public transportation sustaining cities' ambience and efficiency

8/8/2019 Public Transportation Sustaining Cities' Ambience and Efficiency

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Urban Transportation:Sustaining Cities’ Ambience and Efficiency

Presented by:

Lawrence Tseu SK PhD. BA (Hon.) Town Planning, Leeds Poly. (1981); M. Urban Planning, McGill Univ. (1983)

Phd. Strathclyde Univ., (2005);

MMIP MRTPI

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINSTRATION Forum on Building Vibrant & Liveable CitiesOctober 5th 2010

Bukit Kiara, Kuala Lumpur



Ambience and Effiecency:Issues & Challenges Content Definitions

- about urban transport- about ambience- efficiency

- the planning issues

Urban Transport- walk the walk great cities have pedestrian environment- get on the bus- speed/cruise control - non motorised transport- delivery the good

Challenges Why we need to Change)

Conclusion



The Living Environment The Living Environment --

People and Urban Transport People and Urban Transport In any town and city, the structure of a human settlementIn any town and city, the structure of a human settlement

rests on a threerests on a three--legged stool of politic, economics and legged stool of politic, economics and transportation;transportation;

Of these three, transportation is the most visible and activeOf these three, transportation is the most visible and activein shaping a place;in shaping a place;

-- how we get around determine how we live;how we get around determine how we live; Urban Transportation determines the form we liveUrban Transportation determines the form we live

Sustainable urban transport focuses on public transportSustainable urban transport focuses on public transport

because the extensive use of public transport means morebecause the extensive use of public transport means morespaces are free for public spacesspaces are free for public spaces



Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – –

its origins and meaningits origins and meaning

In 1972 the United Nations convened a conferenceIn 1972 the United Nations convened a conferencein Stockholm, Sweden to give developed andin Stockholm, Sweden to give developed anddeveloping countries a better understanding of developing countries a better understanding of

how to care for our planet.how to care for our planet. The United Nations EnvironmentThe United Nations Environment ProgrammeProgramme

(UNEP) arose out of the Stockholm Conference(UNEP) arose out of the Stockholm Conference..



Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – –

its origins and meaningits origins and meaning

In 1983 the United Nations GeneralIn 1983 the United Nations General

Assembly created the World Commission on Assembly created the World Commission onEnvironment and Development (WCED)Environment and Development (WCED)

and appointed Dr.and appointed Dr. GroGro HarlemHarlem BrundtlandBrundtlandits Chairwoman.its Chairwoman.

The WCED was given the task of developingThe WCED was given the task of developinga “global agenda for change.”a “global agenda for change.”



Sustainable Development Sustainable Development – – its origins and meaningits origins and meaning Five years later, in 1987, the WCED published Five years later, in 1987, the WCED published

Our Common Future, which agreed a definition of Our Common Future, which agreed a definition of

sustainable development which is now generallysustainable development which is now generallyrecognised around the world. According to thisrecognised around the world. According to thisdefinition, sustainable development meets thedefinition, sustainable development meets the

needs of the present without compromisingneeds of the present without compromising

the ability of future generations to meet their the ability of future generations to meet their

own needs.own needs.



Sustainable Development Sustainable Development

The ‘mechanism’ of sustainable development concept isThe ‘mechanism’ of sustainable development concept isthat it attempts to reconcile economy and environment,that it attempts to reconcile economy and environment,and the access to resources of both present and futureand the access to resources of both present and future generations generations

…so in urban transport, there must be a paradigm shift…so in urban transport, there must be a paradigm shiftto ensure that urban traffic is workingto ensure that urban traffic is working –– people and people and traffic are not in conflict.traffic are not in conflict.

Our present practice in Malaysia shows that so muchOur present practice in Malaysia shows that so muchmore that needs to be improved more that needs to be improved



Changes in Urban TransportationChanges in Urban Transportation

In many cities of developing countries,

high growth of the vehicle fleet has taken

place over the last three decades;

Non-motorised transport, which in

earlier times was the common way of linking together places of activities, has to

a large extent been substituted by the car indaily mobility, and by trucks, for freight

movement



Excessive use of private vehicles

• creates and exacerbates traffic congestion on cities’

urban road networks;

• seriously undermines the role of public transport,which becomes less cost effective and less efficient

through falling use and increasing congestion;• Almost all Malaysian cities with large populations,

which have traditionally depended on public transport, cycling and walking, is now more car centered

• Car centred society brings about serious deficiency to social network and system in cities – compounds and damage urban fabrics

Th I fl f h P f i l Pl



The Influence of the Professionals: Planners,

Engineers towards the Unsustainable

What we have been focusing in the Past:What we have been focusing in the Past:

high speed, motorized longer high speed, motorized longer--distance travel distance travel

the needs of slower, shorter the needs of slower, shorter--distance travel distance travel

markets have been neglected markets have been neglected Result:Result:

-- Increasing trip lengths, urban sprawl Increasing trip lengths, urban sprawl

-- Decrease utility and use of walking,Decrease utility and use of walking,cycling, public transportationcycling, public transportation

-- Harm to environment, public health,Harm to environment, public health,

rising congestion, unsustainabilityrising congestion, unsustainability

-- Widespread false belief that transportWidespread false belief that transport

modernization equals motorizationmodernization equals motorization



Increase in urban traffic and urban congestion havethe following implications:-

i) use of space: the city environ. has deteriorated

ii) social impact (alienation of people)iii) road crashes/accidents

iv) street level pollution

v) health hazards and risksiv) unproductive workforce (spend more time on road)

vii) unfriendly city inviting snatch thieves, crime, rapes,

molestation)

viii) effect on greenhouse gas/global warming



how street space is allocated and managed tells peoplehow street space is allocated and managed tells peoplehow to travel…how to travel…

Source: GTZ Sourcebook



Visual intrusion on Urban Environment

Urban Space seized by motorcycles



Endless daybreak Traffic Congestion

A car first society



A car first society

4

1

2

3

5

2

d dd d



And yet today…. And yet today…. PolicyPolicy makersmakers inin developingdeveloping and and emergingemerging developed developed

countriescountries seemed seemed toto approachapproach transporttransport problem problem withwith car car oriented oriented paradigm paradigm poorly poorly matched matched byby thethe needsneeds of of urbanurbandwellersdwellers;;

TransitTransit isis dominated dominated byby discussiondiscussion of of megamega rail rail project project or or MRT MRT or or LRT LRT rather rather thanthan thethe moremore reasonablyreasonably priced priced busbusrapid rapid transporttransport;;

CyclingCycling and and walkingwalking areare neglected,neglected, uptakeuptake of of cleaner cleaner fuel fuel and and technologiestechnologies isis slow,slow, and and scarcescarce road road spacespace isis given given free free of of chargecharge toto car car ownershipownership minorityminority eveneven whilewhile citiescities areare facing facingseveresevere funding funding shortagesshortages..



Need to understand that

traffic growth outpaces

population and job growth…

but expanding roads

yields no long-term relief because it

induces more traffic



The Next Level - JUMPING

TO THE SECOND CURVE An Agenda for Change

http://nrich.maths.org/content/id/2742/iStock_jumper.gif



Planning for sustainable Urban

Transport: Towards Ambience

and efficiency



h b l h bh b l h b



The Accessibility Approach to UrbanThe Accessibility Approach to Urban

Transport PlanningTransport Planning

Paradoxically, too much mobility by cars can reduce theParadoxically, too much mobility by cars can reduce the

exchange because much of theexchange because much of the exchange spaceexchange space (shops,(shops,homes, footpath, public square, parks) must be devoted tohomes, footpath, public square, parks) must be devoted to““movement spacemovement space”.”.

The more of this we get in towns and cities, actually destroy The more of this we get in towns and cities, actually destroy

public realm of the towns/cities and hurts all other form of public realm of the towns/cities and hurts all other form of exchange friendly mode of transport;exchange friendly mode of transport;

Exchange* Exchange* -- the fundamental purpose of the city/town. Transport facilitatethe fundamental purpose of the city/town. Transport facilitate

exchange opportunityexchange opportunity



Main modes of urban transport

Walking

Cycling Motorised transport

- private

- public



Let’s Start with walking

Last year, 2009, the annual international walking conference, Walk21 begun with a pre workshop on Measuring Walkability on 6 th October 2009. The main conference took place at New York University in Manhattan's Greenwich Village, from Wednesday October 7 to Friday October 9, 2009 and will be hosted by the New York City Department of Transportation.This year, the conference will be held in Ocober in the Hague., Holland

The Ambience



The Ambience

Walking is the most natural, affordable, healthy andclean way of getting around; but it requires not only legs and feet but affordable street - the fundamental

building block of a walkable city.

Do we have it in Malaysia?



More footprints, less carbon: walkable communities are

sustainable communities. Dense, pedestrian-oriented,

walkable cities have significantly lower greenhouse gasemissions than more sprawling, car-oriented

counterparts.

pedestrian planning and environmental goals in theircities are linked

Why Walk?



How do we make urban transport sustainable and blend with the

environment ? How to draw out the niches of

urban transport



Invite people to walk everywhere in the street

Ensure that there are simple direct street crossing; always at grades



A great walking environment must

protect pedestrian from people

Only when people fill safe, they will

walk..to neighbourhood stores,

leisure, path, walk the pets, along

neighbourhood roads etc.…making the street come alive…

a great environment

Continuous sidewalk over

side street gives pedestrian

priority

Canopies create critical shade fro

sidewalk especially in very hot

towns/cities

i l



Invite people to

linger

Unlike other mode of transport, walking is not

just about getting from Ato B

Connect important



Connect important

Destinations

A high quality street for pedestrian and bicycle only inBogota, Columbia

Keep Ground Place active where people walk




New York Street: From famous to world class pedestrainising



In 2008, sidewalk in time square were so overcrowded and and spilled into the street. By

May 2009, the City of New York implemented the Broadway Boulevard Project . This

included the new pedestrian zone in Times Square, Herald and Greenly Square and

Madison Square. 42,000m2 of space were reclaimed from traffic. Congestion from

surrounding avenue decreased significantly; Traffic injuries felled by 63% and pedestrianinjuries fell by 35%

f p gBroadway

Source: ITDP Sourcebook



New York’s Broadway is today is striving like never before. People converge on this urban

place from all over the world to enjoy its vistas, cafes, concerts, art exhibitions, yoga

class, spontaneous snowball fight, watch people etc. An exciting and a place that canclaim to be the world most lively street.


Health Impact no more of these



Health Impact – no more of these

Traffic Police and others in Bangkok are exposedTo motor-vehicles’ emission on regular basis likethis street vendor at Silom Street who resorts tousing surgical mask to filter highly polluted air

A sidewalk seamstress who carries out hertrade in Bangkok’s Payattai Street wearinga surgical mask to indicate the polluted air inthe city.



What does it mean for the Planet?

Source: ITDP Source book



Source: ww.walkinginfo.org/training/pdps



Cycling or Biking

Beside walking, Bicycling issues have grown in

significance throughout the 1990s. In this new millennium, public agencies and public

interest groups alike in many cities esp. in developed

ones are striving to define the most appropriate way in which to accommodate the two modes within theoverall transportation system so that those who walk

or ride bicycles can safely, conveniently, andcomfortably access every destination within acommunity.



Bicycles and other means of people powered

transport are the most sustainablealternative to motorised vehicles.

People will choose cycling if street are madesafe and comfortable. Cycling help peopleto save at least a third of their income that

are normally spent on vehicles or publictransport

Source: Bike world

Cycling / Biking



Cycling is Fun and Healthy

Making cycling



safe and fun



Bicycles are cheap mode of urban transport



C li i f ll ki d f l



Cycling is for all kind of people



Bicycles lanes can be planned almost anywhere Grand Teton, WyomingGrand Teton, Wyoming

Bicycle lane in Canberra

The Way to the StationThe Way to the Station



• Direct priority routes for cyclistsand pedestrians

• Information infrastructure• Channelized traffic with

medians, traffic calming• Good models: Delft, Leiden, Den

Hague, Hannover, Copenhagen,Malmo, Bogota, Curitiba

Source: Replogie, 2008



You can tell how a

bike is used and loved by its owners

In fact bicycles are so popular that…



Promoting Biking at Portland Airport, Oregon, USA



And


the sustainable



In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed In urban area, people matter; not speed

and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of and this is just one of the essence of sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…sustainable urban transport…

Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the Government of the day should focus on the backbone of public transport backbone of public transport backbone of public transport backbone of public transport – –– – the bus; the bus; the bus; the bus; cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy cheap, equitable in term of social costs; easy

to maintain and operate to maintain and operate to maintain and operate to maintain and operate

…………So get on the Bus So get on the Bus So get on the Bus So get on the Bus

Some trip takes too long



for walking and for cycling

Shenyang Bus Lane

Suzhou Bus Lane

Shijiazhung Bus Lane

Exclusive Bus Lane

Four public transport systems, same cost (US$1 bi)Four public transport systems, same cost (US$1 bi)



426 kilometres of BRT 40 kilometres of LRT

14 kilometres of elevated rail 7 kilometres of subway

Construction Time



BRT METRO

1 -2 Years 3 -10 Years



Because of their comparative low costs an fast

implementation time, the BRT (bus rapid transit

system) are proving to be able to keep space with rapid motorisation and urbanisation of cities

Weather protected station

with seating and real time



with seating and real time

information makes waiting forbus much more comfortable

Level boarding without stairs

makes it very easier for the

handicapped, people withstrollers and big luggages




Success in SEA: In Jakarta, TransJakartaBRT system has

expanded to 118 km

Source: GTZ Source book



Meeting the diverse needs of all people



Source: LTA, Spore

Meeting the diverse needs of all people



Source: LTA Spore

BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport BRT and urban transport



pppp

in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore in Bogota and Singapore

Source: LT Masterplan (Singapore)

Bus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from SingaporeBus Lanes from Singapore



Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore Bus Lanes from Singapore

Source: :LT Masterplan, Singapore



Clear and Informative



Rules and Enforcement



Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in Use of Bus Lane in

Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan Kunming, Yunan

Province, PRC Province, PRC Province, PRC Province, PRC



Benefits…



An Example in

Indonesia

Traffic Congestion ...and more congestion



Speed Control in



Urban Areas




•Today, many cities are retrofitted and designed for

cars;• car travel remained the preferred choice;•Traffic calming measures should be implemented

in strategic locations including school zones,residential areas, commercial areas

5

Why Speed control is necessary



4

12

3

2



A city for cars

Widening or adding roads inurban areas or built up areas



damage urban communities.More cars use lead to greatercongestion, pollution and fuelconsumption and greenhouse

gas emissionCars consume too much urbanspaces and road space

Traffic cells allow passenger

vehicles and lorries to accesstheir street

Only if it is their destinations,

giving pedestrians and cyclists

priority

Slow down – increase spaceand safety for people



Creating pedestrianwalkway gives way to pedestrian safety

Macau

a

Make Changes – be innovative



Get Smart

– keepcars out




Balance access with opportunities to linger



Remove visual cues, like painted street lineand built curbs, forced drivers to slow

Down when mixing with pedestrians inSeoul, South Korea.

In Paris, rue saint Denis a place wherePeople reclaimed the street within a traffic

cell.

A St t i



A Street in New Road,Brighton,England.Everyone Wins

Source;ITDP Source Book

Pay for Privilege



Keep Car out -CongestionCharging and on streetall day parking charge

Linking up spaces



Deliver the Goods

City life is fed by movement of people and goods



City life is fed by movement of people and goods Food, fuels, clothing and solid waste are transported

between and within the cities by trucks;

Freight movement contributes 40 -50% of noise andair pollution; while on average account only for 10-15%of all vehicle travelled;

To be sustainable, cities need to ensure delivery services will have less impact on communities.

Regional movement should move from trucks (LHV)to rail or water based transport system; within cities,cycled based mode could also be tried out

Servicing the city in the cleanest and safest manner



Using small delivery van, deliverymen makes local delivery and collect

Goods at client doorstep



La Petitie, Reine, France

Emission Control



Only small truck allowed for

Deliveries, during morningHours in Macau.

Innovative/diversify deliveries

In Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, goods

are picked up at distribution centersb bi l



p pby bicycle

In Brazil, catering company Fruta FrescaHires triathlon athletes from low income

Communities to make deliveries in a city

where most deliveries are made by

mtoorcycle

Build density around transit nodes



Ensure high densityaround transport nodesaccording to pedestrian

and cycling 10 minutescatchment areas; 800 for pedestrians and 3 km for cyclists

Density should be denser

towards the transit nodes


High density allow greater success of urban transitmode



Landuse planning encouragedensification around BRT

corridor in Curitiba

Streetscape of BRT, Curitiba,

Brazil

Other applications: Revitalise existing before building new

Reuse structure preserve elements of

Neighbourhood history and identity –



Old industrial area metamorphosed into a hub of life, work and leisure in

New York city

g y y

all within walking distance of transit

node

Why we needWhy we needWhy we needWhy we need



WhyweneedWhyweneedWhyweneedWhyweneed

tochange tochange tochange tochange InMalaysiancitiesandtowns,

wehaveopportunitiesbutweneedtorecognise

ourweaknesses

Lack of transport facilities to enhance the attractivenessof bus transport.

Non continuous walkway for bus transport, lack of



Non continuous walkway for bus transport, lack of pedestrian crossing faculties, bus information, busshelters, etc

Poor pedestrian connectivity and the opportunity for bustransport to provide good service.

Bus competing for road space;

traffic circulation in the CBD area is poor . No one likes

to use bus transport if it gets caught up in long queuesand traffic jam.

Most attractive places seemed to be shopping malls

Influence of the Professionals – you get what you plan



Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur

Lesson on flyovers

• Shifting trips from public

transport to carI i i l h

Mexico City



• Increasing trip length• Raising potential for

blighted zones adjacentto highway

• Creating air pollution andhot spots within radius of several hundred meters

Guangzhou



In Malaysian most cities and town we tend toignore the value of tree lined street in the urbanenvironment …

Physical Impact on Urban Environment

Aesthetic beauty of treelined street then



lined street…then

And now...

Impact on Urban Environment



Before the trees were cut to give way to the state of art -

flyover

Impact on Urban

Environment



Territorial Possessive Aspect



With an aid of the car, the human being

can claim territory practically anywhere.

He/She parks the car whichever and

wherever is convenient to himSource: researcher’s library

Territorial Possessive Aspect The car as an reinforce

technique



Source: researcher’s library

Emotional/relational aspect:

the cars an object of desire and love



Some people buy and love their

cars

Treatment of car goes beyond

expectation

Slight accident or dent made to

their vehicle may invite real

problem

Travel Demand Management

•Recognizes that travel demand is not a given policy but



•Is vital to creating high performance, cost-effective

transportation systems

•Is the natural complement to transportation supply

management, land use planning, and environmental/natural

resource management

•Recognizes that travel demand is not a given policy, but

is a function of transportation policies, pricing,

investments, choices

Project TDM Objectives…

• Influence travel mode choices tofavor broader policy goals



p y g

• Promote more efficient tripchoices

• Reduce unnecessary motor

vehicle travel

• Reduce trip lengths

• Productively reuse saved urban

spaces

Source: GTZ SUT

Project Successful TDM

measures in HongKong have ensured the bus



gindustry remains viable,

with buses dominating citytraffic.

TDM measures in Curitiba,

Combined with integrated

land use planning, ensure buses

retain market share

To succeed …To succeed …To succeed …To succeed …



To move towards a better efficient transport

system, we need to build up our resource base sothat there is a same focus; an understandingabout what quality of life and sustainable

development is all about



Thank youThank you

public transportation sustaining cities' ambience and efficiency

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