punctuation rules.colons.semi
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PUNCTUATION RULES
COLONS and SEMICOLONS
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COLONS to Introduce…
Lists, only when the introduction is a main clause
Example:
Friday’s test will cover three areas: the circulatory, the digestive, and the nervous systems.
Note: Do not use a colon to introduce a list that immediately follows a verb or a preposition. That is, be sure the words preceding the colon form a sentence.
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COLONS to Introduce…
Material that illustrates, explains, or restates the preceding materialExample:
The epidemic grew ever more serious: now children as
well as adults were being affected.Note: A complete sentence following a
colon is capitalized. Caution: Do not enter until car has come to a complete
stop.
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COLONS to Introduce…
A long or formal quotation, often preceded by such words as this, these, the following, or as follows.Example:
Mrs. Hoskins asked us to write an essay on the following African saying: “It is the rainy season that gives wealth.”
Note: Poetry quotations of more than one line and prose quotations of more than four or five lines are generally written below the introductory statement and are indented on the page.
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COLONS to Introduce…
Poetry Example:In his long poem The Other Pioneers, Roberto Felix Salazar describes some of the early settlers of the United States:
Now I must write
Of those of mine who rode these plains
Long years before the Saxon and the Irish came.
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Other uses of the COLON…
Between the hour and the minute of the precise time
Between the chapter and the verse in biblical references
After the salutation (greeting) of a business letter
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SEMICOLON Uses…
To separate main clauses that are not joined by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, so, yet, or for)Example:
Paul Robeson was a talented singer and actor, and he was also a famous football player.
Paul Robeson was a talented singer and actor; he was also a famous football player.
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SEMICOLON Uses…
To separate main clauses that are joined by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, therefore, nevertheless, moreover, furthermore, and subsequently) or by an expression such as for example or that is)
Example: Robeson appeared in many plays and musicals; for
example, he starred in Othello and Porgy and Bess.
Robeson appeared in Show Boat in 1928; subsequently, he acted in the films Jericho and Song of Freedom.
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SEMICOLONS & COMMAS…
To separate the items in a series when one or more of the items already contain commas. Example:
Some of the powerful African kingdoms that flourished before the sixteenth century were Kush, which dominated the eastern Sudan; Karanga, which was located around Zimbabwe in southern Africa; Ghana, Mali, and Songhai, which successively controlled the Niger River in West Africa; and Benin, which had its center in what is now Nigeria.
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SEMICOLONS & COMMAS…
To separate two main clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction when one or both of the clauses already contain several commas.Example:
The rule of Mansa Musa, the Moslem emperor of the African kingdom of Mali from 1312 to 1337, is remembered for military success, trade expansion, and Moslem scholarship; but this period is probably most noteworthy as a golden age of peace and prosperity.