public policy in china by stella bartholet pd. 3
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Public Policy in China
By Stella BartholetPd. 3
![Page 2: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Policymaking
• Policymaking in China combines centralized political authority with marketization and privatization of the economy.
• Many political scientists are expecting China to democratize
![Page 3: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Policymaking Process
• The blend of capitalism and socialism creates tension
• Fang-shou is a cycle that has three types of actions/policies:
1.economic reform 2.democratic movements (letting go) 3.tightening-up by the CCP.
![Page 4: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fang-Shou in Modern ChinaEconomic Program Democracy Movements CCP Response
Four Modernizations(1978-1985)
Democracy Wall Movement(1978-1979)
De-legalization of Protest(1979-1980)
Second Revolution (1987-1989)
Student Democracy Protest(1986-1987) Anti-Bourgeois Liberalization
(1987-1988)
Tiananmen Democracy Demonstrations (1989)
Tiananmen "Massacre" arrest, attacks on political dissidents
(1989-present)Falon Gong Demonstrations
(1989-2000)Outlaw of Falun Gong:
arrest/execution of leaders
![Page 5: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Policy Issues
• Democracy and Human Rights
• Economic
• Foreign Policy and International Trade
![Page 6: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Issue #1: Democracy and Human Rights
Some democratic reforms can be seen:
• Some input from the National People's Congress is accepted by the Politburo
• More emphasis is placed on laws and legal procedures
• Village elections are now semi-competitive, with choices of candidates and some freedom from the party's control
![Page 7: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Tiananmen Crisis (1989)
• Began as a grief demonstration for the death of Hu Yaobang
• Protest grew, and turned into democratic protests criticizing corruption.
• Deng sent the People's Liberation Army to stop the protests, killed hundreds of protesters
![Page 8: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rule of Law
• Mao Zedong destroyed legal codes of dynastic China during the Cultural Revolution
• Since 1978, codes have begun to revive.
• Procuratorates, officials who investigate and prosecute official crimes, were recreated.
![Page 11: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Civil Rights and Liberties
• Many people thought Hu Jintao would promote more individual freedoms
• has not showed many signs of changing the government's basic political policies toward individual rights.
• created new laws regulating discussions on university Internet sites.
![Page 12: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Issue #2: Economic Policy
• 1949-1978: China followed a communist political economic model, a command economy
• Mao Zedong called this model the "iron rice bowl." It ensured health care, work and retirement security.
• Deng Xiaoping formed a socialist market economy, which infused capitalism while still retaining state control.
![Page 13: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Agricultural Policy
• The people's communes: peasants were organized into collective farms of hundreds to thousands of families. Groups were considered weak and poorly managed.
• Household responsibility system- Individual families take full charge of the production and marketing of crops
![Page 14: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
New Category of Private Business
• created by National People's Congress in 1988
• included urban co-ops, service organizations and rural industries that operate as capitalist groups.
• Private industry remains heavily regulated by the government, but the importance of China's state sector has diminished.
• Township and village enterprises = fastest growing sector
![Page 15: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Economic Problems• Unemployment and inequality: marketization has brought
high unemployment rates, economic growth has created a large inequality gap, and a floating population of rural migrants seeking job opportunities in cities.
• Inefficiency of the state sector- Almost three-fourths of industrial production is privately owned.
• Pollution- Air and water pollution have become increasingly serious problems
• Product safety- Tension between the central government and capitalism has given local officials a great deal of decision-making power, leading to exported poisonous products
![Page 16: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Issue #3: Foreign Policy and International Trade• China resists pressures from other countries to
improve human rights
• continues to threaten to invade Taiwan
• replacing Japan as the most powerful economy in Asia
• Asia's central economy that affects all others
• Chinese-Japanese relations are problematic
![Page 17: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Foreign Policy Under Mao
• Based foreign policy on supporting developing countries' revolutionary movements, ex. Korea and Vietnam
• During the 1920s and 1950s, the USSR gave China money and economic and political advice.
• USSR and China broke into a rivalry during the late 1950s.
![Page 18: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
U.S./Chinese Relations
• No contacts until the early 1970s, since China was anti-capitalist and ruled by Mao before then.
• Zhou Enlai opened the door to western contact.
• Nixon's 1972 visit to China signaled a new era.
• There are concerns about the imbalance in imports and exports between the U.S. and China.
![Page 19: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
International Trade and Business Today• The Chinese economy more open to the international
market over past quarter century
• Special Economic Zones: in these regions foreign investors were given preferential tax rates and other incentives.
• Since 1978: rapidly growing GDP, entrepreneurship and trade with many nations.
• Deng Xiaoping believed that the CCP should be firmly in command of the country, but did emphasis economic reform.
![Page 20: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hong Kong
• In 1997, the British gave China control over Hong Kong, as long as the capitalist system, legal system and way of life remained.
• Today, Hong Kong still has a high degree of
autonomy. • In 2003, Tung Chee-hwa decided to sell government-
owned public housing and business properties without consulting the legislature. A million protesters marched the streets.
![Page 21: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Taiwan
• Since post WWII, Taiwanhas claimed to be separatefrom China.
• During the Cold WarEra, the United States tried to protect Taiwan's autonomy.
• In 1971, Taiwan lost its membership in the United Nations
![Page 22: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Taiwan Cont.
• Chinese leaders believe that Taiwan is historically and legitimately a part of China.
• Some political parties in Taiwan believe that they should stand up to China, while others would like to reconcile their differences with China since it is their biggest trade partner.
![Page 23: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tiananmen Crisis
Taiwan Communist Party of China
Pollution Fang-Shou Nixon's 1972 visit
![Page 25: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Japan
Capitalism Politburo
Procuratorates
Iron Rice Bowl
Household Responsibility System
![Page 26: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Hu Jintao
Socialism Hong Kong
Special Economic Zones
Unemployment
The People's Communes
![Page 27: Public Policy in China By Stella Bartholet Pd. 3](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070307/551b53ee550346d31b8b5195/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Inequality
Human Rights
Mao Zedong
Household Responsibility System
Soviet Union National People's Congress