punctuation and mechanics +video
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Punctuation and Mechanics
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April 10, 2023 2
• Capitalize the first word in a sentence.
• Capitalize the first word in a quoted sentence.– Sue said, “George went to the
football game.”• ALWAYS Capitalize the pronoun
“I”• I was nervous when I started college, but now I
am excited about graduation.• Incorrect: My wife will be so proud when i
graduate.
Just a few rules for Capitalization!
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TheParthenon
Swiss Alps
The Golden Gate Bridge
The Taj Majal
Venice
Paris
McDonalds
Bill
Cristo Redentor
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Proper NounsCapitalize the names of:• People - Abraham Lincoln, Jerry Seinfeld, Tim Tebow, Jeremy Lin
• Places- Lincoln, Nebraska; Paris, New York, • Landmarks – the Statue of Liberty, the Eiffel Tower, Central Park, the Golden Gate Bridge
• Businesses and brands – Nike, Coke, Banana Republic, Guess
• Languages – English, Spanish, Arabic
• Names of races, ethnic groups, and nationalities -Hispanic, African American, Native American
• Adjectives using a country’s name – Chinese noodles, American pie, Egyptian mummies, German cars, Italian food,
• Units of time – Saturday, Monday, December, February
• Holidays – Christmas, Thanksgiving, Independence Day,
• Do not capitalize seasons:• fall summer spring winter
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Capitalize Titles• Capitalize major words in the titles (books, movies, articles,
journals…) • Do not capitalize little words like articles (a, an, the), prepositions,
(in, on , at_ or conjunctions (and, but, so ) –Gone with the Wind– Raiders of the Lost Arch– Of Mice and Men– Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire– Pirates of the Caribbean: At World’s End
unless they are the first word of the title– For Whom the Bell Tolls– The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
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April 10, 2023 6
• Capitalize the first word of a salutation and the first word of a complimentary close. – Dear Mr. Smith:– Sincerely,
More Capital Rules
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Capitalization Dos and Don’ts
7
Capitalize directions: north, south, east, west, only when they refer to a place, not a direction.I was driving north on 75 when my tire blew.She lives in the Midwest, but she spends her winters in the South. Seasons are not capitalized: winter, spring summer, fall.
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Comma
• A comma is used to mark off different elements in a sentence.
• A comma helps the reader understand which words go together.
• A comma indicates a pause.
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Missing commas!• A panda eats, shoots, and leaves.
• A panda eats shoots and leaves.
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April 10, 2023 11
Commas with Lists
Use commas to separate items in a list.
A list consists of three or more items. Two items do not constitute a list. A list can be made up of words or phrases or clauses.
Ex. 1The seafood casserole
consisted of lobster, crab, swordfish, and shrimp.
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Commas with Introductory Phrases
A comma is usually used if the sentence begins with an introductory phrase
Ex. 1Jumping up and down,
the children screamed for ice-cream.
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Commas in Compound Sentences
Use a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join two independent clauses (Subject + verb, and subject + verb.)
The coordinating conjunctions are FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
Stacy performed very well on the test, for she had studied with a classmate *and predicted the exam questions. (For=reason/cause)
Stacy *and Susan made flash cards, and they quizzed each other. (and = additional information)
Bill did not read his textbook, nor did he do the practice quizzes. (nor= the addition of negatives)
Damian reviewed his class notes, but he did not read his textbook. (but = contrast; to show that things are different)
* Note that these FANBOYS do not join independent clauses
and do not need a comma.
Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.
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April 10, 2023 14
Commas in Complex Sentences
Use a comma if the sentence begins with a dependent clause (a dependent clause is a clause that that starts with a dependent marker: after, before, when, while, until, as long as, because, although, even though, if + subject + verb)
No comma is needed if the dependent clause comes after an independent clause.
Ex. 1 Because Jim took great notes in every class and did all of the readings, he earned the highest grade in the class.
Ex. 2 Even though Sam did all of the work, he lost points for turning it in late.
*Jim earned the highest grade in the class because he took great notes and did all of the readings. *no comma needed
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April 10, 2023 15
Comma with Transitional ExpressionsUse a comma after a transitional
expressions.• Transitional expressions:
conversely, on the other hand, on the contrary, however, nevertheless, in contrast, also, furthermore, in addition, likewise, moreover, similarly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore, first, second, third, finally
A comma is required whether the transitional word comes after a period, semicolon, or comma
You must come to class. Otherwise, you will not learn.
You should complete all of the assigned readings; furthermore, you should take notes while you read.
Katherine did not attend class for fourteen days. Consequently, she was dropped from the class.
Copyright Rasmussen, Inc. 2011. Proprietary and Confidential.
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Commas with Quotes
If a quote comes after the name of the person who spoke, use a comma after the person and verb, before the first quotation mark.
Jenny said, “I studied hard, and I am ready for the test.”
Joe asked, “What is the best way to review for the exam?”
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Commas with Quotes
If a quote is a statement and comes before the name of the person who spoke, use a comma at the end of the statement, before the second quotation mark.
“I studied hard, and I am ready for the test,” Jenny said.
“I am curious about the best way to prepare for the exam,” Joe enquired.
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Commas with Interrupters
• Extra information• Non-essential clauses• Appositives• Direct address
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Commas with Extra Information
Use commas around non-essential clauses. If the clause simply gives extra information about the sentence but does not change the meaning, use a comma.
Bill Gates, who is the founder of Microsoft, is a well-known philanthropist.
Rasmussen College, which is more than 110 years old, is a well-respected institution of higher learning.
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Commas with Appositives
Use commas to set off (or separate) appositives. An appositive is a repetition. It renames or explains another word in the sentence.
Kaye's hairstylist, the girl with the great highlights, is going to give me a new cut.
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April 10, 2023 21
Commas with Dates
Use a comma when a date is made up of two or more parts if the parts are both words or both numbers
Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Day, date, year =
two numbers
Thursday, May 25, 2010 two words
• The party was scheduled for Friday, June 11, 2001.
• Classes start on October 1, 2013.*October 31 is Halloween. *Maria started school in June 2012.*No comma needed
A second comma comes at the end of the date unless it is a the end of the sentence. • They were married on June 5,
2004, in California. Our first meeting is on Monday,
October 1, 2013, in San Francisco.
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Commas with Locations
Use commas to set apart each major piece in a sentence: Address, city, state
Use a comma with a geographic location that has two or more parts. A second comma follows the last item unless it is at the end of the sentence.
I sent his invitation to 987 Tenth Avenue, Springfield, MN 56087.
They are going to Miami, Florida, for vacation.
Bernard lives in Paris, Texas, but I thought he lived in Paris, France.
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Commas Quiz1. Choose the sentence with the correct comma placement.
A) I took Angie, the one with the freckles to the movie last night.
B) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.
C) I took Angie the one with the freckles, to the movie last night.
D) I took Angie, the one with the freckles, to the movie, last night.
Correct