pursuit of power
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Pursuit of Power. Chapter 14. Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained. What is the difference between an absolutist and a limited ruler?. List the ways in which European rulers sought to make their power absolute. . 1) their control over their nation’s finances, religion, and nobility - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
PURSUIT OF POWERChapter 14
Power of Kings: Absolute or Restrained
What is the difference between an absolutist and a limited ruler?
List the ways in which European rulers sought to make their power absolute.
1) their control over their nation’s finances, religion, and nobility
2) the size of the standing army
3) the size of the government bureaucracy
4) the size of their territory
What justification rulers give for absolutism and why did many Europeans accept this argument?
Divine Right
Timeline for French Absolutism Henry IV Louis XIII and Richelieu 30 Years' War Louis XIV and Mazarin The Frondes Louis XIV takes over in his own right Revocation of the Edict of Nantes Louis XV
Timeline for 30 Years' War
Peace of Augsburg The Holy Roman Emperor (who was Catholic)
revoked religious freedom Protestant Bohemian nobles revolted Protestant resistance was crushed The war spread to other parts of the Holy
Roman Empire The Protestant cause was rescued by Gustavus
Adolphus, King of Sweeden France entered the war to help the Protestants Peace of Westphalia
List Cardinal Richelieu’s aims and explain how he hoped to achieve them:
Louis XIV reigned 70 years Bourbon King Henry IV – strengthen royal
power and reduced privileges of the nobility and increased government control of economy Assassinated
Louis XIII (9) – his mother Marie de Medici rules
1624 – Cardinal Richelieu became Louis’ advisor
Henry IV
Louis XIII
Richelieu
Mazarin
Richelieu’s Aims Get rid of Huguenots
French soldiers housed with Huguenots Children taken away Spies in churches Arrests and fines Some left, some endured, some fought
Weaken nobility Take positions of authority Replaced with intendents Destroyed castles Arrests and executions
Explain the cause of the 30 year’s war and why France entered the war. Why do some say that the war was more political than religious in nature:
Started by Richelieu 1618-48 John Huss’ Bohemia Protestant Bohemians revolt against
Catholic Emperor Spreads to all parts of the empire,
Protestantism almost fails Rescued by Gustavus Adolphus, king of
Sweden Lead an army in Germany, killed in battle,
but France entered war for the Protestants?
Richelieu feared Hapsburg powers, Spain and HRE Joined in 1635, making it a political war
Protestant-French victory
Gustavus Adolphus
List the consequences of the Peace of Westphalia:
recognized the independence of the Protestant provinces of the Netherlands and the Swiss confederacy
Germany became more politically fragmented
France emerged as the strongest nation on the continent of Europe.
What were the Frondes? What caused them? Did they Succeed? Richelieu died 1642 Louis XIII died 5 months later Louis XIV (5) – government controlled by
Jules Mazarin Maintained absolutist policies Imposed new taxes Riots, civil wars, etc
Upheavals known as Frondes King had to leave Last attempt to limit king until French Revolution
in 1789
Louis XIV
Describe Louis XIV’s rule of France and assess the effectiveness of his policies. Mazarin dies, no one replaces him…king
has power 1661-1715 – The Age of Louis XIV Jean-Baptist Colbert – minister of finance
Brought order to economy and tighter government control
Encouraged commercialism and self-sufficiency
Increased exports and building navy
Louis wanted recognition from soldiers, not giving it to colonel
Put lieutenants over each regiment Standard uniforms Well-paid, well-trained, and loyal
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Revoked Edict of Nantes 1685 – Huguenots lost their religious freedoms
Up to ½ million left France
Strengthens other nations
100 years till revolution
Life at Versailles Louis XIV = Sun King, everyone revolves
around him Loved luxury and attention
Palace of Versailles ½ mile long, hundreds of rooms, symmetrical,
etc Complete pomp!
Foreign Policy Wanted to expand borders
The Rhine, Alps, Pyrenees France close to bankruptcy
Louis told his heir not to love war Died 1715, ruled longer than any other
European king Outlived son and grandson Great Grandson Louis XV (5) – would
enjoy war and bankrupt nation
Louis XV
Absolutism Spreads in Europe 1.) Brandenburg-Prussia
2.) Austria
3.) Russia
Brandenburg-Prussia Germany in nearly 100 small states Brandenburg-Prussia strongest
Strong electors Military Land Efficient Bureaucracy Cooperation of Junkers
Fredrick William – “The Great Elector” Created unified state 30,000 men in army High taxes 2x France! Militarism helped created German national state
Fredrick I (1688-1713) – Growing army More concerned with arts Wanted to be like Louis XIV Built palace and beautified Berlin Increased prestige of Prussia Became “King of Prussia”
Fredrick William
Frederick I
Fredrick William I (1713-1740) – Established absolutism Strict and violent Obedience from all citizens Focused on army with 83,000 men!
Fredrick II (1740-1786) – Interested in arts, not war “Fredrick the Great” as a military hero Tripled size of German state Built economy with silk and grain Political and social reforms
Can’t torture prisoners, and religious freedom to Catholics and Jews
Frederick William I
Frederick II
Prussia’s Rival – Hohenzollern (HO uhn ZAHL urn) of Austria
Prussia wins out, they become one nation in 19th century
Absolutism in Austria Held title “Holy Roman Empire”
Obstacles that hindered Austria from becoming a state 1.) Roman Catholic Church and the nobility
held great power and opposed any limitation up on their traditional rights.
2.) Didn’t want to upset nobility because they needed protection from greedy neighbors
3.) Too many different nationalities
Joseph II (1765-1790)- Co ruled with mother Maria Theresa.
She was a careful ruler When she is gone, he goes against nobility
and Roman Catholic Church Charged them more taxes, but less for peasants Dissolved Monasteries, altered organization Religious freedom to non Catholics This would revert back after his death
Central government was stronger for weakening local authority
Joseph II
Absolutism in Russia Get out from control of Mongols Ivan IV (1533-84) – Ivan the Terrible
Expanded territory Built St. Basil’s Cathedral Murdered nobility, including son Taxed people, treated like slaves Called himself Czar
After Ivan’s death, upheavals Romanov government in 1613 till 1917
Peter I (1682-1725) – Peter the Great Economy weak, government disorganized 1697 – travels to Western Europe to learn ways,
brought 700 W. Europeans Encourage production of Russian goods, papers,
textiles Building navy and new capital in St. Petersburg Made people dress like Westerners 1699, adapted Western Calendar Wanted to expand territories and get warm-water
ports Great Northern War (1700-1721) – beat Sweden
Establishes land and ports Had control of Russian Orthodox Church
Created Holy Synod, like a board, which Peter controlled
Catherine II (1762-92) – “The Great” Hardworking, but immoral Husband arrested and murdered Nobles could keep positions, but had to serve
state Hard treatment of peasants Tyranny of Czars until 20th century “Enlightened Reformer”
Believed in education Government censorship Church property to the government expanding
Absolutism in England Defeated
Tudors worked with advisors Sensitive to public opinion Tensions rise with Elizabeth Chooses James I to be successor
James I (1603-25)
1603 – Didn’t listed to Puritans…but did make new translation
1611 – Authorized Version, King James Version
Everyone had to honor Anglican Church Separatists/Pilgrims come to Americas Scandalous life How much authority? Haughty towards House….this pulls
Houses against James
Can you answer these questions?
What were the major reasons that England did not become an absolutist state?
How did we get the “King James” version of the Bible?
Why did the Pilgrims come to America?
Charles I (1625-49) Like Father, like son Persecuted Protestants Dismissed Parliament anytime they
disagreed with him Petition of Right (1628)
King could not force taxes without Parliament consent
Could not arbitrarily arrest people 1629-1640 – tried to raise funds without
Parliament Creates alienation
Scotland uprising when forced to use Anglican Prayer Book
Needs help from Parliament….under their conditions
1.) Parliament will meet every 3 years, even without permission
2.) Parliament could not be dissolved without it’s consent
3.) no taxes were legal except those passed by Parliament
Can you answer these questions?
How did the Petition of Right come into being and what did it call for?
How did Charles I respond to the Petition of Right?
Civil War Parliament Protestants against Anglican
Church Parliament puts military under its control Charles acts 1642, Charles marches into Parliament…. Parliament vs King Roundheads Nobility and Anglicans followed king,
Cavaliers
Oliver Cromwell led “New Model Army” Charles defeated at Battle of Naseby,
surrenders 11 months later Some wanted no king, some just wanted
to limit power….had they gone too far? Charles escapes, recaptured Cromwell taking over, dissolves
Parliament from 500 to 100 men These 100 called “the Rump Parliament”
executed Charles I on Jan 30, 1649
Oliver Cromwell
Oliver Cromwell Experimental government Ruled 11 years without Parliament Protectorate named Lord Protector
Ruled under constitution called Instrument of Government
Citizens wanted Stuarts back Under Cromwell’s son, Richard,
parliament reconvenes Bring back Charles II – known as the
Restoration
Write the Habeas Corpus Act
Charles II tries to remain financial independentWorked with France, declared himself Roman Catholic
James II – Roman catholic, but two protestant daughters…..till a son.
The Glorious Revolution – 1688 Invite William the Orange, Mary’s husband to
co reign with Mary James, his wife, and child flee to France
The Bill of Rights – 1689 No Catholic rulers
Act of Settlement – 1701 Parliament could grant thrown to anyone
James II
William and Mary
Cabinet Government – Anne – Mary’s sister – last Stuart George of Hanover – a German – couldn’t
speak English Thus creates a cabinet George I did not care about government, thus
left it in the hands of Robert Warhole, the first prime minister
Anne Stuart
George I of Hanover
Balance of Power Nations try to take over Wars during this time Who was your friend or foe?
War of Spanish Succession (1702-1713)
1700 – Spanish king dies but appoints Louis XIV’s grandson….people scared of Spanish/French alliance
Others formed Grand Alliance against Spain/France
Grand Alliance beats France at Blenheim -1704
England gains Gibraltar from Spain – 1705 Queen Anne’s War= France vs England in
America – 1713 Ends with Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty of Utrecht 1.) Philip was allowed to retain the thrown of
Spain as long as the crowns of France and Spain were not united.
2.) Spain had to surrender her possessions in the Netherlands and in the Mediterranean area to Austria
3.) Britain won various Canadian territories from France: Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and the Hudson Bay territory. In addition, Britain kept the strategic Mediterranean port of Gibraltar.
War of Austrian Succession(1740-1748)
Spread to 3 continents! 1713 – Emperor of Austria, Charles VI wrote
Pragmatic Sanction This would allow his daughter Maria Theresa to
reign in peace….but not happening Frederick II of Prussia attacks to take Silecia France wants Austrian land, Britain comes
to aid Spreads to NA – British beat French Spreads to India – French beat British
Seven Years’ War (1756-1763)
1754 – French and Indian War (France vs Britain) in New World
Frederick II taking land from Austria France came to Austria’s aid to keep Prussia
from taking over This change is called the Diplomatic Revolution…
set’s stage for 7 years’ war William Pitt the Elder of England – financially
helping Prussia to occupy France England defeating France Everyone joins together against Prussia
1763 – Treaty of Paris Signed by France, Britain, and Spain 1.) France lost all territory on the mainland of
NA. Britain acquired all of Canada and French territory east of the Mississippi
2.) France lost most of her commercial holding in India. The Battle of Plassey paved the way for the British East India Company to eventually take over all of India.
3.) Spain lost Florida to Great Britain but received New Orleans and Louisiana from France in return.
4.) England became leading European power and major world power.