – 510 17.447 41.333 2.244 61.282 118.57 422.40 15.29 634.50 81 1000 1000 29 382 382 510 – 580 14.700 39.895 1.543 62.318 109.75 416.54 11.42 644.68 50 988 997 22 466 470 580 – 690 9.750 42.749 0.840 63.481 69.52 441.27 6.15 677.35 28 992 997 12 573 575 690 – 890 9.183 35.260 1.182 59.371 63.61 370.14 9.34 651.54 37 982 1000 10 542 546 890 – 1155 28.186 40.719 1.464 55.561 175.50 463.71 9.35 616.63 55 982 982 6 221 221 1155 & more 13.356 43.029 0.475 53.867 80.13 489.22 2.85 607.74 14 1000 1000 2 151 151 all classes 15.834 44.965 2.453 60.510 103.11 452.45 15.95 631.15 90 991 998 251 3325 3342 Bihar 0 – 235 0.531 36.943 0.196 36.203 3.48 333.38 1.09 325.43 18 983 983 3 173 173 235 – 270 0.474 41.050 0.630 38.358 2.34 362.19 5.64 335.22 18 990 1000 4 244 245 270 – 320 1.001 35.953 0.202 36.078 5.95 331.26 1.20 331.01 11 998 1000 7 515 516 320 – 365 0.583 36.276 0.125 37.951 2.43 328.81 0.52 352.03 9 998 1000 4 546 547 365 – 410 0.876 34.716 0.180 36.499 2.92 313.33 0.60 336.57 13 992 998 5 504 506 410 – 455 0.316 40.974 0.052 37.146 1.11 389.51 0.18 344.38 4 995 995 1 454 454 455 – 510 1.029 33.800 0.165 34.890 3.23 313.09 0.52 325.88 11 996 996 4 506 506 510 – 580 0.359 30.604 0.182 36.085 2.88 278.09 1.73 343.97 6 991 994 2 428 429 580 – 690 0.000 26.456 0.000 33.863 0.00 253.14 0.00 327.18 0 998 998 0 377 377 690 – 890 0.000 29.754 0.409 29.114 0.00 289.26 4.09 289.99 7 992 999 1 342 343 890 – 1155 8.077 37.882 0.383 32.333 24.23 381.69 1.15 342.18 27 980 980 1 151 151 1155 & more 0.000 12.000 0.000 38.946 0.00 108.00 0.00 397.61 0 963 963 0 89 89 all classes 0.693 35.953 0.195 35.998 3.12 328.79 1.27 335.34 10 994 996 32 4329 4336

Appendix Tables A-3





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Chhattisgarh 0 – 235 22.845 38.456 17.154 42.478 104.82 315.86 80.53 346.66 498 864 1000 89 163 182 235 – 270 20.746 43.616 11.199 56.062 107.53 363.54 65.91 487.80 315 895 985 49 126 142 270 – 320 15.275 53.186 6.808 58.366 79.95 481.22 36.07 521.42 219 958 1000 54 230 246 320 – 365 11.544 49.894 6.429 56.574 57.96 422.77 36.26 512.19 178 935 965 39 220 230 365 – 410 10.543 58.106 7.172 59.154 62.72 512.98 44.19 541.47 183 926 984 40 193 205 410 – 455 10.229 47.901 4.537 59.932 63.07 426.78 30.68 551.56 151 895 946 22 146 153 455 – 510 13.593 53.655 5.706 52.581 82.27 461.88 34.57 481.82 202 948 985 23 141 146 510 – 580 15.042 34.430 3.867 53.714 92.89 303.05 23.88 511.88 137 960 1000 16 154 158 580 – 690 8.664 60.078 3.747 56.631 40.27 573.62 19.75 571.08 116 959 1000 19 175 181 690 – 890 5.049 49.004 1.455 52.108 27.48 544.25 7.92 545.41 66 998 1000 6 157 158 890 – 1155 19.664 35.680 3.605 47.633 137.49 286.69 25.21 493.39 61 940 1000 2 71 72 1155 & more 13.732 101.213 4.563 77.367 61.98 884.94 20.88 785.22 191 966 1000 8 107 110 all classes 14.970 49.197 7.239 55.472 77.99 432.29 39.99 509.95 217 930 986 367 1883 1983 Delhi 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 365 – 410 0.000 0.000 0.000 8.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 80.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 410 – 455 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 120.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 455 – 510 0.000 0.000 6.235 8.713 0.00 0.00 56.11 94.25 178 822 1000 1 2 3 510 – 580 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.822 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.61 0 1000 1000 0 5 5 580 – 690 0.000 0.000 4.313 5.111 0.00 0.00 38.81 68.17 288 712 1000 2 4 6 690 – 890 0.000 0.000 0.000 5.218 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.47 0 1000 1000 0 5 5 890 – 1155 0.000 0.000 0.000 10.037 0.00 0.00 0.00 141.41 0 1000 1000 0 12 12 1155 & more 0.000 0.000 0.000 13.361 0.00 0.00 0.00 215.48 0 938 938 0 24 24 all classes 0.000 0.000 0.957 9.065 0.00 0.00 8.61 126.47 43 942 984 3 54 57

A-4 Detailed Tables





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Goa 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 35.000 10.000 35.000 10.000 215.25 105.00 215.25 105.00 1000 1000 1000 1 1 1 320 – 365 16.454 22.256 13.111 23.829 53.23 267.07 42.42 273.76 375 625 1000 2 2 4 365 – 410 6.409 24.507 3.722 34.489 19.23 245.07 11.17 346.86 106 894 1000 1 5 6 410 – 455 0.000 45.000 0.000 37.886 0.00 540.00 0.00 417.91 0 1000 1000 0 7 7 455 – 510 20.983 6.925 13.424 21.398 128.49 73.93 84.24 236.55 444 697 1000 3 7 8 510 – 580 18.428 13.840 12.634 19.484 82.64 149.80 66.76 223.04 454 1000 1000 3 12 12 580 – 690 0.000 11.247 0.000 36.908 0.00 141.41 0.00 400.11 0 1000 1000 0 15 15 690 – 890 2.020 30.703 0.140 25.048 18.18 341.77 1.26 288.82 10 1000 1000 2 27 27 890 – 1155 0.000 56.315 0.000 29.634 0.00 675.78 0.00 367.45 0 1000 1000 0 27 27 1155 & more 0.000 20.000 0.000 22.951 0.00 268.00 0.00 296.78 0 958 958 0 51 51 all classes 12.749 19.365 2.569 25.902 63.16 222.09 13.61 308.52 85 959 986 12 154 158 Gujarat 0 – 235 1.879 4.859 0.895 4.274 5.64 49.15 2.68 43.52 273 491 538 12 21 22 235 – 270 4.350 6.305 2.097 6.227 14.00 59.30 6.75 62.39 477 641 815 19 31 37 270 – 320 3.295 5.876 1.666 6.271 10.53 54.20 5.32 63.94 480 807 988 50 84 103 320 – 365 2.744 7.767 1.831 7.998 8.21 78.71 5.75 83.03 592 831 1000 63 104 128 365 – 410 3.184 5.941 1.879 7.771 9.95 62.01 6.14 85.03 503 830 999 67 130 154 410 – 455 3.135 5.749 1.652 7.382 14.78 63.26 8.13 84.46 437 840 990 71 155 178 455 – 510 2.590 6.327 1.127 7.989 7.94 72.25 3.53 90.92 314 896 998 63 192 212 510 – 580 2.934 5.145 1.228 7.006 10.72 58.90 4.46 82.63 331 796 918 77 230 253 580 – 690 3.096 7.292 1.186 8.069 10.06 85.87 4.17 98.16 338 854 960 89 302 331 690 – 890 2.612 6.436 0.830 7.767 7.91 75.40 2.66 98.99 219 912 985 72 362 384 890 – 1155 1.668 7.265 0.334 7.878 5.44 89.46 1.51 106.11 108 929 970 29 239 254 1155 & more 2.952 7.295 0.142 5.796 8.88 81.38 0.71 83.21 30 759 778 12 218 223 all classes 2.902 6.351 1.133 7.354 9.79 69.73 4.02 88.07 315 838 944 624 2068 2279

Appendix Tables A-5





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Haryana 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.208 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.50 0 208 208 0 1 1 235 – 270 0.000 1.076 0.000 2.743 0.00 12.92 0.00 32.92 0 755 755 0 5 5 270 – 320 0.000 3.354 0.000 2.337 0.00 40.48 0.00 27.96 0 752 752 0 24 24 320 – 365 0.000 3.129 0.000 2.776 0.00 34.08 0.00 31.85 0 784 784 0 32 32 365 – 410 0.000 3.536 0.000 2.658 0.00 41.04 0.00 31.58 0 657 657 0 51 51 410 – 455 0.000 1.748 0.000 2.527 0.00 20.97 0.00 30.58 0 742 742 0 71 71 455 – 510 0.000 2.195 0.000 3.150 0.00 24.52 0.00 36.87 0 864 864 0 88 88 510 – 580 0.000 3.004 0.000 3.116 0.00 34.22 0.00 37.28 0 836 836 0 147 147 580 – 690 0.000 2.903 0.005 2.885 0.00 33.11 0.06 36.26 5 813 818 1 189 190 690 – 890 0.000 3.306 0.000 3.195 0.00 39.15 0.00 40.19 0 836 836 0 272 272 890 – 1155 0.000 2.854 0.000 3.675 0.00 33.58 0.00 50.74 0 859 859 0 249 249 1155 & more 0.000 2.786 0.000 5.204 0.00 34.18 0.00 84.42 0 862 862 0 259 259 all classes 0.000 2.854 0.001 3.445 0.00 33.20 0.01 46.62 1 822 822 1 1388 1389 Himachal Pradesh 0 – 235 6.525 0.928 4.032 3.562 22.23 8.35 15.12 35.08 527 473 1000 4 2 6 235 – 270 15.488 3.018 12.294 3.754 67.39 28.35 61.43 36.25 668 492 1000 8 5 11 270 – 320 21.300 3.509 16.947 6.905 102.06 35.95 100.56 72.12 782 367 1000 22 10 28 320 – 365 18.599 3.864 16.179 6.561 99.18 29.28 117.84 64.32 691 333 972 45 21 62 365 – 410 18.976 6.531 15.848 8.877 108.23 73.29 130.32 97.40 692 454 1000 58 44 91 410 – 455 18.698 3.043 11.858 6.878 111.38 38.14 91.61 75.75 628 434 956 76 53 118 455 – 510 17.389 4.291 12.744 9.968 100.37 46.18 107.24 103.62 611 479 984 95 70 151 510 – 580 19.989 4.407 10.694 8.851 121.78 42.86 91.25 94.92 564 495 980 136 109 227 580 – 690 17.142 2.217 9.419 9.873 101.98 26.96 81.55 112.95 510 546 970 163 175 318 690 – 890 12.427 6.351 9.472 9.474 81.25 72.89 88.44 107.69 522 512 984 223 224 428 890 – 1155 11.180 6.554 8.646 8.844 86.23 80.90 79.94 101.36 461 539 982 133 166 293 1155 & more 18.142 3.835 4.210 11.709 132.85 46.03 41.98 150.39 264 724 973 100 271 363 all classes 17.026 4.349 9.516 9.462 101.19 47.61 82.28 108.75 500 540 978 1063 1150 2096

A-6 Detailed Tables





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Jammu & Kashmir 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 19.283 8.981 6.507 9.656 125.07 98.79 42.20 99.59 186 814 1000 1 2 3 270 – 320 62.500 3.028 57.406 4.003 406.85 28.82 373.69 38.70 919 223 1000 12 5 13 320 – 365 34.296 2.889 27.752 6.882 237.46 30.91 199.31 77.62 702 357 1000 9 8 16 365 – 410 28.453 24.376 24.071 23.769 177.22 228.76 175.86 232.46 600 798 1000 32 38 51 410 – 455 29.061 20.117 16.815 25.101 195.46 201.50 127.61 266.01 385 818 1000 32 52 70 455 – 510 26.980 21.032 14.960 32.122 202.70 200.24 118.37 351.57 338 781 1000 52 110 139 510 – 580 40.084 23.817 19.789 36.799 290.32 239.84 154.90 395.45 381 778 1000 76 163 205 580 – 690 37.085 19.665 19.035 31.456 285.34 194.70 157.38 349.71 367 766 1000 120 271 343 690 – 890 25.470 23.571 14.823 32.304 211.22 230.48 132.90 377.75 258 840 1000 104 342 406 890 – 1155 18.218 32.220 10.674 42.738 119.28 352.91 92.47 516.71 240 887 1000 68 260 298 1155 & more 25.127 69.605 9.936 54.658 166.34 785.48 85.56 644.18 172 912 960 57 318 334 all classes 32.732 24.122 15.708 36.885 239.46 245.65 129.46 421.97 308 818 992 563 1569 1878 Jharkhand 0 – 235 7.654 38.802 3.018 49.370 26.60 324.54 10.49 410.64 177 964 1000 25 114 117 235 – 270 4.289 47.947 1.696 49.945 21.55 428.48 8.52 441.58 96 992 1000 12 134 135 270 – 320 3.523 51.444 1.007 54.006 12.85 480.84 3.62 489.09 55 983 1000 20 295 299 320 – 365 2.908 50.614 0.966 51.565 15.09 474.39 5.01 470.54 58 994 1000 14 314 315 365 – 410 3.238 50.561 0.943 51.327 16.08 468.71 4.93 472.10 52 996 1000 14 279 280 410 – 455 0.520 44.967 0.203 46.658 2.09 425.83 0.75 434.87 16 990 999 4 226 227 455 – 510 1.254 46.041 0.261 46.989 5.34 452.94 1.11 441.48 13 986 990 3 219 220 510 – 580 0.500 51.223 0.088 45.411 1.50 496.21 0.26 427.38 7 994 994 1 231 231 580 – 690 0.315 36.411 0.074 45.186 0.94 353.24 0.22 430.12 7 987 994 1 220 221 690 – 890 0.214 41.277 0.046 39.509 1.18 399.84 0.23 375.07 4 947 949 2 173 174 890 – 1155 0.000 69.098 0.000 36.425 0.00 623.47 0.00 379.60 0 929 929 0 79 79 1155 & more 0.000 31.151 0.000 25.944 0.00 328.38 0.00 268.77 0 820 820 0 63 63 all classes 2.767 47.124 0.754 48.174 11.94 439.60 3.28 443.43 44 982 990 96 2347 2361

Appendix Tables A-7





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Karnataka 0 – 235 19.108 4.416 14.617 5.089 69.43 30.37 58.25 44.77 812 365 920 45 20 51 235 – 270 18.065 5.117 14.203 6.998 71.25 47.72 56.14 68.92 753 339 971 59 38 84 270 – 320 19.288 5.774 15.320 8.282 74.05 55.99 58.69 86.58 789 472 989 170 114 227 320 – 365 18.218 6.428 15.307 8.260 73.54 66.10 63.04 91.51 806 505 1000 192 145 263 365 – 410 18.032 6.036 12.494 10.522 67.90 66.01 49.16 121.20 639 620 999 192 198 311 410 – 455 16.955 7.702 10.557 12.405 66.43 80.51 45.72 138.81 548 662 1000 178 218 325 455 – 510 17.574 8.165 10.458 15.478 72.31 91.93 42.86 173.80 551 702 999 162 237 322 510 – 580 19.077 7.123 10.185 14.865 77.25 79.87 43.24 170.20 518 684 999 156 207 307 580 – 690 18.570 6.921 10.652 16.488 72.18 77.54 41.99 191.92 532 699 998 139 256 340 690 – 890 16.978 6.430 8.056 17.554 70.31 76.70 33.68 212.20 461 699 993 118 257 324 890 – 1155 18.861 3.689 5.345 20.390 82.57 39.72 23.04 244.02 264 839 998 31 136 153 1155 & more 17.985 6.350 2.374 18.167 61.99 78.14 9.58 244.54 140 670 757 24 131 143 all classes 18.204 6.526 11.213 12.895 71.70 69.33 45.60 148.39 585 621 983 1466 1957 2850 Kerala 0 – 235 28.471 5.334 19.372 2.304 165.95 66.12 113.78 28.64 578 119 582 15 3 16 235 – 270 29.250 11.098 24.474 11.719 170.88 127.13 158.87 125.32 860 542 923 21 15 24 270 – 320 25.628 7.831 24.150 13.423 127.66 86.05 148.10 153.08 827 625 1000 33 27 42 320 – 365 28.745 11.487 16.726 19.556 180.43 120.24 112.10 224.83 593 744 1000 40 51 68 365 – 410 17.547 24.140 13.362 25.561 111.17 279.67 93.07 296.78 558 797 981 52 74 92 410 – 455 19.290 19.021 13.184 25.797 115.01 225.40 91.37 306.06 539 806 1000 70 104 128 455 – 510 21.112 17.125 13.667 26.051 142.57 207.54 98.88 311.75 584 871 1000 89 134 152 510 – 580 18.008 21.674 10.549 29.321 116.57 248.19 74.36 348.84 462 874 981 108 211 236 580 – 690 14.467 22.801 8.560 29.263 92.86 276.31 62.00 355.27 459 933 1000 152 318 343 690 – 890 14.355 20.846 6.756 30.360 96.10 260.22 51.38 376.40 334 910 994 200 531 584 890 – 1155 11.014 26.821 4.345 31.879 71.83 341.08 32.40 404.74 247 961 994 113 474 492 1155 & more 7.890 28.573 2.556 30.819 53.01 378.08 20.76 402.80 165 937 964 150 1050 1075 all classes 15.868 21.583 7.314 28.924 101.44 265.75 52.68 361.40 346 893 979 1043 2992 3252

A-8 Detailed Tables





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Madhya Pradesh 0 – 235 7.623 12.567 4.595 14.987 39.36 95.80 24.23 114.53 333 612 840 83 161 218 235 – 270 8.189 11.645 4.642 12.676 46.69 92.91 26.27 102.69 327 567 768 77 142 191 270 – 320 4.404 10.684 2.230 11.233 26.15 93.07 13.17 97.37 238 702 837 113 311 375 320 – 365 4.236 11.033 1.879 9.932 23.43 97.43 10.79 89.31 194 709 810 72 278 317 365 – 410 4.114 9.243 1.850 8.648 24.36 76.39 11.30 76.15 211 651 783 70 278 323 410 – 455 3.750 13.406 1.298 9.593 23.64 112.20 8.68 88.13 116 729 784 38 251 272 455 – 510 2.684 9.993 1.077 9.622 16.20 86.59 6.88 92.26 157 730 809 56 271 300 510 – 580 1.442 9.380 0.403 9.032 9.55 81.63 4.85 84.02 71 754 803 25 275 291 580 – 690 2.378 5.773 0.410 7.070 15.14 51.71 2.64 70.15 67 689 745 19 269 285 690 – 890 1.577 7.981 0.686 7.463 8.84 71.58 5.37 77.51 74 681 748 21 277 294 890 – 1155 1.679 5.470 0.315 10.413 10.07 58.42 2.17 112.88 39 852 888 5 148 152 1155 & more 1.502 6.285 0.282 6.500 10.27 65.64 2.06 76.70 70 849 886 7 148 152 all classes 4.718 10.646 1.871 10.042 26.91 89.32 11.16 90.03 179 693 802 586 2809 3170 Maharashtra 0 – 235 8.548 9.834 5.417 8.360 39.93 76.98 25.68 67.40 400 421 681 68 61 110 235 – 270 8.398 6.599 4.526 11.061 42.26 58.47 23.06 95.61 415 590 888 70 102 155 270 – 320 8.678 9.280 4.819 9.422 47.56 85.64 26.74 88.10 416 617 893 141 211 309 320 – 365 8.473 7.472 4.268 9.990 45.86 63.33 24.63 96.23 375 672 921 152 251 354 365 – 410 6.798 6.775 3.125 8.120 39.56 59.72 18.70 80.33 340 674 929 141 298 403 410 – 455 6.259 7.305 3.044 9.985 36.26 65.07 18.26 99.60 310 694 938 121 290 387 455 – 510 6.687 6.062 2.913 11.212 35.95 55.72 16.00 113.62 276 770 982 128 367 461 510 – 580 5.318 8.147 1.971 11.833 32.47 79.71 14.45 126.14 224 789 977 115 423 514 580 – 690 5.764 7.026 2.065 11.807 31.45 70.17 12.66 129.41 218 801 969 119 508 598 690 – 890 6.188 7.818 1.885 10.522 35.36 73.67 11.73 118.33 206 800 961 114 576 667 890 – 1155 3.678 4.493 0.855 8.968 22.85 49.99 5.86 112.22 129 838 945 53 357 399 1155 & more 4.664 7.586 0.846 11.516 30.22 91.58 5.69 146.37 109 840 932 43 371 408 all classes 6.974 7.530 2.795 10.361 38.36 68.93 16.34 108.79 275 729 933 1265 3815 4765

Appendix Tables A-9





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Manipur 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 30.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 300.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 72.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 720.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 52.466 0.00 0.00 0.00 591.19 0 1000 1000 0 8 8 320 – 365 0.000 102.066 0.000 78.922 0.00 1072.22 0.00 889.64 0 1000 1000 0 46 46 365 – 410 0.000 72.484 0.000 83.784 0.00 823.90 0.00 925.45 0 997 997 0 94 94 410 – 455 0.000 67.920 1.491 74.225 0.00 786.57 18.24 848.76 21 968 989 4 152 156 455 – 510 0.000 98.203 0.008 89.311 0.00 1168.15 0.06 1030.77 1 1000 1000 1 280 280 510 – 580 0.391 88.313 0.113 84.575 2.51 1058.00 0.73 973.70 8 997 997 2 466 467 580 – 690 0.000 73.645 0.093 77.327 0.00 874.02 0.96 882.15 1 999 1000 2 489 491 690 – 890 0.000 71.297 0.264 73.181 0.00 773.76 3.17 806.72 6 994 1000 1 394 395 890 – 1155 0.141 60.637 0.022 66.960 0.56 638.54 0.09 731.09 4 1000 1000 1 148 148 1155 & more 0.000 44.734 0.000 62.470 0.00 420.97 0.00 681.51 0 995 995 0 86 86 all classes 0.122 81.212 0.206 78.707 0.77 947.75 2.30 892.32 5 995 998 11 2165 2173 Meghalaya 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 35.000 15.000 35.000 15.000 175.00 165.00 175.00 165.00 1000 1000 1000 1 1 1 320 – 365 34.105 37.265 14.159 52.430 260.13 413.84 110.09 578.72 430 1000 1000 5 11 11 365 – 410 24.704 17.374 7.987 45.698 151.47 188.99 48.97 466.15 181 868 1000 6 15 17 410 – 455 26.317 38.376 10.516 50.996 171.27 403.81 68.66 526.27 344 945 1000 14 42 44 455 – 510 19.116 41.573 9.229 50.963 132.67 451.43 66.40 558.60 313 986 1000 34 94 96 510 – 580 24.200 28.894 9.039 50.128 171.66 339.54 67.36 562.07 285 956 1000 48 173 178 580 – 690 19.494 32.570 7.243 49.837 143.36 383.08 55.16 547.41 271 983 1000 71 285 289 690 – 890 15.051 27.130 3.138 45.074 118.08 320.73 25.38 510.84 112 950 1000 33 301 313 890 – 1155 17.525 12.680 2.463 39.450 130.96 155.90 18.77 444.82 89 948 1000 10 135 141 1155 & more 3.039 13.147 0.733 33.185 24.31 149.69 5.71 373.11 38 971 1000 2 68 69 all classes 19.991 31.196 6.248 46.974 143.60 356.75 46.52 520.74 214 963 1000 224 1125 1159

A-10 Detailed Tables





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Mizoram 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 31.393 39.067 31.696 39.232 206.04 392.61 209.64 394.23 782 782 782 7 7 7 320 – 365 44.914 25.107 34.348 29.019 275.68 263.47 235.42 361.77 828 673 828 6 5 6 365 – 410 27.919 45.659 35.673 61.469 197.15 499.13 297.97 747.70 721 848 848 8 10 10 410 – 455 30.000 35.000 28.050 54.616 285.00 350.00 255.75 767.59 1000 1000 1000 7 7 7 455 – 510 38.814 32.254 31.563 41.793 279.34 428.88 260.46 525.80 714 849 1000 28 31 35 510 – 580 33.643 39.661 29.293 50.051 223.69 471.63 236.00 608.95 709 859 1000 37 44 51 580 – 690 30.078 38.424 29.140 40.376 234.62 465.07 260.43 491.85 758 870 991 92 109 124 690 – 890 22.261 45.026 25.132 39.738 214.74 534.66 244.83 478.01 703 878 1000 160 190 224 890 – 1155 21.221 51.242 23.332 43.949 182.15 627.82 202.88 541.26 651 915 1000 104 138 157 1155 & more 11.911 39.274 14.878 33.179 87.73 516.51 139.06 415.77 529 806 1000 91 141 175 all classes 26.676 41.927 25.441 41.184 212.10 506.65 227.77 503.97 691 868 992 540 682 796 Nagaland 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 365 – 410 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 410 – 455 0.000 0.000 0.000 31.419 0.00 0.00 0.00 423.57 0 1000 1000 0 4 4 455 – 510 0.000 0.000 0.000 91.546 0.00 0.00 0.00 1251.10 0 1000 1000 0 3 3 510 – 580 0.000 86.980 0.000 79.415 0.00 1103.91 0.00 1064.48 0 1000 1000 0 24 24 580 – 690 0.000 83.823 0.000 71.532 0.00 1009.93 0.00 948.32 0 1000 1000 0 101 101 690 – 890 0.000 70.956 0.000 71.891 0.00 808.49 0.00 939.75 0 1000 1000 0 265 265 890 – 1155 0.000 71.711 0.000 60.708 0.00 828.88 0.00 804.49 0 1000 1000 0 246 246 1155 & more 0.000 64.997 0.000 56.335 0.00 784.57 0.00 751.20 0 952 952 0 313 313 all classes 0.000 74.897 0.000 64.961 0.00 887.82 0.00 858.99 0 987 987 0 956 956

Appendix Tables A-11





card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Orissa 0 – 235 12.448 42.736 8.791 45.590 59.78 331.77 43.18 355.61 465 974 995 285 574 598 235 – 270 11.565 53.664 6.966 54.324 54.12 419.38 32.78 424.65 348 983 1000 107 317 323 270 – 320 8.140 57.837 4.477 57.538 39.46 461.56 22.19 459.55 223 956 972 118 462 472 320 – 365 7.569 56.692 3.607 57.006 41.57 463.50 19.94 455.51 184 948 961 73 428 434 365 – 410 4.046 60.261 1.652 59.377 22.93 478.16 9.38 482.05 85 974 980 34 359 361 410 – 455 5.973 62.567 2.757 62.991 28.23 484.77 13.51 501.51 134 970 977 36 297 300 455 – 510 9.375 59.066 2.729 66.597 47.34 476.73 13.78 538.21 129 989 1000 29 260 262 510 – 580 3.485 62.650 1.802 60.667 15.67 488.54 8.58 485.20 96 950 969 20 262 265 580 – 690 4.278 58.211 1.950 62.304 21.68 452.08 12.36 489.96 67 967 986 14 266 268 690 – 890 0.243 86.743 0.029 64.087 1.16 634.41 0.14 520.65 2 999 999 1 249 249 890 – 1155 0.684 53.200 0.851 50.151 3.25 442.71 6.47 417.34 30 954 980 4 124 127 1155 & more 1.877 92.326 0.701 45.413 6.57 729.28 5.01 384.58 33 880 906 3 122 124 all classes 8.731 54.328 4.249 56.341 42.84 428.62 21.42 449.41 215 966 981 724 3720 3783 Punjab 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.805 0.000 1.951 0.00 8.05 0.00 20.94 0 392 392 0 7 7 320 – 365 0.000 1.024 0.000 3.054 0.00 10.61 0.00 35.25 0 500 500 0 21 21 365 – 410 0.000 1.450 0.000 2.006 0.00 16.21 0.00 23.16 0 452 452 0 40 40 410 – 455 0.000 4.092 0.000 3.752 0.00 44.00 0.00 43.09 0 747 747 0 73 73 455 – 510 0.000 6.209 0.000 3.931 0.00 66.40 0.00 44.27 0 686 686 0 103 103 510 – 580 0.000 4.624 0.000 3.475 0.00 48.21 0.00 37.24 0 680 680 0 161 161 580 – 690 0.000 4.881 0.000 4.203 0.00 55.07 0.00 48.15 0 821 821 0 241 241 690 – 890 0.000 4.400 0.000 3.790 0.00 49.13 0.00 43.52 0 732 732 0 348 348 890 – 1155 0.303 2.798 0.017 4.135 3.64 29.81 0.20 48.60 3 780 783 1 349 350 1155 & more 0.000 5.890 0.006 4.181 0.00 66.84 0.09 55.27 1 817 818 1 473 474 all classes 0.023 4.336 0.004 3.826 0.27 47.28 0.05 45.09 1 737 737 2 1816 1818






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sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Rajasthan 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.275 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.99 0 113 113 0 3 3 235 – 270 0.000 0.786 0.000 0.338 0.00 10.42 0.00 4.50 0 185 185 0 10 10 270 – 320 0.000 0.671 0.000 1.026 0.00 7.78 0.00 9.01 0 195 195 0 31 31 320 – 365 0.000 1.096 0.000 0.571 0.00 14.23 0.00 7.55 0 333 333 0 65 65 365 – 410 0.000 0.963 0.000 0.647 0.00 12.63 0.00 8.71 0 317 317 0 83 83 410 – 455 0.000 1.342 0.000 0.958 0.00 17.24 0.00 11.89 0 387 387 0 115 115 455 – 510 0.000 1.192 0.000 0.679 0.00 15.86 0.00 9.72 0 332 332 0 141 141 510 – 580 0.000 1.055 0.000 1.089 0.00 13.14 0.00 14.32 0 408 408 0 206 206 580 – 690 0.000 0.910 0.000 0.814 0.00 11.23 0.00 11.60 0 406 406 0 238 238 690 – 890 0.000 1.425 0.000 1.082 0.00 18.84 0.00 15.71 0 496 496 0 283 283 890 – 1155 0.000 1.555 0.001 1.576 0.00 20.38 0.01 22.79 1 628 629 1 166 167 1155 & more 0.000 1.164 0.007 1.526 0.00 17.40 0.13 23.82 3 599 602 1 154 155 all classes 0.000 1.060 0.000 0.948 0.00 13.70 0.01 13.01 0 406 406 2 1495 1497 Sikkim 0 – 235 35.000 34.297 9.469 9.279 140.00 377.27 37.87 102.06 271 271 271 2 2 2 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 70.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 700.00 0.00 1000 0 1000 1 0 1 270 – 320 35.000 25.507 32.368 27.445 140.00 262.19 129.47 286.13 925 1000 1000 17 21 21 320 – 365 33.778 27.417 29.837 30.228 135.11 275.68 132.23 306.62 828 972 1000 39 46 48 365 – 410 34.582 20.736 29.494 24.277 139.20 211.76 122.72 251.37 844 852 1000 53 52 63 410 – 455 33.182 17.434 28.162 23.926 136.49 178.87 118.20 246.69 808 833 1000 49 56 67 455 – 510 31.541 13.479 22.082 25.314 124.56 135.22 109.57 262.10 610 725 1000 52 75 98 510 – 580 34.493 14.414 16.887 28.739 155.25 152.85 93.68 306.46 478 724 969 53 87 108 580 – 690 31.051 26.147 13.031 33.525 125.52 288.68 70.72 365.71 374 842 985 53 127 150 690 – 890 28.026 12.980 11.303 27.942 117.16 139.13 58.61 311.61 386 714 942 48 110 134 890 – 1155 16.605 37.067 4.718 38.660 66.42 399.43 26.67 440.31 140 883 949 18 90 97 1155 & more 35.000 6.387 2.859 28.397 142.22 74.27 21.26 335.02 73 869 917 9 98 103 all classes 31.573 19.946 14.944 29.426 129.48 208.52 73.86 322.68 432 814 964 394 764 892






card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Tamil Nadu 0 – 235 18.347 23.302 12.198 10.129 60.24 229.17 42.32 97.05 653 518 689 53 39 57 235 – 270 21.992 14.178 19.349 14.074 76.12 136.87 67.25 140.60 847 707 878 99 88 102 270 – 320 20.737 15.332 19.342 19.225 71.56 160.22 67.35 202.80 943 879 997 241 224 256 320 – 365 20.994 18.358 18.425 21.424 73.15 203.18 64.35 230.44 923 903 998 298 284 323 365 – 410 19.754 15.827 17.758 21.103 69.65 167.54 62.42 227.42 918 897 998 332 325 360 410 – 455 21.028 18.835 17.203 22.647 72.61 211.45 59.91 257.59 857 866 966 316 319 359 455 – 510 22.109 20.173 17.420 23.641 75.99 231.75 60.96 274.84 877 905 995 350 356 397 510 – 580 17.655 21.135 16.682 25.201 61.38 249.59 58.26 290.37 875 931 1000 370 406 440 580 – 690 20.404 20.588 15.299 23.884 71.75 244.10 53.68 294.71 797 906 982 393 478 500 690 – 890 14.407 20.148 11.244 25.224 50.07 259.90 39.33 318.80 635 929 971 357 534 558 890 – 1155 14.586 22.988 9.224 27.728 49.32 312.82 32.00 374.34 495 972 989 175 361 366 1155 & more 16.170 15.003 7.341 24.762 54.51 197.06 25.70 340.14 398 865 897 146 369 378 all classes 19.808 18.452 15.410 22.772 68.70 210.54 53.85 269.11 789 889 970 3130 3783 4096 Tripura 0 – 235 28.542 17.839 25.757 20.977 172.88 165.90 156.01 198.50 801 907 1000 24 26 29 235 – 270 27.672 21.618 23.512 27.334 167.57 198.28 142.33 255.91 702 828 1000 34 40 47 270 – 320 29.456 17.672 26.203 22.421 175.78 168.35 157.60 221.52 798 750 999 99 104 129 320 – 365 30.513 22.767 22.877 30.459 185.49 227.24 140.96 304.23 701 826 1000 113 148 170 365 – 410 30.952 23.388 16.242 39.338 185.85 240.83 98.25 386.94 473 891 998 94 189 206 410 – 455 25.603 23.480 11.552 42.087 168.47 232.28 79.34 428.90 343 892 995 58 168 183 455 – 510 25.654 31.416 8.307 46.951 152.95 338.32 51.20 483.28 249 954 1000 50 212 221 510 – 580 20.679 27.950 5.148 48.055 138.39 304.61 28.16 501.67 168 947 1000 34 209 219 580 – 690 20.936 31.135 3.966 46.327 128.85 321.98 27.44 482.31 140 951 1000 22 214 222 690 – 890 27.870 30.361 3.865 40.547 166.81 335.30 25.15 443.47 125 952 1000 15 164 169 890 – 1155 17.920 21.325 2.652 42.008 114.10 249.07 16.62 469.83 95 929 1000 4 84 86 1155 & more 5.836 36.451 1.037 35.385 35.92 345.27 8.19 436.15 30 996 1000 4 75 76 all classes 27.687 23.281 12.189 39.137 168.99 234.83 75.36 404.16 372 900 999 551 1633 1757






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sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Uttar Pradesh 0 – 235 8.147 13.683 3.350 21.271 31.82 112.00 13.07 168.50 229 871 973 46 200 219 235 – 270 6.883 22.325 1.914 25.601 23.87 182.59 6.99 205.54 145 910 975 43 283 299 270 – 320 5.342 22.207 1.336 26.079 20.13 187.76 5.06 218.03 92 912 959 57 585 615 320 – 365 4.437 21.440 1.191 23.521 18.83 178.51 5.36 196.34 80 916 960 69 741 779 365 – 410 4.468 20.253 0.676 23.112 17.16 166.53 2.87 195.82 46 932 962 31 700 716 410 – 455 3.124 18.194 0.619 23.708 11.86 150.85 2.47 204.29 43 938 966 32 652 671 455 – 510 4.247 18.483 0.750 22.553 17.31 157.49 3.15 190.65 50 922 954 37 724 744 510 – 580 2.950 14.508 0.460 21.311 13.64 129.12 2.27 183.58 33 951 970 21 786 800 580 – 690 4.107 15.291 0.468 18.655 17.45 135.86 2.16 165.29 35 940 959 23 807 821 690 – 890 3.039 18.362 0.260 19.092 13.38 167.32 1.22 173.97 24 955 969 16 899 909 890 – 1155 1.167 17.206 0.204 17.517 4.49 168.33 0.99 165.11 37 871 899 9 465 472 1155 & more 1.722 19.751 0.142 21.897 9.63 189.68 0.80 208.43 19 915 928 6 510 513 all classes 4.424 18.998 0.801 22.065 17.64 162.08 3.35 190.17 58 926 958 390 7352 7558 Uttaranchal 0 – 235 13.976 0.000 5.538 0.850 65.90 0.00 26.12 8.50 396 170 566 2 1 3 235 – 270 11.209 8.991 7.555 10.192 67.13 79.06 45.25 87.34 389 611 1000 3 7 10 270 – 320 14.091 9.846 10.529 13.548 85.68 92.36 64.02 119.87 483 709 1000 26 35 50 320 – 365 18.684 8.327 10.448 18.985 125.00 73.98 73.33 162.12 438 706 993 48 70 101 365 – 410 16.996 11.458 7.266 19.803 112.18 107.82 50.08 186.83 341 837 1000 41 88 110 410 – 455 12.591 12.842 7.246 21.208 87.94 118.98 53.00 196.21 346 801 1000 53 119 151 455 – 510 11.464 16.641 4.721 22.906 81.44 153.58 36.83 220.27 187 918 1000 35 143 158 510 – 580 11.790 14.218 5.465 19.556 78.74 135.96 40.41 189.08 225 891 1000 46 145 170 580 – 690 6.873 19.049 4.500 23.015 46.88 180.36 34.39 223.11 210 892 998 45 187 212 690 – 890 11.631 9.615 4.648 19.217 81.17 98.42 34.54 194.41 186 838 1000 45 192 227 890 – 1155 4.123 9.434 1.643 19.975 29.44 101.19 12.99 207.03 90 906 992 11 127 137 1155 & more 3.350 16.301 0.552 17.861 23.45 187.22 4.74 222.47 58 955 993 4 127 130 all classes 12.417 12.661 5.272 19.979 83.09 120.27 38.16 196.52 237 851 995 359 1241 1459






card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

West Bengal 0 – 235 3.142 49.913 1.726 50.043 12.43 432.26 6.21 432.12 189 965 978 15 76 78 235 – 270 3.678 51.325 2.014 53.652 19.37 438.83 9.14 479.18 197 980 1000 21 109 110 270 – 320 5.895 56.279 3.748 56.496 31.06 523.79 21.49 525.33 275 989 996 79 309 311 320 – 365 4.252 55.821 1.752 52.092 24.01 524.28 9.81 494.19 196 978 978 71 360 360 365 – 410 3.409 56.984 1.279 54.839 24.01 556.27 8.60 526.99 129 975 981 56 438 440 410 – 455 3.376 52.234 1.550 52.858 18.68 512.56 8.53 516.67 180 993 996 75 476 478 455 – 510 3.217 55.936 1.256 54.454 17.47 548.57 6.40 541.41 157 997 997 75 512 513 510 – 580 1.959 53.582 0.774 53.475 11.89 525.35 3.49 532.38 90 996 1000 59 600 602 580 – 690 3.556 56.314 0.899 53.482 22.94 543.97 5.94 532.71 89 988 994 49 715 718 690 – 890 1.575 50.579 0.379 53.177 5.79 492.40 1.65 543.57 48 986 989 19 642 644 890 – 1155 0.938 59.465 0.108 51.061 4.85 589.24 0.56 533.86 21 991 991 4 353 353 1155 & more 2.386 59.044 0.551 47.629 14.67 617.55 4.29 516.15 49 941 947 12 355 356 all classes 3.411 54.742 1.248 53.248 19.38 526.61 7.01 524.68 128 985 989 535 4945 4963 A & N Islands 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 25.000 50.000 25.000 50.000 151.25 700.00 151.25 700.00 1000 1000 1000 1 1 1 365 – 410 22.789 20.000 23.410 33.445 99.01 196.74 185.17 371.44 842 1000 1000 4 5 5 410 – 455 31.569 14.848 20.296 24.910 203.53 163.19 130.85 243.19 643 817 1000 5 5 7 455 – 510 0.000 0.000 28.525 8.439 0.00 0.00 251.02 85.61 841 760 1000 5 5 6 510 – 580 19.599 23.042 12.521 28.673 119.03 222.36 95.12 283.51 480 936 983 15 27 29 580 – 690 25.000 23.273 19.724 21.058 89.73 219.70 179.97 228.13 782 928 1000 20 28 30 690 – 890 23.293 25.575 19.414 25.104 140.48 255.22 167.71 270.99 544 864 917 34 48 52 890 – 1155 23.148 24.953 16.989 31.252 150.96 232.67 140.50 338.14 680 930 981 35 47 51 1155 & more 11.799 28.176 13.662 24.142 73.73 305.84 119.26 280.07 512 826 910 40 71 80 all classes 22.523 23.557 16.671 25.726 135.89 236.86 141.27 280.77 590 879 948 159 237 261






card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Chandigarh 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 0.000 0.000 0.000 15.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 150.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 365 – 410 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 410 – 455 20.098 8.515 20.098 8.515 60.30 85.15 60.30 85.15 574 426 1000 1 1 2 455 – 510 25.000 0.000 7.419 7.032 75.00 0.00 22.26 70.32 297 703 1000 1 1 2 510 – 580 10.000 10.000 4.673 8.767 60.00 100.00 28.04 89.63 467 1000 1000 1 7 7 580 – 690 0.000 0.000 0.000 4.991 0.00 0.00 0.00 62.11 0 997 997 0 10 10 690 – 890 0.000 0.000 0.000 11.504 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.13 0 1000 1000 0 14 14 890 – 1155 0.000 0.000 0.000 7.280 0.00 0.00 0.00 82.73 0 763 763 0 12 12 1155 & more 0.000 0.000 0.000 3.255 0.00 0.00 0.00 40.76 0 987 987 0 28 28 all classes 13.823 7.890 0.793 6.507 63.00 78.90 3.61 74.40 55 930 944 3 74 76 Dadra & N. Haveli 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 22.981 40.544 11.941 21.066 137.89 334.49 71.65 173.80 520 310 520 2 1 2 270 – 320 23.901 23.987 13.821 17.680 96.98 212.95 59.75 155.08 583 638 705 11 15 16 320 – 365 18.832 17.408 12.751 21.277 117.06 163.51 82.99 194.40 553 824 908 15 19 22 365 – 410 19.162 25.109 7.045 24.578 104.25 229.62 39.40 230.41 268 788 831 7 14 16 410 – 455 10.118 17.657 9.337 15.048 45.77 158.16 56.79 140.85 479 854 1000 5 8 10 455 – 510 19.203 11.197 9.884 14.877 115.22 132.88 60.25 169.76 529 991 1000 5 8 9 510 – 580 0.657 36.147 6.771 20.812 3.94 359.17 57.76 200.39 381 860 860 4 8 8 580 – 690 24.579 35.037 7.768 30.012 147.47 281.10 49.69 260.83 364 912 1000 2 9 10 690 – 890 2.491 5.765 6.935 6.654 7.47 73.72 60.98 65.19 453 502 846 9 17 20 890 – 1155 20.000 0.000 1.203 2.830 150.00 0.00 11.01 25.99 143 292 435 3 4 7 1155 & more 15.690 15.642 1.915 6.070 94.14 127.13 12.37 65.11 97 579 591 2 17 18 all classes 17.766 22.246 5.845 11.773 95.02 201.44 35.79 110.01 282 535 611 65 120 138






card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Daman & Diu 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 365 – 410 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 410 – 455 3.500 7.000 4.482 6.402 10.50 77.00 19.85 70.43 1000 915 1000 2 1 2 455 – 510 0.000 0.000 0.000 36.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 360.00 0 1000 1000 0 1 1 510 – 580 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 580 – 690 0.000 0.000 2.995 5.281 0.00 0.00 23.96 63.63 200 800 1000 1 7 8 690 – 890 6.050 5.311 2.741 7.068 50.21 69.92 22.08 89.16 261 802 1000 3 16 18 890 – 1155 0.000 5.000 0.000 8.316 0.00 60.00 0.00 104.08 0 1000 1000 0 21 21 1155 & more 0.000 5.000 0.000 4.632 0.00 70.00 0.00 61.15 0 656 656 0 22 22 all classes 4.580 5.485 0.900 6.227 35.47 69.65 6.98 79.10 89 792 852 6 68 72 Lakshadweep 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 270 – 320 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 320 – 365 35.000 0.000 32.297 0.000 273.00 0.00 251.92 0.00 1000 0 1000 2 0 2 365 – 410 12.000 0.000 12.000 0.000 93.60 0.00 93.60 0.00 1000 0 1000 1 0 1 410 – 455 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 455 – 510 0.000 0.000 25.360 0.000 0.00 0.00 223.17 0.00 1000 0 1000 2 0 2 510 – 580 0.000 0.000 68.493 15.352 0.00 0.00 582.23 175.06 1000 990 1000 3 2 3 580 – 690 20.000 0.000 28.097 1.062 148.00 0.00 226.63 12.75 1000 53 1000 7 1 7 690 – 890 54.023 20.078 38.253 5.010 363.74 311.20 319.89 65.45 1000 558 1000 13 6 13 890 – 1155 50.000 0.000 35.427 7.642 408.00 0.00 292.50 53.28 1000 681 1000 10 4 10 1155 & more 52.139 5.440 41.140 7.271 446.60 60.82 343.36 152.07 915 666 990 26 18 29 all classes 50.313 7.528 41.524 7.248 410.30 100.18 346.66 113.75 957 631 995 64 31 67






card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)

Pondicherry 0 – 235 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 235 – 270 13.579 34.973 13.579 34.973 54.32 364.25 54.32 364.25 1000 1000 1000 3 3 3 270 – 320 16.524 17.910 16.524 17.910 68.38 171.29 68.38 171.29 1000 824 1000 16 14 16 320 – 365 10.625 29.200 11.768 28.102 42.50 290.68 54.91 293.12 1000 1000 1000 7 7 7 365 – 410 15.000 37.077 13.826 33.069 60.00 407.74 62.35 358.98 1000 1000 1000 6 6 6 410 – 455 25.775 9.489 24.588 9.545 96.28 88.46 92.28 91.93 1000 463 1000 7 4 7 455 – 510 21.960 9.773 14.259 25.641 107.79 113.25 70.08 297.41 705 618 1000 5 5 7 510 – 580 15.567 18.490 9.201 21.785 55.84 185.86 33.00 221.92 591 820 852 10 13 14 580 – 690 20.590 22.664 17.155 27.155 81.41 254.62 67.83 308.83 833 795 1000 14 15 18 690 – 890 12.788 30.339 5.918 34.351 49.32 324.88 24.93 409.52 422 792 863 9 18 20 890 – 1155 22.571 15.616 18.971 19.405 83.97 175.97 76.61 227.37 875 807 1000 15 20 24 1155 & more 30.021 24.379 9.897 33.663 82.53 267.38 56.73 438.48 403 805 988 8 30 33 all classes 18.387 20.690 13.255 25.564 71.24 216.32 56.68 292.52 716 793 953 100 135 155 All-India 0 – 235 11.700 26.948 6.723 26.952 54.79 220.96 31.70 221.94 357 744 858 899 1785 2053 235 – 270 10.557 27.288 5.707 29.604 50.33 231.95 27.33 253.25 316 806 925 768 1866 2125 270 – 320 10.203 26.272 5.225 29.807 47.88 236.98 24.22 268.29 303 839 938 1598 4135 4642 320 – 365 9.602 26.022 4.931 28.894 46.23 239.26 23.53 266.27 291 852 936 1759 4859 5393 365 – 410 9.118 25.423 4.455 28.361 44.57 239.23 21.44 267.37 271 842 927 1736 5243 5772 410 – 455 8.897 25.980 4.410 28.188 44.29 249.82 21.71 271.91 267 855 932 1666 5295 5826 455 – 510 9.522 24.589 4.278 27.667 47.41 243.53 20.86 271.92 258 864 928 1832 6307 6822 510 – 580 8.913 23.757 3.727 27.263 46.14 237.66 19.36 273.80 225 863 923 1886 7403 7984 580 – 690 9.395 23.525 3.744 26.916 47.92 241.92 19.55 279.37 229 868 925 2107 8819 9464 690 – 890 8.937 22.830 3.106 24.515 47.33 241.70 17.71 264.14 191 866 922 2135 9745 10520 890 – 1155 8.201 21.699 2.440 22.264 43.77 243.46 14.38 254.85 148 888 929 1105 6116 6525 1155 & more 7.915 28.301 1.930 23.186 42.25 313.69 11.97 274.96 118 869 900 1019 7065 7429 all classes 9.527 25.238 4.098 27.033 47.06 241.19 20.62 267.12 244 853 924 18510 68638 74555



Table 1U (Rice): Monthly consumption per household from PDS of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene

rice Urban average quantity consumed (kg) average value of consumption (Rs)


card, from










sources all

sources (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
