ایبی جبن

� ت-بپ ���ی�ی ��ناتن

Punjabi-English Dictionary

� �ی�ش نول �ب ��

Kanwal Bashir

�ین

اس کا� �ببAbbas Kazmi

Punjabi-English Dictionary

Kanwal Bashir Abbas Kazmi

2012

Punjabi-English Dictionary Copyright © 2012 by AECOM. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission from the copyright owner. All inquiries should be directed to: Dunwoody Press 6525 Belcrest Rd., Suite 460 Hyattsville, MD 20782 U.S.A. ISBN: 978-1-931546-89-8 Library of Congress Control Number: 2011941568 Printed and bound in the United States of America

For Trach Nguyen

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................................................... i Preface ...................................................................................................................................................................... ii Structure and Use .................................................................................................................................................... ii General Arrangement ............................................................................................................................................ iii

Symbols .......................................................................................................................................................... iii Abbreviations .................................................................................................................................................. iv

Romanization of Punjabi Letters ............................................................................................................................ v Punjabi Pronunciation ............................................................................................................................................ vi

Vowels ............................................................................................................................................................. vi Tone ............................................................................................................................................................... vii Consonants .................................................................................................................................................... vii Dental ........................................................................................................................................................... viii Retroflex ....................................................................................................................................................... viii Palatal .............................................................................................................................................................. ix Velar ................................................................................................................................................................ ix

References ................................................................................................................................................................. x

The Dictionary 1 ................................................................................................................................................................................... آ 12 ................................................................................................................................................................................. ا

82 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ب

133 ............................................................................................................................................................................. پ

172 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ت

201 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ٹ

207 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ث

208 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ج

232 .............................................................................................................................................................................. چ

255 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ح

269 .............................................................................................................................................................................. خ

288 ............................................................................................................................................................................... د

317 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ڈ

324 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ذ

327 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ر

341 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ڑ

341 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ز

348 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ژ

348 ............................................................................................................................................................................. س

387 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ش

401 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ص

407 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ض

409 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ط

413 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ظ

414 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ع

421 .............................................................................................................................................................................. غ

426 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ف

433 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ق

443 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ک

485 .............................................................................................................................................................................. گ

501 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ل

518 .............................................................................................................................................................................. م

574 .............................................................................................................................................................................. ن

593 ............................................................................................................................................................................... و

624 ............................................................................................................................................................................... ہ

636 ............................................................................................................................................................................. ی

641 ............................................................................................................................................................................ ے

Charts

Pronoun and Adjective Charts ...................................................................................................................... 645 Verb Charts ................................................................................................................................................... 647 Compound Verb Constructions .................................................................................................................... 662 Punjabi Numbers .......................................................................................................................................... 664

i

Acknowledgments

This work would not have been possible without the generous and continuous support of all our colleagues at the Language Research Center (LRC), AECOM. We are deeply indebted to Thomas Creamer, Director of LRC, for his unwavering encouragement and constant leadership. We highly appreciate his unparalleled lexicographic skills and the calm and patience with which he taught us the research skills needed for this dictionary. We are thankful to Dr. David Zorc for helping us understand the linguistic aspects of language at many points during the compilation of this work. Paul Hackett, Mark Jeon, and Joseph Okunade were a huge help in solving the multiple technical issues confronted at different stages of this project. Aung Kyaw Oo was overly tolerant with our questions and the formatting of the database. Aung and Joseph also formatted the dictionary for printing. We sincerely appreciate the continuous help and guidance of Karen Fisher-Nguyen with her supreme linguistic skills and excellent grasp of Punjabi grammar. We are also very thankful to Professor Saeed Farani and Dr. Naghman Bashir for helping us obtain the additional books we needed. Finally, we would like to express our deepest gratitude to our families and friends who supported us throughout this project. Many thanks to all of you. We alone are accountable for all the errors in this dictionary and the final product is our sole responsibility.

Kanwal Bashir Abbas Kazmi

Hyattsville, Maryland February, 2012

ii

Preface

Resources The present work is the first edition of the continuing series of the Punjabi-English Dictionary. The purpose of this dictionary is to assist beginning and intermediate students of Pakistani Punjabi. One of the most difficult aspects of learning a language is learning pronunciation. This is especially true for Punjabi because pronunciation of a word is not always obvious from its written representation. For this reason, a system of pronunciation was developed and implemented in this dictionary. The two main sources of written data are the daily Punjabi newspapers اں� �ب

ن� Khabran and ھا� ھ��ی Bhulekha �ب

(January 2009 – December 2009) published in Lahore, Pakistan, and the entries from these sources reflect Lahori pronunciation. Another source is audio data of unrehearsed Punjabi conversations by native speakers from different areas of Punjab, Pakistan, all collected by Professor Mumtaz Ahmad. Entries from this source reflect colloquial or regional pronunciations. Entry selection was based on frequency in the Punjabi newspaper corpus and the audio colloquial Punjabi, with a focus on Punjabi words contained in both. Examples are mostly from the same authentic material mentioned above. Four important dictionaries by Punjabi scholars and lexicographers were consulted to verify the spelling of entries and pronunciation. These dictionaries are: ت ایبی ��ن جب

ن� وڈی بپ

Comprehensive Punjabi Dictionary by Iqbal Salahuddin, ت ایبی اردو ��ن جبن

� Punjabi Urdu Dictionary by Tanvir بپBokhari, ایبی اردو جب

ن� �ی بپ �ن ت Punjabi Urdu Dictionary by Sardar Mohammad Khan, and ڈ��ش �ی ��ن ایبی ک��بی جب

ن� Punjabi بپ

Classical Dictionary by Jamil Paul. For some entries in Pothohari and Saraiki we consulted ت اری اردو ��ن ��ہ�پو�ٹ �

Poṭhohari Urdu Dictionary by Mohammad Sharif Shad and ت �ی ��ن بی Saraiki Dictionary by Mohammad ��اتئSaadullah Khan Khetran.

Structure and Use

In each entry, the headword is provided in Nafees Nastaleeq script along with romanization, part of speech, definition, and one or more examples in Punjabi script with English translation. For certain entries, additional information is provided. If a headword can be written with short vowel diacritics (e.g., اچھا) it is provided in the Naskh script in order to display these diacritics. If the pronunciation of a headword (e.g., اظہار ) differs from the romanization, that pronunciation is provided. Some entries/senses (e.g., نے) have a grammatical function which does not translate easily into English. In these instances, an explanation of usage is provided in italics in the definition field. An entry that is readily used in English (e.g., جہاد) is romanized and provided in italics in the definition field. An entry (e.g., ا ,may contain a cross-reference to another entry for an alternate spelling or related form. Style ( آتپdomain, or dialect information is provided where appropriate. Some headwords (e.g., ا�ل -contain sub (تپentries. In cases of multiple sub-entries (e.g., ن ا�ل نپ , تپ ا�ن ا�ل خن ,.phrases are given first, followed by verbs (e.g ( ہتپا

نا�ل ��ت و , تپ ا�ل �ہ اتپ

ن .( ت

A noun entry is given in the singular form followed by any regular or irregular plural forms. Examples may show various forms of the noun.

iii

An adjective2 entry is given in the masculine singular form. Examples may show various forms of the adjective. A verb entry is given in the infinitive form followed by its past participle forms and any causative forms. Examples may show various forms of the verb. At the end of the dictionary there are pronoun, adjective, and verb charts. More information on the usage of various items in the charts can be found in their individual entries in the dictionary.

General Arrangement

دھ دھاں :kandh {kánd} n1 f.s. [plural【کندھ】 �بن بن � kandhaaN {kándaaN}] a wall

�ج دی اک • ال ���� کان

دھ د��ا�ے ت بن ڈگ �ئئی۔ � A wall of the girls’ college collapsed with the explosion. دھ • بن ےنے � �ہ ھاں او

ورڈ دی �ت ن �بئا اے۔ سان وتی ا �ہ �بی بن � تٹ ا�ئ

ٹا ت

نے اک �پ�ات

تاے

Instead of a signboard he has hung an old tire on the wall. دھاں • بن اں � بی �� ا�ہ اں تب ت دتی ا �ہ ���ی بی اں �� بن ا اے۔ او�ہ بی و ر�ہ دی �ر�ت دا �م �ہ He said that the repair work on the outer walls of the mosque is progressing.

ان

ا ، :uḍnaa v.i. [past【اڈنا】 اڈت اںاڈتی اڈے ، اڈی، اڈتی causative: ان

[اڈات

ں سکدا ۔ • نیئ

نہہ اڈ تن دہ اے ، ا�ی ا �پ�تن بی

بن ک دا بب بٹ �� ہہ تپ ا�ی This bird is made of plastic. It cannot fly.

اں بن [��نھاں also spelled �ون oblique case of] .kihnaaN {kínaaN} pron. m.f.pl【کيہناں】��ی�

ا ►ن

ل ��تبت

ت� 【 رنال کقت 】qatl karnaa {katal karnaa} ! conjunct v. to murder

Symbols & Abbreviations Symbols

a Sense number

! Sub-entry sense number

【 】 Shows diacritics in headword

{ } Pronunciation when different from romanization

[ ] Additional grammatical forms or cross-reference

( ) Additional information

• Punjabi example

► Sub-entry headword

Headword

Romanization

Pronunciation

Sense number

Definition

Part of speech Example

Translation

Cross-reference

Gender/number

Grammatical forms

Sub-entry sense number

Sub-entry headword

iv

Abbreviations Abbreviations Labels 1st p - first person 2nd p - second person 3rd p - third person abbr. - abbreviation adj.1 - adjective that does not change form adj.2 - adjective that agrees in number, gender, and case adv. - adverb aux. - auxiliary verb colloq. - colloquial comp. post. - compound postposition consists of two postpositions or a simple postposition + a noun, adjective, or adverb complement v. - complement verb is used with the root of the main verb to add a nuanced sense compound v. - compound verb consists of two or more verbs combining to express a single action or event conj. - conjunction conjunct v. - conjunct verb is a combination of noun+ verb or adjective + verb derog. - derogatory euph. - euphemism f. - feminine figur. - figurative gram. - grammar inform. - informal interj. - interjection iron. - ironic m. - masculine math. - mathematics med. - medical n1 - noun that does not change form in oblique case n2 - noun that changes form in oblique case num. (card.) - cardinal number num. (frac.) - fraction num. (ord.) - ordinal number obl. - oblique part. - participle pl. - plural poss. - possessive post. - postposition pref. - prefix pron. - pronoun s. - singular suff. - suffix causative1 - causative verb with one intermediary agent causative 2 - double causative verb with two intermediary agents v.i. - intransitive verb v. mod. - modal verb expresses a variety of attitudes including capability, desire, need, or possibility v.t. - transitive verb

v

Romanization of Punjabi Letters

s ص aa آ z ض aa ا t ط b ب z ظ p پ0F ع t ت

1 ’ G غ ṭ ٹ f ف s ث q ق j ج k ک c چ g گ h ح l ل KH خ m م d د n ن ḍ ڈ1F ں z ذ

2 N نڑ r ر ن ṇ 2F

3 v, o و ṛ ڑ h ہ z ز h ھ zh ژ y, e ی s س e ے sh ش

1 The letter ع also implies short vowel sounds in words originally from Arabic. Its effect on pronunciation is determined by the vowels that co-occur. 2 The letter ں represents nasalization in final position. 3 The letters نڑ and ن (both pronounced aṛnuun) are used in Pothohari and Saraiki respectively to represent the retroflex nasal. It may also be represented by a with a circle over it instead of a single dot. The former can be seen in adult literacy readers published by the ن with two vertical dots instead of one or by a نPunjabi Adabi Board, while the latter is used in Daily Lokai Lahore, a Punjabi newspaper.

 

vi

Punjabi Pronunciation

Vowels

Punjabi sound

Similar English sound

Written representation

Punjabi example Pronunciation Translation

aa

father

آinitial

aape oneself آپے

اmedial &final

saadaa simple سادا

ہfinal

فت haftaa week

a cup ◌ (zabar)

دس اج

das aj

ten today

e fate

اعinitial

اعتبار etabaar trust

یmedial

را م mera

my

ےfinal

دے de give

ai hen (zabar + ی) س ais this ا

ر پ pair foot

i pin ◌ (zer)

iNje the same way انجے

دن din day

ii keen (zer+ ی د ( ع iid Eid

ڑ پ piiṛ pain

س sii was

o role او initial

o are او

و بول bol speak

au orange (zabar + و) عورت aurat woman

ا سوک saukhaa easy

u book ◌ (pesh)

ان un wool

سن sun listen

uu noon (pesh + و) دور duur far

چاقو caakuu knife

vii

The diacritical marks ◌, ◌, ◌ (pronounced zabar, zer, and pesh respectively) 3 F

4 imply short vowel sounds. They are frequently omitted in books, newspapers, and other publications intended for adult native readers, but are taught to students at the elementary levels and are usually included in their textbooks. In this dictionary these diacritics are provided in the Naskh script to assist the user. The ء (pronounced hamza) is used to mark the syllable boundary between two vowels, and also appears as a silent letter in words of Arabic origin. These uses are not reflected in the romanization. The ◌ (pronounced tashdiid) is used to indicate a stressed consonant and is reflected in the romanization by doubling the consonant. The ◌ (pronounced tanviin) indicates a final n sound in adverbs originally from Arabic. This symbol is represented in the romanization with because the quotation mark is the symbol ”

Tone4F

5 There are two tones or vocal pitches in Punjabi which are represented in this dictionary. The low tone is a low-rising pitch and is frequently accompanied by a tightening of the throat. In this dictionary this tone is represented with ` in pronunciation as in: بھرا pàraa “brother,” گھوڑا kòṛaa “horse.” The high tone is a high-falling pitch and vowels with this tone may be pronounced a little shorter than the same vowels without the tone. In this dictionary this tone is represented with ´ in pronunciation as in: باہر báar or bár “outside,” الہنا láanaa or lánaa “to bring down.”

Consonants Labial

4 The tiny circle ◌ used with a diacritic is a place holder for showing correct placement of a diacritic and can be replaced by any Punjabi letter. 5According to Bhatia (1993) “there is a close correlation between the h and voiced aspirates (bh, dh, ḍh, jh, gh) of Hindi and Punjabi tones.” Shackle (2003) also discusses the relation between the historical h and voiced aspirates, syllable stress, and tone. 6 Some speakers may substitute the sound w for v.

N bank ن medial

jaaNdaa goes جاندا

ںfinal

garaaN village گراں

p speed پانى پ paanii water بھ

initial pàraa brother بھرا

ph pen پھل پھ phul flower b bus بڑا ب baṛaa big

بھmedial & final

làbnaa to search for لبھنا

m room ميز م mez table f fan فرق ف farak difference

v5F

6 van ويال و velaa time

viii

Dental Most of these consonants are pronounced with the tongue flat against the upper teeth. For the sounds s and z the tongue does not touch the teeth. The sound r is a slight trill touching the upper teeth.

t (none)

tiir arrow تير ت دھ

initial tònaa to wash دھونا

totaa parrot طوطا طth path تھاں تھ thaaN place d this دوائى د davaaii medicine

دھmedial & final

vádd more ودھ

n noon نک ن nak nose s

sat

sabuut proof ثبوت ث sabak lesson سبق س saaf clean صاف ص

z zebra ذرا ذ zaraa a little zanaanii woman زنانى ز

zaruurat need ضرورت ض zaahir apparent ظاہر ظ

r hero رات ر raat night l lean الل ل laal red

Retroflex These consonants are pronounced with the tip of the tongue rolled back touching the roof of the mouth.

ṭ stop ٹماٹر ٹ ṭamaaṭar tomato ṭàinaa to fall down ڈھينا ڈھ

ṭh tomato ٹھيک ھٹ ṭhiik all right ḍ doctor ڈاکيا ڈ ḍaakiyaa mailman

ڈھmedial & final

vàḍnaa to cut down وڈھنا

ṇ6F

7

(none) نڑ (Pothohari)

jaaṇaa to go جانڑا

ن(Saraiki)

jaagaṇ to wake up جاگن

ṛ (none) دوڑنا ڑ dauṛnaa to run

7 In Lahori speech the dental-retroflex nasal contrast is neutralized in favor of the dental pronunciation and this is reflected in this dictionary. For more on the neutralization of sounds in Lahori speech, see Shackle (2003).

ix

Palatal:

c

itchy چن چ can moon càgṛaa dispute جھگڑا جھ

ch chair چھاں چھ chaaN shade j jug جوڑا ج joṛaa pair

kúj some کجھ جھsh ship شہر ش sháir city zh measure ژاله ژ zhaalaa hail y yellow ياد ی yaad memory

Velar

k

skip کتاب ک kitaab book kàr home گھر گھ kissaa story قصه ق

kh 7F

8 kite کھانا کھ khaanaa food g8F

9 good گراں گ garaaN village làNgnaa to pass by لنگھنا گھ

KH (none) خوش خ KHush happy G (none) غريب غ Gariib poor h hut حال ح haal condition

himmat courage ہمت ہ

8 Colloquially the sound kh can be used to pronounce words written with the letter خ . This pronunciation variation is not included in this dictionary. Colloquially the sound g can be used to pronounce words written with the letter غ . This pronunciation variation is not included in this dictionary.

x

References

Akhtar, R. N. 1997. "Affix '-s(uu)' Constructions in Punjabi," in Spencer, A. ed., Essex Graduate Student Papers in Language and Linguistics. Vol. 1. University of Essex.

Badakhshani, Mirza Maqbool Baig, 1973. ,Punjabi Grammar. Punjabi Research Center د پنجابىعقوا

Lahore Bhatia, T. K. 1993. Punjabi: A Cognitive-Descriptive Grammar. London: Routledge. Bokhari, Tanvir, 2008. پنجابى اردو لغت Punjabi Urdu Dictionary. Urdu Science Board, Lahore. Butt, M. 2007. "The Role of Pronominal Suffixes in Punjabi," in J. Grimshaw, J. Maling, C. Manning,

J. Simpson, and A. Zaenen, eds., Architecture, Rules and References: A Festschrift for Joan Bresnan. Stanford, CA: CSLI Publications.

Cummings, T. F. & T. G. Bailey, 1912. Panjabi Manual and Grammar: A Guide To Colloquial

Panjabi. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press. Grierson, G.A. 1916. "Western Hindi and Panjabi," Linguistic Survey of India 9:1. Superintendent of

Government Printing, India. --------------- 1919. "Sindhi and Lahnda," Linguistic Survey of India 8:1. Superintendent of Government

Printing, India. Khan, Sardar Mohammad, 2009. ڈکشنری پنجابى اردو Punjabi Urdu Dictionary. Punjabi Literary Board,

Lahore. Khetran, Mohd. Saadullah Khan, 2007. سرائيکى لغت Saraiki Dictionary. Bahauddin Zakriya University,

Multan. Paul, Jamil Ahmad, 1993. پنجابى کالسيکى لغت Punjabi Classical Dictionary. Punjabi Science Board

Lahore. Salahuddin, Iqbal, 2002. وڈی پنجابى لغت Comprehensive Punjabi Dictionary. Aziz Publishers, Lahore. Shackle, C. 1972. Punjabi. Teach Yourself Books. London: English University Press. --------------- 1976. The Siraiki Language of Central Pakistan: A Reference Grammar. London: School

of African and Oriental Studies. --------------- 2003. "Panjabi," in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, eds., The Indo-Aryan Languages.

London: Routledge. Shad, Mohammad Sharif, 2008. پوٹھو�ری اردو لغت Pothohari Urdu Dictionary. Zauraiz Publications,

Multan. The Vanguard Punjabi English Dictionary. 1983, Lahore.

The Dictionary

اد آتب

1

آ

alif mad n.1 the first letter of the Punjabi alphabet (only appears at the beginning of a word) آ

اد aabaad a adj.1 settled, established, populous, heavily populated آتب

�ے • �ت بی عداد ا

تاراں دی وڈی � بت دے �پ�� اد اوہہ اے ۔ آتب

A lot of his fans are settled here.

s suff. abad (forms proper name of town or city) اد • ون �ے۔ �ل اس�م آتب ی مذا��ات �ہ

تھارت وزاری اک �ب اچ تپ

Tomorrow, Pak-India ministerial-level talks will be held in Islamabad.

ادی اں :aabaadii n.1 f.s. [plural آتب ادتی aabaadiyaaN] a population, people آتب

ں۔ • نین

ادی ن اں ملک دی اد�ی آتب بی اتنن

زت Women are half of the country’s population. ان دی • بت ا�� دی اے ۔ ۷۰تپ بن اں وچ ر�ہ بی

ت�ی ع�� ادی د�ی صد آتب �ی

ن�

Seventy percent of Pakistan’s people live in rural areas. ی اے ۔ • ا�ن دا �م �� ر�ہ �� تپ

ے مال ڈتنت

اڑی ے ئتی تب ادی ��بی صد آتب �ینڈاں دی ��ٹھ � بن ت تپ

تا �ہ ا�یس و� بی اں د� بن او�ہ

He said that at this time, sixty percent of the rural population is engaged in farming and livestock breeding. و سکدا ۔ • ں �ہ نی

ئن

جال تنش

و�نے ملک �

توے ے �ی ر�ہ

�ٹ بی ادی ��راں اچ بب بے اد�ی آتب ا �ہ � بی ے آ��ن

ق ا����ان ے �یت

�س �ب Miss Atiqur Rahman said that the country cannot prosper if half of the population stays at home.

s settlement, community, village ادی اچ اے ۔ • ں آتب ونی

ن� � ا�ہ ��وں تب

دا ��ر �ش اوہہ His house is in the new settlement outside the city.

aap a reflexive pron. m.f.s. pl. oneself, one's own self (used as intensifier) آپ

دا اے ۔ • بی وں وی �پ�ھاتئناں � بی �پ �را دے �ب ے �ب

تاآں ے بن ں آپ وی �پ�� �نی

I myself study and I tutor my brother’s kids, too. ا �ی ۔ • بت ص�ہ �بی �ی

نان دا � �ے خب

�ت ے آپ اون

م ےن

ود وز�ی� ا�� او�ب �رے دے تبن

� In spite of the risk, the prime minister himself decided to go there. ان �ے۔ • �نوں ��روں آ �ے �ے خب بی

اوہ آپ بت They themselves will pick you up from home. ہ • ں ؟ ہا�ی نی

نساں آپ �ھدا ن

ت��ر �

Did you buy this house yourself? ے گا ۔ •

ئاے ال خب

ناں ت بی �پ ہ ��و ، اوہ آپ �ب �� �ن

فن Don’t worry; he himself will go with the children.

s 3rd p pron. m.f. he, she (to express reverence for the prophets and sacred personages) ہ وس�مهللاص�ی ا( آپ • دا �ی )ع��ی اتن ا خب بی

دار �بن بت ے اماتنت

ا ے وں �جپت�� اچ �ب �

وں �شن�

He (peace be upon him) was believed to be the most truthful and trustworthy in the city.

ا آتپ

2

تی آپ ► ئ بی بب aap biitii n.1 f.s. memoir, story of one’s own experiences, biography

ا • بی ول �� � �بتے اس�م �

نوی ��ی ے

نئتی �پ�ھ �ے �ب�طا� بی اں د ی آپ بب

تو �س�م �ورت

ن�

Having read the memoirs of newly-converted Muslim women, a British girl embraced Islam. ا�ی و • اتب بی ص�ہ �� � �ی

نئتی ���ن دا � بی ئنی آپ بب ے ابپ

ن�ھا ے ڈ ادکارہ ر�ی

The Bollywood actress Rekha has decided to write her own biography.

ا آپ ► بیبت �ہ aap hattyaa {aap hateaa} n.1 f.s. suicide 【آپ ہتيا】

ی اے • �ح ودھ ر�ہ ا دی �ش بیبت ا وچ آپ �ہ بی دتن

The suicide rate is increasing in the world. ا۔ • بی ں �ی ر�ہ �نی

ی راہ �نئوں اڈ �وی

تا � بی

بت اں �ول آپ �ہ بن اروں او�ہ ھار تپ اں دے �ب بیر�ن

ت�

He did not have any other option except suicide because of the burden of the loans. ں ۔ • نی

نا ��دے ن بی

بت ی آپ �ہ اراں ل�ھ �ب � ور�ے تب ا وچ �ہ بی دتن Every year 1.2 million individuals in the world commit suicide. ئتی �ی ۔ • ا �بی بی

بت ے آپ �ہن

اں ےن

وں ودھ �ساتت�ار � ڈھ �ہ ا وچ ڈتی

نات �تی �پھ�ے سال �ہ

�پ Last year, more than 1,500 farmers had committed suicide in Haryana.

درا آپ ► ا ہہ بن بن بب 【 نناآپ ہدرا ب 】 aap hudraa bannaa conjunct v. idiom to act like a boss oneself

ال �ل �� �ے ۔ • ن

�� تن��ے ا� ہ�ں ے �پ

تن ے ہ نب درا �ن ہہ آپ ہہ و�ن

ت�

Don’t act like a boss yourself. Go and ask a senior person first.

ا اں aapaa n.1 f.s. [same as آتپ form of address and reference for older sister [3 آتپ

و��ی مدد ��دی اے ۔ • ال سارے ��اں اچ �پن

ا اماں ت ��ی�ی آتپ My older sister helps my mother a lot with all the chores.

اں ا aapaaN a 1st p pron. m.f.s. [same as آتپ I [آتپ

ا اے۔ • اتی بن وف تبت�یوق وں بب

ناں ��کار � آتپ

I have tricked the government. s m. f. pl we اواں �ے • �ے خب

ٹ �� اں ا آتپ We will go together. d n.1 f.s. form of address and reference for older sister • ں ۔ نی

نےئے ن بپ دے بن ی ر�ہ وں ��ا�پ

تہہ سال � �پھ�ے و�ی

اں �پ وڈی آتپ

My older sister has been living in Karachi for the last twenty years.

پی پوآی aapo aapii reflexive pron. m.f.s. pl. by oneself, on one's own آ�

ں • نین

دے ن اتن پی �ھلدے خب پو آی ھل آ� �بن��

The knots keep coming undone by themselves.

پوں aapuN reflexive pron. m.f.s. pl. oneself, one's own self (used as intensifier) آ�

ہ • ہ�ن �ے �ب�ے � ہاوہ ا�ی ے �ہ ا�یئ

وے �ان �ہ پوں ���ی اے ۔ ہ�ی ں آ� ی �نین�ہای

He was surprised to hear that I had written that story myself.

�ن

آ�

3

ھ �ے۔ • �پ �نوں �پ پوں او�ہ � آ� �ینا � ےخب

تا ے بی ں آر�ہ �نی

ن �ن نیت

�نوں �ی� بیبے بت �

If you don’t believe me, then go and ask him yourself. ہے۔ا�یس ملک دی وڈی عدا�ت دا �پ • ا � بی ی �� ر�ہ

ئصاف دی ��ای

نپوں ا� س آ�

ٹف �ب�� �ی

The chief justice of the country’s Supreme Court is himself fighting a battle for justice.

پی aapii reflexive pron. m.f.s. pl. a by oneself, on one's own آی

اواں �ے • �ے ا�پ� خب�ت پی او ہ ��و ا�ی آی �� �ن

�ی ساڈی فنت

� Don’t worry about us; we will get there by ourselves.

s oneself (used as intensifier) ا �ی ۔ • بی ارے د� اہ تب ےنے وتی بپ �نوں ا پی �بی ےنے آی �ہ او He himself had told me about his wedding.

پے aape reflexive pron. m.f.s. pl. oneself, one's own self (used as intensifier) آے

دااے • بی ا�ہ ا خپن

ات � خب ی دے �ے �ٹن

��ت

پے ا�� وں آےن�ف � صدر ��ش

President Musharraf should himself resign and leave. کار اے • ش

پے ات ��دی دا � ان آے بت ا�� تپ Pakistan is itself a victim of terrorism.

اٹ

aaṭaa n.1 m.s. wheat flour �ت

�ران خب • ا �بٹ

اوے گا۔�ت و خب م �ہت�

نلد �

The wheat flour crisis will soon end. ی۔ •

تا دی بن کام تب ن

ش �شگ ��ن دی �وس بن ا ��گ�

ٹے �ت

ن�س ے تپ

The police foiled the attempt to smuggle wheat flour.

�ن

aaKHir a n.1 m.s. end 【آخر】 آ�

� وچ • ن

پورٹ سال دے آ� ارے ���ل ر� س تبن�

ی سابئتای بی اوے �ی۔ما�و� ئتی خب اری �بی خب

The complete report on environmental science will be issued at the end of the year. • �

نگ�ے ور�ے دے آ� وے گا۔ ا ں ر�ہ �نی

ان �ن سشن

ام و �ن

گ دا ت ڈتن بی�ی دی �وڈ�ش جب ک �ب تت

There will be no sign of rolling blackouts [lit. electricity load shedding] by the end of next year. s adj.1 final, last ں ۔ • �نی

� �نن

�ج اک ���دہ اے ��ف آ� بی ئنی تپ بی آبئ

The constitutional package is a document. It’s not the final word. d adv. finally, after all, eventually ا ۔ • بی ے آمادہ ��ای �

تن ے ا��ی�ی �نی س تپ

ن�ر� �ش

ن�نوں ا� ےنے �بی �ہ � او

ن آ�

Finally, he convinced me to get the insurance policy. • �

نا اے ۔ آ�

تان �� دت سش وں �پ��ی

نہا� �ی�ےنے �ت ی �ی �ہ �ب

ت�ی ��ی��ی �ل آ�ھ دی ےنے ا�ب �ہ او

After all, what did she say that made you so upset?

► �ن

کار آ� aaKHir kaar adv. eventually 【آخر کار】

� کار ر�ش • ن

ں ۔آ� نین

دے ن ہ دار ای �م آتن �ت Eventually it is the relatives who are helpful.

�ین

آ�

4

�ین

�ی aaKHrii adj.1 [same as آ� �ین

last, final [ا�

ی اے ۔ • ��ال �� ر�ہت

ہ ا�� �ی ���بن

ا آ� بن �ا�ت اک اتپ ن �ب �ہ Now the political party Jamaat is using its last tactic. �ے • تی �ی و

ناری ر�ھاں �ے ۔ ا�ی آ� اں خب سش ش

ہ �وس �صا�نں �جن نی

ئان

تت

We will continue our efforts until the last minute. �ی �راخل وچ اے ۔ •

نک آ� �رتی

تا �ہ � بی ہاں �� او�ن

He said that the movement was in the final stages. ہ • ال مذا��ات دا ا�ی

نی ت

ٹاری �� تپ بپ بی ووے گا ۔ ہبپ �ی دور �ہ

نے آ�

تا ے جب �ی

تب

This will be the third and final round of talks with the Peoples Party.

ے aaraa n.1 f.pl. [irregular pl. of آراءئ

opinions [راے

aazaad adj.1 a free, independent �زاد

ان دی • بت �ن

ا� عنن

دار ا� بب اتن � خب �ین

ے �ت

ے اک �زاد ےت

اں دی وا�پ�ی ے بن اہ ��تی بن ان تپ عنن

س ا�ن

را�ن

ار اے۔� بی ن �ئئی تت و وچ مدد دنین� � ���ی

ت�

France is ready to aid in the return of Afghan refugees and the rebuilding of a free and nonaligned Afghanistan. s figur. unrestrained, uncontrolled ہ • ے۔ ہ�زادی دا ا�ی

ئاے و خب ا�کل �زاد �ہ دہ تب بن ں �ہ تب نی

ئن

�ط�ب تن Independence does not mean that a person should become completely unrestrained.

اں :aazaadii n.1 f.s. [plural �زادی [ازادی aazaadiyaaN same as �زادتی

a independence, liberty, freedom وے �ی۔ • اری ر�ہ � خال وچ خب ہد �ہ د و �ب �زادی دی خب The struggle for independence will continue in every situation. ہ • �ے ا�ی �ی اں دے �ن بی

بت اں دے ��ابی بن ے او�ہت

ان ے بب گ �زادی اے۔ ہطا� بن �ب For the Taliban and their supporters, this is a war for independence. �ی ۔ • اں دی را��ی ��تی ی �قت

نسای

نے ا�

ت��ی �زادی ے

��کار �ش The government will protect human rights and civil liberties. s freedom, absence of restraints ا سکدا ۔ • ا خب بت ں �بی �نی

اع �ن ا دی �زادی دا دفن ڈتی بی � � �ی�ن جا�ی �ب عد��یہ دی �ب

The freedom of the media cannot be defended without the restoration of the judiciary. بی • ت آ�و ا ک �زادی دے ان �تن �رتی

تہے ۔� د ر� بی

ت�ے �

�ت Innumerable leaders of the freedom movement remained imprisoned here. ن ر�ھدی اے۔ • نی

تے �ی�

تت اے

نی دی خ�و�ت �زادی �جا�

ٹاری �� تپ بپ بی بپ

The Peoples Party government believes in freedom of the press.

hope, expectation, wish [aasaaN آساں :plural] .aas n.1 f.s آس

د�ے گا۔ • �ور تب � �ن دہ اے �ہ وتی ت آس زتن و�ہ ��ڑی �ب خا�ی وی �ت

There is still a little hope alive that times will change. ا۔ • بت ی� اس�وک �بی � وں ا�پ

تد � بی ��یش ساڈی آس ا� ال �ہ

ناں ساڈے ت بن او�ہ

He always treated us beyond our hope and expectation. �ے �ی ۔ • پورا ا�ت ے �

تاں آساں ے �وط ��کار �وکاں دتی

�جن

ا آ��بن

5

The coalition government will live up to the people’s expectations. ا �ی ۔ • بی ا تپ بن اں ��ن �ئئی دس ور�ے �پ�د�یس اچ ر�ہ پورتی اں آساں � اں دتی بی �پ ےنے �ب بپ �نوں ا او�ہ He had to live abroad in order to fulfill his children’s wishes.

آس ►ن

وڑتتا� aas toṛnaa conjunct v. to disappoint, to let down

ہ • ہاڈی آس �ن ے�تت

پورا ��اں گا ے وں �نن � �پ

ول �ب ےنے �ب بپ ں ا وڑاں گا۔ �نیت�

I will keep my word and will not disappoint you.

ا آس ►ن

وت �ہ aas honaa conjunct v. to be hoped, to be wished, to have hope,

اوے گا ۔ • ا خب بی ص� وا�پس �ے � �یناون دا � ہہ تپ اں اگا�ن

نوت آس اے �ہ �پ

It is hoped that the decision to postpone the elections will be reversed.

aasaan {asaan} adj.1 easy, simple آسان

وں • نان � بت ا�� ان تپ اتپ ر ۴۷۹خب

نہ � ر�ن

تے �

ت�طاں اے ن ڈا�� آسان �ش م ��ے گا۔م�نی ا�ہ

Japan will provide a loan of 479 million dollars to Pakistan on easy terms. اسکدا ۔ • ا خب بی ں �� �نی

وں آسان �ننا �ہ اداکاری دے �م � بی اں آ�� بن او�ہ

She said that acting cannot be called an easy job. اری • بت

ندہ ��� ا �ہ اسا�ہ دی زتن بی ے آ��

نا�ہ ے ںصدر اوتب �نی

آسان �ل �ن President Obama said that capturing Osama alive is not a simple matter.

��ے ��ے aaste post. [same as آ for, for the sake of, in order to [وا

ی � • ت�� ��ے �ی ملک دی �ت ار آ بی ت ر�ھدی اے۔ ی�� �تی م مڈھ�ی ا�ہ ع��ی

ت�

Quality education is of fundamental importance for the progress of any country.

از aaGaaz n.1 m.s. start, beginning, commencement آعن

ں۔ • نین

ےتے ن �بی ط �نت

ے د��ت

اں ے دتی ی �عاہہن�

��ی ے �تت

از ے اعدہ �پ�وازاں دے آعن افت ہ �ب�اہ را�ت تب ے دو �ر�نن

وان ے �ی ئاب

تے ت

تن ے نی �پ

China and Taiwan have signed historic treaties at the start of regular bilateral direct flights. م�ے گا۔ • ف ��ی وں رتی

ناں �

نوں �سات

تاز � م دے آعن ��ٹ� ���ی ��ی ن �ٹ ��نی

Farmers will get some relief with the commencement of the Green Tractor Scheme.

از ► ا آعنن

��ت aaGaaz karnaa conjunct v. to start, to begin, to commence

از ��ن �ے۔ • ہاڑ دورے دا آعن ھ د�ی وں �پتخ � �ی � �ہ �ت �ی ےنے دی �ت دہ ��بی بن صدر �بش آتئ

President Bush will begin his six-day tour on the 13th of next month.

از ► ا آعنن

وت �ہ aaGaaz honaa conjunct v. to start, to begin, to commence

• ت

�وت � از تت �س دا آعن ا ۔اخب وتی وں �ہتاک � رآن تپ

The meeting started with a recitation of the Holy Quran.

ا اںآ :aakhnaa [past آ��بن ��ے ، ا��ی ، ا��بی ا ،آ ��بی causative: ان

v.t. a to say, to tell, to relate, to call [ا���ات

ہ • بے ا�ی �ے وچ ���ی تپ ہا�ت

� ت اے �ہ ا�یس وات

ل ازو� ببت

ا � بن ی م�وث اے۔آ��ٹاری

It is still premature to say which party is involved in this incident. ں �ی۔ • �نی

ک دی ��ی �ن بن ا �ہ ملک وچ � بی اں آ�� بن او�ہ He said that there was no shortage of wheat in the country.