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Public Opinion and Development in Africa Richard Wike Director, Global Attitudes Research

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Page 1: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

Public Opinion and Development in Africa

Richard Wike Director, Global Attitudes Research

Page 2: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 2 www.pewresearch.org

Pew Research Center

•  Established 1996

•  Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts

•  Non-profit, non-partisan think tank in Washington

•  Since 2002, we have surveyed in 85 countries

•  www.pewresearch.org

Page 3: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 3 www.pewresearch.org

2015 Pew Global Attitudes Survey

•  Nationally representative survey in 40 countries from March 25 to May 27 totaling 45,435 respondents. In Africa, the survey was conducted across nine African countries (Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda) totaling 9,062 respondents.

•  Survey in South Africa conducted April 8 to 29, 2015 among 1,000 respondents. All interviews conducted face-to-face.

•  This study was made possible by The Pew Charitable Trusts, which received support for the survey from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Page 4: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

ECONOMIC OPTIMISM

September 23, 2015 4 www.pewresearch.org

Page 5: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 5 www.pewresearch.org

Africans More Positive on Economy Compared with Other Regions

Current economic situation is good Economy will improve over next year Children will be better off

Note: Africa median includes Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Russia & Ukraine not included in Europe median.

51%

48

40

36

31

28

59

Asia

Africa

U.S.

Latin America

Middle East

Europe

South Africa

60%

44

39

30

29

24

45

Africa

Latin America

Asia

Middle East

U.S.

Europe

58%

56

51

32

28

27

47

Latin America

Africa

Asia

Middle East

Europe

U.S.

Page 6: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 6 www.pewresearch.org

Average GDP Growth Since 2005 & Optimism for Next Generation

Note: Data for GDP growth from IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015, accessed June 1, 2015. Data not available for Palestinian territories.

Vietnam China

Ethiopia Nigeria

India Burkina Faso

Chile Peru Senegal Brazil

Ghana Argentina

Uganda Indonesia

Israel Pakistan

Philippines Russia

Ukraine South Africa

Kenya

S.Korea

Mexico Turkey Venezuela Germany

Poland Tanzania Jordan U.S. Spain

Malaysia Canada Australia UK Lebanon

Japan Italy France

0

20

40

60

80

100

-2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Average % GDP growth (2005-2014)

%

Percent who think that when children today grow up they will be better off financially than their parents

Correlation = 0.75

Page 7: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 7 www.pewresearch.org

Short and Long Term Economic Optimism

92%

85

84

75

60

55

53

45

43

60

84

71

84

64

56

52

43

47

33

56

Nigeria

Burkina Faso

Ethiopia

Senegal

Ghana

Uganda

Kenya

South Africa

Tanzania

MEDIAN

Economic situation will improve over next year Children today will be better off financially than their parents

Page 8: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

TOP CHALLENGES

September 23, 2015 www.pewproject.org 8

Page 9: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 9 www.pewresearch.org

Top Problems Facing the Country ___ is a very big problem

*Median across eight countries; data not reported for Ethiopia. For all other categories, medians of nine countries shown, including South Africa.

Africa median South Africa 88%

82

81

80

80

76

71

65

63

57

55

39

Energy shortages

Lack of jobs

Poor health care

Poor quality schools

Government corruption*

Crime

Lack of clean water

Poor infrastructure

Food shortages

Lack of clean toilets

Pollution

Low participation in politics

79%

57

61

78

79

55

72

57

56

54

55

50

Page 10: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 10 www.pewresearch.org

More Concern about Crime in Urban Areas Crime is a very big problem in our country

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown.

Page 11: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 11 www.pewresearch.org

Urban Areas More Concerned about Corruption Government corruption is a very big problem in our country

Note: Only statistically significant differences shown.

Page 12: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 12 www.pewresearch.org

Health Care Top Priority for Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa What do you think should be the most important priority for our country?

Page 13: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

VIEWS ABOUT GOVERNMENT

September 23, 2015 www.pewproject.org 13

Page 14: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 14 www.pewresearch.org

Confidence in Institutions and Organizations

39%

32

26

24

National government*

Foreign aid organizations

Domestic companies

Foreign companies

Very confident Somewhat confident

66

78%

70

60

Very/somewhat confident that __ will help solve the major problems in our country

Africa median South Africa

*Median across eight countries; data not reported for Ethiopia. For all other categories, medians of nine countries shown, including South Africa.

36%

21

26

23

68%

59

69

58

Very confident Somewhat confident

Page 15: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 15 www.pewresearch.org

Most Say Government is Run for Benefit of a Few Groups Would you say the government is run for the benefit of all the people in __ or is it run for the benefit of only a

few groups of people?

31%

53

58

58

60

61

67

59

59

65%

46

42

39

38

36

32

30

39

Burkina Faso

Kenya

Uganda

Senegal

Tanzania

Nigeria

Ghana

South Africa

MEDIAN

Benefit all Benefit few groups

Note: Data not reported for Ethiopia.

Page 16: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

VIEWS ABOUT FOREIGN AID

September 23, 2015 www.pewproject.org 16

Page 17: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 17 www.pewresearch.org

Perception of Foreign Aid Received What is your impression about how much foreign aid __ receives?

41%

41

40

39

37

36

36

32

22

37

32%

28

30

27

29

36

26

37

32

30

17%

16

20

15

25

9

28

24

17

17

Tanzania

Senegal

Ghana

Nigeria

Burkina Faso

Ethiopia

Uganda

Kenya

South Africa

MEDIAN

A lot Some Very little

Page 18: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 18 www.pewresearch.org

Most Say More Foreign Aid Needed When it comes to foreign aid, do you think our country needs ___ than/as it gets now?

Note: Data for volunteer category “none” not shown.

89%

85

85

73

68

67

59

49

26

68

2%

6

6

8

7

8

10

16

18

8

3%

5

6

16

18

17

15

17

26

16

Senegal

Burkina Faso

Uganda

Kenya

Ghana

Tanzania

Nigeria

Ethiopia

South Africa

MEDIAN

More About the same Less

Page 19: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

58%

49

40

41

September 23, 2015 19 www.pewresearch.org

Views about Foreign Aid Programs ___ describes programs in our country funded by foreign aid organizations well

68%

60

53

45

Effective

Benefit people in need

Corrupt

Inefficient

Africa median South Africa

Note: South Africa included in Africa median.

Page 20: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

ATTITUDES TOWARD BUSINESS & GLOBALIZATION

September 23, 2015 www.pewproject.org 20

Page 21: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 21 www.pewresearch.org

Positive Views of Foreign Companies in Extractive Industries

20%

13

23

11

32

22

36

33

29

23

77%

74

71

66

63

62

59

58

53

63

Kenya

Nigeria

Uganda

Ethiopia

Burkina Faso

Senegal

Ghana

Tanzania

South Africa

MEDIAN

Positive Negative Foreign companies in the [mining/oil and petrol] industry have a __ impact on our country

Note: Respondents in Nigeria were asked about the oil and petrol industry; in all other countries respondents were asked about the mining industry.

Page 22: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 22 www.pewresearch.org

Foreign Extractives Companies Seen as Benefitting Economy, But Also Ruining Environment

__ describes foreign companies in the [mining/oil and petrol industry] well

Africa median South Africa

67%

61

59

51

45

Provide jobs for local workers

Ruin the environment

Contribute to country's economic growth

Mines/oil rigs unsafe for workers

Don't pay their share of taxes

59%

58

57

48

45

Note: Respondents in Nigeria were asked about the oil and petrol industry; in all other countries respondents were asked about the mining industry. South African included in Africa median.

Page 23: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

Mixed Views on Trade

September 23, 2015 www.pewresearch.org 23

Note: Africa median includes Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey.

Africa median South Africa

87%

62

51

25

Trade is good

Trade creates jobs

Trade raises wages

Trade decreases prices

73%

47

46

17

Page 24: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

Most Support Foreign Companies Building Local Factories

September 23, 2015 www.pewresearch.org 24

Median percent saying foreign companies building factories in our country has a good impact

88%

75

75

72

70

70

65

Africa

Europe

U.S.

Asia

Latin America

Middle East

South Africa

Note: Africa median includes Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Russia & Ukraine not included in Europe median. Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey.

Page 25: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

57%

55

43

42

32

28

57

Africa

Latin America

Asia

Middle East

Europe

U.S.

South Africa

Views on Foreign Companies Buying Local Companies

September 23, 2015 www.pewresearch.org 25

Note: Africa median includes Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Russia & Ukraine not included in Europe median. Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey.

Median percent saying foreign companies buying domestic companies has a good impact on our country

Page 26: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

OTHER CONCERNS: CLIMATE CHANGE & INEQUALITY

September 23, 2015 26 www.pewresearch.org

Page 27: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 27 www.pewresearch.org

Africa among Most Concerned Regions on Global Climate Change

61%

59

42

42

41

35

47

Latin America

Africa

U.S.

Europe

Asia/Pacific

Middle East

South Africa

Median percent saying very concerned about global climate change

Note: South Africa included in Africa median. Russia and Ukraine not included in Europe median.

Page 28: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 28 www.pewresearch.org

Inequality Seen as Bigger Problem in Africa Than in Other Regions

74%

60

60

57

46

43

72

Africa

Latin America

Europe

Middle East

U.S.

Asia

South Africa

Median percent saying the gap between the rich and poor is a very big problem

Note: Africa median includes Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania and Uganda. Russia & Ukraine not included in Europe median. Source: Spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey.

Page 29: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

THE U.S. AND CHINA

September 23, 2015 www.pewproject.org 29

Page 30: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 30 www.pewresearch.org

Highest Ratings for Both U.S. and China in Africa Favorability of U.S. and China by country

Note: China not included in Asia regional median rating for China. Russia and Ukraine not included in Europe median.

Page 31: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

80%

70

75

70

75

74

70

65

52

70

September 23, 2015 31 www.pewresearch.org

Favorable Views of the U.S. & China across African Nations

Favorable Views of the U.S.

89%

84

81

80

79

78

76

76

74

79

Ghana

Kenya

Ethiopia

Senegal

Burkina Faso

Tanzania

Nigeria

Uganda

South Africa

MEDIAN

Favorable Views of China

Page 32: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 32 www.pewresearch.org

Mostly Positive Views of American Soft Power Do you have a positive or negative view of American …

83%

73 73

58 56

10% 15 16

33 34

Scientific & tech. advances

Ways of doing business

Ideas about democracy

Music, movies & television

Ideas & customs spreading

Postive Negative

Note: Median of Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Uganda. Source: Spring 2013 Global Attitudes survey.

Page 33: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 33 www.pewresearch.org

American vs. Chinese Ways of Doing Business

81%

75

75

70

69

65

Kenya

Senegal

Ghana

Nigeria

South Africa

Uganda

68%

65

52

76

43

53

Like American ways of doing business Like Chinese ways of doing business

Source: Spring 2013 Global Attitudes survey.

Page 34: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 34 www.pewresearch.org

In Africa, U.S. Seen as World’s Leading Economic Power

U.S. China Japan EU

Other/ None/DK (VOL)

  % % % % %

Senegal 68 19 2 3 8

Kenya 64 20 6 4 6

Tanzania 63 16 3 6 13

Uganda 62 16 5 2 14

Ghana 61 23 3 2 10

Ethiopia 60 15 3 4 17

Nigeria 54 26 3 2 16

South Africa 53 21 4 6 18

Burkina Faso 50 30 3 2 16

MEDIAN 61 20 3 3 14

Today, which one of the following do you think is the world’s leading economic power?

Page 35: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 35 www.pewresearch.org

Which comes closest to your view?

35%

39

35

33

48

38

33

59%

50

49

47

46

41

40

Europe

Middle East

Latin America

Africa

U.S.

Asia/Pacific

South Africa

China will/has replaced U.S. China will never replace U.S.

Note: South Africa included in Africa median. Russia & Ukraine not included in Europe median.

But Many Say China Will Become Top Superpower

Page 36: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 36 www.pewresearch.org

Many in Africa See China Eclipsing U.S. as Leading Superpower

23%

36

32

44

29

28

34

33

46

33

51%

49

48

48

47

46

45

40

34

47

Burkina Faso

Senegal

Tanzania

Kenya

Nigeria

Ethiopia

Ghana

South Africa

Uganda

MEDIAN

China will/has replaced U.S. China will never replace U.S.

Which comes closest to your view?

Page 37: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 37 www.pewresearch.org

It Is More Important to Have Strong Ties with …

52%

40

38

37

30

17

19%

34

29

28

29

33

15%

17

23

32

20

37

Uganda

Senegal

Ghana

Kenya

South Africa

Nigeria

U.S. (Vol) Both China

Source: Spring 2013 Global Attitudes survey.

Page 38: Public Opinion and Development in Africa · 9/23/2015  · September 23, 2015 2 Pew Research Center • Established 1996 • Funded by the Pew Charitable Trusts • Non-profit, non-partisan

September 23, 2015 38

All Pew Research Center reports and data are available online at www.pewresearch.org

www.pewresearch.org