pulaski institute of design

Pulask i I nst i tute of Design

Dormitor y and Student L i fe Complex, Pulask i , Vi rginia

A Thesis Statement Submitted to the Facult y of the Architec ture Depar tmentI n Par t ia l Ful f i l lment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architec ture

At

The Savannah Col lege of Ar t and Design

By

Christopher P. Shomo

A special thanks goes out to Fernando Munilla, Catalina Strother, and Tony Thomas

for all of their help and encouragement throughout the design process.

4

~Table of Contents~

Introduct ion: Pg. 8

C hapter 1

Welcome t o P u lask i , V irg inia:A Histor ic Main Street Town Pg. 12

C hapter 2

T h e C o l l a p s e o f A Fu r n i t u r e To w n :The Success of

Pulaski Furniture Corporat ion Pg. 20

P ulas ki Demog raphic s: Pg. 26

I n d u s t r i a l Pre s e r v a t i o n :The Rehabi l i tat ion ofIndustr ia l Her i tage Pg. 30

C hapter 3

College To wn U SA:Intent ional S ide Effects Pg. 56

Cr eatin g: a Landscaped Park… a Socia l , Cultura l and Economic Center…

a New “Symbol” of the Community… Pg. 58

Inter vie w with Alder man T homas Pg. 74

C hap t er 4

Q u a l i t a t i ve :Spacia l Intent ions for Rehabi l i tat ion Pg. 82

C hap t er 5

Desig n:The New Campus Pg. 92

Master S ite P lan Pg. 113

C hap t er 6

Desig n Focus:Dormitor y and Student Life Complex Pg. 92

Code Requirements Pg. 122

The Dorm Room - Development Pg. 132

C hap t er 7

Student Lounge - Community Pg. 92

5

C hapte r 8

Environmental Control :Seasons of the South Wal l Pg. 170

C hapte r 9

Structure Pg. 184

“Cyc lone Stairs” Pg. 198

C hapte r 10

P u l a s k i I n s t i t u t e o f D e s i g nDormitor y and Student Life Complex Pg. 211

Final Project Board Pg. 225

7777777777777777777

8

~Introduction~

PTransforming the historic Pulaski Furni-

ture Plant into a design school will re-

store the buildings, boost the local econ-

omy, and intensify a community already

rich in cultural history.

With the influence of the restored furniture plant, historic downtown, and beauty of the Blue Ridge Mountains, the Pulaski Institute of Design will exist to prepare talented students for the art and design industries.

The restored Pulaski Furniture Complex will pro-vide a unique college campus setting different from any existing facility of higher education in Virginia. While many institutions in Virginia offer their own art departments, the only school that is dedicated primarily to the design in-dustry lies 300 miles away at the Art Institute of Washington, DC. It is one thing to build a college campus from ground up, but an entirely different experience attending a school a color-

P ulaski Fur niture Building - image edited to inc lude “ P ulaski Inst i t ute o f Desig n” s ig n

ulaski Institute of Design:

9

ful past; a restored memory of the heart and soul of a community.

Like many small towns in America, the economy in recession has pushed businesses out of Pu-laski at alarming rates. The historic main street sits almost empty, described as hustling and bustling only on trial days at the courthouse. Establishing a college will entice commerce to once again thrive in the downtown area. Restau-rants and shops will appear, catering not only to students, but to existing and future residents of Pulaski.

Figure 1: Aerial photo of the Pulask i Furniture Complex

11111111111111111

Chapter 1

12

~Chapter 1~

Welcome to P ulaski , V irg inia:A Histor ic Main Street Town

Pulaski, Virginia is a historic main street

town in the New River Valley, nestled within

the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia. The Town

(Population 9, 062 – 2007 Census) lies 13 miles

from the Interstate 77 and 81 intersection, and

is in close proximity to Wytheville, Blacksburg,

and the cities of Radford and Roanoke. Virginia

Tech and Radford University are both a short

drive away, while a 10 minute journey through

the countryside will take you to the New River

Community College, and the Pulaski County

High School Campus in the town of Dublin.

Figure 2:

Cour thouse

Clock Tower

13

Figure 3: Pulask i County Cour thouse

14

Originally in an area known as “Mar-

tin’s Tank” for the early iron and zinc industry

and later “Martin’s Station” from the influence

of the Virginia Tennessee Railroad, Pulaski

County dedicated its name in 1839 to Count

Casimir Pulaski who perished during the Civil

War in Savannah, Georgia. The first county

seat resided in the small town of Newburn

until a fire destroyed the courthouse in 1893.

Eyes focused on the recently incorporated

“City of Pulaski” which soon became the site

for the new county seat two years later. The

Town of Pulaski was established and the new

courthouse, now regarded as an icon of the

county, was completed in 1896 (History).

Figures 7, 8, and 9 ( f rom lef t ) :The Pulask i Tra in Depot was bui l t in 1896, the same year as the cour thouse. The bui lding was ful ly restored in the mid 1980’s and is now the R aymond F. R atc l i f fe Memoria l Museum( White, Town Tour 9)

Figure 6:Ear ly photo of the Pulask i Tra in Depot

Figure 4 and 5: Ber tha Zinc Commissar y ( lef t )Ber tha Zinc Company, 1890 ( r ight) :

The Commissar y Bui ld ing, an example of “Br ick Row ” st y le construc t ion, i s current ly a pr ivate res i -dence owned by M ickey Seagle ( White, Town Tour 6).

15

T h e N e w R i ve r i s famous for being the second old-est k nown Nor th-f lowing r iver. I t i s a lso the s i te for the area’s epic s tor y : “ The Long Way Home,” a drama that depic ts the l i fe stor y of Mar y Draper I ngles. The play captured audiences at an outdoor stage in R adford f rom 1971 to 2000.

The economy was booming in the

town of Pulaski in the late 19th century.

Though the main industry remained Agricul-

tural based, four major companies arrived

in the area: the Bertha Zinc Company, the

charcoal fire Boom Furnace near Allisonia,

the Pulaski Iron Company, and Dora Fur-

nace. Inspired by the growing area, Norfolk

& Western railroad ran two lines through the

town and made a remarkable contribution by

constructing the Maple Shade Inn (History 1).

Pulaski was now a destination. The

arrival of the 20th century saw visitors travel-

ing into the Pulaski Train Depot to stay at the

Maple Shade, or Pulaski Hotel. Main Street

remained busy with shoppers, and local the-

aters entertained packed audiences.

Figure 10 : The Maple Shade I nn, 1884This i s now the s i te of the

M aple Shade Business Park .

Figure 11:

Charac ter of Mar y I ngles

Figure 12: the New R iver Val ley f rom above

“I n July of 1755, Shawnee I ndians, a l l ied with the French, ra ided the ear ly Western Virginia Front ier. The result of one of those ra ids was Mar y Draper I ngles’ Journey, The Long way Home. You can exper ience this h istor ic epic in Ear l Hobson Smith’s most st i r r ing play, which is now des-ignated as “ Virginia’s H istor ical Out-door Drama of the Commonwealth .”

Come see this t rue heroic adventure depic t ing M ar y Draper I ngles’ 850 mi le escape through some of the most rugged, and then unexplored terra in of the Nor th American Con-t inent by fo l lowing the r ivers. A t r ip f raught with danger to give warning of a second I ndian attack , her incred-ible journey… (Laura Osborne, a Roa-noke.com, ( Vi rginia) .”

16

Works Cited

“History of Pulaski County.” Pulaski County. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2008. <http://www.pulaskicounty.org/Misc_htm/History of Pulaski County.htm>.

“Virginia State Historical Outdoor Drama: The Long Way Home.” e-ReferenceDesk - 50 State Learning Resource Guide. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Dec. 2008. <http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/virginia/historical-outdoor-drama.html>.

White, John B. “Town Tour.” The Town of Pulaski, Virginia. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Dec. 2008. <http://www.pulaskitown.org/townofpulaski.aspx>.

White, John B. Pulaski (Images of America: Virginia). Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2008. Print.

Images:

Figure1: http://newrivervalley.virginiascan.yesvirginia.org/Site_Selection/PropertyDetails.aspx?propertyid=240274 Pg. 9

Figure 2: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vapulask/ Pg.12

Figure 3: http://img.groundspeak.com/waymarking/display/5e96e9ae-f266-4243-a8b0-71a59fb3e24e.jpg Pg.13

Figure 4 and 5: h ttp://www.pulaskitown.org/pulaskitowntour1.pdf Pg.14

Figure 6: http://spec.lib.vt.edu/imagebase_new/norfolksouthern/full/ns1147.jpeg Pg.14

Figures 7, 8, and 9: http://www.pulaskitown.org Pg.14

Figure 10:http://spec.lib.vt.edu/imagebase_new/norfolksouthern/F1/NS5241.JPG Pg.15

Figure 11: http://www.e-referencedesk.com/resources/state-symbols/virginia/historical-outdoor-drama.html Pg.15

Figure 12: http://www.aoe.vt.edu/~lscharf/fl ying/ Pg.15

19

Chapter 1

19

Chapter 2

20

Saturday, Februar y 17, 2007Pulask i Furniture to close last U.S. plantBy Angela M anese -Lee - Roanoke Times

Pulask i Furniture Corp. announced Fr iday that i t wi l l c lose i ts last do -mest ic manufac tur ing plant by late Apr i l , lay ing of f about 260 people and level ing a s igni f icant blow to Pulask i ’s economy.

Fol lowing the cur io cabinet plant ’s c losure, the 52-year- old company wi l l cont inue to house warehouse, customer ser v ice and other opera-t ions in Pulask i , and a news re lease sa id the company does not expec t the c los ing to have any ef fec t on i ts del iver ies to dealers.

“ This i s par t of a t rend within the furniture industr y that cont inues the shi f t of domest ical ly manufac-tured furniture to of f shore pro -duc t ion, especia l ly to As ia ,” Vice Pres ident of Operat ions Lamont Hope sa id in the re lease. “Our competit ion, by moving produc t ion of f shore, has created such pr ic ing pressure that our domest ic opera-t ion can no longer compete (Manese-Lee, Pulaski) .”

Fr iday, December 14, 2007Developers buy old Pulask i Furniture plantBy Angela Manese -Lee - Roanoke Times

Roughly e ight months af ter Pulask i Furniture c losed i ts last domest ic furniture plant , end-ing an era of large scale furniture manufac tur-ing in Pulask i , t wo real estate developers have purchased the company ’s mass ive, downtown fac i l i t y, br inging hope - - and a bit of re l ief - - to a communit y hi t hard by layoffs .

But the sa le won’t necessar i ly mean the return of b ig industr y.

Asheboro, N.C . , developer John Schwar z sa id he and his brother Jef f purchased the plant for “over a mi l l ion dol lars” with plans to lease the fac i l i t y for a var iet y of uses - - f rom boat bui lding and storage to cabinetmak ing.

There was one business here, there could be 20,” Schwar z sa id of the plant ’s sprawl ing, mult i -bui lding campus. “ We’ve a l ready rented to prob -ably hal f a dozen new tenants.”

M ixed in with the new tenants wi l l be an old one.

Schwar z sa id Pulask i Furniture, which maintains of f ice and warehouse operat ions on the s i te, wi l l cont inue to occupy about a thi rd of the more than 1 mi l l ion square feet under lease.

The fac i l i t y ’s remaining space wi l l l ike ly house a var iet y of new and re located business.

Schwar z , who, with his brother, owns several o ld furniture plants in Nor th Carol ina , sa id he has leased 30,000 to 35,000 square feet and received addit ional interest f rom other sources.

“ Whatever they want , we’ l l accommodate them and get some people back to work here,” he sa id (Manese-Lee, Developers) .

Figure 1

21

~Chapter 2~T h e C o l l a p s e o f A Fur n i t u r e

To wn:The Success of

Pulaski Furniture Corporat ion

The Pulask i Veneer and Furniture Corpo -

rat ion was founded in 1955 by Thomas

J . McCar thy, Sr. , Fred A. Stanley, Sr. , and

Col in R ichardson. The f i rst l ine of fur-

niture consisted of low pr iced bedroom

sets with s imple designs geared towards

easy manufac tur ing. Two years later

Pulask i ’s successful label reached show-

rooms in Chicago (American Furniture

Market in Oc tober 1957) , and by 1960

they purchased Morr is Novelt y Corpora-

t ion of Mar t insvi l le, Vi rginia , makers of

smal l “occas ional tables” and other “nov-

Figure 2: recent bedroom set by Pulask i Furniture Corporat ion

Pulask i Furniture Corporat ion Logo

elt y furniture.”

The focus of the company was now on cur io cabinets. These

were shelves designed to showcase col lec tables. The pieces

were descr ibed as having an expensive, s t y l ized “Pulask i look ,”

but pr iced so anyone could af ford. Business was r is ing and

with the ref ined name: “Pulask i Furniture Corporat ion”, the 60’s

brought sa les beyond $7 mi l l ion!

22

G o o g l e M a p s

25

I n 1967 Bernard “Bunny ” C . Wampler be -

came pres ident and sought out cont inu-

ous growth and encouraged divers i t y in

the manufac tur ing l ine of Pulask i Furni -

ture. Accent pieces, occas ional tables,

and hand painted armoires star ted ap -

pear ing with Pulask i ’s name on them.

Col lec t ion af ter col lec t ion cont inued to

be developed, and by 1985 sa les grew

above $74 mi l l ion ( Pu l a s k i ) .

1987 marked the beginning of a “down-

turn in the furniture industr y.” American

spending went down in a mini - recess ion

that occurred in 1989, and l ike many

companies, Pulask i Furniture star ted to

look for ways to cut cost . By establ ishing

connec t ions with Asia , they were able to

star t impor t ing “ready-to -f in ish” pieces

to sel l under the Pulask i brand. By 2005,

over hal f of the produc ts were impor ted, and revenues peaked

above $200 mi l l ion ( Pu l a s k i ) .

I n Oc tober of 2006, an announcement was made that Pulask i

Furniture would c lose i ts last remaining plant in the US, and

would be immediately lay ing of f 119 people. Apr i l of 2007 came

and the plant stopped operat ing, giv ing another 260 job - loss

blow to Pulask i ’s economy. Unemployment rates of the count y

jumped to 6 .8% (State : 2 .4%) and then sett led down to 4 .8 % by

S eptember of 2007 (Manese-Lee, Developers) .

26

P ul ask i De mog r ap hics:

D e m o g ra p h i c s f r o m : e p o d u n k . co m

28

Works Cited

Manese-Lee, Angela. “Developers Buy Old Pulaski Furniture Plant.” Roanoke.com. The Roanoke Times, 14 Dec. 2007. Web. 28 Dec. 2008. <http://www.roanoke.com/news/nrv/wb/143395>.

Manese-Lee, Angela. “Pulaski Furniture to Close Last U.S. Plant.” Roanoke.com. The Roanoke Times, 17 Feb. 2007. Web. 28 Dec. 2008. <http://www.roanoke.com/nrv/wb/104944>.

“Pulaski Furniture Corporation.” Answers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Dec. 2008. <http://www.answers.com/topic/pulaski-furniture-corporation-2>.

Images:

Figure1: http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/z0302a1700/Ex tra .gi f Pg.20

Figure 2: http://w w w.homelement .com/images/PF-662100_10_40_24_80_81_8. jpg Pg.21

30

Industrial Preservation:Th e Rehabilitation ofIndustrial Heritage

The rehabilitation of historic industrial

sites can regenerate land deemed hazardous for

the community, restore public revenue through

adaptive reuse, and preserve memories from

past industries that played an important role in

the area’s economic past. The stylistic nature

of historic industrial buildings and sites makes

them prime candidates for demolition rather

than preservation, therefore placing them on an

endangered list. The sites have suff ered criticism

dating all the way back to A.W. Pugin, when in

1836 he did drawings contrasting London before

the Industrial Revolution, and after (Figure 1). He

was pushing his ideas forward that the city was

healthier without the industrialized aesthetic, and

that they should go back to Gothic Style structures

that provide a stronger morality to the population. Figure 1: Comparat ive drawings by Pugin (1836) contrast ing

London, before and af ter the I ndustr ia l Revolut ion. He is ask ing the quest ion: Which is better?

31

As preservationists it is imperative to understand

why industrial sites should be saved, and how

they document human activity throughout a

community’s past. After all, history must take

in account not only the living, but the working

environments.

What are the characteristics of a historic

industrial site? They often reside in sections of

town that have been transformed by a harsh

byproduct-of-production. Many variables like

waste-pollution, impressions from trucks or trains

traversing the area, and the constant wear and

tear from people traveling through each day

for as long as the industry existed, can exhaust

the land. The boundary of an industrial zone is

usually very clear, particularly considering sites

of abandoned factories and warehouses. The

buildings themselves express a somewhat muted

factory aesthetic, usually with additional infl uences

from architectural styles that existed during the

time of construction. Function dictates the form

of the spaces within, as well as the quality of the surrounding environment. As

if entering a diff erent world, green fades to brown, pavement turns to rubble,

order turns to crime, and built can turn into ruin. Without proper upkeep

these zones can deteriorate down to the classifi cation of a “Brownfi eld Site;”

a landscape that contains hazardous chemicals or other contaminants that

must be removed before human occupation of the area can continue. Usually

this can make the role of a preservationist quite diffi cult when faced with such

environmental odds. However, an offi cially determined Brownfi eld Site could

help fund preservation eff orts.

32

Could the Pulaski Furniture Complex be considered a Brownfi eld Site?

33

“EPA’s Brown� elds Program provides direct funding for brown� elds assessment, cleanup, revolving loans, and environmental job training. To facilitate the leveraging of public resources, EPA’s Brown� elds Program collaborates with other EPA programs, other federal partners, and state agencies to iden� fy and make available resources that can be used for brown� elds ac� vi� es. In addi� on to direct brown� elds funding, EPA also provides technical informa� on on brown� elds � nancing ma� ers.”

-epa.gov/brown� elds/grant_info

34

Edward K. Muller, from the University

of Pittsburg, did a lecture in 2004 at the City

Museum of Washington about Industrial Heritage

Landscapes. Throughout the lecture he spoke

of the diffi culties that surround preservation

eff orts, and how the “gatekeepers (2)” (those who

decide historical importance – federal-state-local

government) tend to overlook our industrial

heritage. It is much easier for the gatekeepers

to accept preserving sites that pertain to famous

people, or have a direct connection to national

history, “but places as mundane as factory

buildings, railroad yards, and workers housing

do not inspire the same sense of patriotism, of

hallowed American ideals, and of hero worship

(Muller, 3).” The tendency to avoid industrial

preservation may stem from the lack of historic

knowledge, not having a clear path to conduct

surveys, and basically not understanding how to

manage the documentation of industrial resources.

To encourage preservation it is very

35

important to look at industrial sites and the

surrounding communities as landscapes. Just as

natural landscapes are subject to change from

weather or seismic activity, industries demand

constant change due to production needs. Factory

buildings undergo continuous additions, and fl oor

plans can shift as new production technologies

call for built adaptations. Often there are no

architects involved, and these alterations to

the buildings occur after decisions from many

diff erent individuals, working with engineers to

accommodate the quickest, easiest, and cheapest

method of building expansion (Muller 5). For

this reason, industrial sites begin to express a

vernacular quality to them, again making it diffi cult

for a preservationist to obtain a complete story of

the building.

The grounds around the built facilities

are almost in constant motion during the life of

an industry. Muller mentions that these sites are

often “consumed by transportation (4),” and can

be altered by the accumulation of production waste. Nothing is permanent

in these areas because of the constant activity, so in many cases it can be

diffi cult to understand the history of the land that existed before the last

days of use. Looking beyond the site itself, usually there are neighborhoods

consisting of workers and their families. Just like the factory buildings were

undergoing vernacular alterations, “local business people and governmental

offi cials unintentionally, or less intentionally, developed adjacent communities

that unfolded as an accumulation of hundreds and thousands of individual

decisions (Muller 5).” It is very important to understand the direct correlations

between the places where the workers lived, shopped, ate, and gathered, to

the changes that took place at their workplace. The factories, surrounding

neighborhoods and businesses existed in a symbiotic relationship, where one

could not exist without the other. Essentially, the community that developed

around an industrial site is just as important as the production facilities, and

preservation projects must include these areas as historical importance to the

industrial context.

How does a preservationist go about learning the history of the ever-

changing landscape of an industrial site? To fi nd this answer we must focus on

the United Kingdom, the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution, and Michael

Rix who coined the term “Industrial Archaeology.” Michael Rix, an amateur

historian, introduced the concept of Industrial Archaeology as the title of a

36

paper he presented to academic centers in 1955.

“If IA is to be conducted with a view of studying

the evolving manufacturing processes throughout

human history then it must rightly include the

development of stone axes and fl int knives of the

Neolithic period up until the present (Industrial

pars. 4).” Based upon that reasoning, time frame

in which the term applied was widely debated

from recognizing the past 100 years, to some

archeologists in British museums considering it to

cover “as far as historic records permit – some 6000

years (Industrial pars. 2).” In 1959 an Industrial

Archaeology committee was formed by the

Council for British Archaeology, and the offi cial

defi nition of the term meant “the physical remains

of the Industrial Revolution (Industrial pars. 3).”

37

“Many of the industries

of the 18th and 19th centuries

have declined into near obscurity

and with it the loss of historically

valuable trades and practices.

Historical visionaries recognized

the immense importance of

regaining knowledge of the

dormant iron foundries, ports,

stations, and other transport hubs,

textile mills, and shipbuilding

yards. Their commitment forged a

general acceptance that IA means

archaeological study of the period

of the Industrial Revolution to the

present day (Industrial pars. 5).”

The fi eld of Industrial Archaeology

started with a focus on recording the history of

production-technology, and beginning in the

1960’s the CBA (Council for British Archaeology)

was issuing standard record cards “designed to

be fi lled in by voluntary fi eld workers with details of the nature and location

of industrial monuments (Keith).” 1965 brought about the National Record of

Industrial Monuments, which took over the recording process using both the

cards and help from three books including 2 fi eld guides by David & Charles

and Batsford, and studies by Longman. By 1981, over 8000 entries were

transferred over to the National Monument Record, and the record was then

deemed closed due to the cards “drying up (Keith).”

The Scottish Industrial Archaeology Survey was formed in 1977

that the University of Strathclyde in Wales, and that gave way to “extensive

thematic surveys had been completed on several subjects including the

heavy ceramics industry, windmills, wind pumps and suspension bridges” in

the area. In the 1980’s there was a dramatic decline in the Welsh coal mining

industry, and realizing the large mine fi elds could be lost, it sparked an interest

in documenting large historic industrial landscapes. The SIAS was absorbed

by the Scottish Royal Commission in 1985, and this resulted in regulations

that require the recording of an historic industrial site before demolition and

redevelopment can occur (Keith).

Industrial Archeology was originally intended as a method for

the record keeping of the industrial-advancement timeline and locations.

Advancements in recording techniques have been made since the beginning

38

of the fi eld including, electronic surveys that

communicate with GPS devices to give us exact

locations of important markers within the sites,

and computer programs like CAD have allowed

for detailed, precise drawings of locations. “In a

relatively short fi eld campaign it is now possible

to electronically capture thousands of survey

points in three dimensions to produce 3D modeled

images on computer screen a short time later

(Keith).”

The focus up until the 1990’ was based

upon documenting technology, rather than

how the history of the industry is relevant to the

surrounding community (Keith). Now it seems as

though the focus is that of preservation. Concepts

from this fi eld can be borrowed for data collecting

in an eff ort to save historic industrial structures

that directly relate to the economic structure of the

surrounding neighborhoods.

39

Mission statementof the Society for Industrial Archeology

in the US:

“The mission of the Society for Industrial Archeology

(SIA) is to encourage the study, interpreta� on, and

preserva� on of historically signi� cant industrial

sites, structures, ar� facts, and technology. By

providing a forum for the discussion and exchange of

informa� on, the Society advances an awareness and

apprecia� on of the value of preserving our industrial

heritage (Mission par. 1).” Figure 2

40

SIA:

Society for Industrial Archeology

The SIA brings people together throughout

the United States to push forward concepts of

industrial preservation into the public eye. They

off er grants from one to three thousand dollars to

“non-profi t organizations and qualifi ed individuals

for the study, documentation, recordation, and/

or preservation of signifi cant historic industrial

sites, structures, and objects (About).” There are

guidelines off ered (many similar to the National

Registry), and a review board is in place to go over

applications of sites for submittal to the SIA record.

The reward for being approved is the advocacy

from the organization to protect the historic

industrial site.

After research is obtain and eff orts to

preserve, rather than demolish are accomplished,

rehabilitation seems to be the best modern

method of preserving historic industrial buildings

41

S I A P U B L I C AT I O N S :

“ T h e J o u r n a l o f t h e S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l

A r c h e o l o g y { I A } , i s p u b l i s h e d t w i c e y e a r l y. I A i s t h e p r i n c i p a l f o r u m f o r t h e p u b l i ca -t i o n o f c u r r e n t r e s e a r c h i n i n d u s t r i a l a r -c h e o l o g y. E a c h i s s u e o f t h i s p e e r r e v i e w e d j o u r n a l co n t a i n s s c h o l a r l y a r t i c l e s , e s s a y s a n d b o o k r e v i e w s.”

T h e S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l A r c h e o l o g y

N e w s l e t t e r ( S I A N ) i s p u b l i s h e d q u a r t e r l y. T h e n e w s l e t t e r co n t a i n s c u r r e n t n e w s, l i s t o f r e ce n t p u b l i ca t i o n s o f i n t e r e s t , c h a p t e r n e w s, s h o r t a r t i c l e s a n d n o t i c e s o f c o n f e r -e n ce s a n d e v e n t s o f i n t e r e s t t o m e m b e r s o f t h e S I A co m m u n i t y.

Figure 3

42

and sites. Adaptive reuse is described as the

process of rehabilitation “by which structurally

sound older buildings are developed for

economically viable new uses (Cantell 2).” While

staying true to signifi cant elements of the original

structure, this method adapts the building to

function for a contemporary use. Rehabilitation

projects usually remain more historically

accurate on the exterior façade, while the interior

undergoes the most dramatic changes in the form

of layout and upgrades to meet modern structural,

ADA, and environmental-control buildings

requirements and codes.

Environmental and economic issues can

be a huge selling point for the reuse of historic

industrial buildings, and Mike Jackson makes that

very clear in his article called: Embodied Energy

and Historic Preservation: a Needed Reassessment.

He gives the defi nition of embodied energy as,

“the sum of all the energy required to extract,

process, deliver, and install the materials needed

E m b o d i e d E n e r g y

T h e q u a n t i t y o f e n e r g y r e q u i r e d b y a l l t h e a c t i v i t i e s a s -s o c i a t e d w i t h a p r o d u c t i o n p r o ce s s, i n c l u d i n g t h e r e l a t i v e p r o p o r t i o n s co n s u m e d i n a l l a c t i v i t i e s u p s t r e a m t o t h e a c -q u i s i t i o n o f n a t u ra l r e s o u r ce s a n d t h e s h a r e o f e n e r g y u s e d i n m a k i n g e q u i p m e n t a n d o t h e r s u p p o r t i n g f u n c t i o n s. i . e . d i r e c t p l u s i n d i r e c t e n e r g y.

T h e e n e r g y i n p u t r e q u i r e d t o q u a r r y, t ra n s p o r t a n d m a n u -f a c t u r e b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l s , p l u s t h e e n e r g y u s e d i n t h e co n -s t r u c t i o n p r o ce s s, ca n a m o u n t t o a q u a r t e r o f t h e ‘ l i f e t i m e’ e n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t o f a v e r y e n e r g y - e f f i c i e n t b u i l d i n g. To r e d u ce e m b o d i e d e n e r g y, w i t h o u t co m p r o m i s i n g l o n g e v i t y o r e f f i c i e n c y :

* r e - u s e e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s a n d s t r u c t u r e s w h e r e ve r p o s s i b l e

( p r ov i d e d t h e i r e n e r g y co s t s i n u s e ca n b e r e d u ce d t o a n a c -

ce p t a b l e l e ve l ) .

* d e s i g n b u i l d i n g s f o r l o n g l i f e , w i t h e a s e o f m a i n t e n a n ce a n d a d a p t a b i l i t y t o c h a n g i n g n e e d s

* co n s t r u c t b u i l d i n g s a n d i n f ra s t r u c t u r e o u t o f l o ca l a n d l o w - e n e r g y m a t e r i a l s w h e r e p o s s i b l e

* r e d u ce t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f h i g h r i s e, d e t a c h e d o r s i n g l e - s t o r e y d e v e l o p m e n t s

* d e s i g n l a y o u t s w h i c h m i n i m i s e t h e e x t e n t t o r o a d wa y a n d u t i l -i t y p i p e w o r k p e r d w e l l i n g

- I n f o r m a t i o n f r o m : a r c h . h k u. h k

43

to construct a building (Jackson 47).” The U.S.

Energy Information Administration’s website

off ers ratios of embodied energy to annual energy

consumption of commercial buildings. They range

from 5:1 to 30:1, with historic structures having

greater embodied energy due to heavier building

materials like thick, load bearing brick walls.

Jackson tells us that by rehabilitating old buildings,

and making them effi cient enough to meet

modern standards, 70 percent of the embodied

energy can be reclaimed. When comparing an

existing rehabilitation project to demolition with

new construction, it can take more than 30 years

(sometimes longer than the buildings life cycle) for

the energy consumption to be reclaimed (Jackson

51).

G R A N T M O N E Y

T h e S o c i e t y f o r I n d u s t r i a l A r c h e o l o g y o f f e r s I n d u s t r i a l H e r i t a g e Pr e s e r va t i o n G ra n t s f r o m $ 1 0 0 0 t o $ 3 0 0 0 f o r t h e s t u d y, d o c u m e n t a t i o n , r e co r-d a t i o n , a n d / o r p r e s e r va t i o n o f s i g n i f i ca n t h i s t o r i c i n d u s -t r i a l s i t e s , s t r u c t u r e s, a n d o b j e c t s . - s i a h q. o r g

D i d y o u k n o w ?

Yo u ca n r e ce i v e

44

Figure 4: The American Locomotive Works - Provenance, RI

45

The American Locomotive Works

(ALW) near Provenance, RI, is an example of a

rehabilitated industrial site that is described

as a “preservation success” that meets modern

sustainability standards (Thornton 2) (Figure 2).

The buildings have a rich history of production

dating from the 1880’s to the 1960’s that includes

the manufacturing of trucks, rubber for military

balloons, and fi les for use of jewelers and watch

makers. Manufacturing later moved to diff erent

locations and the 22 acre site, including 26 factory

and warehouse building, was left completely

abandoned. Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse, is a real

estate development company “known for working

in challenging locations as a multi-role developer,

builder and a construction manager, [with a]

focus on waterfront transformation, historic

adaptive reuse and urban in-fi ll, mix-use projects

(Struever).” Understanding the importance of

the American Locomotive Works to the history of

the surrounding community, they took it upon

themselves to adapt the buildings into a mixed use development that includes

300,000 square feet of Retail / Restaurant space, 323,000 square feet of

Class-A offi ce space, 385 residential units, and more than 2,925 parking spaces

(American). The adaptive re-use of the ALW project directly infl uenced the

restoration of the landscape, thus transforming the location out of the realm of

a production-byproduct-desert aesthetic, and into a lush, green environment

with trees and walkways. Traditionalists might argue that the context of

site might get lost in the process, but the harsh to soft transition provides a

more desirable atmosphere for human interaction, a key component in the

successful rehabilitation of an industrial site.

4646

The American Locomotive Works

rehabilitation followed standards for LEED

accreditation (Leadership in Energy and

Environmental Design). Though LEED has been

scrutinized to not uphold many requirements

based upon historic signifi cance, points are

rewarded for reuse of materials – which can be

translated into rehabilitation. Fran Weld, a LEED

accredited professional who oversaw much of the

project’s development remarked that the buildings

“renovated with sustainable practices and green

building techniques from the start.” In fact, the

rehab was part of a pilot program called LEED-

ND, with the “ND” standing for “neighborhood

development.” The Trust for Architectural

Easements mentions in their Columns Newsletter

that the LEED-ND program can be considered

“Opposite of urban sprawl,” and in the case of

the ALW, “incorporates smart growth principles

and sustainable buildings practices (Thornton

3).” The location and proximity of all the buildings

FFFiFiFFiFiFigugugugurererere 5555 5::::

47

promote pedestrian travel, and therefore tie into

the existing urban fabric around the site. It directly

incorporates the existing historic neighborhoods

that were built around the original time of the

American Locomotive Works.

One of the biggest issues when pushing

the rehabilitation of a historic industrial building is

deciding the new function will be. The American

Locomotive Works was able to incorporate a new

mixed use development because the surrounding

city-population of Provenance could support it.

What about smaller towns, and rural areas that

have historic industrial buildings, but lack the

population to support a new property that must

rely on consumerism? An answer could be to

update the buildings, and allow a new industry

to move in. Ideally this would create more jobs

for the community, and pay homage to the

history of the structures by continuing a new

type of production. Just as many industrial sites

throughout history have changed ownership and

Pulaski Furniture Buildings

48

have been altered to meet new functions, restored

manufacturing could provide a new link in the life-

chain of the building and community. Considering

the economic crisis of today and the sharp decline

of manufacturing in the US over the past decades,

this option sounds utopian but plagued with a

harsh reality.

In 2007, Preservation Virginia, a

private non-profi t organization that advocates

preservation projects in the state, named the City

of Danville on its list of Virginia’s Most Endangered

Historic Sites (Figure 3). Up until the stock market

crash, Danville “experiences more than 50 years

of unparalleled prosperity based on tobacco

and textiles (Virginia’s).” The industrial aesthetic

grew with tobacco refi ning factories, and large

mills that have been considered landmarks that

defi ne the characteristics of the area, and have

been icons for generations’ worth of Danville’s

community. The structures apparently speak for

themselves, and already draw tourism to the area

D a nv i l l e, Vi r g i n i a

49

that has suff ered economic disparity in the recent

years. The local government, as well as private

investors keen on seeing the town restored, have

been focusing mainly on downtown and an area

known as the “Tobacco District.” There are many

other important structures that have been left in

jeopardy, including the Worsham Street Bridge,

and an industrial zone called the Schoolfi eld Mill

District (Virginia’s). Ironically, these structures were

previously on the same endangered list (2005-

2006) that the entire town now fi nds itself on.

“Danville’s historic buildings are the envy of many

communities across the state (Virginia’s),” so it is

very interesting how the local government fails

to see how preservation can act as a stimulus for

economic development. Basically, Danville has a

historic “Field of Dreams,” and to partially quote the

movie: “[Restore] it, and they will come.” Who will

come? There will be a new draw for tourism that

will attract businesses, and a growing population

to provide revenue to a depressed economy.

Figures 6, 7, and 8: ( lef t page) Danvil le Virgin-ia’s G eneral Hospital, (Upper)Long M il l , and Worsham Bridge

50

Historic industrial sites are in jeopardy

across the country, and very similar to how the

preservation movement began in the United

States, support for these structures and landscapes

seem to be spawning from private interest

groups and individuals who recognize their

importance. It is easy to see why governments

on the federal, state, and local levels can overlook

these structures, landscapes, and communities

based upon aesthetics, and the relationship to

non-famous, working-class people. In order to

prove that an industrial site is worthy of saving,

preservationist must become archaeologists;

being able to translate and document the history

of vernacularly-infl uenced buildings that have

been altered throughout time. Surrounding

neighborhoods must been investigated when

conducting surveys because it is the human

aspect that brings the history of an industrial

site to life. The type of rehabilitation must be

ideal for the location, while environmental and

51

fi nancial incentives can play an important role in

preservation-persuasion.

“…the longer I look at landscapes

and seek to understand them, the

more convinced I am that their

beauty is not simply an aspect but

their very essence and that beauty

derives from the human presence.

… The beauty that we see in the

vernacular landscape is the image

of our common humanity: hard

work, stubborn hope, and mutual

forbearance striving to be love

(Muller 2).”

–John Brinckeroff Jackson from his

book Discovering the Vernacular

Landscape, Quote taken from

introduction of Edward K. Muller’s

lecture.

52

Works Cited:

“About the Society for Industrial Archeology.” Society for Industrial Archeology. 2009. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. <http://www.siahq.org>.

“American Locomotive Works: ALCO History.” American Locomotive Works: Providence, Rhode Island. 2009. Web. 05 Oct. 2009. <http://www.americanlocomotiveworks.com/history/>.

Cantell, Sophie F. “The Adaptive Reuse of Historic Industrial Buildings: Regulation Barriers, Best Practices and Case Studies.” Virginia Tech, Northern Virginia Center. Virginia Polytechnic Institue and State University, May 2005. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. <http://www.nvc.vt.edu/uap/docs/Student%20Projects/Cantell_Practicum.pdf=>.

“Industrial Archaeology.” Extensive Information on Archaeology and Artefacts at Archaeology Expert (UK). 2009. Web. 29 Oct. 2009. <http://www.archaeologyexpert.co.uk/IndustrialArchaeology.html>.

Jackson, Mike. “Embodied Energy and Historic Preservation: A Needed Reassessment.” APT Bulletin 36.4 (2005): 47-52. Jstor. Web. 28 Oct. 2009. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/40003163>.

Keith, Falconer. “The industrial heritage in Britain: the fi rst fi fty years.” La Revue. May 2006. Web. 29 Oct. 2009. <http://histoire-cnrs.revues.org/document1778.html#tocto1>.

“Mission Statement: Preservation Virginia.” Preservation Virginia. 2009. Web. 02 Nov. 2009. <http://www.apva.org/aboutus/>.

Muller, Edward K. “Industrial Preservation: Connecting People, Place, and History.” Rutgers Camden. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 17 Apr. 2004. Web. 29 Oct. 2009. <http://www.camden.rutgers.edu/Camden/march/docs/Main%20Pages/MullerAnnualMeeting2004.doc>.

“Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse: Providence & Rhode Island: Valley Neighborhood: American Locomotive Works.” Struever Bros. Eccles & Rouse: Transforming America’s Cities Neighborhood by Neighborhood. 2006. Web. 03 Nov. 2009. <http://www.sber.com/providence/american_locomotive.php>.

Thornton, Laura L. “Preservation Success: Former Locomotive Factory Gets New Green Lease on Life.” Columns 3 (June 2009): 2-3. Trust for Architectural Easements. June 2009. Web. 03 Nov. 2009. <http://www.architecturaltrust.org/uploaded_fi les/columns_june2009_web.pdf>.

“Virginia’s Most Endangered Historic Sites 2007.” Preservation Virginia. 2007. Web. 02 Nov. 2009. <http://www.apva.org/pressroom/pdf/endangered_sites_07.pdf>.

53

Images:

Figure 1: http://www.urs2009.net/docs/papers/Saborio.pdf Pg. 30

Figure 2: http://www.sia-web.org/ Pg. 39

Figure 3: http://www.sia-web.org/ Pg. 41

Figure 4: http://www.am ericanlocomotiveworks.com/masterplan/ Pg. 44

Figure 5: http://www.americanlocomotiveworks.com/masterplan/ Pg. 46

Figure 6, 7, and 8: http://paradigms4progress.fi les.wordpress.com/2008/06/greenbuilding.jpg Pg. 48-49

5555

Chapter 3

56

~Chapter 3~

College Town USA:Intentional Side Eff ects

What is a description of a College Town?

Usually instead of having a large industrial infl u-

ence, a college town bases its economy on the

success on an establishment of higher education.

The school acts as a catalyst for transformation

and has the power to promote growth not only

within the institution itself, but in the surrounding

community. The main ingredient that fuels this

transformation is the arrival of students. They bring

with them fresh perspectives, the thirst for knowl-

edge, energetic attitudes, and what every town in

America needs to survive: money. The town and

college live in a symbiotic relationship, both of

them relying on each other to exist.

“ I n o u r v i e w, g r e a t co l l e g e t o w n s h a v e a s p a r k t h a t co m e s n o t o n l y f r o m y o u n g b l o o d, b u t f r o m j a z z c l u b s, l i t e ra r y e v e n t s , b o o k s t o r e s a n d ca f e s. T h e y a r e i n t e l l e c t u a l , c u l t u ra l a n d e co n o m i c h u b s, b a l -a n c i n g t ra d i t i o n w i t h n e w b u s i -n e s s g r o w t h . O f t e n , t h e y m i x u r b a n a m e n i t i e s a n d s m a l l - t o w n c h a r m .” - w w w. e p o d u n k . co m

Figure 1

57

Businesses tend to surround colleges to

cater to students as well as the surrounding com-

munity. The necessities of book stores, and coff ee

shop hangouts are accompanied by restaurants

and new retail. Then, in a chain reaction, the “col-

lege catering” businesses create a demand for print

shops, and advertising fi rms. People are moving

into the area because the college driven economy

ultimately creates employment: an intentional side

eff ect.

It boils down to ‘cause and eff ect.’ Establishing a

successful college (Action A), will boost the local

economy (Reaction B) and has a particular eff ect

in a small town setting: Reaction C is a direct sense

of community involvement in the decisions, and

benefi ts of campus facilities.

Colleges and universities in large cities

have to deal with greater security issues than in

smaller towns. School buildings are strictly for

people with “Student I.D.’s ONLY!” A college in a small town is more inviting

to its surrounding community, allowing the town to be involved directly with

functions at the school, as well as the school allowing the town to have access

to its facilities.

If the town needed to use a large building belonging to the college for

a fund raiser or town celebration, the town would be welcomed to use it. If a

community theater group needed a larger area to perform, and the school of-

fered the ideal stage, the actors would be granted access to the college’s stage.

Maybe the performing arts students decided the town’s historic theater would

be the ideal location for their new play. The students would be welcomed in.

The college would bring exhibits created not only by its talented students, but

from outside schools and museums. The public would be invited.

58

De f init ion of “ Col lege To w n:”

“A co l l ege to w n or unive rs i t y to w n i s a communit y (o f-te n l i te ra l l y a to w n, b u t po s s i b l y a s m a l l o r m e d i u m s i z e d c i t y, o r i n s o m e c a s e s a n e i g h bo r h ood o r a d i s t r i c t o f a c i t y ) which i s dominated by i t s unive rs i t y populat ion. The uni-ve r s i t y m a y be l a r g e , o r t h e r e m a y be s e ve ra l s m a l l e r i n s t i -t ut ions such as l iberal ar t s co l l eges c lustered, or the re s i-dentia l populat ion may be smal l , but co l l ege to w ns in a l l c a s e s a r e s o d u b be d bec a u s e t h e p r e s e n c e o f t h e e d u c a t i o n a l inst i t ut ion(s) pe r vades e conomic and soc ia l l i f e . Many loca l re s idents may be employed by the unive rs i t y - which may be the largest employer in the communit y, many businesse s c a te r p r i m a r i l y to t h e u n i ve r s i t y, a n d i n d e e d t h e s t u d e n t s po p u l a t i o n m a y o u t n u m be r t h e l oc a l po p u l a t i o n o u t r i g h t . ”

-W ikipedia De f init ion

59

Cre ati ng:a Landscaped Park…

a Socia l , Cultura l and Economic Center…a New “Symbol” of the

Community…

“A n i s l a n d o f g r e e n , P u n c t ua t e d

by m o nu m e n t a l b u i l d i n g s, s i t e o f

a d i ve r s e ra n g e o f c u l t u ra l a n d

s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s, t h e ca m p u s i s i n

m a ny wa y s t h e f o c u s o f l i f e i n t h e

co l l e g e t ow n , mu c h a s d ow n t ow n

wa s i n t h e p r e - a u t o m o b i l e c i t y

o r t h e s h o p p i n g m a l l h a s b e e n i n

s u b u r b i a . Wi t h i t s co n ce r t h a l l s,

mu s e u m s, s p o r t s s t a d i u m s, l a n d -

s ca p e d g r o u n d s, a n d b u s y ca l e n -

d a r o f e ve n t s, t h e ca m p u s i s a hu b

o f a c t i v i t i e s t h a t s e r ve s n o t o n l y

s t u d e n t s a n d s t a f f, b u t t h e l a r g e r

p o p u l a t i o n o f a t ow n a n d r e g i o n .

A s s u c h , t h e ca m p u s i s b o t h a n

e nv i r o n m e n t f o r l e a r n i n g a n d a

p u b l i c s p a ce.”

–Blake Gumprecht wrote in the Journal

of H istor ica l GeographyFigure 2

60

In the book The American College Town, Blake

Gumprecht compares a campus to a landscaped park,

a social, cultural and economic center, and serving as

a symbol to the community. He arrives to his conclu-

sions by analyzing the University of Oklahoma and the

town, Norman, that was chosen as the site in Decem-

ber of 1890.

How does Pulaski compare with Norman?

Utilizing the current layout and location of the Pulaski

Furniture Complex resemble the University of Okla-

homa? Would the proposed Pulaski Institute of Design

become a social and cultural center, enhanced by the

immediate location to downtown and Main Street?

Could it become a symbol of the town, and blend in to

enhance the current aesthetics, keeping an industrial

memory while converging to a landscaped college

environment?

61

L a n d s c a p e d Par k :

A Col lege i s Bor n

A col lege should be green and wood-

ed. I t i s a t radit ional bel ief that a col lege

campus should be perceived as beaut i fu l

to attrac t students. The suppor t ing towns

ut i l ize the presence of a campus to enhance

the town’s attrac t ion - l ike a landscaped

park .

Figure 3 : Vi rginia Tech Dr i l l Fie ld - a “Landscaped Park ”

62

David Ross Boyd was the fi rst president of

Oklahoma University. In August of 1892 he de-

scribed what he saw stepping off the train:

“As far as I could see, looking to the South-

West toward where the university now stands,

there was one vast stretch of buff alo grass. Not a

tree or shrub broke the interminable monotony of

that hard-pan desert (Gumprecht 43).”

Figure 4: First Bui ld ing at the Univers i t y of Ok lahoma

63

Boyd was known for revitalizing the land-

scape and even though many trees were planted

before his arrival, he encouraged the board to

approve an enormous $70 to buy 1000 trees to be

planted around the campus, and the road connect-

ing to the town. The Oklahoma House of Repre-

sentatives Journal of 1983 described University

Avenue to be “blossoming as a rose.” Boyd then

created a nursery around his home, raising many

varieties of trees on fi ve acres. Within six years an

estimated 40,000 trees were planted (Gumprecht

43-44).

Figure 5: First Bui ld ing at the Univers i t y of Ok lahomaaf ter t rees were planted

64

Landscaped Park:

A Town is Born

Pulaski was established by fi rst constructing

the County Courthouse, then planting the building’s

landscape to beautify downtown and Main Street.

The designers paid close attention to detail in por-

traying the new monument to the county seat. The

trees and grass invite pedestrians to slow down their

stride and enjoy the fresh air, open space, and the

picturesque trees that frame the building like a work

of art. Like David Ross Boyd planted the campus of

Oklahoma University, The Town of Pulaski founders

landscaped the downtown.

Figure 6

Figure 7

65

Figure 8

Figure 9

66

Pulask i Furniture Plant - S i te Condit ions

67

Pulask i Furniture P lant - New Landscape

68

Social, Cultural, andEconomic Center:

Large cities off er facilities for cultural

events, and schools do not maintain permanent a

focus for events. Colleges in small towns will truly

become centers for social interaction.

“The host concerts, plays, and sporting

events. They possess museums and sponsor other

activities that draw people from the surrounding

community. Campus ballrooms, banquet halls, and

Figure 11: ( r ight) “ The Union” when i t opened had a cafeter ia , bal l room, auditor ium, pool hal l , bowl ing a l ley, soda fountain , and 17 rooms for overnight lodg-ing. Whi le the bui lding was intended as a ‘meet ing ground for undergraduates’, i t soon began to attrac t the publ ic because i t possessed fac i l i t ies unavai lable e lsewhere.

Figure 10:M ap showing the layout of the Univers i t y of Ok lahoma

69

auditoriums provide venues for a diverse range of

social events. As Such, college towns like Norman

often act as regional centers of culture, unusual in

their amenities for cities of their size.”

The Furniture Complex used to be the

“large industrial presence” that defi ned Pulaski’s

downtown fabric, earlier discussed as the opposite

of a college town. If the buildings were restored,

and the Pulaski Institute of Design were estab-

lished, would Pulaski have the ability to transform

itself into a thriving college town?

The site is physically near the town’s center.

It sits one block from Main Street with close ac-

cess to interstates and other large college-based

populations in nearby towns. It actually has one

thing a college needs to survive: location. The new

school would become a new Social, Cultural, and

Economic center for Town of Pulaski.

While building the University of Oklahoma, the

Figure 12: Aeria l photo of the Pulask i Furniture Complex and (below) an out l ine of the exist ing plant bui ldings

70

town of Norman grew to meet its demands. The

school breathed life into the area and the built en-

vironment rose from the infl uence. Pulaski already

has the infrastructure for both the college, and a

beautiful historic downtown with spaces awaiting a

new business presence.

71

Basic Transformation Formula:

Empty factory +Restoration +School + Students

= New Jobs

= New Businesses

= Economical Growth

= New Buildings for Public Use

Basic Transformation Formula:

Empty factory +Restoration +School + Students

= New Jobs

= New Businesses

= Economical Growth

= New Buildings for Public Use

72

New “Symbol”for the Community:

With the Pulaski Institute of Design per-

forming as a catalyst for economic and social

growth, it will have the infl uence to become a new

symbol of the community. What was defi ned by

industry is now known for education. A college

would be to Pulaski like Virginia Tech is to Blacks-

burg, and Radford University is to the City of Rad-

ford. The transformed furniture plant will become

the icon that started modern renaissance for the

town, like the Savannah College of Art and Design

did for Savannah, Georgia.

The Savannah College of Art and Design

(SCAD) was incorporated on September 29th,

1978, founded by Paula S Wallace, Richard G.

Rowan, May L. Poetter, and Paul E. Poetter. Instead

of building a new campus outside of the City of

Savannah, the college decided to purchase and

SCAD Mission Statement:

The Savannah Col lege of Art and Design exists to prepare ta lented students for professional careers, emphasiz ing learning through indiv idual at tent ion in a posi t ively or ient-ed universi ty environment.

SCAD Vision:

The Savannah Col lege of Art and Design, an inst i tut ion wi th dist inct ive yet complementary locat ions, wi l l be rec-ognized as a leader in def in ing art and design educat ion. By employing innovat ion in al l areas, SCAD wi l l provide a super ior educat ion through talented and dedicated facul ty and staff , leading-edge technology, advanced learning resources and comprehensive support services.

~scad.edu

73

rehabilitate the Savannah Volunteer Guard Ar-

mory on Bull Street to serve as the school’s fi rst

classrooms and administration. For the low cost

of $300 a course, classes opened in September

of 1979 (Muller). For the next 30 years the school

continued to restore buildings, becoming a leader

in historic preservation. This helped revitalize the

downtown Historic District in Savannah, as well as

providing a boost the local economy by attracting

new students, tourists, and businesses to the area.

Essentially, SCAD became a symbol for the Savan-

nah Historic District.

Figure 13: Poetter Hal l - SCAD

74

Interview with Alderman Tony ThomasDistrict 6 - Chairman of Savannah City Council

To obtain a better understanding of how SCAD in-

f luenced the area an interview was conducted with local

c i ty off ic ia l , Alderman Tony Thomas. Tony is nat ive to the

area and has been serving as Alderman for Savannah’s

Distr ict 6 s ince 2000. He current ly s i ts as Chairman of

Ci ty Counci l . In the interview he was asked about how

Savannah changed because of the presence of the SCAD,

and how the economy improved with the growth of the

school .

75

Q u e s t i o n : You saw f i rst -hand how Sa-vannah changed when SCAD moved in . What was the di f ference “now and then” for the histor ic d istr ic t? Has SCAD inf lu-enced tour ism?

A n s we r : “ SCAD ’s incept ion to the Savannah communit y is a bless ing but one that requires constant monitor ing. Thir t y years ago when SCAD was formed as a smal l ar t col lege, no one could have imagined the inst i tut ion that would be thr iv ing three decades later. Dur ing the ear ly years of SCAD, Savannah was a struggl ing c i t y that was def ining hersel f for a new era . Der-e l ic t houses were a common ever yday pic ture in the downtown landscape. M any great struc tures were gett ing lost to the wreck ing bal l and much was lost that wi l l never be recovered f rom the past . However, SCAD helped - and I do stress helped - to usher in a new era of preser vat ion and awareness coupled with the growing needs of an urban core univers i t y. Fast for ward to today and the Savannah of the 2000’s i s a leader in preser vat ion with a uni-vers i t y that exists among the histor ic bui ld ings of the past . The thousands of students that attend SCAD do so in one of the most unique univers i t y set-t ings in the countr y and for that matter the world. This however, comes with great chal lenges on the communit y in re lat ion to growth and infrastruc ture. The SCAD administrat ion must be more wi l l ing to work with the local gov-ernment to def ine a v is ion and work with the communit y par tners and par-t ic ipate in the growing consumption of the infrastruc ture by the univers i t y. Unfor tunately, the local government and SCAD have had a poor re lat ionship when i t comes to managing that v is ion and the future intent ions of the uni-vers i t y.” “SCAD has def in i te ly inf luenced tour ism and has been a par tner in drawing thousands of people to this communit y because of the architec tural preser-vat ion and histor ic landmark distr ic t .”

76

Q u e s t i o n : What was Broughton Street (a main commercial street in the histor ic distr ict) l ike before and af ter the school moved in? Was there a not iceable change in the downtown economy? What about other parts of Savannah, l ike Southside?

A n s we r : “ Broughton Street was depressed and derel ict in many areas before SCAD moved in. Retai l had made i t ’s exodus to the Southside mal ls and centers and Broughton Street was almost a ghost town in the 1980’s. With the invent ion of the modern day shopping mal l - Oglethorpe Mal l , many of the businesses were put out of business or c losed their doors. Simply - the shoppers disappeared and the street fe l l into a depressed state and era. As SCAD grew, people started to take note of the thousands of aff luent students wi th disposable incomes that were for the most part residing in the downtown era. This helped to usher in a new hope of revi-ta l izat ion and a new day for Broughton. Now, through effor ts of the Savan-nah Development and Renewal Author i ty and other community partners, Broughton Street, MLK Jr. Boulevard, and Montgomery Street are gett ing a new lease on l i fe and mi l l ions in publ ic and pr ivate investment that wi l l certainly help the area to cont inue to expand and prosper in the decades ahead.” “Southside Savannah has seen very l i t t le f rom SCAD. Other than perhaps some housing and some disposable dol lars f rom the students, much of the core of economic impact is exper ienced in the downtown corr idor. That ’s not to say that as an overal l p icture, SCAD is not support ive of the South-side but rather - downtown Savannah is the pr imary area for economic impact.”

Q

77

Q u e s t i o n : What are your thoughts about SCAD’s effor ts in the preservat ion of Savan-nah through the reha-bi l i tat ion of h istor ic bui ld ings?

A n s we r : “ SCAD has been a Godsend for the preservat ion of housing and histor ic assets for th is community. I t ’s hard to imagine what may have happened i f not for the conjunct ion of t iming and SCAD with Savan-nah’s histor ic distr ict . Whi le some may argue the tax benef i ts that SCAD receives for their non-prof i t status, no one can argue that their col lec-t ive work in th is community has not led to mi l l ions in preservat ion and hundreds of structures saved from the wrecking bal l . That alone may be SCAD’s greatest assistance to our community as i t evolves in th is new era. That said, SCAD’s administrat ion must become more forthcoming and welcoming of the local government wi th their p lans for the future and they must be wi l l ing to part ic ipate in the planning and f inancing of projects that affect the future development and areas where they plan to expand. SCAD must not expect there to be no costs to the inst i tut ion for th is future expansion.”

Q u e s t i o n : What are your conclusions about SCAD’s inf luence on Savannah? Where do you think the c i ty would be i f the school d id not exist?

A n s we r : “ As I have said ear l ier, I cannot imagine where Savannah would be i f not wi th SCAD. The existence and growth of SCAD has pro-vided a unique scene and cul ture for downtown Savannah that is near ly un-matchable anywhere in the wor ld. I t ’s a win-win s i tuat ion for both that must be monitored and cul tured for the future. I feel that as the univer-s i ty and ci ty cont inue to grow, we must do so in a mutual understanding for the best planning for the future. Open communicat ion by the two wi l l ensure that the future of Savannah and the universi ty are hand- in-hand and a successful and prosperous arrangement for a l l who are involved.”

78

Works Cited

Gumprecht, Blake. The American College Town. First Edition ed. Amhearst: Univ. Of Massachusetts Press, 2008. Print.

Muller, Julia C. “A 30-year history of the Savannah College of Art and Design.” savannahnow.com. Savannah Morning News, 21 Feb. 2009. Web. 25 Jan. 2010. <http://savannahnow.com/node/676764>.

Thomas, Tony. Email interview. 18 Feb. 2010.

Images:

Figure 1: http://www.fl ickr.com/photos/benjamingolub/2916006689/ Pg. 56

Figure 2: http://pics4.city-data.com/cpicv/vfi les247.jpg Pg. 59

Figure 3: http://hippieseminarian.fi les.wordpress.com/2009/09/100_0313-2.jpg Pg. 61

Figure 4 & 5: The American College Town, pg. 45 Pg. 62-63

Figure 6: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vapulask/photos/pulaskiCourtHouse1911.jpg Pg. 64

Figure 7: http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~vapulask/swhitt/courthse.JPG Pg. 64

Figure 8: http://farm4.static.fl ickr.com/3105/2582991775_2fa5b70a76.jpg?v=0 Pg. 65

Figure 9: http://farm2.static.fl ickr.com/1369/1084704247_6fb743377e.jpg Pg. 65

Figure 10: The American College Town, pg. 42 Pg. 68

Figure 11: The American College Town, pg. 54 Pg. 68

Figure 12: http://newrivervalley.virginiascan.yesvirginia.org/Site_Selection/PropertyDetails.aspx?propertyid=240274 Pg. 69

Figure 13: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Poetter_Hall_at_SCAD.jpg Pg. 73

818181811

Chapter 4

82

~Chapter 4~

Qualitative:Spacial Intentionsfor Rehabilitation

Transforming the furniture complex into

the Pulaski Institute of design involves an exten-

sive study on not only the programming needs of

a college, but determining which existing building

conditions can support modern use. There are four

major categories to consider in a program for a col-

lege: Academic Departments, General Education,

Administration, and Student Support/Living.

Academic Departments need to be areas

dedicated directly on the subject at hand so stu-

dents can focus, and gain infl uence from other

students working within the same major. Open

studio spaces will be required, and adapted to

Academic Departments:Department Bui ld ings/AreasStudio SpacesComputer AccessExhibi t SpaceFacul ty Off ices

General Educat ion:General Educat ion Bui ld ing ClassroomsFacul ty Off icesComputer Labs

Student Support /L iv ing:DormsCafeter iasStudent CenterRecreat ionSecur i ty

Administrat ion:BursarFinancial AidAcademic Advisement

Academic Departmentsp :Department Bui ld ings/AreasStudio SpacesComputer AccessExhibi t SpaceFacul ty Off ices

General Educat ion:General Educat ion Bui ld ing ClassroomsFacul ty Off icesComputer Labs

Student Support /L iv ingpp g:DormsCafeter iasStudent CenterRecreat ionSecur i ty

Administrat ion:BursarFinancial AidAcademic Advisement

83

meet the needs of the particular environment. For

example, an architecture department would need

drafting desks, direct access to computers, and a

wood shop for model making. Studios that are

partitioned instead of completely closed into a

room will allow other studios in the building to be

in tune with each person’s work, creating a healthy

studio-to-studio relationship. Sound absorption

would be used to diminish unwanted noise, but

it would be very obvious if a professor was tell-

ing a joke in one of his or her lectures as an entire

class bursts out in laughter. Ideas from discussions

could be heard by curious listeners, and future

students can walk through the partition-implied

hallway to gaze at a possible near future. Many

sections of the Pulaski Furniture Complex are ware-

house structures. If these are left as an open fl oor

plan with tall ceilings, the “typical closed class-

room” idea can transform into a fully collaborative,

integrated studio environment.

84

There is often a debate on how to imple-

ment computers into a “studio” environment. A

computer lab is typically described as an enclosed

room with wall-to-wall workstations, and works

very well in a computer technology related, or gen-

eral education buildings. Computer aided design

has now been implemented into many art related

majors, and the concept of a computer “lab” tends

to destroy a collaborative studio environment.

Labs constrict visual communication as screens ab-

sorb individual’s attention. An ideal solution would

be to provide computer stations throughout the

open studios, as well as provide enclosed computer

labs for specifi c electronic design courses, and to

provide a quiet environment if the students needs

an escape from the busy studio in order to fi nish

their work.

General Education buildings will include

a traditional approach to a classroom space.

Windowed walls are a must for natural light, and

85

blinds can be used to darken the rooms for screen-

projected presentations. Additional “classroom”

type spaces should exist in close proximity to

studio spaces. Sometimes classes need privacy for

lectures, discussions, or presentations. Along with

open studios, the need for a closed studio space

should always be available for students and profes-

sors to utilize.

Entrances to buildings must be estab-

lished. The current factory buildings do not off er

the amount of emphasis the front door of a college

building should portray. Additions involving aw-

nings and covered walkways/porches will estab-

lish a sense of direction among the campus, and

provide shelter over gathering areas for students

and visitors of the school.

The design must control the act of enter-

ing the interior beyond just on the outside, but in

the space directly past the doorway. Open fl oor

plans and atrium spaces (for multi-story buildings)

86

should greet students, and direct them to their

inside destination. The architecture should guide

an obvious journey, and signs will reference correct

studios and classroom spaces.

Design schools need space to present

work. Exhibit space should be provided in every

department. Walls and shelves along corridors

should speak the language of the department it

serves. Representation of achievement in each

major is not only for accreditation purposes, but to

show the public what the institution can accom-

plish.

Faculty offi ces will be located within the

appropriate department buildings. These areas

will be more private, giving professors a place away

from students to “take a breather” while preparing

for classes, but with immediate access their dedi-

cated department. The offi ce areas should be large

enough to accommodate multiple professor desks

and computers. Space should be given for each

87

professor to have meetings with students on one

to one basis.

Where would students live while attending

the Pulaski Institute of Design? Dorms would be

either built or renovated into existing buildings in

Pulaski. Cafeterias will be connected to the dorms

to provide meal plans. As students move beyond

freshman year, many will decide to get places

outside of school housing. Apartments and rental

houses in the town will accommodate this.

Student centers are important to promote

a sense of community among the college. These

spaces should be welcoming, and off er pool tables,

fl at screen TV’s, a snack bar, and computer access.

Recreation spaces should be available for student

use though both the town’s facilities, and a land-

scaped park created on the large clearing on the

furniture complex site.

Colleges must uphold the responsibility

of keeping their students safe. Front desks will be

88

incorporated into building entrance design. Secu-

rity stations for parking lots around the furniture

complex would be needed, and security offi ces

would be created in smaller existing buildings.

To further explore the concept of trans-

forming the Pulaski Furniture Complex into a

school, a master site plan of the campus must

be developed.

9191

Chapter 5

92

~Chapter 5~

Design:

Th e New Campus

Study models were created to understand the

organization of the existing built conditions. Topogra-

phy lines were used from Pulaski County’s GIS web site,

put into Autocad, and cut with a laser into chip board.

Aerial photos were screen-printed and spliced together

in Photoshop to create a high resolution image com-

prised of over 50 individual screen shots. Through

these massing models with roof images placed on top

give an understanding of the existing hierarchy of the

structures to each other and to the surrounding foot-

hills of the Blue Ridge mountains.

A clear understanding of construction phases

is vital to the creation of the Pulaski Institute of Design.

Primary consideration has to be given to the fi rst phase,

100

because if that does not work, any attempt at

phase two and beyond will be lost. Based upon the

majors that will be off ered in the beginning, certain

parts of the existing complex will be considered

fi rst for renovation, or demolition. New buildings

will be added in this phase to support functions

that the existing structures cannot handle like

dorms and student living facilities. Phase one will

also transform the site into the concept of a “land-

scaped park.”

Like the fi rst president of the University of

Oklahoma took on the job to populate the cam-

pus with trees, the “industrial desert” of the Pulaski

Furniture Plant needs to be transformed into a lush

green landscape. The grounds that surround the

existing buildings consist of dirt, gravel, and as-

phalt, with no clear connection to a natural envi-

ronment that college campuses need to possess.

Before lush vegetation can be added, pedestrian

101

oriented pathways must be establish to connect

facilities to one another. Vehicular traffi c should be

allowed in contained areas to provide parking for

dorms, commuters, visitors, and service vehicles.

104

“ Fa m i l y C i r c u s” co r n e r s :

The top image shows the comic str ip “Family Circus” and the path the boy takes through the neighborhood. The other images show how corners have been cut , psychological ly keeping people of f the landscape.

Sidewalks should begin at building en-

trances, then spread out towards other destina-

tions while allowing for the quickest path of travel.

The comic strip : “Family Circus” has portrayed on

a few occasions the path of the blond haired boy

as he travels through a neighborhood. A dotted

line records where he has been, and follows his

movements from point A to B, in total disregard

for boundaries, but choosing the path that best

suits his needs at the given time. In a way, college

students have a similar mentality about getting

from building to building as quickly as possible.

Infl uence of being late for a class, or trying to avoid

adverse weather can divert a student’s path from

a paved sidewalk, and in turn have them pushing

through shrubbery, and tracking across fresh green

grass. In order to maintain quality in the land-

scape, and to keep students on the walkways, ev-

ery possible corner has been cut. Why cut corners

through the grass, when the pavement already

105

C i r c u l a t i o n M o d e l :

The image on the lower r ight indicates an abstrac t form of t ravel through the s i te. A l l the cur ved wood pieces come together in the center, and ref lec t what wi l l become a centra l ax is in the pedes-tr ian walks. B lue is for pedestr ian, and red is for vehicular t raf f ic . The empha-s is i s obviously on pedestr ian t ravel .

does it for you? Student actions are anticipated

with the design of the landscape to cut down

maintenance, as well as providing an interesting

path of travel for students and visitors to view the

surroundings.

107

S u n D i a l :

The town of Pulask i ’s symbol is the c lock tower on the cour t-house. The sun dia l re i terates this on the opposite s ide of the large 5 f loor bui ld ing on the s i te. Time wi l l be told f rom al l d i rec t ions.

108108

B u i l d i n g C u t - t h r o ug h :

Above/R ight shows the bui lding that wi l l have the arched tunnel of g lass. This wi l l connec t the t wo s ides of the campus, creat-ing an East-West ax is through the s i te.

109

A central axis is created by tunneling

through an existing brick building on the site. This

passageway symbolizes mixing “new” with “old”

and marks the transition from student living areas

to the classroom environment. The tunnel is made

of glass, giving a pedestrian a view of interior

spaces, providing a new North-South visual axis

through the buildings. At night the tunnel will be

illuminated by lights on the interior of the building.

The tunnel concept is reiterated for vehicu-

lar traffi c as well. This will provide an indoor drop-

off area, and create an immediate connection to

the school upon arrival. Lines of trees and changes

in road surface will slow traffi c down for the safety

of students.

110

Pe d e s t r i a n :

Ve h i c u l a r :

B u i l d i n g C u t -T h r o ug h Pa t hwa y s

111

B u i l d i n g C u t -T h r o ug h Tu n n e l s

112

Pa r k i n g :

1151111111111 5

Chapter 6

119

D o r m i t o r y & S t u d e n t L i f e C o m p l e x

120

S i t e f o r t h e

D o r m s / S t u d e n t L i f e C e n t e r

121

Fo o t p r i n t

122

C o d e Re q u i r e m e n t s :

D o r m i t o r y O cc u p a n c y Ty p e – Re s i d e n t i a l - R 2

Unl ike t ransient hotels and motels where people stay for less than 30 days, an R2 occupanc y t ype c lass i f ies res ident ia l fac i l i t ies where people are re lat ively permanent .

Egress :Sprink lered: yes

Maximum Common Path of Egress Travel : 125’

Largest Room or Area that May Have Only One Means of Egress: 10 Occupants

M inimum Length of Dead-End Corridor: 20 ’

Door Width:

M in: 32” net c lear

Max: 48” nominal

M inimum Clear Corridor Width:

44” ser v ing more than 49 occupants

36” ser v ing 49 or fewer

M inimum Stair Width:

44”

Emergenc y Door or Window egress from sleeping areas:

Required

123

Acce s s i b i l i t y Re q u i r e m e n t s :

-Walk ing sur faces s lope no greater than 1 :20

-The approach to door ways that open towards the occupant must have 18” c lear space - s ide of latch

-60” minimum diameter for wheelchair turning

-R amp s lope no greater than 1 :12

-R amp width: 36”

-R amp Landings ever y 30” of height

-Landings for R amps may not be less than 60” in length.

-36” door way opening: 60” wide by 60” deep, or 54” wide by 80” deep

-42” door way opening (centered) : 80” wide by 51” deep

- I t i s recommended to have one or more e levators i f the f loors r ise above 4 stor ies.

-At least one of those e levators must be able to accommodate a medical st retcher : 24” x 84”

-Fi re protec ted sta i r ways must contain areas of refuge on each f loor.

124124

S ke t c h t h e s h a p e o f t h e

D o r m s / S t u d e n t L i f e C e n t e r

125125

C u r ve d s h a p e

r e i t e ra t i n g c h a n g e i n l a n d s ca p e

126126

127

C o n t a i n e r f o r

l i v i n g a n d g a t h e r i n g s p a ce s

130

P l a n t h e s h a p e o f

a r e p e a t i n g l i v i n g m o d u l e

-

131

C r e a t e a n e nv i r o n m e n t

t h a t s t u d e n t s ca n l i ve i n

132

T h e D o r m Ro o m :E a c h d o r m r o o m w i l l p r ov i d e s p a ce f o r t wo

p e o p l e t o l i ve co m f o r t a b l y. I n d i v i d ua l p r i -

va c y i s e n h a n ce d by a p a r t i t i o n / s e co n d c l o s e t

p l a ce d b e t we e n s l e e p i n g a r e a s f o r p r i va c y.

Wo r k a r e a s a r e m o r e o p e n t o a l l ow f o r m a x i -

mu m n a t u ra l l i g h t, a n d b a l co n i e s co n n e c t t wo

d o r m r o o m s t o g e t h e r t o g i ve a g r e a t e r s e n s e

o f co m mu n i t y.

133

D e ve l o p m e n t :

148148

149149

1511111155111 1

Chapter 7

152

S t u d e n t Lo u n g e :T h e r e i s a s t u d e n t l o u n g e o n e a c h f l o o r, l o ca t e d

i n t h e ce n t e r o f t h e d o r m i t o r y co m p l e x . T h i s n o t

o n l y p r ov i d e s a ce n t ra l a x i s f o r t ra ve l ( e l e va t o r s /

s t a i r s ) , b u t p r ov i d e s a n a r e a t h a t u n i t e s s t u d e n t s

t o g e t h e r t o f o r m a s e n s e o f co m mu n i t y. T h i s

s p a ce ca n b e u s e d f o r r e c r e a t i o n ( T V, Po o l Ta -

b l e s. . . ) o r ca n b e u s e d a s a p l a ce f o r g r o u p s t u d y

s e s s i o n s. U n i t i n g s t u d e n t s w i t h i n t h e i r l i v i n g

a r e a s i n c r e a s e s co l l a b o ra t i ve c r e a t i v i t y a n d t h e

s h a r i n g o f n e w i d e a s.

153

C o m mu n i t y :

1541555555554444

C o m m u n i t y f r o m

ce n t ra l s t u d e n t l o u n g e s

156

Aco u s t i c ce i l i n g s

d y n a m i ca l l y c i r c u l a t i n g a b ove

158

M a t e r i a l s n e e d e d

t o s o f t e n t h e a p p e a ra n ce

159

B r i c k r e c yc l e d f r o m

d i s a s s e m b l e d p l a n t b u i l d i n g

160

D o r m L i v i n g :O n t h e u p p e r l e ve l, a b ove t h e d o r m r o o m s a r e a r -

e a s t h a t ca n b e u s e d a s g a l l e r y s p a ce, co m p u t e r

l a b s, a n d a g y m / wo r ko u t a r e a . T h e s e s p a ce s ca n

p r ov i d e l a r g e r a r e a s f o r g a t h e r i n g - w h e r e e n t i r e

d o r m b u i l d i n g s co u l d h a ve m e e t i n g s, A l l t h e t o p

f l o o r h a ve a r c h e d r o o f s a n d p r ov i d e v i e w s o f t h e

m o u n t a i n s t o t h e S o u t h a n d t h e s c h o o l ca m p u s t o

t h e N o r t h .

161

S t u d e n t C e n t e r :

164

U p p e r Fl o o r G a l l e r y

166166

E xa m p l e G a l l e r y Fl o o r P l a n

R o o f P l a n

167161616166166616777777777

16916166661161616161616661616999999999999999999999

Chapter 8

170

Environmental Control :Seasons of the South Wal l

Winter - Solar Pass ive Design:

Winter t ime in Pulask i can br ing ex treme

temperatures that stay below freezing

for much of November through Febru-

ar y. This in turn demands a t remendous

amount of energy consumption for heat-

ing. The dorms for the Pulask i I nst i tute

of Design wi l l face the Southern sun

with glass facades, a l lowing the rays to

penetrate into the indiv idual rooms, and

radiate heat f rom the pol ished concrete

f loor that ac ts as a thermal storage mass.

Heated a i r wi l l r i se, and cold a i r pushing

in f rom the large window wi l l push the

hot a i r into the room, creat ing a natu-

ra l c i rculat ion that distr ibutes evenly

throughout the l iv ing space (Fig. 1) .

171

Fi g u r e 1

Sunl ight hi ts the concrete f loor that ac ts as a thermal storage mass. The f loor radiates heat upwards, and is pushed into the room from the pressure of the cold outs ide a i r.

172

On cloudy Winter days there is no choice

but to use mechanical systems to heat

student ’s res idences. I ndiv idual fan- coi l

terminals wi l l be placed in each room,

connec ted to a central a l l -water system.

To the lef t (Fig. 2) i s an example of a Uni-

Trane® Fan- Coi l cabinet unit . Below (Fig.

3 ) there are three di f ferent t ypes that

could be considered for Pulask i ’s dormi-

tor ies.

The objec t ive is to place the unit

r ight below the large, South fac ing win-

dow. With the heat blowing upward, and

the pressure of the cold a i r through the

window (Fig4) , should enable the same

c i rculat ion as the solar pass ive technique

in Figure 1 . Now the decis ion remains

as to which of the three units should be

used.

Fi g u r e 2 ( a b ove ) a n d 3 ( b e l ow )

173

The ver t ica l cabinet with the s loped top

would most l ike ly per form better than the regu-

lar, f lat - top cabinet unit . S ince the in i t ia l d i rec-

t ion of a i r f low is a l ready angled towards the

inter ior, th is would intensi fy c i rculat ion. The

only issue is that by protruding into the room,

the f loor space needed for a thermal storage

173

Fi g u r e 4

The locat ion of the fan- coi l termi-nal i s indicated by the red c i rc le. P lac ing i t d i rec t ly below the win-dows wi l l a l low the pressure of the outs ide cold a i r to push the heat into the room, providing a natural c i rculat ion.

174

mass is lessened. Consider ing this , the

ver t ica l recessed fan- coi l unit i s the opt i -

mum choice (Fig.6) .

How does a central a l l -water sys-

tem, with fan- coi l terminals work? A i r

f rom both indoors and outdoors is b lown

across coi ls . These coi ls are f i l led with

e i ther hot or cold water that is pumped

from a boi ler, or chi l led water plant . The

boi ler requires a chimney, and a cool ing

tower must be suppl ied on the roof (Fig.

5) . A Thermostat controls the amount

of hot or cold water in the coi ls , which

determines the temperature of the f low-

ing a i r. A pan catches condensat ion

created by the terminal , and is dra ined

through pipes. Excess a i r that i s brought

in f rom outs ide can be used to pressur ize

the space, thus prevent ing inf i l t rat ion, or

the a i r can be exhausted out by means of

Fi g u r e 5 :

Central Al l -Water System:

Fan- Coi led Terminals

175

Typical Applications (Ex terior Walls) :-schools-hotels-motels-apar tments- of f ice bui ld ings- d o r m i t o r i e s

Components:-boi lers and chimney- chi l led water plant- cool ing tower-ver t ica l ly supply and return piping-hor izontal supply and return piping-fan coi l terminals- outs ide a i r gr i l l s

Sizes (Fan- Coil Terminals) :Heights : 25”-28”Depths : 9”-12”Lengths : 30”-84”

Advantages:- fan rooms not required-no duc t-work space needed- indiv idual ly control led spaces

Disadvantages:-Humidit y not control led-requires considerable maintenance-maintenance occurs in l iv ing space of bui ld ing

Fi g u r e 6

176

toi let exhaust vents.

Mild Summers -

Natural Cool ing Techniques

The Summer months in Pulask i pro -

vide mi ld temperatures and low humid-

i t y. Consider ing this t ype of c l imate,

cross vent i lat ion can be used to natural

cool the dorm rooms, instead of wast-

ing power by turning on a i r condit ion-

ing. Winds predominant ly come from the

S outh, so having s l id ing glass doors that

provide access to the balconies, a lso can

be opened to a l low ai r to f low ins ide. A

smal l Nor th window wi l l complete the a i r

passage way, a l lowing the f low to condi-

t ion the room. On days that prove to be

too hot for natural cool ing, the fan- coi l

terminal system wi l l take over.

178

The solar pass ive design wi l l not heat up

the dorm rooms in the Summer months.

The a l t i tude angle of the sun is h igh

enough for the overhanging balconies to

block direc t sun f rom hitt ing the thermal

storage mass on the inter ior, but wi l l re -

f lec t indirec t l ight f rom the balcony f loor

as i f i t were a l ight shel f.

179

Works Cited

Allen, Edward, and Joseph Iano. The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design. 4 ed. New York, NY: Wiley, 2006. Print.

Images:

Figure 2 and 3: https://www.trane.com/Commercial/Uploads/Pdf/1084/UNT-S-12_12011998.pdf Pg.172

Figure 5: The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design, pg 180 Pg.174

Figure 6: https://www.trane.com/Commercial/Uploads/Pdf/1084/UNT-S-12_12011998.pdf Pg.175

181181

Chapter 9

182182

183183

184

S t r u c t u r e f o r

co n t a i n i n g t h e d o r m s

186

E x p e r i m e n t w i t h

s h i f t i n g d o r m f l o o r s

189

L i n i n g U p t h e f l o o r s

t o s i m p l i f y s t r u c t u r e

190

S t r u c t u r e :

The dorm faci l i t y consists of st ruc tural

s teel tube columns, steel beams and

girders, and open-web joist f raming to

suppor t the dorm units and assembly ar-

eas above. Div iding dorm room wal ls are

construc ted of l ight weight steel f raming.

Floors consist of steel corrugated deck-

ing with s i te poured concrete s labs that

measure 4” thick . Lateral suppor t for

the struc ture is provided by the f i re sta i r

towers located on each s ide of the dorm

room sec t ions.

L i ve Lo a d s :

Dormitor ies, l ike hotels , are considered

a l ight to medium load fac i l i t y, rang-

ing f rom around 40 psf (pr ivate rooms)

to 100 psf (publ ic rooms) . I n the case of

the Pulask i I nst i tute of Design, Dormitor y

191

and Student L i fe Complex , l ive loads

increase on the top level assembly areas

(gal ler y, computer lab…). This pushes

the struc ture into the upper medium-

load categor y. Winter months in Pulask i

can have ex treme snow levels so the

struc ture must account for heav y l ive

loads f rom the roof (150 psf ) .

C u s t o m “c ra n e” s t r u c t u r e :

The struc ture on the Nor th s ide of the

bui lding resembles a custom steel col -

umn/truss composite crane. Not only

does i t suppor t the mass ive cur ved roof,

but provides a v isual connec t ion with the

restored furniture plant . The design a lso

minimizes the struc ture on the S outh

s ide to enhance the solar pass ive thermal

control mentioned in Chapter 8 .

as

k i

192

Figure 1 : Open Web Steel Joist

193

Figure 2 :

1) Steel Tube Column

2) I ntumescent Coat ings

196

-

S t r u c t u ra l P l a n

198198

C i r c u l a t i n g o cc u p a n t s

f r o m o n e f l o o r t o a n o t h e r

2002020220200000000000000000000000002220000220000200000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

C o n n e c t i n g l o u n g e s

b r i n g i n g t h e f l o o r s t o g e t h e r

201202020111

“Cyc l o n e” S t a i r wa y :

To intensi fy the feel ing of communit y

there needed to be a more direc t con-

nec t ion bet ween the lounge areas of

the dorms. Whi le other forms of ver t ica l

t ravel through the fac i l i t y require exit ing

through a door ( f i re sta i rs and elevators) ,

the “Cyclone” sta i r way a l lows the student

to hop f rom one f loor to the nex t without

ac tual ly leaving the publ ic space. Es-

sent ia l ly i t takes upon the role of a grand

sta i rcase.

The name “c yclone” comes f rom not only

the shape, but the environmental fea-

tures that surround i t . Water i s col lec ted

through center for i r r igat ion purposes,

and low wind turbines capture the wind

that funnels concave sec t ion of the com-

plex .

206

Images:

Figure 1: http://911research.wtc7.net/mirrors/guardian2/wtc/WTC_ch2.htm

Figure 2: http://database.ul.com/cgi-bin/XYV/template/LISEXT/1FRAME/showpage.html?name=BXUV.Y603&ccnshortt

itle=Fire+Resistance+Ratings+-+ANSI/UL+263&objid=1079809927&cfgid=1073741824&version=versionless&parent_

id=1073984818&sequence=1

Pg. 192

Pg. 193

209209

Chapter 10

218

E n t ra n ce

219

E n t ra n ce Lo b by

221

We s t E l e va t i o n

N o r t h E l e va t i o n

S o u t h E l e va t i o n

222

1 ) D o r m R o o m2 ) E x t e r i o r N o r t h H a l l wa y3 ) B a l c o n y4 ) S t u d e n t Lo u n g e5 ) Fi r e S t a i r s6 ) “Cy c l o n e S t a i r wa y ”7 ) E l e va t e d G a r d e n s8 ) E n t ra n c e Lo b b y9 ) E l e va t o r

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