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PUR P L E HA T S WIZ A R DS PROGRAMMIN G LANGUAGES

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PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. PURPLE HATS WIZARDS. We need programming languages to communicate with a computer. The two broad classifications of programming languages are: Low-level and High-level languages. WHY DO WE NEED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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PURPLE HATS WIZARDS

PURPLE HATS WIZARDSPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

WHY DO WE NEED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES?2We need programming languages to communicate with a computer. The two broad classifications of programming languages are: Low-level and High-level languages.WHAT ARE THE TWO BROAD CLASSIFICATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES? 3Low-level languages are programming languages that use words and symbols that are close to the language the computer understands. High-level languages are programming languages that use the same words and symbols that are used by humans. HOW MANY GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARE THERE?4There are five generations of programming languages. They are:First Generation or Machine LanguagesSecond Generation or Assembly-level LanguagesThird Generation or High-level LanguagesFourth Generation LanguagesFifth Generation Languages

FIRST GENERATION OR MACHINE-LEVEL LANGUAGES51GLs were the first languages that were developed for computers. 1GLs is also called First Generation Languages. AN EXAMPLE OF A CODE WRITTEN IN 1GL6An example of a code written in 1GL is:10110011110011011.WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM MACHINE DEPENDENT7Machine dependent is a program that runs only on a particular type of computer system.ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF 1GL:8One advantage of 1GLs is:It is able to be executed very fast by the computer, as there is no need for translation.Three disadvantages of 1GLs are:It is difficult to read, write and understand by humans as the programs involve only 0s and 1sIt is unable to be used on another machine that means it is machine dependentIt is difficult to correct or modify mistakes.SECONG GENERATION OR ASSEMBLY-LEVEL LANGUAGES (ALL)9Second Generations languages were created since the writing of programs using Machine-level languages was cumbersome. HOW ARE INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN IN ASSEMBLYLANGUAGE10An example of 2GL is Assembly language. Instructions are written in Assembly language using mnemonics. WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM MNEMONICS 11The term Mnemonics means abbreviated forms of words.AN EXAMPLE OF A CODE WRITTEN IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE IS:12

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF AN ASSEMBLER?13The purpose of an assembler is to convert Assembly-level language instructions to Machine-level language.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE:14Two advantages of Assembly languages are:It is easier to read, write and understand than Machine-level language.It is easier to correct or modify mistakes than Machine-level language.Two disadvantages of Assembly languages are:It is slower in execution than Machine-level language.It is still machine dependent.THIRD GENERATION OR HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES15Third Generation languages were created to make the programming easier that ALL (Assembly-level languages). EXAMPLES OF 3GLs16Some examples of 3GLs are:BASICFORTRANPascalCCOBOLSome examples of 3GLs are:16CAN THE COMPUTER UNDERSTAND 3GLs AND WHAT NEEDS TO HAPPEN BEFORE THE COMPUTER CAN EXECUTE 3GLs?17No, the computer cannot understand Third Generation Languages. It must be translated either using compilers or interpreters. These are needed because it convert High-level language to Machine language so the computer could understand what the user wants.WHAT IS A TRANSLATOR PROGRAM AND WHY IS IT NEEDED FOR 3GLs?18A translator program is used to convert High-level language to Machine-level language.DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A COMPILER AND AN INTERPRETER19A compiler and an interpreter are both translators that convert High-level language instructions to Machine-level language but a compiler takes all the instructions together to form a single file that can run on its own while an interpreter takes one instruction at a time and does not produce files that can run independently.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF USING HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES:20Three advantages of using High-level languages are:It is easier to read, write and understand than Machine-level language and ALL.It is easier to modify or correct mistakes than Machine-level language and ALL.It is machine dependent.A disadvantage of using High-level language is:It is slower in execution than Machine-level language and ALL.FOURTH GENERATION 0R ADVANCESD HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES21Fourth-generation computerprogramming language. 4GLs are closer to human language than other high-level languages and are accessible to people without formal training as programmers. They allow multiple common operations to be performed with a single programmer-entered command. They are intended to be easier for users than machine languages

EXAMPLE OF 4GLs:22An Example of 4GLs :

Fifth Generation Languages23Afifth-generation programming language(natural language) (abbreviated5GL or NL) is aprogramming language based on solving problems usingconstraintsgiven to the program, rather than using analgorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based andlogic programminglanguages and some declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.Whilefourth-generation programming languagesare designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the programmer only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly inartificial intelligenceresearch.

Examples Of Fifth Generation Languages24Examples Of Fifth Generation Languages are:PrologOPS5 Mercury

Artificial Intelligence 25Artificial intelligence (AI) is theintelligenceof machines or software, and is also a branch ofcomputer sciencethat studies and develops intelligent machines and software. Major AI researchers and textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents",where anintelligent agentis a system that perceives its environment and takes actions that maximize its chances of success.John McCarthy, who coined the term in 1955,defines it as "the science and engineering of making intelligent machines".AI research is highly technical and specialised, deeply divided into subfields that often fail to communicate with each other.Some of the division is due to social and cultural factors: subfields have grown up around particular institutions and the work of individual researchers. AI research is also divided by several technical issues. There are subfields which are focused on the solution of specificproblems, on one of several possibleapproaches, on the use of widely differingtools and towards the accomplishment of particularapplications.The central problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning, communication,perceptionand the ability to move and manipulate objects.General intelligence (or "strong AI") is still among the field's long term goals.Currently popular approaches includestatistical methods,computational intelligenceandtraditional symbolic AI. There are an enormous number of tools used in AI, including versions ofsearch and mathematical optimization,logic,methods based on probability and economics, and many others.

An example of Artificial Intelligence 26

THE END!! HOPE YOU ENJOYED 27

A PURPLE HATS WIZARDS PRODUCTION DONE BY :SEEMA SAMPATH LEADERSHIVA RAMKISSOONROMARIO SENNON RAVI RAGOOnull201833.92