pure home water manual
DESCRIPTION
Description about PureHomeH2OTRANSCRIPT
PURE HOME WATER’S SOCIAL BUSINESS: DISSEMINATING CERAMIC WATER FILTERS & BUILDING A CERAMIC FILTER FACTORY IN NORTHERN GHANA
Susan MurcottSr. Lecturer, MITFounder, Pure Home Water
Brandeis University, Heller School, Lunch Talk, Friday, March 12, 2010
Global Situation
1.8 million children die each year from diarrheal diseases, which kills more children than AIDS, malaria and measles combined.
In recent years, awareness and funding directed towards reducing disease and death from diarrhea have been insufficient to address the enormous disease burden… it has been an “invisible” problem, mostly affecting poor women and children.
Lower Respiratory Infections
HIV/AIDS DiarrhoealDiseases
Tuberculosis Malaria Measles
Over age 5
Under age 5
De
ath
s i
n m
illi
on
s
Source: WHO 2004
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0 3.9
2.8
1.8
1.6
1.3
0.6
Leading Infectious Killers - 2002
WHO, Preventing Disease…, 2006, p. 62.
Among children 0 – 14 years, the proportion of deaths attributed to the environment is 36%.
Main Diseases Contributing to the Environmental Burden of Disease, Among Children 0-14 years
Children Under 5 Years- Mortality
Outline of Questions Addressed What has Pure Home Water (PHW) done
to save lives from water-related diseases?
What will PHW do to save lives? How many lives can PHW save? On what basis, scientific, past
experience, etc. does PHW believe these many lives can be saved?
How many dollars does PHW need to accomplish this objective?
What has Pure Home Water done…
…to save lives?
Pure Home Water- Ghana
Pure Home Water (PHW) is a social enterprise founded in 2005 by MIT Senior Lecturer, Susan Murcott, with Ghanaian partners, to provide safe drinking water via ceramic pot filters.
PHW has 2 goals:
1. Reach people most in need of safe drinking water in Northern Ghana, the poorest part of Ghana
2. Become financially and locally self-sustaining
Village women training in filter use
Pure Home Water (2005-2009) has:
Sold over 12,000 filters and reached over 100,000 people with ceramic pot (Kosim) filters, through direct sales and emergency distributions (flood, guinea worm outbreak)
Developed educational materials and a trainer’s manual on filter use
Provided water/sanitation/hygiene trainings to > 1,000 communities, groups and individual users.
Established an office, training center, water quality laboratory and guest house.
Provided employment to > 20 Ghanaians.
Kosim is a word in the
local Ghanaian Dagbani
language, meaning
“pure water”
Pure Home Water (2005-2009) has:
Pure Home Water Filter Sales(2005 – 2009)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
Yr 1 (0506) Yr 2 (0607) Yr 3 (0708) FY 4 (0809)
5691,224
333retail sales
7,700 flood sales
2,531 emergency distribution
371 retail sales
Pure Home Water (2005-2009) has:
Procured, distributed, trained users, and monitored > 7,000 households during a flood emergency in Northern Ghana that affected 200,000 people.
Conducted follow-up monitoring of over 2,000 users, many in remote rural areas, in-home service and re-education of users on filter operation and maintenance
Hosted MIT teams to provide special assistance to local partners in R&D and business.
Begun construction and manufactured its first locally-produced filters at the Phase 1 factory site in Taha, Ghana
Filter distribution during floods
Monitoring results from flood filters
2009 Guinea Worm Distribution
2000 Filters: Training, Dissemination & Monitoring
Woman from Yesapi, Central Gonja, with bandage covering guinea worm- infected foot
…planning to do to save lives?
What is Pure Home Water…
Pure Home Water Current and Future Plans (2010 – 2015) Reach 1 million people in
Northern Ghana with ceramic pot (Kosim) filters
Complete Phase 2 construction of a ceramic filter factory in Taha Ghana (Phase I completion done by Jan. 2010.)
Improve filter design and quality control of process variables.
Complete all construction in 2011 (Phase 3: residential/guest building)
Become financially self-sustaining
How many lives can we save?
Credit: Alexandr Nishichenko
Childhood Mortality Stats
Ghana’s average childhood mortality is 112 deaths / 1000 live births
There are significant North/South differences The majority of Northern Region and the Upper West both have >155 deaths / 1000 live births.
Africa’s rate is 167 deaths / 1000 live births.
(http://www.afro.who.int/home/countries/fact_sheets/ghana.pdf)
Under 5 Mortality Rate / 1000 Live Births
WHO Ghana Country Fact Sheet
75-100101-127128-154155-180
>181
Background Water: 50% of people in
Northern Ghana lack access to an improved water supply
Sanitation: Ghana has the 4th worst record in the world for sanitation coverage, meaning most people in Northern Ghana practice open defecation.
This deplorable water/sanitation situation leads to a very high rate of diarrheal diseases and death, especially among children under 5 years.
Ghana is also one of the 5 remaining guinea worm endemic countries Midwife training at Pure Home Water
Office
Contaminated water supply
Improved and Unimproved Sources
Improved Sources Boreholes Household connection Public standpipe Rainwater harvesting Protected springs and
dug wells
Unimproved Sources All surface water
sources Unprotected springs
and dug wells Tanker trucks Vendor water
50% (0.9 million out of 1.8 million people) in Northern Region use an unimproved source
Northern Ghana Health Stats Upper West and Upper East, two of Pure Home
Water’s target regions, have the highest rates of diarrhea prevalence in Ghana, 27% and 21% respectively, plus guinea worm in the North..
Ghana and Guinea Worm
Ghana is one of five remaining guinea worm
endemic countries (2nd worst, after Sudan
Photo: Braimah Apambire, World Vision
Sanitation Coverage
Ghana has the 4th lowest rate of sanitation coverage in the world
Sanitation Coverage
In Pure Home Water’s region, sanitation coverage is “none” or “public” for the majority of people.... This is considered “inadequate” by U.N. definitions.
Sanitation Coverage
Latrine in the process of being built
Brick from Pure Home ceramic factory could go toward appropriate latrine construction
What scientific evidence do we have that the Kosim ceramic pot filter reduces risk of diarrhea?
Scientific Evidence
Under supervision of MIT advisor, Susan Murcott and with guidance from Harvard School of Public Health Professor Julie Bering, MIT Master of Engineering students R. Peletz (2006) and S. Johnson (2007) conducted a baseline and health impact survey in Tamale and Savelugu Districts, Northern Region, Ghana. Their goal was to find out the role of the ceramic pot filter, branded locally as the “Kosim” filter in reducing diarrheal diseases. They surveyed traditional and modern households with and without the ceramic pot filter.
Study of Impact of Ceramic Pot Filter in Northern Ghana (2006-2007) on Diarrhea
Traditional and Modern Households Surveyed
Traditional Households
(Johnson, 2007)
Modern Households (Peletz, 2006)Peletz’s sample population was 50
modern urban families in Tamale and Savelugu Districts with and without the ceramic filter.
Johnson’s sample population was 41 traditional rural families in Tamale and Savelugu Districts with and without the ceramic filter.
Peletz (2006) – Relative Risk Analysis
Peletz found that modern households with ceramic filters have 12% of the risk (88% less risk) of having diarrheal illness compared to households without filters. Results were statistically significant.
Diarrhea No Diarrhea
Filters 1 10
No Filters 18 21
Odds Ratio= (1x21) = 0.12 Statistically significant (p<.001) (18x10)
Johnson (2007)– Relative Risk Analysis
Johnson found that traditional rural households with ceramic filters have 31% of the risk (69% less risk) of having diarrheal illness compared to households without filters. Results were statistically significant.
Diarrhea No Diarrhea
Filter 4 219
No Filter 12 203
Odds Ratio= (4x203) = 31% Statistically significant (p<0.035) (12x219)
Prior Studies on Health Impact
“Quantitative Assessment of Health Benefits of HWTS”(Nath,K.J., Bloomfield,S., and Jones,M. 2005)
“The evidence shows that provision ofsafe water alone at the household levelcan reduce diarrhoeal and other entericdiseases by 6 to 50%, even in theabsence of improved sanitation or otherhygiene measures.”
(based on literature review of 16 selected epidemiological studies of a range of HWTS options)
Differences in Study Results
Why did Peletz and Johnson have high numbers (88% less risk, 69% less risk) compared to Nath’s review of similar studies? The Peletz/Johnson sample sizes were small, limited by
time and funding constraints, which may led to a wider margin of error.
Also confounding factors, besides the filters, might have contributed to such a high % reduction among those families using the filters.
Hence, we should consider the Peletz/Johnson conclusions as preliminary.
So… how many lives do we estimate that Pure Home Water will save by building a local ceramic filter factory to reach 1 million people in Northern Ghana?
We conservatively estimate that we should be able to reduce diarrheal disease - the 2nd leading cause of death in children under 5 years in Ghana – by 25-50% among those households consistently and correctly using the Kosim ceramic pot filter
1 million people will have an improved quality of life due to reduction of diarrhea, guinea worm and other water-related diseases and deaths
Conclusion:
In addition to saving lives, why has PHW decided after 5 years to
proceed with local manufacturing?
Cost – to bring the price of the filter into reach of $1/day people
Supply Chain
Ceramica TamakloePure Home Water Office/Stockroom
PHW Truck
Bad Roads, Very Hot, Dusty Weather
District Gov’t Warehouses
Villagers
Quality Control
Breakage
Technical modifications to design and/or materials to increase durability
Design Modifications Flower Pot, Bowl or Paraboloid-
Shaped Ceramic Filter
Round bottom shape Myanmar
Standard flat-bottom shaped of flower-pot design
Paraboloid shape in Nigeria and Dominican Republic
Budget Summary:
ITEM US$
Total Estimated Budget to Construct Filter Factory $111,000
Amount spent to date on land ($10K) & construction ($33K) $43,000
Amount needed to complete Phase 2 $68,000
Ceramic Filter Factory ConstructionPhase 1 & 2
More information: Pure Home Water
http://www.purehomeh2o.org
References
• Rogers, P. Water and Child Health: An Environmental Perspective Presentation to the World Health Organization’s Task Force on the Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE), Limassol, Cyprus, October 16-17, 2006.
• WHO, 2002 and 2004 – http://www.who.int• WHO, 2006. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments.• http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/preventingdisease/en/