public policy analysis - universitas...
TRANSCRIPT
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Public Policy Analysis
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Outline
What is public policy? Why study it?
Contexts of public policy
Reasons for government intervention
Role of policy analysis
Criteria for analysis
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What is public policy?
The course of government action (or
inaction) taken in response to public
problems. It is associated with formally
approved policy goals and means, as well as
the regulations and practices of agencies that
implement programs.
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Policy = Kebijakan
Public Policy = Kebijakan Publik
Proses pembuatan keputusan yang memperhatikan aspek politik, budaya dan hukum.
Studi tentang bagaimana kebijakan diadopsi
Public Economic Policy = Kebijakan Ekonomi Publik
proses pembuatan keputusan yang memperhatikan aspek politik, budaya dan hukum di bidang ekonomi
Perhatian tentang Kebijakan publik :
Politikus, tertarik pada interaksi antara sistem politik dan kepentingan kelompok tertentu dalam proses kebijakan
Ekonom, fokus pada dampak kebijakan terhadap masyarakat (efisien ? )
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Introduction
Contrasting views of government
“The role of government is to create an
environment in which the entrepreneur is
willing to take risk and be able to get a return
on the risk taken.”
– George W. Bush
“… the right public policies can foster an
environment that makes strong growth and
job creation easier.”
– From Kerry and Edwards “Our Plan For
America”
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THE FOUR QUESTIONS
OF PUBLIC POLICY
When should the government intervene in
the economy?
How might the government intervene?
What is the effect of those interventions on
economic outcomes?
Why do governments choose to intervene in
the way that they do?
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Interaksi dlm Public Policy
Public policy merupakan hasil interaksi 4 I :
Idea
Institution
Interest
Individual
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Macam-macam Bentuk Interaksi
Bargaining System
Command System
Competition System
Comflict System
Cooperation System
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Basic Concepts
Government
– Institutions and political processes through which public
policy choices are made
Politics
– The exercise of power in society; processes through which
policies are formulated; also related to the electoral process
Policy Analysis
– Examination of components of public policy, policy
process, or both
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Contexts of Public Policy
Social context
– Societal changes (e.g., population changes)
Economic context
– State of the economy (e.g., surplus vs. deficit)
Political context
– Political/ideological issues (who is in power?)
Governing context
– Structure of government (e.g., separation of powers)
Cultural context
– Values, beliefs (e.g., red state vs. blue state)
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Why does government intervene?
Political reasons
Moral, or ethical, reasons
Economics and market failures
– Equity
– when the market fails to be efficient
– four categories
» the existence of monopolies or oligopolies
» externalities
» information failures
» inability to provide public or collective goods
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Rival?
Yes No
Yes
Private Goods Ice- cream cones Clothing
Congested toll roads
Natural Monopolies Fire protection Cable TV
Uncongested toll roads
No
Common Resources Fish in the ocean The environment
Congested nontoll roads
Public Goods National defense Knowledge
Uncongested nontoll roads
Excludable?
Market Failures
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Market Failures (cont’d)
Externalities: the decisions and actions of those involved in the market exchange that affect others
- negative externality: third party not compensated for harm/loss (e.g., pollution)
- positive externality: third party does not have to pay for a gain (e.g., education)
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Market Failures:
Externalities and Public Goods
Society's microeconomic objectives
– equity
– social efficiency
» marginal social benefits and costs
» production where MSB = MSC
Externalities
External costs of production
– MSC > MC
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Negative Externality Example
S
D
This represents the supply and demand curve for electricity
Is it accurate?p
q
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Negative Externality Example (con’t)
S
D
p
q
SsocialThe true costs of producingelectricity needs to take intoconsideration these costs to society. This is representedby the new supply curve(Ssocial).
The government ensures that this true supply curveis realized by imposing regulations that, in essence,increase the cost ofproduction.
p1
q1
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Positive Externality Example
S
D
This represents the supplyand demand curve for education.
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Positive Externality Example
S
D
D2
All of society benefits from a better educated population. While parents may ignore this, the government should not. So, the government subsidizes education.
This subsidy, in effect, increases parents income so that they will demand more education.
p2
q2
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Market Failures (cont’d)
Information Failures
Information sharing becomes a problem
Not a problem for certain items one buys a lot
(e.g., food) – able to make adjustments
What about large items (cars) or
Items that are difficult to understand without
assistance (e.g., prescription drugs)
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Why Study Public Policy?
Improve citizens’ ability to participate and
make choices
– Increase knowledge of substance and process
Improve citizens’ ability to influence policy
decisions
– More informed arguments and analyses
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Role of Policy Analysis
Policy analysis: a systematic, organized way
to evaluate public policy alternatives or the
programs themselves
– used in a variety of ways
» assessing problems
» developing alternatives
» evaluating implemented programs
– can be used to influence policy
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Ways of Analyzing Policies
Effectiveness
Efficiency or economic feasibility
Equity and freedom
Political feasibility
May be others as well, such as extent of public participation or flexibility of a policy
Each criteria may not carry equal weight in each decision
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Meningkatkan Rokok putih (prod LN)
Rancangan Undang-Undang (RUU) tentang
Pengendalian Dampak Tembakau,
Dampak ke input (petani,TK)
Dampak ke output (produksi), perush rokok
kecil,
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Ditambah lagi nasib perusahaan rokok kecil
yang semakin terjepit. Pasalnya, serentetan
peraturan bukan membuat iklim perusahaan
itu bagus melainkan terjadi sebuah shock.
Termasuk dalam hal pemberlakuan harga
jual eceran (HJE) yang menekan
pengembangan pabrik rokok.
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Mungkin yg paling bisa dilakukan adalah:- Menaikkan cukai rokok sehingga harga rokok menjadi mahal- Membatasi tempat-tempat orang bisa merokok (denda yg besar buat yg melanggar)- Memperbanyak poster-poster anti rokok berikut bahayanya (disekolah, tempat umum dsb)- Keberanian MUI untuk menyatakan merokok itu haram.
Jadikan barang eksklusif