purple coneflower
DESCRIPTION
Purple Coneflower. Echinacea purpurea Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea pallida. Presented by: Henry Tran, Paul St. Romain, & Margaret Wells. Names of Echinacea. Family: Asteraceae Genus: Echinacea Greek origin: echinos = sea urchin or hedgehog - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Purple Coneflower
Echinacea purpurea
Echinacea angustifolia
Echinacea pallida
Presented by: Henry Tran, Paul St. Romain, & Margaret Wells
Names of Echinacea Family: Asteraceae Genus: Echinacea Greek origin: echinos = sea urchin or hedgehog Perennial Plant; 1-2ft. Tall, spiny appearance AKA: American Coneflower, Black Sampson, Comb Flower, Echinacea
angustifolia, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea purpurea, Indian Head, Purple Coneflower, Rudbeckia, Sampson Head, Scurvy Root, Snakeroot, Helichroa (Rafinesque)
Original genus name = Rudbeckia 1794 Conrad Moench used Echinacea , but not adopted by the
scientific community until circa 1848
History of Echinacea Found in the U.S. & Canada Home: Great Plains Region (from Texas into Canada and from the
Rocky Mountains into Kentucky) Other States/Regions: CO, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, MN, MO, MT, NE,
NM, ND, OK, SD, TX, WY; Canada (AB, MB,SK) Used by Native Americans (i.e. Blackfoot, Lakota, Choctaw,
Delaware, Cheyenne, Comanche, Sioux & Dakota) E. purpurea, E. angustifolia, and E. pallida Blackfoot & Lakota used E. angustifolia as toothache remedy
(isobutylamides found in root which creates numbing sensation)
Historical Uses E. purpurea used by Choctaw as cough medicine and as G.I. aid Delaware for venereal disease; Comanche use for sore throat &
toothache E. pallida used by western tribes (Cheyenne used it for antirheumatic, cold
remedy, & as dermatological aid; Decoction of the root as vermifuge & eye medicine; Sioux use for analgesic properties & for snake bites)
Used for a wide variety of conditions (18th,19th, early 20th by American Settlers for infections and inflammation)
First Written Record in 1762; Flora Virginica (John Clayton) Eclectic Physicians first to realize therapeutic benefits of
E. purpurea “Red Sunflower” in Dispensatory of Eclectic Physcians in
1852; recommended use for patients with syphilis Eclectic Physicians and Topical Wound Healing (1950’s)
Introduction to Euro-American Society
Dr. H.C. F. Meyer sent J.Lloyd (Lloyd Brothers Pharmaceuticals) & Dr. J. King sample of root
“Meyers Blood Purifier” in 1885 1886 E. angustifolia arrives for Lloyd & King Lloyd sets out to negate claims via pharmaceutical tests Favorable results 1887 King statement in The Eclectic Medical Journal “…
should it be found to contain only one-half the virtues he (H.C. F. Meyer) attributes to it, it will form an important addition to our materia medica.”
Lloyd Pharmaceuticals; multiple products (creams, liquids & mouth
wash); Fermentation & Echafolta
Historical Uses Con’t. In 1910, decline in U.S. use began due to 3 reasons First = A. Flexner comparison study of allopathic vs.
faltering botanico-medical education Second = Direct results of antibiotics vs. general
immune response of Eichinacea species Third major reason = Hostility among practitioners Patentable antibiotics 1916-1947 E. angustifolia & E. pallida root & rhizome
recognized by the U.S. National Formulary (NF) 1910 only 47% of USP was based on medicinal plant
drugs
German Research & Commission E
German equivalent to our FDA 1920’s Gerhard Madaus; 1930’s to present extensive German
research (peaked in 80’s)
Research done on common communicable diseases & immune response
Two varieties approved (E. Purpurea & E. Pallida, but not roots)
Believed that E. Angustifolia is stronger (problem = no official clinical data to support claim)
PDR for Herbal Medicines states multiple uses (used as treatment for common colds, bronchitis, UTI’s, mouth & pharynx inflammation, wounds, burns & weak I.S.)
Active Components
Polysaccharides 4-0-methylglucuronoarabinoxylan Rhamnoarabinogalactin
Polyacetylenes
Alkylamides (echinaceine)
Parts Used & Administration
Parts of plant that are used: aboveground roots, rhizome & leaves
In U.S. used as tea, squeezed (expressed) juice (alcohol and/or glycerin
based), capsules (herbal powder for URI), tincture (gargling &
swallowing), topically, & as an injection (not recommended in U.S.)
In Germany many times administered intravenously along with traditional medical treatments
Dosage, type of administration, & duration of treatment vary in patient care
Present Day & Future Hopes
U.S. research peaked again in 1990’s to present DSHEA act & active research (NCCAM) Journal: Economic Medicinal Plant Research (through 1991; 360 studies on
Echinacea)
Extremely Popular & Profitable Some studies show it does help I.S., “septic” conditions, &
increases hyaluronic acid when topically applied Echinacin ointment for inflammatory skin diseases Need more clinical trials & dosage specifications Hope of proving effectiveness on immune system
The Cold
What is it?SymptomsDuration
http://www.kennislink.nl/upload/115174_962_1091519871529-rhinovirus.jpg
Why contradictory research?
Hard to quantitatively measure symptoms
Psychological effects varyMany different types of cold virusesPreparations are not standardizedMeta analysis
Value
Significantly important difference – is treatment worth it based on cost, effect and duration of infection?
Echinacea: 2nd to Vitamin C – people thought it would be worth it if it reduced colds by 36.8 hours
Zinc and prescription in 60 to 90 hour range
Reactions & Toxicity Could negatively affect patients with progressive systemic
diseases & autoimmune disorders (i.e. tuberculosis, lupus & connective
tissues disorders, HIV/AIDS), pregnant women & children under two years of age
Patients with asthma & atopy (genetic tendency to have allergic reactions) are more susceptible
According to NCCAM website; rare allergic reactions found to be rashes, increased asthma and anaphylaxis
Allergic reaction possible if person is allergic to plants in daisy family (i.e. ragweed, chrysanthemums, marigolds & daisies)
Gastrointestinal side effect most common in studies
Mode of Action
Bioactive substances capable of stimulating innate immunity. What is the innate immune response?
Nonspecific
Type Mechanism
Chemical Mediators Interfeurons induce anti-viral state in uninfected cells Complement lyses facilitates phagocytosis Toll-like receptors recognize microbial molecules; signal
secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines
Phagocytic Barriers Various cells endocytose and break down foreign molecules Specialized leucocytes digest and kill microorganisms
Inflammatory Barriers Infection induces leakage of vascular fluid and influx of phagocytes into infected issue
Macrophages stimulated to release cytokines and chemokines that initiate inflammatory response
• Cytokines cause dilation of local small blood vessels and changes in endothelial cells
• Lead to movement of leukocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) from to blood vessels into the infected tissue
• Leucocytes are guided by chemokines produced by macrophages • Blood vessels become more permeable, allowing plasma proteins and fluid to
leak into the tissues
Mode of Action cont.
Immune response ascribed to polyssacharides
Study: Incubation of human macrophages with purified polysaccharide:
Increased the motility of granulocytes and their cytotoxic activity against staphylococci
Stimulated proliferation of human lymphocytes Induced production of TNF-a, IL-1, and IL-6
Figure 8-22
Purified polysaccharides from E. purpurea induced macrophage production of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-
Mode of Action, cont.
Evidence supporting polysaccharide function of extract:
Augmented the phagocytosis of yeast particles or opsonized zymosan by human granulocytes by 23% and 34%
Intravenous treatment of mice: Mice injected with lethal doses of Candida albicans and Listeria
monocytogenes Treatment significantly increased survival rate of both healthy
and immunosuppressed mice.
Mode of Action, cont.
Akylamides from Echinacea: Modulate TNF- mRNA expression in human
monocytes and macrophages via the CB2 cannabinoid receptor
Bind to CB2 more strongly than endogenous cannabinoids
Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetrenoic acid isobutylamide (A1) Docea-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide (A2)
Mode of Action, cont.
Anti-inflammatory effects
Lipoxygenase (LOX) and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition
Polysaccharide fraction known to inhibit the action of the enzyme hyaluronidase
Echinacoside provides protective effect against free radical induced degradation of collagen
Summary
Echinacea appears to activate non-specific cellular and humoral immunity and the complement system by increasing the production and activity of: Leukocytes
Granulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes
Cytokines
Bibliography1. Echinacea. 2006 [cited 2006 04/23/06]; A database summarizing the research on various supplements.
Part of the site is member only.]. Available from: http://supplementwatch.com/suplib/supplement.asp?DocId=1101&templateId=100.
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3. Barnes, J., et al., Echinacea species (Echinacea angustifolia (DC.) Hell., Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt.,Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench): a review of their chemistry, pharmacology and clinical properties . J Pharm Pharmacol, 2005. 57(8): p. 929-54.
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• Borchers, A.T., et al., Inflammation and Native American medicine: the role of botanicals . Am J Clin Nutr, 2000. 72(2): p. 339-47.
7. Flannery, M.A. 1999. From Rudbeckia to Echinacea: The Emergence of the Purple Cone Flower in Modern Therapeutics, Pharmacy in History, Vol. 41 (2):52-58
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10. Jack M. Gwaltney, M., Frederick G. Hayden, MD Common Cold. 1999-2005 [cited 2006 04/23/06]; General information over the common cold drawn from over 70 medical resources]. Available from: http://www.commoncold.org/index.htm.
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Database Syst Rev, 2006(1): p. CD000530.14. Raduner, S., et al., Alkylamides from Echinacea are a new class of
cannabinomimetics - CB2-receptor dependent and independent immunomodulatory effects. J Biol Chem, 2006.
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