PESTICIDE SAFETY AND PESTICIDE SAFETY AND APPLICATION APPLICATION

PLNT 1150PLNT 1150Alex LatchininskyAlex Latchininsky

Assistant Professor / Extension EntomologistAssistant Professor / Extension EntomologistDept. of Renewable ResourcesDept. of Renewable Resources

January 2006January 2006

DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMERTrade or brand names used in this Trade or brand names used in this presentation are used only for presentation are used only for educational purposes educational purposes

The information given herein is The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended, and no no discrimination is intended, and no endorsement information of products endorsement information of products is impliedis implied

LICELICEOrder Phthiraptera, 3 typesOrder Phthiraptera, 3 types

1/8”1/8”

TREATMENT OF HEAD LICETREATMENT OF HEAD LICE• Permethrin or Pyrethrin shampoosPermethrin or Pyrethrin shampoos• Malathion shampoosMalathion shampoos• Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs)Re-treat in 10 days (cannot kill eggs)• Louse or nit combsLouse or nit combs• Pets? No!Pets? No!

Personal hygiene Personal hygiene Do not share caps or combsDo not share caps or combs

Head lice are NOT disease vectorsHead lice are NOT disease vectors

BODY LICEBODY LICE• Less common in the U.S.Less common in the U.S.

• Larger than Head Lice – 1/7”Larger than Head Lice – 1/7”

• Hide in clothing seamsHide in clothing seams

• Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae)Vectors of epidemic typhus (rickettsiae)

• Vectors of trench fever (World War I: Vectors of trench fever (World War I: 1.8 million cases in U.S. military)1.8 million cases in U.S. military)

PUBIC or CRAB LICEPUBIC or CRAB LICE

1/16”1/16”

Do not transmit disease agentsDo not transmit disease agentsFound only on humans – Found only on humans – notnot on cats or dogs on cats or dogs

FLEASFLEASOrder SiphonapteraOrder Siphonaptera

Cat fleaCat flea

Size: 1/16”Size: 1/16”No wingsNo wings

LIFE CYCLE OF A FLEALIFE CYCLE OF A FLEA

Total: 12-174 d (typical: 3 to 5 wks)

FLEAS: MEDICAL FLEAS: MEDICAL IMPORTANCEIMPORTANCE

• Piercing mouthparts – feed exclusively on bloodPiercing mouthparts – feed exclusively on blood

• Irritation from flea bitesIrritation from flea bites

• Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat flea)Primary vector of bubonic plague (Oriental rat flea)Bacterium Bacterium Yersinia pestisYersinia pestisMortality rate 90% - “Black Death”Mortality rate 90% - “Black Death”Middle Ages: killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a few decadesMiddle Ages: killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a few decades

• Vector of Murine typhus (Vector of Murine typhus (Rickettsia typhiRickettsia typhi))

• Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms – may infect Intermediate hosts of dog tapeworms – may infect humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed humans if the flea is inadvertently swallowed

MANAGEMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF FLEASFLEAS1.1. Treat the petTreat the pet

2.2. Treat the premisesTreat the premises

Pet treatments:Pet treatments: Insect Growth Regulators Insect Growth Regulators (methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or (methoprene, lufenuron, pyriproxyfen), or Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid)Adulticides (fipronil, imidacloprid)

Premises treatments:Premises treatments: Steam clean; IGRs; Steam clean; IGRs; Sanitation (vacuum to remove eggs)Sanitation (vacuum to remove eggs)

Bed BugsBed Bugs• Order Hemiptera – True BugsOrder Hemiptera – True Bugs• Piercing-sucking beakPiercing-sucking beak• One species – One species – Cimex lectulariusCimex lectularius

CairoCairoHotel MarriottHotel MarriottOctober 2005October 2005

Bed BugsBed Bugs• Female produces up to 500 eggsFemale produces up to 500 eggs

• Can survive 1 year without blood mealCan survive 1 year without blood meal

• Hides during the day, active by nightHides during the day, active by night

• Produces foul smelling substance when Produces foul smelling substance when disturbeddisturbed

• Sanitation!Sanitation!

BLOOD SUCKING BLOOD SUCKING FLIESFLIESOrder Diptera = “two wings”Order Diptera = “two wings”

wingswingshaltereshalteres

BLACK FLIESBLACK FLIESFamily SimuliidaeFamily Simuliidae

Adults can be black, gray or yellowAdults can be black, gray or yellowSize: 1/8” Size: 1/8”

LarvaLarva

PupaPupa

Larvae develop in Larvae develop in flowingflowing water water

BLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLEBLACK FLIES LIFE CYCLEAdultAdult

Eggs on a submergedEggs on a submergedwater plantwater plant

Larvae in feedingLarvae in feedingpositionposition

Emerging adultEmerging adultin air bubble in air bubble

PupaePupae

BLACK FLIESBLACK FLIES

• Attracted to dark colors and carbon dioxideAttracted to dark colors and carbon dioxide

• Vicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthpartsVicious biters. Piercing, blade-like mouthparts

• Bites are painful because of venom (saliva)Bites are painful because of venom (saliva)

• Do not attack indoors or at nightDo not attack indoors or at night

• Extremely numerous in early SummerExtremely numerous in early Summer

• May transmit diseases, even encephalitisMay transmit diseases, even encephalitis

• Protection: repellents (DEET)Protection: repellents (DEET)

STABLE FLYSTABLE FLY

Stomoxys calcitransStomoxys calcitransadultadult

Larva (maggot)Larva (maggot)

PupaPupa

STABLE FLYSTABLE FLY

Bayonet-like mouthpartsBayonet-like mouthparts Stable flyStable fly House flyHouse fly

• Both male and female are blood-suckingBoth male and female are blood-sucking• Attracted to dark colorsAttracted to dark colors• Breeding sites: manure, strawBreeding sites: manure, straw• Control: similar to house fliesControl: similar to house flies• SANITATION!SANITATION!

HOUSE FLYHOUSE FLY

A carrier of up to 40 diseases, including:A carrier of up to 40 diseases, including:

typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and anthrax.typhoid fever, cholera, dysentery, and anthrax.

The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease The fly transmits diseases by carrying disease organisms onto food. It picks up disease organisms on organisms onto food. It picks up disease organisms on its leg hairs or eats them and then regurgitates them its leg hairs or eats them and then regurgitates them onto food (in the process of liquefying solid food) onto food (in the process of liquefying solid food)

Sponging mouthpartsSponging mouthparts

WYOMING MOSQUITOESWYOMING MOSQUITOES

At least 45 speciesAt least 45 speciesMain genera: Main genera: Culex, Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, Anopheles,

Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia Culiseta, Wyeomiya, Mansonia

MOSQUITO LIFE CYCLEMOSQUITO LIFE CYCLEadultsadults eggseggs

larvapupa

Mosquito larvaeMosquito larvae

Mosquito pupaeMosquito pupae

Aquatic stagesAquatic stages

Mosquito wingMosquito wing

ScalesScales

Male mosquito does not Male mosquito does not bitebite

MOSQUITOES AS MOSQUITOES AS DISEASE VECTORS DISEASE VECTORS

#1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases worldwide#1 vectors of numerous devastating diseases worldwide

-Encephalitis (5 types)-Encephalitis (5 types)Western Equine Encephalitis – Western Equine Encephalitis – Culex tarsalisCulex tarsalis

-West Nile Virus – -West Nile Virus – Culex pipiens Culex pipiens (East), (East), C. tarsalisC. tarsalis (West) (West)-Dengue – -Dengue – Aedes aegyptiAedes aegypti-Yellow fever – -Yellow fever – Aedes aegyptiAedes aegypti-Malaria – -Malaria – Anopheles Anopheles spp.spp.-Filariasis (nematodes) – -Filariasis (nematodes) – Culex, Aedes, Anopheles Culex, Aedes, Anopheles spp.spp.-Dog heartworm – -Dog heartworm – Culex, Aedes Culex, Aedes spp.spp.

MOSQUITO LIFE MOSQUITO LIFE HISTORIES HISTORIES

Four larval habitat types are used Four larval habitat types are used to group the mosquitoes:to group the mosquitoes:

1.1. Permanent PoolPermanent Pool2.2. ContainerContainer3.3. Floodwater Floodwater 4.4. Transient water Transient water

Permanent Pool Permanent Pool HabitatHabitat

Permanent Pool Permanent Pool Habitat GroupHabitat Group

Need shallow water with emergent plants

Eggs laid singly on water surface for Anopheles species

Overwinter as adult mated females

Not very important species as disease vectors or nuisance in Wyoming

Anopheles species are only mosquitoes that can vector malaria

Container Group HabitatContainer Group Habitat

Container Habitat Container Habitat GroupGroup

Need artificial or natural containers that hold water long enough to complete larval development

Eggs laid singly at water line surface for Aedes species. Culex species sometimes use this habitat also

Overwinter as eggs, multiple broods per season

Important species as disease vectorsworldwide, less so in Wyoming

Often the target of urban mosquito control

Floodwater HabitatFloodwater Habitat

Eggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is intermittently floodedEggs are deposited singly on damp soil which is intermittently flooded

Floodwater GroupFloodwater GroupAedes species dominate this habitat

Eggs are laid singly where the mosquito female senses the area has been submerged in water before

Several hatches per year - Ae. dorsalis, Ae. melanimon & Ae. vexans, most common species in WY

Overwinter in egg stage

When conditions are correct can rapidly develop - 6 days

Capable of flying long distances

Transient Water Transient Water HabitatHabitat

Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.Roadside ditches, irrigated lands etc.

Transient Water GroupTransient Water GroupCulex species dominate this habitat, esp. mucky water. Culex tarsalis life history:

Eggs are laid as rafts on water surface

At 80 F, go from egg to adult in 10 days

Overwinter as adult, fed and mated female

Populations build through summer

Month life span as adult, up to 4 blood meals possible

Capable of flying 0.5 mile per night

Feed at night, will enter buildings

Prefers birds but will switch to horses and humans

Culex tarsalisCulex tarsalis

WEST NILE VIRUS CASES WEST NILE VIRUS CASES 20032003 20042004

20052005YearYear WYWY CACA

20032003 375375 3 320042004 10 10 76076020052005 12 12 865865

Culex tarsalisCulex tarsalis

MOSQUITO SURVEYSMOSQUITO SURVEYSAdult surveysAdult surveys

-CDC light trapsCDC light traps-Dry ice traps (Dry ice traps (C. tarsalisC. tarsalis))-Landing and biting collectionsLanding and biting collections-Insect sweep net collectionsInsect sweep net collections-Truck trap collectionsTruck trap collections

Larval and pupal surveysLarval and pupal surveys-Dipping-Dipping

MOSQUITO CONTROLMOSQUITO CONTROLSource reductionSource reduction

-Water managementWater management-SanitationSanitation-Irrigation optimizationIrrigation optimization-DrainageDrainage

Biological controlBiological control-Gambusia fish-Gambusia fish-Pathogens (-Pathogens (Bti, BsBti, Bs))

MOSQUITO CONTROLMOSQUITO CONTROL Chemical controlChemical control

-Larviciding (larval control)Larviciding (larval control)The most efficient control strategyThe most efficient control strategyMinimizes treated areasMinimizes treated areasAvoids treating populated areas Avoids treating populated areas

-Adulticiding (control of adults) Adulticiding (control of adults) Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume Usually, consists of Ultra-Low Volume

spraying in urban areasspraying in urban areas

PRODUCTS FOR PRODUCTS FOR MOSQUITO CONTROLMOSQUITO CONTROL

I. LARVICIDESI. LARVICIDESA.I.A.I. Trade nameTrade name FormulationFormulation ProsPros ConsCons

TemephosTemephos AbateAbate G, ECG, EC Lowest costLowest cost NontargetNontarget

MethopreneMethoprene AltosidAltosid G, B, P, LCG, B, P, LC Nontarget safeNontarget safe Cannot be Cannot be certain of certain of efficacy efficacy

until too until too late tolate to

retreatretreat

OilsOils BVA, GoldenBVA, Golden OilOil Acts on pupaeActs on pupae Oil filmOil filmBearBear Subsurf.Subsurf.

larvaelarvae

Monomole-Monomole- AgniqueAgnique LiquidLiquid Acts on pupaeActs on pupae Subsurf. Subsurf. cular filmcular film LarvaeLarvae

I. LARVICIDES (contd.)I. LARVICIDES (contd.)A.I.A.I. Trade nameTrade name FormulationFormulation ProsPros ConsCons

BacillusBacillus AquabacAquabac LiquidLiquid Nontarget safeNontarget safe ShortShortthuringiensisthuringiensis BactimosBactimos WDG, AS,WDG, AS, BriquetsBriquets window window israeliensisisraeliensis LarvX, TeknarLarvX, Teknar P, G, BP, G, B control 30+dcontrol 30+d of trtmt.,of trtmt.,((BtiBti)) DunksDunks pupaepupae

BacillusBacillus VectoLexVectoLex G, WDGG, WDG Nontarget safeNontarget safe PupaePupaesphaericussphaericus(Bs)(Bs)

AS – Aqueous Suspension; B – Briquets; EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate;AS – Aqueous Suspension; B – Briquets; EC – Emulsifiable Concentrate;G – granules; LC – Liquid Concentrate; P – Pellets; WDG – Water-Dispersible G – granules; LC – Liquid Concentrate; P – Pellets; WDG – Water-Dispersible Granules Granules

II. ADULTICIDESII. ADULTICIDESA.I.A.I. Trade nameTrade name FormulationFormulation ProsPros ConsCons

Malathion Malathion Fyfanon,Fyfanon, ULV,ULV, TolerancesTolerances OP, someOP, someAtrapa,Atrapa, thermal fogthermal fog resistanceresistancePrentoxPrentox

NaledNaled Dibrom,Dibrom, ULV, EC,ULV, EC, TolerancesTolerances OP,OP,TrumpetTrumpet thermal fogthermal fog corrosivecorrosive

FenthionFenthion BatexBatex ULVULV NoneNone OP, FLOP, FL

PermethrinPermethrin Permanone,Permanone, ULV,ULV, Low vertebrateLow vertebrate NoneNoneAquaResilin,AquaResilin, thermal fog,thermal fog, toxicitytoxicityBiomist,Biomist, clothingclothingMosquitoMosquito treatmenttreatmentbeaterbeater

ULV – Ultra Low Volume; OP – Organophosphate insecticideULV – Ultra Low Volume; OP – Organophosphate insecticide

II. ADULTICIDES (contd.)II. ADULTICIDES (contd.)A.I.A.I. Trade nameTrade name FormulationFormulation ProsPros ConsCons

Resmethrin Resmethrin ScourgeScourge ULV,ULV, Low vertebrateLow vertebrate RUPRUPthermal fogthermal fog toxicitytoxicity

SumithrinSumithrin AnvilAnvil ULV, ULV, Low vertebrate Low vertebrate NoNothermal fogthermal fog toxicitytoxicity tolerancetolerance

PyrethrinsPyrethrins PyrenonePyrenone ULV, ECULV, EC NaturalNatural May beMay bePyronylPyronyl pyrethrum,pyrethrum, costlycostly

tolerances,tolerances,larvicide alsolarvicide also

ULV – Ultra Low Volume; RUP – Restricted Use PesticideULV – Ultra Low Volume; RUP – Restricted Use Pesticide

MOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOPMOSQUITO CONTROL WORKSHOP

Organized by WMMAOrganized by WMMA

Lander, 18-19 April 2006Lander, 18-19 April 2006

Contact: Contact: Nancy Webber,Nancy Webber, Fremont Co. Weed and PestFremont Co. Weed and Pest(307) 332-1052(307) 332-1052

OTHER STINGING AND OTHER STINGING AND BITING INSECTSBITING INSECTS

Imported Fire AntsImported Fire Ants

Solenopsis invicta Solenopsis invicta (Red)(Red) & Solenopsis richteri & Solenopsis richteri (Black)(Black)

Vicious Vicious AttackersAttackers

Blisters and Blisters and pustules pustules following Fire Ant following Fire Ant sting sting

ControlControlChemical:Chemical:

Single mound or Single mound or area-wide broadcast area-wide broadcast treatments (granular treatments (granular insecticides or baits)insecticides or baits)

Africanized Honey BeesAfricanized Honey Bees

Wasps and BeesWasps and Bees

Yellow jacket waspYellow jacket wasp

Honey bee with a stingerHoney bee with a stinger

Bumble BeesBumble Bees

OTHER ARTHROPODSOTHER ARTHROPODS

Class ArachnidaClass Arachnida

SPIDERS – Order AraneaSPIDERS – Order AraneaTICKS – Order AcariTICKS – Order Acari

BLACK WIDOW SPIDER BLACK WIDOW SPIDER FEMALEFEMALE

““Hourglass” Hourglass” pattern on the pattern on the abdomenabdomen

BLACK WIDOW SPIDERSBLACK WIDOW SPIDERS

Mature femaleMature female

ImmatureImmaturefemalefemale

Mature maleMature male

HOBO SPIDERHOBO SPIDER

BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER BROWN RECLUSE SPIDER EYESEYES

22

22

22

WIND SCORPIONWIND SCORPION

TICKSTICKS• Close relatives of spiders, Close relatives of spiders,

and NOT insects: adults have 8 legsand NOT insects: adults have 8 legs

• Blood-sucking parasites of mammals, Blood-sucking parasites of mammals, birds and reptilesbirds and reptiles

• Both males and females feed on bloodBoth males and females feed on blood

• Efficient vectors of diseases (#2 after Efficient vectors of diseases (#2 after mosquitoes)mosquitoes)

Soft tickSoft tick

Rocky Rocky Mountain Mountain Wood tickWood tick(hard)(hard)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICKTICK• Hosts: Small rodents, Hosts: Small rodents,

porcupines, deer and large porcupines, deer and large domestic animalsdomestic animals

• Most common species that Most common species that bites peoplebites people

• Vector of: Colorado tick Vector of: Colorado tick fever*, Rocky Mountain fever*, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Tick paralysis spotted fever, Tick paralysis (rare), Tularemia (rare)(rare), Tularemia (rare)

• Not a vector of Lyme Not a vector of Lyme disease, which is transmitted disease, which is transmitted by by Ixodes scapularisIxodes scapularis

Dermacentor andersoniDermacentor andersoniadultadult

*American dog tick is also a vector of CTF*American dog tick is also a vector of CTF

RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE:RM WOOD TICK LIFE CYCLE:3 hosts3 hosts

Small Small mammal mammal hosthost

Small Small mammal mammal hosthost

(Large mammal host)

ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICKTICKPREVENTION:PREVENTION:

• Avoid tick habitatsAvoid tick habitats • Use tick repellents (DEET)Use tick repellents (DEET)• Wear protective clothesWear protective clothes• Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone)Clothing treatment with Permethrin (Permanone)• Tick checks after visiting possible habitatsTick checks after visiting possible habitats

HOW TO REMOVE A TICK:HOW TO REMOVE A TICK:

• Use blunt tweezersUse blunt tweezers• Pull the tick slowlyPull the tick slowly• Treat the feeding place with disinfectantTreat the feeding place with disinfectant